2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations

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affairs, farming, information, and mines. The mining sector is the last occasionally functioning part of the economy given the country's wealth of natural resources and this carries huge opportunities for corruption. The MDC would be offered the finance ministry, in an effort to persuade donors that real reform was taking place so that would trigger billions in aid and reconstruction. The presidential official said "It's a tricky situation for the MDC...Nonetheless we now have the opposition in government and they have to fix the economy, just as they told the electorate." A ministerial post involving kick starting foreign aid is seen by some as a poison chalice for the MDC. If the party were to succeed it would help shore up support for the ZANU-PF and make it harder to oust in the future, while a failure would cause the MDC to be branded as incompetent and would undermine its own support. MDC officials were said to be aware of the risk of being manipulated and refused to sign up for a ministry that lacks real authority. According to an MDC spokesman, "It would appear that Zanu-PF does not understand power-sharing. We are still poles apart, with them insisting on taking all the key ministries, literally rendering the (opposition) peripheral in government – in fact, a situation where we would be in but out of government."

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Mbeki described the negotiations as "the same as ever, forward and backwards, sideways and around ... the usual". Tsvangirai released a statement on 26 November calling on Mbeki to step down. According to Tsvangirai, Mbeki "does not appear to understand how desperate the problem in Zimbabwe is, and the solutions he proposes are too small"; he also accused Mbeki of supporting ZANU-PF and said that the MDC could not "continue negotiating under his facilitation". Two days later, a letter from Mbeki sharply criticising Tsvangirai's position was published. In this letter, Mbeki urged Tsvangirai to "take responsibility for the future of Zimbabwe" instead of devoting himself to "being a militant critic of President Mugabe and ZANU-PF." In response to Tsvangirai's accusation that the SADC leaders lacked the courage to confront Mugabe, Mbeki said that Tsvangirai had "describe us in a manner that is most offensive in terms of African culture". He also suggested that Tsvangirai perhaps believed "that others further away, in Western Europe and North America, are of greater importance" to Zimbabwe than other countries in the region and Africa as a whole.

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Tsvangirai, the sides had agreed on leaving Mugabe in office as president and establishing a new position of prime minister for himself. Tsvangirai explained that he wanted to have strong, executive powers: as prime minister, he "must chair the Cabinet and be responsible for the formulation, execution and administration of government business including appointing and dismissing his ministers", stressing that he could not succeed in the role if he was given "responsibility without authority". Mugabe, according to Tsvangirai's proposal, would be a head of state without veto power; he would remain commander-in-chief of the military, but would act in that capacity on Tsvangirai's advice. ZANU-PF, on the other hand, favoured an agreement in which Tsvangirai would become prime minister while Mugabe would remain in charge of the Cabinet.

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to reach an agreement on the allocation of Cabinet portfolios and "the matter was referred to the mediator", according to Chamisa. Chamisa argued that if the portfolios were allocated according to ZANU-PF's wishes, then ZANU-PF would control the government and the MDC would be "a mere cosmetic accessory and mere lipstick". He warned that this was "completely unacceptable" and that the MDC was not so "desperate to be in the government" that it would accept a secondary status. ZANU-PF's Chinamasa, however, denied that there was any deadlock in negotiations and said that all parties were committed to reaching an agreement. He said that any disagreement that might exist was insufficient to warrant Mbeki's intervention and expressed confidence that the matter could be resolved without his help.

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said that they were only present "to justify why they needed the two ministries of home affairs and finance". Biti insisted that the MDC had never agreed to the allocation of any ministries and that it was deceptive for ZANU-PF to claim that there were only two in dispute. He expressed hope that Mbeki could help resolve the situation, saying that if Mbeki was unsuccessful the only remaining hope was divine intervention. It was reported at this time that the power-sharing agreement was near collapse; reportedly, some members of the ZANU-PF leadership were adamant that the party needed to hold the key portfolios, believing that ZANU-PF would be in grave danger if it did not control those ministries. ANC President

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According to Mbeki, who was also present, the agreement "commits the negotiating parties to an intense program of work to try and finalize negotiations as quickly as possible". Mugabe said that the aim of the talks was to "chart a new way, a new way of political interaction", while Tsvangirai described the agreement as "the first tentative step towards searching for a solution for a country that is in crisis". Under the terms of the agreement, the parties agreed to end political violence and work towards a national unity government and a new constitution; the agreement also required that the parties not use the media as a means of negotiation and set the period for negotiations at two weeks. Mbeki's spokesman

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amendments. Mugabe, in a speech to the ZANU-PF Central Committee that was broadcast live on 17 September, described the agreement as a "humiliation", but said that the party could have avoided the situation if it had not "blundered" in March, when it failed to win a parliamentary majority. However, he asserted that ZANU-PF was still in "the driving seat" and would "not tolerate any nonsense" from the MDC. The Central Committee approved the agreement, while expressing concern that attacks against ZANU-PF supporters could have a negative effect on relations between the parties. On the same day, Tsvangirai said that he was confident that the deal would hold and that Mugabe was committed to it.

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by South Africa and Mozambique, and any travel to Swaziland would go through the air or groundspace of either country. The MDC took the lack of an official passport, which Tsvangirai had lacked for months prior to the scheduled talks, as a sign of the ZANU-PF's lack of consideration for the MDC or the talks, while the ZANU-PF regarded the matter as a technicality that was due to the government's lack of access to paper. The meeting, instead, brought Mugabe to discuss matters with the SADC troika of heads of state from Swaziland, Mozambique and Tanzania, also known as the "Organ on Politics, Defence and Security"; in addition, it was announced that the current South African president,

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the parliamentary election was held. The MDC said on the same day that it did not oppose convening Parliament as long as it was not accompanied by the formation of a new Cabinet, desiring that the new Cabinet should be appointed only after the conclusion of a power-sharing agreement. On 20 August, however, the MDC took a firmer stance, declaring the move to convene Parliament to be unacceptable, with Biti stating that it would "be a clear repudiation of the Memorandum of Understanding, and an indication beyond reasonable doubt of ZANU-PF's unwillingness to continue to be part of the talks. In short convening parliament decapitates the dialogue". While on a visit to

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station and it is now warming up its engine towards delivering services to the people". According to Chinamasa, parliamentary approval of the constitutional amendments was not necessary prior to the appointment of the Prime Minister; he said that the amendments would enable Tsvangirai and Mutambara to take up seats in Parliament, and that having seats in Parliament would merely provide them with constitutional legitimacy after they assumed office as ministers. In other comments, Chinamasa blamed the MDC for stalling the situation and complained that it was trying to renew discussion on matters that had been previously settled.

598:, a party official, had been found dead near Harare on the previous day; his body was said to be burned and his eyes gouged out. The MDC suspected the security forces of responsibility for this killing, and the party said that its total number of dead during the violence had reached 113. Chamisa said on 13 July that no agreement had been reached and that the two sides "still have to clear the course for meaningful talks". According to Chamisa, violence against MDC members and supporters was continuing, and he said that it was "difficult to engage in meaningful dialogue" under the circumstances. Zimbabwe's 1118:

officially acknowledged that it did not recognise Mugabe as the legitimately-elected president in response to a legal application filed against it by the Zimbabwe Exiles Forum, but it rejected a request from the Forum for the rejection of Mugabe from SADC meetings due to SADC's belief that Mbeki's role as moderator in the negotiations would facilitate an end to the deadlock and bring the power-sharing deal to fruition. SADC, according to Tsvangirai, would meet on 20 October in Swaziland to discuss further proceedings; in the meantime, neither party would walk away from talks.

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bitter language in the column (which was generally believed to have been written by Mugabe's spokesman George Charamba, under the pen name Nathaniel Manheru), describing it as hateful. One passage in the column seemed to suggest violence, saying that an audit of land reform, as provided by the agreement, would "draw blood redder than the setting sun." Although Tsvangirai emphasised that he did not think the column's writer was expressing Mugabe's views, he said that if the column reflected ZANU-PF's attitude, the agreement was already doomed.

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a "major step towards the formation of an inclusive government in Zimbabwe", and he expressed his hope that Tsvangirai would be sworn in immediately; it was believed that Mugabe was empowered to swear in Tsvangirai as prime minister without waiting for parliamentary approval of the amendment. Chamisa stressed that the outstanding issues of cabinet portfolios and provincial governors still needed to be resolved, while Chinamasa echoed Mugabe's earlier warning that he would call a new election if power-sharing was not successful.

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head of the government. Speaking on 29 July, however, Mbeki said that the talks were continuing and that they were going "very well". The talks adjourned on 29 July. Mbeki said on 30 July that the talks were adjourned so that the negotiators could consult with their leaders and that they would resume on 3 August. He met with Tsvangirai in Pretoria on 29 July and with Mugabe in Harare on 30 July. For his part, Mugabe said that the talks were going well and that the negotiators were working towards a compromise.

815:, Tsvangirai said on 21 August that convening Parliament and appointing a Cabinet would violate the conditions of the talks, according to which each step in the process was to be taken by common consensus, and suggested that Mugabe's decision could mean he was "abandon the basis for the talks". He also referred to the need to balance the powers that would be held by the president and prime minister under a power-sharing arrangement, whereby both would possess both responsibility and authority. 843:

Biti, meanwhile, said that the formation of a Cabinet would mean "killing the talks" and that it would be "a disaster and an act of insanity" for Mugabe to attempt to "go it alone". He also said that the MDC was planning to write to Mbeki to protest Mugabe's alleged violations of the July preliminary agreement. Some observers speculated that, by announcing his intention to form a Cabinet, Mugabe was attempting to force the MDC into accepting the power-sharing conditions favoured by ZANU-PF.

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it. The formal signing will be done on Monday 10 am. The document will be released then. The ceremony will be attended by SADC and other African regional and continental leaders. The leaders will spend the next few days constituting the inclusive government to be announced on Monday. The leaders will work very hard to mobilise support for the people to recover. We hope the world will assist so that this political agreement succeeds." The deal is also expected to result in a

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new Cabinet would be appointed "as quickly as possible" and expressed his hope that the MDC would accept the SADC proposal, while Chinamasa said that the MDC had been invited to submit names for the Cabinet. On 12 November, MDC-T spokesman Chamisa said that his party would not join the Cabinet until "outstanding issues such as the issue of governors, equity and allocation of key ministries" were resolved. Bright Matonga, the Deputy Minister of Information, was quoted by

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agreement being reached on the next day, stressing the "need for compromise on both sides". Chamisa said that there was "some movement, but not enough". Reportedly control of the home affairs ministry remained a key sticking point; ZANU-PF was said to have offered the finance ministry to the MDC and to have proposed that the parties alternate control of the home affairs ministry, but the MDC reportedly rejected this proposal.

1037:, said on 24 September that "the South African government ... will continue to focus on the issue", while SADC spokesman Charles Mubita said that Mbeki would continue to act as mediator. According to Mubita, Mbeki was appointed as mediator "based on his knowledge, understanding and acumen of the situation" and did not necessarily need to be a sitting president to serve in that role. For his part, Mugabe was quoted in 995:

Chamisa said that ZANU-PF had a "take, take and take mentality" and wanted to hold all of the most important portfolios, while the MDC favoured a "give and take situation" in which the most important portfolios would be divided fairly. In particular, the MDC wanted to control the finance portfolio, justifying this by pointing to the disastrous state of the economy, but ZANU-PF objected.

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months time the government will collapse". He sharply criticised the preceding Cabinet as "the worst in history" and said that the new Cabinet would be composed of "managers". MDC-T spokesman Chamisa said that Mugabe had no mandate to form a Cabinet and that doing so would be "a recipe for disaster", urging him to wait and reach an agreement with the MDC; meanwhile, MDC-M spokesman

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that there had been no agreement on key issues. However, on 29 January 2009 the MDC confirmed that it would join the inclusive government and that the MDC's national council would vote on the issue on 30 January 2009; it approved the deal. South African President Motlanthe pledged to assist Zimbabwe in the rebuilding process once the unity government was in place.

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that ZANU-PF's "arrogance" would "put the deal into jeopardy". At a rally in Harare on 12 October, Tsvangirai said that the MDC-T would withdraw from the agreement if ZANU-PF did not relent on the allocation of ministries. MDC-M spokesman Edwin Mushoriwa also rejected the list of allocated ministries, saying that it was a "hallucination on the part of ZANU-PF."

579:, was present to explain its conditions for negotiations—which included an end to the violence, the release of MDC prisoners, and the appointment of an AU envoy— not to actually participate in negotiations. Chamisa described the discussions as merely "talks about whether to have talks, really just a consultation". ZANU-PF was represented in the talks by 1277:, Tsavngrai announced that he and his party, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) would no longer work with Robert Mugabe's Zanu-PF party, arguing that the elections were rigged and the election results were fraudulent. This would likely mean that Tsvangrai will resign as the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, and the breakage of the power sharing deal. 705:, in which it acknowledged that Mugabe had taken a positive step by accepting power-sharing negotiations. Ratshitanga said on the next day that the renewed negotiations were proceeding well and that the negotiating parties were not concerned about meeting the deadline, which had been set for 4 August. 1248:

The news of the MDC's entry into government was followed by outbreaks of last-minute farm raids by war veterans, who feared that the coalition government would rein in the land reforms as a liberalising measure for the economy. On 5 February, both houses of parliament passed the unity government bill

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On 24 November, Motlanthe, the President of South Africa, urged the parties to reach an agreement, warning that if they did not, "the situation will get worse and will implode or collapse altogether". Talks between ZANU-PF and the MDC restarted in South Africa on 25 November, again mediated by Mbeki.

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An official close to the presidency said the dilution of Mugabe's powers promised in the agreement was "illusory", and described the MDC as merely a "junior partner" whose only role would be "to gain legitimacy and international funds". ZANU-PF planned to take the ministries of defence, justice, home

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Tsvangirai said on 9 October that the talks were deadlocked and progress was impossible unless Mbeki intervened. Meanwhile, Information Minister Sikhanyiso Ndlovu dismissed the claim of a deadlock entirely: "Deadlock is the figment of imagination by our detractors from outside Zimbabwe". According to

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On 9 September 2008, talks resumed with new proposals, with Mbeki flying in from South Africa to mediate. A fresh proposal by Mbeki was tabled that would propose making Tsvangirai an executive prime minister; all three leaders of the major political parties spoke of progress in the talks, and reports

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on 5 December, Mugabe told the ZANU-PF Politburo that "if the arrangement fails to work in the next one-and-a-half to two years", there would be an early election. On 13 December, the draft constitutional amendment was published in the government gazette. According to Motlanthe, the amendment marked

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were not approved by the MDC-T, which rejected them outright. MDC-T spokesman Chamisa denounced the publication of the list as "unilateral, contemptuous and outrageous", saying that such imbalance in the importance of the portfolios would effectively give ZANU-PF control of the government. He warned

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published an official list showing the allocation of ministries to the three parties; defence, home affairs, foreign affairs, justice, and local government were among the 14 portfolios allotted to ZANU-PF. The MDC-T's 13 portfolios included constitutional and parliamentary affairs, economic planning

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Mugabe returned to Zimbabwe from the UN on 29 September. He said upon returning that "there is no deadlock" and that only four ministries were left to be decided. According to Mugabe, the Cabinet would be formed later in the same week. On 30 September, Mugabe and Tsvangirai met, but they were unable

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On 15 September 2008, SADC leaders witnessed the signing of the power-sharing agreement, brokered by Mbeki. With a symbolic handshake and warm smiles at the Rainbow Towers hotel, in Harare, Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed the deal to end the violent political crisis. Under the terms of the deal, Mugabe

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At the end of the fourth day of negotiations Mbeki announced that Mugabe, Tsvangirai, and Mutambara had signed a power-sharing agreement – "memorandum of understanding." Mbeki stated: "An agreement has been reached on all items on the agenda ... all of them endorsed the document tonight, and signed

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that he would only accept an agreement that gave him the executive powers necessary to properly govern the country, and he said that "it's better not to have a deal than to have a bad deal". Biti said that he thought the odds of the talks ending successfully were "fifty-fifty". The SADC summit ended

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In a statement on 7 August, Mugabe said that the reports regarding a draft agreement were "utter nonsense"; he also denied reports that he was planning to meet with Tsvangirai. According to Mugabe, the talks were "going on very well", and he said that "the people of Zimbabwe shall be informed in due

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Speaking on 30 July, Tsvangirai expressed his hope that the negotiations would result in an "honourable exit" for Mugabe; he also said that Mugabe was "just as human as every one of us", while asserting that he was "ignorant, or chooses to be in denial, as far as the violence is concerned". During a

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Mugabe launched a food subsidy programme on 16 July; this programme, involving coupons for food, was designed to counter continually rising inflation and what Mugabe described as "unjust price increases" by private businesses. He also accused the UK of seeking to control Zimbabwe's resources on this

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of the MDC-Mutambara group also participated in the discussions. Although Tsvangirai's MDC organisation was not invited to participate, it declined to do so, reiterating its refusal to recognise Mugabe as president and saying that discussions should take place only in the presence of an AU-appointed

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However, on 20 October, the scheduled meeting took place without Tsvangirai in attendance, due to a boycott called by the MDC after Tsvangirai was given a temporary one-way exit document by the Zimbabwean government that was only meant for travel to Swaziland; Swaziland is geographically landlocked

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The negotiators met briefly on 7 October but again failed to reach an agreement. According to Chamisa, the parties were "still in different worlds in a fundamental way". For his part, Biti said that he and fellow MDC negotiator Elton Mangoma left the meeting in outrage after the ZANU-PF negotiators

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of Mugabe backing down on his earlier threats to exclude the MDC surfaced in the foreign press. The day before, Mutambara's group of the MDC announced that they would refuse to work with ZANU-PF if talks were deadlocked. Both Tsvangirai and Mugabe spoke positively of the talks on 10 September 2008.

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reported comments by Mugabe on 27 August in which he said that he would soon form a new government; he also said that it appeared the MDC did not want to participate in that government. According to Mugabe, the MDC " been promised by the British that sanctions would be more devastating, that in six

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The SADC leaders' statement also included the suggestion "that while negotiations are continuing, it may be necessary to convene parliament to give effect to the will of the people". On 19 August, the government announced its intention to convene Parliament in the subsequent week, five months after

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On 15 August, the day before the summit, Tsvangirai spoke to a gathering of Cabinet ministers from the SADC countries. In this speech, he acknowledged that the MDC and ZANU-PF remained divided on the question of how executive powers should be allocated in the national unity government. According to

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After another SADC meeting on 26 January 2009, there were conflicting reports. The SADC and ZANU-PF claimed that it had been agreed that the Constitutional Amendment would be adopted on 5 February 2009 and the new government, including Tsvangirai, sworn in on 11 February 2009, while the MDC stated

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At the subsequent SADC summit in Johannesburg, the SADC leaders proposed the immediate formation of a Cabinet with shared control of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Tsvangirai rejected this and criticised SADC for not confronting Mugabe. Returning from the summit on 10 November, Mugabe said that the

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A new meeting was scheduled to be held in Harare on 27 October. MDC-T spokesman Chamisa said on 24 October that Tsvangirai would attend that meeting. On 25 October, Tsvangirai said that while the MDC respected SADC and the regional leaders, it would not sign an unsuitable deal at their behest. The

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on 17 September, Chinamasa said that the necessary constitutional amendments to provide a legal basis for some aspects of the agreement would be considered by Parliament after it began sitting on 14 October. However, he also said that other aspects of the agreement would not require constitutional

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An explosion occurred at Harare's central police station late on 2 August, damaging it but causing no casualties. According to a police statement, the explosion was caused by a bomb planted on the building's first floor; it said that one additional bomb that had not exploded was recovered from the

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On 28 July, an MDC official said that the talks had stalled due to disagreement on the question of who would lead the government; according to the official, Tsvangirai had been offered the position of vice-president, but the MDC was unwilling to accept any deal that did not place Tsvangirai at the

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In a report from the Human Sciences Research Council, a policy group in South Africa, that was released on 10 July, Peter Kagwanja wrote that violence perpetrated against ZANU-PF by MDC supporters, which he described as having previously been spontaneous, was becoming more organised, and he warned

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Later on 13 October, Mbeki arrived in Zimbabwe to facilitate negotiations. Mugabe and Tsvangirai met for over seven hours on 14 October, but no agreement was reached. Talks over the next two days did not produce an agreement, but on 16 October Mugabe expressed optimism about the possibility of an

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Leaving the talks on 11 September, Tsvangirai told the press that a deal had been reached. Mbeki said later in the day that the deal would be signed in Harare on 15 September in the presence of other African leaders; he did not explain the terms of the deal, saying that they would not be revealed

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Deputy Information Minister Bright Matonga reiterated on 28 August that Mugabe intended to form a Cabinet, saying that this was necessary for the country to move forward, to improve the economy and alleviate suffering. According to Matonga, Mugabe had received a mandate from SADC. MDC-T spokesman

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reported on the same day that "a common position" to keep Mugabe in office as president had been agreed upon. Following further negotiations at a hotel in Harare, Mugabe said when leaving the hotel on 11 August that they were "not exactly" going well, but that they would continue on the next day.

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said on 20 July that the two parties had "agreed a framework for negotiation" and that he expected this agreement to be signed later in the same week. According to Odinga, the talks that would follow this agreement would be held in Pretoria and would still be mediated by Mbeki, but with AU and UN

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on 20 September belittled the agreement, saying that Mugabe remained free to appoint a Cabinet of his choosing and was only required to consult with the Prime Minister; it also said that the agreement could "collapse any day". Aside from this, Tsvangirai expressed concern regarding the stark and

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The SADC postponed a meeting of its defence committee indefinitely until Mbeki could finalise a unity deal in Zimbabwe; while confirming that he would attend the meeting, Mbeki told journalists that, if the deal fell through at the last minute, he would tell the SADC that he had done his best as

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The round of talks in Harare ended on the night of 12 August. Tsvangirai expressed continued commitment to dialogue on 13 August, saying that any agreement needed to "put the people first, not leadership positions and titles"; meanwhile, Mbeki, who had left Zimbabwe, maintained that it was still

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On 12 August, the power-sharing negotiations continued, with reports indicating that the MDC-T and ZANU-PF were still deadlocked. Mugabe and Mutambara (of the MDC-M) were reported to have signed an agreement on 12 August that excluded Tsvangirai, but later in the day Mbeki denied that a deal was

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14 MDC activists, who were being held on charges of violence, were acquitted and released on 14 July, according to the MDC. This followed the death on the same day of a police officer who was the key witness against the activists. On 15 July, church leaders in Zimbabwe said that the "will of the

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By 17 October, Tsvangirai announced to the press that the talks had failed due to the conflict over the home affairs ministry, and that both he and Mugabe had agreed to refer a resolution of differences to SADC; Mugabe stated that the talks "went in the wrong direction". On 16 October, SADC had

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were sworn in as vice-presidents by Mugabe on 13 October. Justice Minister Chinamasa said that this represented another step in the process and that it would be followed by the swearing in of the Prime Minister and the new Cabinet, remarking that "the locomotive has been too long at the railway

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Mugabe, Tsvangirai, and Mutambara met in Harare on 4 October for talks on the distribution of portfolios, but could not reach an agreement; according to Charamba, Mugabe's spokesman, the negotiating teams would meet again to discuss the allocation of the portfolios of finance and home affairs.

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The parties held talks regarding the allocation of portfolios on 18 September, but according to Chamisa, the MDC-T spokesman, no agreement was reached and "the matter referred to the negotiators". The negotiators met on 19 September, but according to Chamisa they failed to reach an agreement.

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On 19 December 2008, Mugabe claimed that the US was trying to get Southern African countries to oust him from power, but that his regional neighbours were "not brave enough". On 4 January, Mugabe fired 12 ministers and deputy ministers who had lost their seats in Parliament from the cabinet:

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amnesty for the military and Zanu-PF party leaders. Opposition sources said "Tsvangirai will become prime minister at the head of a council of ministers, the principal organ of government, drawn from his Movement for Democratic Change and the president's Zanu-PF party; and Mugabe will remain

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ZANU-PF and both groups of the MDC signed a Memorandum of Understanding outlining a framework for talks on 21 July in Harare. Both Mugabe and Tsvangirai were present to sign the agreement; they shook hands on this occasion, and it was reportedly the first time they had met in about 10 years.

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denounced this proposal as "absurd" and "insolent", saying that it displayed "stunning ignorance on how government works". MDC-T spokesman Chamisa said on 31 August that "nothing was achieved" in the talks two days prior and that the negotiators had returned to Zimbabwe. The chairman of the

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On 28 November, the details of the bill to change the constitution were agreed, but four other issues remained open. When asked how the talks were going, Chamisa stated that the glass was either half-full or half-empty, depending on the point of view. In the 30 November edition of

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said on 5 September that negotiations should continue, warning that her government would consider a Cabinet formed unilaterally by Mugabe to be a "sham". MDC-T leader Tsvangirai on 7 September called for early elections under international supervision if the talks failed.

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and investment promotion, labour and social welfare, sport, arts and culture, and science and technology development, while the MDC-M's three portfolios were listed as education, regional integration and international co-operation, and industry and commerce. According to

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Spokesmen for the MDC-T and the MDC-M also acknowledged the failure to reach an agreement and said that negotiations would continue. The MDC-T's Chamisa said on 5 October that all of the Cabinet portfolios were in question, not just two of them, as claimed by Charamba.

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reported on 25 July that the ZANU-PF Politburo had decided that any agreement with the opposition must leave Mugabe in office as president and must not threaten land reform. Ratshitanga said on 26 July that the talks were "proceeding well", although he gave no details.

1025:(ANC). This raised additional concerns about the future of the agreement; it was unclear if Mbeki would continue to act as mediator, and it was unclear if South Africa, under new leadership, would remain so heavily involved in resolving Zimbabwe's political situation. 1240:

On 15 January 2009, Mugabe announced that he would hold talks with Tsvangirai again within a week. On 18 January 2009, Mugabe issued an ultimatum, calling on Tsvangirai to join the unity government or "break from it", refusing to concede on any points of contention.

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on 25 September as saying that Mbeki's removal as President of South Africa was "devastating" and "very disturbing", while also stating that it was "the action of the South African people" and that as a Zimbabwean he was in no position to judge. Mbeki's successor,

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On 10 February, the law creating a National Security Council, which would include Mugabe and Tsvangirai, was passed by Parliament. Tsvangirai designated the MDC's choices for Cabinet positions on the same day; these included Tendai Biti as Minister of Finance and

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Ndlovu, it was necessary for ZANU-PF to "teach art of government formation and implementation of policies" to the MDC, as they were "still new". Nevertheless, Mugabe, Tsvangirai, and Mutambara met on 10 October and agreed that Mbeki's mediation was needed.

952:, MDC spokesman Chamisa announced: "This is an inclusive government. The executive power would be shared by the president, the prime minister and the cabinet. Mugabe, Tsvangirai and Arthur Mutambara have still not decided how to divide the ministries. But 571:

stressed that the government was committed to dialogue with both MDC groupings, but said that Tsvangirai had committed "an act of utter disrespect" by failing to appear at the talks. Mutambara also stated that the involvement of all parties was necessary.

762:(his passport had previously expired and he was not able to renew it); the documents were quickly returned, however, and Tsvangirai departed for the summit. According to Charamba, Mugabe's spokesman, Tsvangirai's documents were only valid for travel to 652:

Following the preliminary agreement, talks between ZANU-PF and the MDC reportedly began on 22 July in South Africa. Ratshitanga said on 23 July that the talks had begun at an undisclosed location, but Chinamasa said that they were to start on 24 July.

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An MDC official said on 13 September that the MDC wanted to control the key ministries of home affairs, finance, and justice; in return, the official said that the MDC was willing to concede the ministries of defence and state security to ZANU-PF.

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With the situation still unresolved, Mugabe embarked on a trip to the United Nations on 19 September; the MDC complained that he did not swear in Tsvangirai before leaving for this trip, which was expected to last at least a week. Vice-President

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on 17 August, with the two sides still unable to agree. Mbeki said that the negotiations would continue after the summit; Biti, speaking for the MDC, expressed continued commitment to dialogue, as did Zimbabwe's Minister of Information,

635:

reported that any companies with Western investments would be taken over by Zimbabweans or by "companies from friendly countries, particularly those in the Far East" if they acted on Western calls to stop doing business in Zimbabwe.

3216: 770:, had their passports confiscated as well. Charamba accused Tsvangirai of purposefully attempting to travel with invalid documents so that he could use the resulting incident for political gain. Meanwhile, it was announced that 758:"possible to conclude these negotiations quite quickly". On 14 August, when Tsvangirai went to the airport in Harare to travel to Johannesburg for a SADC summit, his emergency travel documents were confiscated by members of the 1260:

Tsvangirai and the deputy prime ministers were sworn in on 11 February 2009 as planned. On 13 February 2009, shortly before the planned swearing-in ceremony of the government, the MDC's nominee for deputy agriculture minister,

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signed between any of the three negotiating parties, stating that Tsvangirai had left the negotiations earlier in the day to reflect on them. MDC-M Secretary-General Welshman Ncube also said that no agreement had been reached.

1130:

SADC meeting in Harare was unsuccessful, with control of the home affairs ministry remaining the key sticking point. A communique issued afterwards called for a new SADC summit to be held "as a matter of urgency".

818:

Despite the MDC-T's objections, the members of Parliament were sworn in on 25 August. On the same day, an election was held for the post of Speaker of Parliament; the vote resulted in a victory for MDC-T candidate

4084: 4079: 4040: 956:, the American assistant secretary of state for African affairs, said: "We don’t know what’s on the table, and it’s hard to rally for an agreement when no one knows the details or even the broad outlines". 890:

quoted Mugabe as saying that it was unacceptable for the country to go on indefinitely without a new Cabinet. Biti said that the MDC-T had heard nothing about Mugabe's threat except what was published in

400: 4057: 895:. According to Biti, the talks were at a stalemate, but he expressed continued commitment to them, while also saying that if Mugabe formed a Cabinet unilaterally, the dialogue would be destroyed. 533:

Preliminary talks to set up conditions for official negotiations began between leading negotiators from both parties on 10 July, and on 22 July, the three party leaders met for the first time in

2681: 4052: 1046:, said on 2 October that he wanted Mbeki to continue mediating. On 3 October, a spokesman for the South African government announced that Mbeki had agreed to continue in his role as mediator. 1008:

was responsible for handling Mugabe's duties while he was out of the country. Chamisa said that Mugabe was unwilling to leave the country in Tsvangirai's hands during his absence. A column in

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to express their support for a negotiated settlement of disputes arising out of the presidential and parliamentary elections. Negotiations between the parties officially began on 25 July in

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said on the same day that he hoped the Zimbabwean parties could reach an agreement on their own, but he also said that Mbeki was available to facilitate the negotiations if necessary.

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Talks between the parties began in Pretoria on 10 July. ZANU-PF and both MDC groupings were present for the talks, although Tsvangirai said that his group's delegation, led by

978:

will remain president, Tsvangirai will become prime minister, the MDC will control the police, ZANU-PF will control the Army, and Mutambara will become deputy prime minister.

724:

reported on the same day that the parties had agreed to expand their negotiating teams. ZANU-PF and the MDC made a joint statement on 6 August calling for an end to violence.

1143:

on the same day as saying that the MDC would "never hold this country to ransom" and that there was no reason why a Cabinet could not be formed without the MDC if necessary.

545:. A final deal was reached on 11 September 2008, providing for Mugabe to remain president while Tsvangirai would become prime minister. The deal was signed on 15 September. 3948: 606:

people of Zimbabwe was not given authentic expression during these elections" due to the violence, and they expressed willingness to assist in making arrangements for the

1490: 1088:, only the finance ministry remained in dispute, and it said that Mbeki would travel to Zimbabwe to assist in negotiations on the matter. The allocations published in 3990: 2422: 2382: 1257:

as Co-Minister of Home Affairs. Mugabe's ministerial appointees for ZANU-PF were subsequently announced; this list was dominated by members of the ZANU-PF old guard.

487: 101: 689:, Tsvangirai said on 31 July that he was "fairly satisfied" with the way the negotiations were proceeding, while acknowledging that some "sticking points" remained. 247: 4119: 495: 2787: 466: 4150: 4145: 2446: 2242: 2142: 2039: 2012: 1898: 1874: 1850: 1823: 1721: 1697: 1658: 1467: 1443: 1379: 1316: 720:

also reported that MDC wanted the transitional period that followed the agreement to last for 24 to 30 months, while ZANU-PF wanted it to last for five years.

2089: 1419: 3806: 3787: 3528: 3509: 3490: 3452: 3433: 3414: 228: 796:. In a statement, the SADC leaders called on the parties to "conclude the negotiations as a matter of urgency to restore political stability in Zimbabwe". 716:, this agreement would create the post of prime minister for Tsvangirai, while Mugabe would remain in office as president, but in a ceremonial capacity. 899:

also reported that Mugabe again alleged that the MDC-T was resisting an agreement due to British influence; Biti responded that this was "patronizing".

966:

A new constitution will be drafted within 18 months; following a referendum on the new constitution, early elections would be held within three months.

4171: 4135: 1155:, Chinamasa said that the negotiators had prepared the text for this amendment, but that it still needed to be approved by the leaders on both sides. 433: 336: 333: 1296: 657:

reported on 24 July that negotiating teams for both parties took the same flight to South Africa on 23 July. Meanwhile, the South African newspaper

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president and continue to chair a cabinet that will be a largely consultative body, and the real power will lie with Tsvangirai." South Africa's

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The parties planned to hold talks regarding the allocation of Cabinet portfolios beginning on 16 September, but these talks were delayed. In

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The talks resumed on 3 August. On the same day, as part of its "Let's Talk for a Change" campaign, the MDC had an advertisement published in

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unanimously. Motlanthe expressed optimism on 8 February, saying that Mugabe and Tsvangirai "seem to be getting along fairly well".

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that this increased the possibility of a civil war. Chamisa, however, denied that the MDC had been responsible for any violence.

319: 316: 313: 310: 298: 823:, who received 110 out of 208 votes in a secret ballot. ZANU-PF did not present a candidate against Moyo and instead supported 563: 3903: 2702: 3848: 2863: 2660: 2346: 2268: 1487: 871:

hoped that an immediate agreement, providing for power to be split equally between ZANU-PF and the MDC, was still possible.

850:

reported that ZANU-PF had rejected a new MDC proposal, according to which Mugabe and Tsvangirai would co-chair the Cabinet.

737:

said that Mugabe would meet with Tsvangirai on 10 August, while reports suggested the signing of an agreement was imminent.

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mediator, and that the deal would fall through because one or more of the parties were not serious about the negotiations.

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Only a few days after the agreement was signed, Mbeki was forced to resign as President of South Africa by his party, the

805: 661:

reported that the two sides had already reached agreement on most of the issues, although details remained to be decided.

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and create a framework for a power-sharing executive government between the two parties. These negotiations followed the

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reported, however, that Mugabe was refusing to sign a deal which would curtail his presidential powers. According to

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At the summit on 16 August, SADC leaders held talks with Mugabe and Tsvangirai. Meanwhile, Tsvangirai told

767: 602:, however, reported on the same day that an agreement had been reached on a "working framework" for talks. 4191: 1293: 644:

subsequently said that this was not a strict limit and talks could continue after two weeks if necessary.

218: 3632: 3624: 2803: 641: 484: 375: 370: 280: 171: 86: 2489: 1254: 595: 2718: 1126:, would join the organ. Meanwhile, negotiations between the three parties were suspended for a week. 926: 618:

condemned the second round and urged the appointment of a prominent AU envoy to assist in mediation.

607: 188: 118: 3658: 4000: 3106: 2466: 2189: 1985: 1941: 1793: 1631: 1176: 830:

On 27 August, Moyo, the newly elected Speaker, said in an interview that the talks would continue.

428: 200: 4125: 1200: 948: 824: 787: 223: 176: 3707: 766:, and he denied MDC claims that two other members of the MDC delegation to the summit, Biti and 76: 2939: 2588: 2166: 1559: 1535: 886:

that he would form a Cabinet unless the MDC-T signed a power-sharing agreement by 4 September.

4013: 3985: 3237: 2215: 1608: 1360: 1212: 1123: 1043: 953: 793: 580: 568: 491: 380: 97: 2115: 1632:"South Africa says Zimbabwe power-sharing talks under way; Zimbabwe negotiator says Thursday" 1585: 4115: 3772: 1224: 1218: 839:

also said that his group would not participate in a government formed without an agreement.

499: 3852: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3750: 3729: 3532: 3513: 3494: 3475: 3456: 3437: 3418: 3323: 3307: 3303: 3244: 2946: 2867: 2810: 2791: 2725: 2706: 2688: 2629: 2595: 2572: 2550: 2531: 2496: 2473: 2450: 2426: 2386: 2350: 2298: 2272: 2246: 2222: 2196: 2173: 2146: 2122: 2093: 2070: 2043: 2016: 1992: 1969: 1925: 1902: 1878: 1854: 1827: 1800: 1725: 1701: 1662: 1638: 1615: 1592: 1566: 1542: 1518: 1494: 1471: 1447: 1423: 1383: 1344: 1337: 1320: 1300: 836: 734: 406: 127: 2624: 2063: 1918: 567:

mediator. Mbeki nevertheless expressed hopes that Tsvangirai's party would participate.

40:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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ZANU-PF and MDC delegations met separately with Mbeki on 29 August. On the next day,

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On 10 August, Mbeki met with Tsvangirai in Harare, then met with Mugabe. Zimbabwe's

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Mugabe would lead the army and the NSC, Tsvangirai the government and the police.

3869: 3741: 3680: 3597: 3571: 3545: 3468: 2565: 2543: 2524: 2291: 1962: 1609:"Zimbabwe power-sharing talks begin, as EU slaps sanctions on Mugabe supporters" 576: 542: 2611: 1188: 1064: 925:

until the deal was signed. The Zimbabwean Permanent Representative to the UN,

3655:"Zimbabwe opposition leader confirms joining inclusive gov't _English_Xinhua" 3339: 771: 3822: 3720: 778:, would not attend the summit unless an agreement was reached in Zimbabwe. 733:

course". However, Mbeki went to Harare on 9 August, and Mugabe's spokesman

3754: 2940:"South African's resignation poses risks for Zimbabwe power-sharing deal" 1973: 1030: 860: 775: 538: 515: 105: 3209:"Robert Mugabe wants Morgan Tsvangerai's party to win back foreign aid" 1236:

Kenneth Mutiwekuziva (deputy minister for Small and Medium Enterprises)

812: 682: 104:) They are the main political leaders in the political negotiations in 3320:"SADC agrees Mugabe illegitimate but refuses to bar him from meetings" 3625:"Zimbabwe powersharing talks end in confusion after marathon session" 2745:(in German). NZZ Online, Neue Zürcher Zeitung AG. 12 September 2008. 2064:"Zimbabwe opposition leader temporarily stopped from leaving country" 883: 763: 534: 3768:

Zimbabwean Unity Government a Step Closer After Parliamentary Votes

2682:

hararetribune.com, GNU deal between Mugabe and Tsvangirai agreed on

2513:"Zimbabwe opposition chief wants new vote if no talks breakthrough" 3261:"Mbeki visits Zimbabwe in bid to save fragile power-sharing deal" 522:, in which Mugabe was controversially re-elected, as well as the 510:) were intended to negotiate an end to the partisan violence and 3804:"Zimbabwe's Tsvangirai names ministers 'to rebuild our country'" 3095:"Zimbabwe opposition, Mugabe fail to reach agreement: officials" 929:, described the agreement as a "triumph for African diplomacy". 712:, reported on 5 August that an agreement was near; according to 3930: 3364:"Zimbabwe's Tsvangirai says no deal just to satisfy mediators" 2719:

nytimes.com, "Zimbabwe Rivals Strike a Bargain to Share Power"

17: 3431:"Zimbabwe opposition says Mbeki should step down as mediator" 3273:"Mbeki brings Zimbabwe rivals into fresh power-sharing talks" 2657:"capetimes.co.za, Zimbabwe rivals reach historic power deal" 4141:

Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)

3785:"Mugabe, Tsvangirai 'getting along fairly well': Motlanthe" 3412:"Zimbabwe cholera crisis worsens as political talks resume" 3168:"Zimbabwe inflation soars; power-sharing talks deadlocked" 2344:"Zimbabwe: Mugabe Says He Intends to Form Next Government" 3450:"Mbeki accuses Zimbabwe opposition of stonewalling talks" 3297:

Mugabe says power-sharing talks 'went in wrong direction'

2700:

www.dispatch.co.za, Zimbabwe leaders ‘closing in on deal’

2625:"guardian.co.uk, Zimbabwe deal gives power to Tsvangirai" 3896:"Zimbabwe President Mugabe re-elected amid fraud claims" 3400:"Zim opposition won't join Mugabe until issues resolved" 2380:"State media says Zimbabwe power-sharing talks hit snag" 959:

Reportedly, the deal includes the following provisions:

3507:"Mugabe vows early elections if unity government fails" 1586:"Zimbabwe's governing party and opposition begin talks" 1134:

SADC ruling, cholera outbreak and Mbeki–Tsvangirai spat

3526:"Mugabe's party raises threat of fresh Zimbabwe polls" 3376:"Zimbabwe summit fails to break impasse on unity pact" 2861:"House to Deal With Constitutional Changes Next Month" 3238:"Zimbabwe President Mugabe swears in vice presidents" 2167:"Zimbabwe power-sharing deal eludes Mugabe and rival" 1656:"Ruling party says Mugabe must lead unity government" 3352:"Zimbabwe opposition leader agrees to attend summit" 3207:

Mushekwe, Itai; Berger, Sebastien (4 October 2008).

2420:"Zimbabwe's opposition party says no accord reached" 1273:

In August 2013, following Tsvangrai's defeat in the

902:

US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs

4108: 4023: 3965: 2743:"Mugabe und Tsvangirai versuchen Teilung der Macht" 1441:"Zimbabwe Christian churches reject Mugabe victory" 558:Mbeki met with Mugabe on 5 July; Arthur Mutambara, 401:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade

2353:, SW Radio Africa (allAfrica.com), 27 August 2008. 2087:"Tsvangirai says he'd accept Zimbabwe premiership" 1919:"'Common position' said to be reached in Zimbabwe" 3488:"Zimbabwe leaders 'yet to approve key amendment'" 2991:"SAfrican leader wants to keep Mbeki on Zimbabwe" 2827:www.msnbc.msn, Zimbabwe power-sharing deal signed 2240:"MDC says Mugabe parliament plans endanger talks" 1794:"South Africa: resumed Zimbabwe talks going well" 1488:"Odinga says Zimbabwe opposition ready for talks" 1361:"Zimbabwe opposition, gov't talk in South Africa" 1314:"Zimbabwe opposition denies negotiations started" 504:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front 94:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front 36:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 3156:"Zuma urges more Zimbabwe talks to end deadlock" 2467:"Zimbabwe's Mugabe: sign deal or I form Cabinet" 2216:"Mugabe's govt: parliament to convene next week" 1942:"Mugabe and opposition resume talks in Zimbabwe" 1230:David Chapfika (deputy minister for Agriculture) 1209:(Water Resources and Infrastructure Development) 60:Leaders in the Zimbabwean Political Negotiations 1872:"Zimbabwe's Mugabe says progress made in talks" 1695:"Mbeki denies Zimbabwe negotiations deadlocked" 969:The MDC will have 16 ministers, the ZANU-PF 15. 3075:"Mugabe and his men reject mediation proposal" 2583: 2581: 2444:"African Union wants Zimbabwe crisis deal now" 2266:"Zimbabwe: Tsvangirai Wins Parliamentary Vote" 1338:"Zimbabwe opponents begin talking about talks" 4151:Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee 3942: 3183:"Mugabe to retain control of army and police" 2561: 2559: 2037:"Khama to boycott summit if no Zimbabwe deal" 1842: 1840: 1417:"Zimbabwe opposition says 14 activists freed" 1017:Ouster of Mbeki from South African presidency 460: 8: 3123:"Still no deal on Zimbabwe govt: opposition" 1896:"ZANU-PF says Zimbabwe deal possible Sunday" 1377:"Fresh violence clouds early Zimbabwe talks" 3039:"Zim rivals fail to agree on cabinet posts" 2965:, Sapa-Associated Press, 20 September 2008. 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 1848:"Zimbabwe parties call for end to violence" 1821:"Power-sharing deal seen close in Zimbabwe" 1581: 1579: 1197:(Women's Affairs and Community Development) 1159:New unilateral threats and MDC capitulation 1109:Return of Mbeki and failure of negotiations 481:2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations 3949: 3935: 3927: 3336:"Regional bloc to meet Monday on Zimbabwe" 3195:"Zimbabwe power-sharing deal on the rocks" 3136:"Zimbabwe power-sharing close to collapse" 2490:"US: Mugabe-named Cabinet would be "sham"" 2261: 2259: 2211: 2209: 2116:"Zimbabwe opposition gains a key position" 2058: 2056: 2010:"Tsvangirai says still committed to talks" 1719:"Zimbabwe's crisis talks to resume Sunday" 1054:Further negotiations between party leaders 685:in which he met with Senegalese President 496:Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara 467: 453: 113: 3388:"Zimbabwe to form new government: Mugabe" 3178: 3176: 3023:"Mugabe promises unity government 'soon'" 2327:"'Mugabe to form self-styled government'" 1815: 1813: 1512:"Mugabe threatens to seize foreign firms" 1233:Edwin Muguti (deputy minister for Health) 631:supervision. Also on 20 July, Zimbabwe's 526:, in which the MDC won a majority in the 3107:"Zimbabwe factions resume Cabinet talks" 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2856: 2854: 2836: 2834: 2161: 2159: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2031: 2029: 1742:"Mugabe is 'just as human' – Tsvangirai" 3722:Mliswa urges last-minute farm invasions 3705:Banya, Nelson. "MDC takes the plunge." 2884:"Zim rivals to divide up cabinet posts" 2785:"Rivals sign Zimbabwe power-share deal" 2190:"Zimbabwe's rivals vow to keep talking" 2140:"Still no Zimbabwe deal at SADC summit" 1958: 1956: 1954: 1286: 614:occasion. Also on 16 July, the pro-MDC 116: 3285:"Zimbabwe power-sharing talks stalled" 2749:from the original on 15 September 2008 2403:"'Zanu-PF won't yield to MDC demands'" 1401:"MDC says Zimbabwe talks in stalemate" 1265:, was arrested at the Harare airport. 857:Executive Council of the African Union 541:, mediated by South African President 3958:2008 Zimbabwean presidential election 3876:from the original on 13 February 2009 3823:"Mugabe retains old guard in Cabinet" 3635:from the original on 18 November 2021 3623:Clayton, Jonathan (27 January 2009). 3552:from the original on 19 December 2008 2804:Power-sharing deal signed in Zimbabwe 2637:from the original on 2 September 2013 7: 4136:Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) 3906:from the original on 10 October 2018 3687:from the original on 30 January 2009 3604:from the original on 19 January 2009 3578:from the original on 15 January 2009 2916:"Zim cabinet talks still deadlocked" 2769:"MDC seeks control of Zim's economy" 2623:McGreal, Chris (11 September 2008). 1986:"Confusion reigns in Zimbabwe talks" 1618:, Reuters and the Associated Press. 3681:"Zimbabwe rival to enter coalition" 3572:"Mugabe 'to hold talks with rival'" 3546:"Mugabe insists 'Zimbabwe is mine'" 2975:"Mugabe devasted by Mbeki's recall" 2874:(allAfrica.com), 17 September 2008. 2842:"Parliament to give Zim deal teeth" 2292:"MDC wins Zimbabwe parliament vote" 982:Negotiations on Cabinet composition 3859:(allAfrica.com), 12 February 2009. 3598:"Mugabe calls for government deal" 3469:"Zimbabwe rivals agree bill on PM" 3219:from the original on 28 April 2018 3055:"Zim deal looks dead in the water" 2566:"Zimbabwe rivals agree unity deal" 2544:"Positive signs at Zimbabwe talks" 2525:"Mugabe says talks moving forward" 1963:"SA leader denies Zimbabwean deal" 1762:"Zim talks deadline is 'flexible'" 14: 3870:"Rows mar Zimbabwe oath ceremony" 2963:"Mugabe leaves for UN amid chaos" 2311:"Zim talks are continuing – Moyo" 1928:, Reuters, The Associated Press. 1294:"Mugabe meets opposition faction" 760:Central Intelligence Organisation 616:Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions 494:), its small splinter group, the 4172:2008 Zimbabwean general election 2663:from the original on 11 May 2011 2589:"Peace deal reached in Zimbabwe" 2275:, allAfrica.com, 25 August 2008. 1536:"Zimbabwe rivals sign agreement" 1275:2013 Zimbabwean general election 1179:(Public and Interactive Affairs) 998: 610:of a national unity government. 126: 75: 66: 22: 3743:Zimbabwe passes unity deal bill 3007:"Mbeki to resume Zim mediation" 2612:newsnet.co, Deal finally sealed 1778:"Police station bomb 'planted'" 1558:Alan Cowell and Graham Bowley, 911:Round 3 (9 September – present) 564:Priscilla Misihairabwi-Mushonga 3872:. BBC News. 13 February 2009. 3846:"Mugabe Keeps 'Worst Cabinet'" 3548:. BBC News. 19 December 2008. 2575:, BBC News, 11 September 2008. 2553:, BBC News, 10 September 2008. 1465:"Mugabe lashes out at Britain" 1227:(Small and Medium Enterprises) 1221:(Energy and Power Development) 1191:(Mines and Mining Development) 878:, Mugabe said while attending 594:On 11 July, the MDC said that 488:Movement for Democratic Change 102:Movement for Democratic Change 1: 4090:Seventh Zimbabwean Parliament 3683:. BBC News. 30 January 2009. 3600:. BBC News. 18 January 2009. 3574:. BBC News. 15 January 2009. 3478:, BBC News, 28 November 2008. 2732:, 12 September 2008, page A1. 2534:, BBC News, 9 September 2008. 1679:"'Zim talks making progress'" 1560:"Zimbabwe talks set to begin" 1035:Chairman of the African Union 874:On 3 September, according to 867:said on 2 September that the 806:Seventh Zimbabwean parliament 4146:Government of National Unity 3111:International Herald Tribune 2995:International Herald Tribune 2951:International Herald Tribune 2600:International Herald Tribune 2501:International Herald Tribune 2478:International Herald Tribune 2455:International Herald Tribune 2431:International Herald Tribune 2391:International Herald Tribune 2251:International Herald Tribune 2227:International Herald Tribune 2201:International Herald Tribune 2178:International Herald Tribune 2151:International Herald Tribune 2127:International Herald Tribune 2098:International Herald Tribune 2075:International Herald Tribune 2048:International Herald Tribune 2021:International Herald Tribune 1997:International Herald Tribune 1946:International Herald Tribune 1930:International Herald Tribune 1907:International Herald Tribune 1883:International Herald Tribune 1859:International Herald Tribune 1832:International Herald Tribune 1805:International Herald Tribune 1730:International Herald Tribune 1706:International Herald Tribune 1667:International Herald Tribune 1643:International Herald Tribune 1620:International Herald Tribune 1597:International Herald Tribune 1571:International Herald Tribune 1547:International Herald Tribune 1523:International Herald Tribune 1499:International Herald Tribune 1476:International Herald Tribune 1452:International Herald Tribune 1428:International Herald Tribune 1405:International Herald Tribune 1388:International Herald Tribune 1365:International Herald Tribune 1349:International Herald Tribune 1325:International Herald Tribune 2301:, BBC News, 25 August 2008. 1215:(Information and Publicity) 708:A South African newspaper, 524:2008 parliamentary election 4208: 1303:, Al Jazeera, 5 July 2008. 803: 520:2008 presidential election 3146:, 8 October 2008, page 4. 3085:, 2 October 2008, page 3. 3065:, 1 October 2008, page 5. 2945:25 September 2008 at the 2900:"Zim cabinet talks stall" 2866:18 September 2008 at the 2794:, CNN, 16 September 2008. 2724:14 September 2016 at the 2594:13 September 2008 at the 2571:12 September 2008 at the 2549:10 September 2008 at the 2530:10 September 2008 at the 2495:15 September 2008 at the 2472:17 September 2008 at the 2449:17 September 2008 at the 2385:17 September 2008 at the 2245:17 September 2008 at the 2221:17 September 2008 at the 2195:17 September 2008 at the 2145:17 September 2008 at the 2092:17 September 2008 at the 2042:17 September 2008 at the 2015:17 September 2008 at the 1991:17 September 2008 at the 1901:17 September 2008 at the 1877:17 September 2008 at the 1853:17 September 2008 at the 1826:17 September 2008 at the 1799:24 September 2008 at the 1724:17 September 2008 at the 1700:17 September 2008 at the 1661:17 September 2008 at the 1637:24 September 2008 at the 1591:17 September 2008 at the 1517:17 September 2008 at the 1493:17 September 2008 at the 1470:17 September 2008 at the 1446:17 September 2008 at the 1422:17 September 2008 at the 1382:17 September 2008 at the 1343:17 September 2008 at the 1319:17 September 2008 at the 1023:African National Congress 999:Mugabe's trip to New York 4131:Joint Operations Command 4075:Operation Ngatipedzenavo 3851:14 February 2009 at the 3828:17 February 2009 at the 3813:, AFP, 10 February 2009. 3809:13 February 2009 at the 3790:12 February 2009 at the 3535:, AFP, 13 December 2008. 3497:, AFP, 30 November 2008. 3474:28 November 2008 at the 3459:, AFP, 28 November 2008. 3440:, AFP, 26 November 2008. 3421:, AFP, 25 November 2008. 3402:, AFP, 12 November 2008. 3390:, AFP, 10 November 2008. 2515:, AFP, 7 September 2008. 2425:2 September 2008 at the 1614:7 September 2008 at the 1163:In remarks published in 920:Final power-sharing deal 622:Agreement and Memorandum 554:Preliminary negotiations 364:Administrative divisions 4070:Operation Mavhoterapapi 3794:, AFP, 8 February 2009. 3771:, By Jonga Kandemiiri, 3749:5 February 2009 at the 3728:2 February 2009 at the 3531:5 February 2009 at the 3516:, AFP, 5 December 2008. 3512:5 February 2009 at the 3455:5 February 2009 at the 3436:5 February 2009 at the 3417:5 February 2009 at the 3378:, AFP, 28 October 2008. 3366:, AFP, 25 October 2008. 3354:, AFP, 24 October 2008. 3302:22 October 2008 at the 3287:, AFP, 16 October 2008. 3275:, AFP, 15 October 2008. 3263:, AFP, 13 October 2008. 3197:, AFP, 12 October 2008. 3185:, AFP, 11 October 2008. 1752:, 31 July 2008, page 2. 1075:Announcement of cabinet 697:Round 2 (3 – 12 August) 512:human rights violations 4095:Political negotiations 4085:International reaction 4036:Parliamentary election 3243:17 August 2009 at the 3170:, AFP, 9 October 2008. 3158:, AFP, 7 October 2008. 3125:, AFP, 7 October 2008. 3097:, AFP, 4 October 2008. 2349:6 October 2012 at the 2297:26 August 2008 at the 2271:26 August 2008 at the 2172:22 August 2008 at the 2121:29 August 2008 at the 2069:17 August 2008 at the 1968:13 August 2008 at the 1924:13 August 2008 at the 648:Round 1 (22 – 30 July) 626:Kenyan Prime Minister 417:Diplomatic missions of 149:Constitutional history 3960:and subsequent events 1299:6 August 2008 at the 768:Eliphas Mukonoweshuro 4041:constituency results 3857:Zimbabwe Independent 3732:, the Zimbabwe Times 3493:2 April 2013 at the 3109:, Associated Press. 3045:, 30 September 2008. 3029:, 29 September 2008. 2993:, Associated Press. 2981:, 26 September 2008. 2953:, 22 September 2008. 2922:, 19 September 2008. 2906:, 18 September 2008. 2890:, 18 September 2008. 2848:, 17 September 2008. 2844:, Associated Press. 2809:18 July 2011 at the 2790:3 March 2016 at the 2775:, 13 September 2008. 2767:MacDonald Dzirutwe, 2705:15 June 2011 at the 2602:, 12 September 2008. 2499:, Associated Press. 2476:, Associated Press. 2225:, Associated Press. 2199:, Associated Press. 2138:Stella Mapenzauswa, 2096:, Associated Press. 1995:, Associated Press. 1944:, Associated Press. 1846:MacDonald Dzirutwe, 1803:, Associated Press. 1717:MacDonald Dzirutwe, 1641:, Associated Press. 1565:23 July 2008 at the 1541:29 July 2008 at the 1463:MacDonald Dzirutwe, 1439:MacDonald Dzirutwe, 1426:, Associated Press. 1363:, Associated Press. 927:Boniface Chidyausiku 800:Convening Parliament 549:Details of the talks 346:Electoral Commission 189:Constantino Chiwenga 119:Politics of Zimbabwe 4001:Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn 3836:, 12 February 2009. 3708:Mail & Guardian 3338:, by Cris Chinaka, 3213:The Daily Telegraph 2687:10 May 2011 at the 2503:, 5 September 2008. 2480:, 5 September 2008. 2457:, 2 September 2008. 1177:Chen Chimutengwende 1029:, the President of 774:, the President of 4126:Emmerson Mnangagwa 3834:The Zimbabwe Times 3711:, 30 January 2009. 3661:on 30 January 2009 3251:, 14 October 2008. 3144:Independent Online 3083:Independent Online 3063:Independent Online 3043:Independent Online 3027:Independent Online 3011:Independent Online 2979:Independent Online 2920:Independent Online 2904:Independent Online 2888:Independent Online 2846:Independent Online 2773:Independent Online 2730:The New York Times 2407:Independent Online 2368:Independent Online 2342:Tichaona Sibanda, 2331:Independent Online 2315:Independent Online 1782:Independent Online 1766:Independent Online 1750:Independent Online 1683:Independent Online 1201:Samuel Mumbengegwi 949:The New York Times 825:Paul Themba Nyathi 788:The New York Times 642:Mukoni Ratshitanga 502:), and the ruling 177:Emmerson Mnangagwa 96:), Prime Minister 4187:Cabinet formation 4159: 4158: 4044: 4014:Langton Towungana 4010: 3986:Morgan Tsvangirai 3902:. 3 August 2013. 3775:, 5 February 2009 3757:, 5 February 2009 3342:, 17 October 2008 3326:, 16 October 2008 3310:, 17 October 2008 3113:, 5 October 2008. 3013:, 3 October 2008. 2997:, 2 October 2008. 2938:Celia W. Dugger, 2717:Celia W. Dugger, 2587:Celia W. Dugger, 2442:George Obulutsa, 2433:, 31 August 2008. 2409:, 30 August 2008. 2393:, 30 August 2008. 2370:, 28 August 2008. 2333:, 27 August 2008. 2317:, 27 August 2008. 2253:, 20 August 2008. 2229:, 21 August 2008. 2203:, 18 August 2008. 2180:, 18 August 2008. 2165:Celia W. Dugger, 2153:, 16 August 2008. 2129:, 25 August 2008. 2114:Celia W. Dugger, 2100:, 17 August 2008. 2077:, 14 August 2008. 2062:Celia W. Dugger, 2050:, 14 August 2008. 2023:, 13 August 2008. 1999:, 12 August 2008. 1976:, 12 August 2008. 1948:, 11 August 2008. 1932:, 10 August 2008. 1213:Sikhanyiso Ndlovu 1124:Kgalema Motlanthe 1044:Kgalema Motlanthe 954:Jendayi E. Frazer 863:Foreign Minister 794:Sikhanyiso Ndlovu 569:Patrick Chinamasa 528:House of Assembly 492:Morgan Tsvangirai 477: 476: 434:Visa requirements 394:Foreign relations 351:Political parties 236:National Assembly 98:Morgan Tsvangarai 55: 54: 4199: 4182:2009 in Zimbabwe 4177:2008 in Zimbabwe 4116:Arthur Mutambara 4100:Cholera outbreak 4038: 4004: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3928: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3866: 3860: 3843: 3837: 3820: 3814: 3801: 3795: 3782: 3776: 3773:Voice of America 3764: 3758: 3739: 3733: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3657:. Archived from 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3542: 3536: 3523: 3517: 3504: 3498: 3485: 3479: 3466: 3460: 3447: 3441: 3428: 3422: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3333: 3327: 3317: 3311: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3072: 3066: 3052: 3046: 3036: 3030: 3020: 3014: 3004: 2998: 2988: 2982: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2936: 2923: 2913: 2907: 2897: 2891: 2881: 2875: 2858: 2849: 2838: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2801: 2795: 2782: 2776: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2739: 2733: 2715: 2709: 2697: 2691: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2620: 2614: 2609: 2603: 2585: 2576: 2563: 2554: 2541: 2535: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2487: 2481: 2464: 2458: 2440: 2434: 2416: 2410: 2400: 2394: 2377: 2371: 2364:"Total defiance" 2360: 2354: 2340: 2334: 2324: 2318: 2308: 2302: 2289: 2276: 2263: 2254: 2236: 2230: 2213: 2204: 2187: 2181: 2163: 2154: 2136: 2130: 2112: 2101: 2084: 2078: 2060: 2051: 2033: 2024: 2006: 2000: 1983: 1977: 1960: 1949: 1939: 1933: 1916: 1910: 1909:, 9 August 2008. 1892: 1886: 1885:, 7 August 2008. 1868: 1862: 1861:, 6 August 2008. 1844: 1835: 1834:, 5 August 2008. 1819:Michael Georgy, 1817: 1808: 1807:, 4 August 2008. 1791: 1785: 1784:, 3 August 2008. 1775: 1769: 1759: 1753: 1748:, South Africa. 1739: 1733: 1715: 1709: 1692: 1686: 1676: 1670: 1652: 1646: 1629: 1623: 1606: 1600: 1583: 1574: 1556: 1550: 1532: 1526: 1508: 1502: 1485: 1479: 1461: 1455: 1437: 1431: 1414: 1408: 1397: 1391: 1374: 1368: 1358: 1352: 1334: 1328: 1310: 1304: 1291: 1255:Giles Mutseyekwa 1225:Sithembiso Nyoni 1219:Michael Nyambuya 728:Another deadlock 596:Gift Mutsvungunu 500:Arthur Mutambara 469: 462: 455: 339: 322: 130: 114: 85:(left to right) 79: 70: 50: 47: 41: 34:factual accuracy 26: 25: 18: 4207: 4206: 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Machine 1653: 1649: 1645:, 23 July 2008. 1639:Wayback Machine 1630: 1626: 1622:, 22 July 2008. 1616:Wayback Machine 1607: 1603: 1599:, 24 July 2008. 1593:Wayback Machine 1584: 1577: 1573:, 22 July 2008. 1567:Wayback Machine 1557: 1553: 1549:, 21 July 2008. 1543:Wayback Machine 1533: 1529: 1525:, 20 July 2008. 1519:Wayback Machine 1509: 1505: 1501:, 20 July 2008. 1495:Wayback Machine 1486: 1482: 1478:, 16 July 2008. 1472:Wayback Machine 1462: 1458: 1454:, 15 July 2008. 1448:Wayback Machine 1438: 1434: 1430:, 15 July 2008. 1424:Wayback Machine 1415: 1411: 1407:, 13 July 2008. 1398: 1394: 1390:, 11 July 2008. 1384:Wayback Machine 1375: 1371: 1367:, 10 July 2008. 1359: 1355: 1351:, 10 July 2008. 1345:Wayback Machine 1335: 1331: 1327:, 10 July 2008. 1321:Wayback Machine 1311: 1307: 1301:Wayback Machine 1292: 1288: 1283: 1271: 1161: 1153:The Sunday Mail 1136: 1111: 1079:On 11 October, 1077: 1056: 1019: 1001: 984: 922: 913: 837:Edwin Mushoriwa 808: 802: 755: 742:The Sunday Mail 735:George Charamba 730: 699: 674: 650: 624: 556: 551: 473: 444: 443: 425: 413: 407:Frederick Shava 396: 386: 385: 366: 356: 355: 340: 332: 323: 291: 283: 273: 272: 263: 255: 254: 214: 206: 205: 167: 159: 158: 144: 121: 112: 111: 110: 109: 100:(leader of the 92:(leader of the 82: 81: 80: 72: 71: 62: 61: 51: 45: 42: 39: 31:This article's 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4011: 3994: 3982: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3924: 3923:External links 3921: 3918: 3917: 3887: 3861: 3838: 3815: 3796: 3777: 3759: 3734: 3713: 3698: 3672: 3646: 3615: 3589: 3563: 3537: 3518: 3499: 3480: 3461: 3442: 3423: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3328: 3312: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3249:People's Daily 3230: 3199: 3187: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3134:Stanley Gama, 3127: 3115: 3099: 3087: 3067: 3047: 3031: 3015: 2999: 2983: 2967: 2955: 2924: 2908: 2892: 2876: 2850: 2830: 2819: 2796: 2777: 2760: 2734: 2710: 2692: 2674: 2648: 2615: 2604: 2577: 2555: 2536: 2517: 2505: 2482: 2459: 2435: 2418:Nelson Banya, 2411: 2395: 2372: 2355: 2335: 2319: 2303: 2277: 2255: 2238:Cris Chinaka, 2231: 2205: 2182: 2155: 2131: 2102: 2079: 2052: 2035:Nelson Banya, 2025: 2008:Cris Chinaka, 2001: 1978: 1950: 1934: 1911: 1894:Nelson Banya, 1887: 1870:Cris Chinaka, 1863: 1836: 1809: 1786: 1770: 1754: 1734: 1710: 1687: 1671: 1654:Nelson Banya, 1647: 1624: 1601: 1575: 1551: 1527: 1510:Cris Chinaka, 1503: 1480: 1456: 1432: 1409: 1399:Nelson Banya, 1392: 1369: 1353: 1336:Barry Bearak, 1329: 1312:Nelson Banya, 1305: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1270: 1267: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1207:Munacho Mutezo 1204: 1198: 1195:Opa Muchinguri 1192: 1186: 1180: 1160: 1157: 1135: 1132: 1110: 1107: 1076: 1073: 1055: 1052: 1027:Jakaya Kikwete 1018: 1015: 1000: 997: 983: 980: 971: 970: 967: 964: 921: 918: 912: 909: 904:Jendayi Frazer 882:'s funeral in 880:Levy Mwanawasa 827:of the MDC-M. 804:Main article: 801: 798: 754: 751: 729: 726: 698: 695: 687:Abdoulaye Wade 673: 670: 649: 646: 623: 620: 560:Welshman Ncube 555: 552: 550: 547: 475: 474: 472: 471: 464: 457: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 436: 431: 424: 423: 412: 411: 410: 409: 397: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 373: 367: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 348: 343: 342: 341: 331: 326: 325: 324: 290: 284: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 251: 250: 248:Constituencies 245: 244: 243: 233: 232: 231: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 198: 197: 196: 191: 184:Vice-President 181: 180: 179: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 151: 145: 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 123: 122: 117: 84: 83: 74: 73: 65: 64: 63: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 52: 30: 28: 21: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4204: 4193: 4192:Power sharing 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Vote counting 4051: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4016:(independent) 4015: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3974:Robert Mugabe 3971: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3922: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3522: 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Knowledge (XXG)

2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations

Index