Edinburgh Festival Fringe

841: 1631:, "No-one can say what the quality will be like overall. It does not much matter, actually, for that is not the point of the Fringe ... The Fringe is a forum for ideas and achievement unique in the UK, and in the whole world ... Where else could all this be attempted, let alone work?". Views from the middle ground of this perennial debate point out that the Fringe is not complete artistic anarchy. Some venues do influence or decide on the content of their programme, such as the Traverse and Aurora Nova, who used to run their own venue but are now just a production group. 857: 641:) could hold its head up in any major world festival. However, in 1982, 24% of the Fringe was housed in The Circuit/Assembly, both of which were being commercially marketed, and this attracted complaints, including from Traverse Theatre founder, Richard Demarco, who felt the Fringe should not have allowed either venue. By 1988, there was, according to former Fringe Administrator Michael Dale, a feeling that "smaller venues may lose out, but this case may be overstated... The episode of the super-venues, the Assembly Rooms in particular, has some way to go yet". 865: 261: 1854: 1430: 541: 849: 409:, director of Oxford Theatre Group. A constitution was drawn up, in which the policy of not vetting or censoring shows was set out, and the Society produced the first guide to Fringe shows. Nineteen companies participated in the Fringe in that year. By that time it provided a "complete... counter-festival programme" although efforts were still being made to gain publicity through the International Festival programme. The YMCA became established as the first central Fringe ticket office. 706: 1054: 714: 60: 873: 2314: 746:

was estimated at £300,000, which it was forced to meet from its reserves, although other sources report this at £900,000. These events attracted much comment from the UK and world media. More debts emerged as the year went on, and an independent report criticised the Board and the current and previous Fringe Directors for a failure of management and an inability to provide the basic service.

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direct result of the wishes of the participants, the Society had been set up to help the performers that come to Edinburgh and to promote them collectively to the public. It did not come together so that groups could be invited, or in some way artistically vetted. What was performed and how it was done was left entirely to each Fringe group". This approach is now sometimes referred to as an

976:– Some promoters use a different financial model. Instead of charging performers to hire the room, and audiences to attend, they make their spaces available for free, with audiences making a donation at the end of the show if they have enjoyed it. These promoters tend to operate out of pubs and clubs – the rooms being made free to use as a way of boosting bar takings. The original 2190: 947:. The term 'Big Four' being an adopted label. These are in some cases the most long-standing venues (Underbelly being a relative newcomer, having been founded in 1996). They each operate multi-room venue complexes, often across multiple sites. They tend to specialise in comedy, and in 2008, they briefly and controversially tried to re-brand themselves as 1274: 152:) is the world's largest performance arts festival, which in 2024 spanned 25 days and featured more than 51,446 scheduled performances of 3,317 different shows across 262 venues from 58 different countries. Of those shows, the largest section was comedy, representing almost 40% of shows, followed by theatre, which was 26.6% of shows. 512:

it became clear after a few weeks that the role would have to be permanent. Milligan was responsible for a number of innovations which remain in place today, such as the numbering system for venues and the Fringe map in the brochure, and he was also credited with establishing the co-operative spirit of the Fringe. He left in 1976.

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difficult to promote the Fringe on merit given the Society's position of neutrality. Increasing show numbers was therefore a way of attracting more attention. At this point, the Fringe operated on only two full-time members of staff. In 1977, the office moved to a converted shop and basement at 170 High Street.

1650:(BAC) and support from several organisations including the Jerwood Foundation and Queen's University in Canada. Its aim was to encourage experimentation by reducing costs to performers – not charging for space, and providing accommodation. The same applied to audiences: all shows being "pay what you can". 1039:

and the Fringe Office becomes the focal point for theatre companies to hand out flyers, perform scenes from their shows, and attempt to sell tickets. These performances run alongside the Fringe Street Events which feature more than 200 street performers and thousands of buskers on the High Street and

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has been integral to the Fringe since the start, and has become known for its comprehensive festival coverage in August. Originally, it aimed to review every show on the Fringe. Now they are more selective, as there are simply too many shows to cover, although they do see almost every new play being

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In 2012, there was criticism of the increasing commercialism of the Pay-To-Play fringe venues who charge acts to perform in advance of the Fringe. In many cases venue costs such as: venue rents / guarantees, compulsory marketing and various deductions mean that performers are being charged more than

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was nominated for best newcomer in 2015. Other promoters such as Just the Tonic, The Pleasance and C Venues have since introduced the model to some of their venues. In 2016, Gilded Balloon adopted PWYW for the Counting House, which had previously been a Free Festival venue, and has since returned to

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A computerised booking system was first installed in the early 1990s, allowing tickets to be bought at a number of locations around the city. The internet began to have an impact in 2000 with the launch of the Fringe's official website, which sold more than half a million tickets online by 2005. The

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has complained of "an infestation of stand-up comics... an epidemic for which there is no cure", which "overwhelms the possibility of serious theatre". Others have commented that a large proportion of newer audiences are drawn almost exclusively to stand-up comics (particularly to television comedy

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Putting on shows is costly to venues as well, due to theatre licence fees which by 2009 had risen 800% in the preceding three years, and were eight times as high as fees in English cities, starting at £824 for a venue of up to 200 people and rising to £2,472 for a venue of up to 5,000 people. These

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In 2008, the Fringe faced its biggest crisis so far when the computerised ticketing system failed. The events surrounding the failed box office software led to the resignation of Fringe Director Jon Morgan after only one full year in post. The resultant financial loss suffered by the Fringe Society

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Problems then began to arise as the Fringe became too big for students and volunteers to deal with. Eventually in 1969, the Fringe Society became a constituted body, and in 1970 it employed its first administrator, John Milligan. He started work in January 1971, originally on a part-time basis, but

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from 1981) provided nightly showcases of Fringe fare to allow audiences to sample shows. In its earlier years the club also provided a significant space for after-hours socialising at a time when Edinburgh's strict licensing laws meant a 10pm pub closing time. For a time, the main ticket office was

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Over the first two decades of the Fringe, each performing group used its own performing space, or venue. However, by the late 1960s, the concept of sharing a venue became popular, principally as a means of cutting costs. It soon became common for halls to host up to six or seven different shows per

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Festival Club), the investment in staging, lighting and sound meant that the original amateur or student theatricals were left behind. In the same year, the YMCA in South St Andrew Street, which had been an important venue since the early days, closed. However, the subsequent rise in prominence of

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The International Festival, now under the direction of John Drummond, became more accommodating towards the Fringe in the late 1970s and some successful Fringe performers transferred to perform works at the Festival. These included Richard Crane and Faynia Williams, who in 1981 produced a sell-out

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compiled a list of shows under the title "Other Events" in their omnibus festival brochure, but it was printer C. J. Cousland who was the first to publish a listings guide, in 1954. This was funded by participating companies and was entitled "Additional Entertainments", since the name "Fringe" was

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In the mid-1990s, only the occasional top show charged £10 per seat, while the average price was £5–£7; in 2006, prices were frequently over £10, and reached £20 for the first time in 2006, for a one-hour show. Reasons people put forward for the increases include: increasing costs of hiring large

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The freedom to put on any show has led periodically to controversy when individual tastes in sexual explicitness or religion have been contravened. This has brought some into conflict with local city councillors. There have been occasional performing groups that have deliberately tried to provoke

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The first Fringe featured eight companies performing in five venues. By 1959, there were 19 companies; by 1969, 57; by 1979, 324. In 1981, there were 494, and the growth of the festival began to slow. But by 1999, there were over 600 companies giving 15,000 performances and in 2010, 1,900 giving

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The Fringe itself at times sprouts a fringe. While the festival is unjuried, participating in the Fringe requires registration, payment of a registration fee, and use of a Fringe venue. For example, the 2008 registration fee was £289.05. Some outdoor spaces also require registration, notably the

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The Fringe is an open access festival. The role of the Fringe Society is solely to facilitate the festival, concentrating mainly on the challenging logistics of organising such a large event. Alistair Moffat (Fringe administrator 1976–1981) summarised the role of the Society when he said, "As a

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The comedy section has grown over recent decades to become the biggest section of the programme. The 2008 Fringe marked the first time that comedy has made up the largest category of entertainment. This has led to criticism that it has changed the nature of the Fringe, and separated it from its

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Putting on a show at the Fringe with the big venues can be costly to performers, due to registration fees, venue hire, cost of accommodation, and travel to Edinburgh. In recent years venue costs and the need for expensive marketing have been increasingly challenged by Free and other Independent

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Moffatt believed the growth of the Fringe would stop due to a lack of venues, but just as that limit seemed to be being reached, groups began to find more efficient ways of sharing spaces. Venues could be fully utilised from 10am to 2am, with up to seven different groups throughout the day. The

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in Newington came on board. Moffat also expanded the street performance aspect and brought in sponsorship deals, particularly local breweries. In this way, the Fringe ascended to its current position as the largest arts festival in the world. This was a deliberate policy by Moffat, who found it

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are among the comedians who have performed at more Edinburgh Fringe festivals than anyone else. Arthur Smith has performed regularly at the Festival for over 40 years (since 1977), Paul Merton has been performing regularly at the festival since 1985. Barry Cryer performed at about 25 Edinburgh

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and Paradise Green. They may specialise in certain genres or run a programme across all genres (theSpaceUK, C venues, Zoo Venues and Greenside Venues). Although focusing on new writing rather than comedy, one is larger, theSpaceUK hosted over 400 shows at the 2019 Fringe, making it the largest

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opened here in 1993. It had a 700-seat marquee auditorium, which hosted, among other things, opera, even though the organisers had been told it was no such place for the artform. The venue also took over the nearby Heriot-Watt Students' Association and the Little Lyceum. In total, it hosted 38

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In 2022, the festival's 75th anniversary year, the Fringe Society consulted with stakeholders from across the festival – from artists to venues, residents to government bodies – to create a shared vision and set of values. The vision was “to give anyone a stage and everyone a seat”. Rooted in

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From the performers' perspective, the decision on where to perform is typically based on a mixture of cost, location (close proximity to the main Fringe hubs around the university is seen as an advantage), and the philosophy of the venue – some of whom specialise in amateur, school or college

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The Fringe board of directors is drawn from members of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society, many of whom are Fringe participants themselves – performers or venue operators. Elections are held once a year, in August, and board members serve a term of four years. The Board appoints the Fringe

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The 2015 Fringe issued an estimated 2,298,090 tickets for 50,459 performances of 3,314 shows in 313 venues over 25 days; the 2016 Fringe issued an estimated 2,475,143 tickets for 50,266 performances of 3,269 shows; and the 2017 Fringe 2,696,884 tickets for 53,232 performances of 3,398 shows.

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The Board eventually decided that the post of "Director" (instituted in 1992 in lieu of "Fringe Administrator") would be abolished and replaced by a Chief Executive, to reinforce the Fringe head's basic administrative function. A report into the failure was commissioned from accountancy firm

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This meant that two defining features of the future Fringe were established at the very beginning – the lack of official invitations to perform and the use of unconventional venues. Originally, these groups referred to themselves as the "Festival Adjuncts" and were also referred to as the

1695:(1982). The number of such events continues to grow, particularly in the US and Canada. (In the case of Edinburgh, the Fringe is an addition to the Festival proper, being officially known as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Where there is no pre-existing Festival to be added to, such as 634:. In 1982 the enterprise lost £28,000, and in 1983 there were further criticisms related to over-charging, over-crowding and inadequate facilities. The Circuit was not repeated, but it had demonstrated the potential for temporary venues at the Fringe, which are now a familiar sight. 1894:

venues. There is a change happening at the Fringe and performers can increasingly negotiate with the big venues. The festival is also a networking opportunity, training ground or springboard for future career advancement, and exciting and fun for performers as well as spectators.

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The groups that operate the venues are also diverse: some are commercial and others not-for-profit; some operate year-round, while others exist only to run venues at the Fringe. Some are local, others are based in London and elsewhere and transfer to Edinburgh for August.

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The 2021 festival took place during 6–30 August 2021, though it was much reduced in size, with 528 shows in person and 414 online. The 2022 festival took place from 5–29 August 2022 and marked a return to pre-pandemic levels, with 3,334 shows. Fifty were livestreamed, by

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Statistics for 2011 Edinburgh Festival Fringe concluded that it was the largest on record: there were over 40,000 performances of over 2,500 different shows in 258 venues. Ticket sales amounted to around 1.8 million. There are now 12 full-time members of staff.

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comedy was the biggest artform by number of shows, followed by theatre. The exact breakdown was: 34% comedy, 27% theatre, 14% music, 5% children's shows, 4% each cabaret/variety, dance/circus/physical theatre, spoken word, events, 3% musicals/opera, 2% exhibitions.

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and the Fringe during August. It set a standard to which other companies on the Fringe aspired. The Traverse is occasionally referred to as "The Fringe venue that got away", reflecting its current status as a permanent and integral part of the Edinburgh arts scene.

1927:: "For decades, the Fringe has been a utopia for artists and performers – but now profit-obsessed promoters are tearing it to pieces." Heroes of Fringe (Previously called The Alternative Fringe) was set up by Bob Slayer as a statement against Pay-To-Play venues. 1731:

by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss (2017). Over the years, it has attracted a number of companies that have made repeated visits to the Fringe, and in doing so helped to set high artistic standards. They have included: the London Club Theatre Group (1950s),

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for excellence in the field of physical and visual theatre since 1997. The categories under which these awards are given vary from year to year. A notable addition in 2007 was the inclusion of a Wild Card award chosen by the festival-going

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venues, where punters could 'Buy a ticket in advance to guarantee a seat or Pay What You Want (PWYW) on exit'. The model is a mixture of Paid and Free and enables performers to find a paying audience without risking large marketing spend.

443:, in 1963. While their original objective was to maintain something of the Festival atmosphere in Edinburgh all year round, the Traverse Theatre quickly and regularly presented cutting-edge drama to an international audience at both the 402:. This was not part of the International Festival, yet nor was it in the Fringe Programme, leading him to question the value of the "Fringe": "Away with the Fringe. To an artist in the theatre there is no such thing as a fringe of art." 277:

in 1947. With the International Festival using the city's major venues, these companies took over smaller, alternative venues for their productions. Seven performed in Edinburgh, and one undertook a version of the medieval morality play

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controversy as a means of advertising their shows, and this has led to censorship of sexual explicitness in such shows. Organisers continued to defend the festival's role as an open platform when they contacted controversial YouTuber

607:, "The Fringe then was entirely University revues and plays; there was not a single piece of stand-up comedy until me and Tony arrived." Comedy began an ascent which would see it become the biggest section of the programme by 2008. 1550:. She was followed by Paul Gudgin (2000–2007), Jon Morgan (2007–2008) and Kath Mainland (2008–2016). In November 2015, Mainland announced her decision to step down as Chief Executive to take on the role of executive director of the 1657:

Three values were also established to guide the behaviours and decisions of everyone involved with the Fringe. The Fringe Society said they would “live by them, champion them and uphold them where necessary”. The three values are:

217:, which publishes the programme, sells tickets to all events from a central physical box office and website, and offers year-round advice and support to performers. The Society's permanent location is at the Fringe Shop on the 617:, it had operated in the south side of the city in 1980 and 1981, but in 1982 expanded into a piece of empty ground popularly known as "The Hole in The Ground" near the Usher Hall. This was once the site of a church building ( 2213:

arts editor Allen Wright to encourage new theatre writing, and are given only to new plays (or new translations), and several are awarded for each of the three weeks of the Fringe – usually by a celebrity at a prestigious

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Scotland (1970s), the Children's Music Theatre, later the National Youth Music Theatre under Jeremy James Taylor, the National Student Theatre Company (from the 1970s), Communicado (1980s and 1990s), Red Shift (1990s),

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called an "official unofficial festival". A first attempt was made to provide a central booking service in 1955 by students from the university, although it lost money, which was blamed on those who had not taken part.

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Awards have three categories - Comic Originality, Cunning Stunt and Act Most Likely To Make A Million Quid They were presented originally for ten years, 2008–2017 and again from 2019, when they were taken over by the

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Scott-Moncrieff. Several venues now use their own ticketing systems; this is partly due to issues of commissions and how ticket revenue is distributed, but was reinforced by this 2008 failure of the main box office.

1873:— introduced free entry shows that collect donations at the end of each performance. 22 shows came under this banner in 2005, growing rapidly to over 600 in 2011. There was also the "pay what you can" model of the 1139:. Ironically, this show was put together by the Edinburgh International Festival as a rebuff to the emerging Fringe. But its title alone helped publicise "the Fringe", especially when it went on to London's 252:, for the first time ever since the founding of The Fringe, in an effort to stay true to The Fringe Society's 2022 vision of equality and inclusiveness. The 2024 festival was scheduled from August 2 to 26. 336:

Since it was not yet fully developed, much of the early years of the Fringe has gone unrecorded, except through anecdote. It did not benefit from any official organisation until 1951, when students of the

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with the Oxford Theatre Group in 1958. Due to many reviewers only being able to attend Fringe events late night after the official festival was finished, the Fringe came to be seen as being about revues.

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Over the years, this approach has led to adverse criticism about the quality of the Fringe. Much of this criticism comes from individual arts critics in national newspapers, hard-line aficionados of the

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Even with the rise of super venues, there was still theatre done on a shoestring, but several cultural entrepreneurs had raised the stakes to the point where a venue like Aurora (St Stephen's Church,

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and was succeeded by his deputy, Mhairi Mackenzie-Robinson, who left in 1993 to pursue a career in business. Hilary Strong served in the position until 1999, when she then became director of the

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followed a few years later. After the turn of the millennium, these were joined by online publications, some of which specialised in the Fringe, some of which had a broader remit. These include

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Royal Mile. Thus some artists perform outside the auspices of the Fringe, either individually or as part of a festival or in association with a venue, either outdoors or in non-Fringe venues.

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in Fife. These groups aimed to take advantage of the large assembled theatre crowds to showcase their own alternative theatre. Although at the time it was not recognised as such, this was the

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Of the shows, theatre had been the largest genre in terms of number of shows until 2008, when it was overtaken by comedy, which has been the major growth area over the last 20 years. At the

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In the 1960s and 1970s, the Fringe began to establish its reputation for size and variety and the tension between it and the more formal International Festival became of mutual benefit.

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has collated comedy reviews from as many publications as possible. In 2018, it gathered over 4,700 reviews from 135 publications, up from 4,300 from 83 different publications in 2014.

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first performed as a solo show at Underbelly in 2013, later became a TV series. Phoebe Waller-Bridge was later announced as President of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society in 2021.

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in 1947, when a critic remarked it was a shame the show was so far out "on the fringe of the Festival". In 1950, it was still being referred to in similar terms, with a small 'f':

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fees have been cited as punitive to smaller venues and site-specific performances by such figures as Julian Caddy, which in 2009 featured site-specific shows in such venues as

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Round the fringe of official Festival drama, there seems to be more private enterprise than before ... I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings!

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By that year, the Fringe was attracting around a dozen companies, and a meeting was held to discuss creating "a small organisation to act as a brain for the Fringe", or what

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For many groups at the Fringe, the ultimate goal is a favourable review—which, apart from the welcome kudos, may help minimise financial losses from putting on the show.

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Mound Precinct. Many shows are "2 for 1" on the first Monday and Tuesday of the festival and different venues operate independent ticket offers throughout the festival.

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judging panel. In 2012 a second type of Bobby was launched called the Technical Bobby, awarded for technical achievement at the Fringe, such as lighting or set design.

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first appeared at the Fringe in the twilight of his career in 2013, and commented: "I've become Edinburgh's publicity agent. I tell everybody, 'You've got to be in it.

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in the University Chaplaincy Centre, and then in the Royal Mile Centre on the High Street. Although the Fringe was now associated with the High Street, areas like the

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in 1983. Fringe Sunday was held on the second Sunday of the Fringe when companies performed for free. Having outgrown even Holyrood Park, this showcase took place on

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since 1995. Around a dozen awards are given out each year, including a Special Award, given for the first time in 2014. Winners of the Special Award to date include

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sharing led to the rise of bigger, more centralised venues. Rents increased too, with a venue like Heriot-Watt Students' Union doubling their rent in three years.

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Moffat resigned as the Fringe Society Administrator in 1981 and was succeeded by Michael Dale, who changed the programme layout and helped the Fringe consolidate.

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in 2007, and continuing in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, under the co-directorship of Andy Field and Pearson, a primary "Fringe of the Fringe" festival was held, at

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was performed at the Fringe in 2013 before it was adapted for television, was named the first-ever President of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society in 2021.

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In the field of comedy, the Fringe has provided a platform that has allowed the careers of many performers to bloom. In the 1960s, various members of the

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Fringe venues come in all shapes and sizes, with use being made of nearly any viable space that is available, from regular theatres (e.g. the Traverse or

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Student shows continued to thrive with the National Student Theatre Company, National Youth Music Theatre, Cambridge Mummers, Oxford Theatre Group and

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won the 2017 Edinburgh Comedy Award and was credited with challenging stand-up comedy convention. It subsequently developed a worldwide audience via

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Free Festival. Although the term "Free Fringe" originally referred to Buckley Hill's operation, it is now often used as shorthand for any free venue.

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day. The obvious next step was to partition a venue into two or more performing spaces; the majority of today's major venues fit into this category.

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On the fringe of the official Festival there are many praiseworthy "extras," including presentations by the Scottish Community Drama Association and

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and Fringe manager Kath Mainland was appointed in February 2009 to stabilise the situation, becoming the Fringe's first Chief Executive.

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the Assembly Rooms meant there was now a balance in the Fringe between the Old Town and the New Town, with Princes Street in the middle.

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The now defunct Festival Media Network was founded in 2010 to act as a trade organisation for these independent media. Its members were

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Formal organisation progressed in 1959, with the formation of the Festival Fringe Society. The push for such an organisation was led by

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Late-night revues, which would become a feature of Fringes, began to appear in the early 1950s. The first one was the New Drama Group's

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venues, theatre licences and related costs—and the price of accommodation, which is expensive for performers as well as for audiences.

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Many notable original shows originated at the Fringe and it has helped establish the careers of many writers and performers, including

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The planned 2020 Fringe Festival was suspended along with all of the city's other major summer festivals. This came as a result of the

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as "Bing Hitler", a "parody of all the über-patriotic native folk singers who seemed to infect every public performance in Scotland".

454:, a venue since the first year of the Fringe, was also important in setting the artistic tone. Christopher Richardson, founder of the 5987: 5588: 4704: 2383:. An initial one-off Malcolm Hardee Award had been made at the Fringe in 2005, the year of Hardee's death, to American musical comic 7597: 7081: 6922: 6812: 6766: 6569: 6540: 6511: 6284: 6252: 3402: 1987:

staged as part of the Fringe's theatre programme, because of their Fringe First awards. For many years, the Scotsman's Arts Editor,

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The same year, other incidents conspired to add to the negative publicity. Fringe Sunday – a vast free showcase of events held on

621:'s Synod Hall), which was converted to a cinema, and where the Saltire complex was subsequently built in the early 1990s. The new 225:

Society's Chief Executive (formerly known as the Fringe Administrator or Director). The Chief Executive operates under the chair.

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in 2007. Gervais was accused of greed and taking audiences away from smaller shows. Gervais donated the profits from the show to

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Some Fringe commentators agree that the Fringe will have to change and that the independent promoters are leading that change.

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for best drama was introduced in 2004. To be eligible for this award a show must have received a four or five star rating in

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There also continue to be single, independent venues, sometimes only hosting one show, sometimes only for a limited period.

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newspaper, started offering special ticket prices for different shows each day. This sold 45,000 tickets in its first year.

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to request that he clarify the fact that he had not been banned, which ran contrary to the punch line of one of his jokes.

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in response to the increasing costs to performers of appearing at the Fringe. The other main free promoter is Alex Petty's

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The early 1980s saw the arrival of the "super-venue" – locations that contained multiple performing spaces. By 1981 when

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In addition to ticketed, programmed events, the Fringe Street Events is run each day of the festival, primarily on the

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The Fringe's own position on this debate may be summed up by Michael Dale (Fringe Administrator 1982–1986) in his book

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to performers or shows deemed worthy of recognition. Similar to Fringe Firsts, they are given each week of the Fringe.

1789: 1273: 1178: 6554: 6525: 5286: 4758: 4404: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7974: 7969: 7959: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7632: 7366: 7206: 4184: 2412: 2334:, the mineral water manufacturer ended its long association in 2006 and was succeeded by the Scottish-based company 856: 816:

was founded by Jess Brough in response to what they termed the "overwhelming whiteness" of the Edinburgh Festivals.

302:, a Scottish playwright and journalist, is credited with coining the title "Fringe" when he wrote during the second 8235: 7276: 7256: 7141: 6952: 6039: 5821: 5445:"How the Edinburgh Fringe is financed: the article which you cannot read in this morning's edition of The Scotsman" 5308: 1742: 1643: 1243: 962: 932: 891: 801:. In 2011, a new all-year-round multi-arts festival venue, containing ten performance spaces, opened in the former 758: 599:

scene was also beginning to take shape. Previously, comedy at the Fringe had taken the form of student revues. Now

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Comedy finally surpassed theatre as the biggest section of the programme in 2008, with 660 comedy entries to 599.

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debuted at the Fringe, ahead of a national tour. The show would later go to the West End, then Broadway in 2020.

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In the 21st century, shows that have debuted at the Fringe and then gone on to wider fame (or notoriety) include

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The first chair of the board of directors was Lord Grant, a High Court judge, who gave way in 1970 to the actor

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The Fringe Club ceased operation in 2004, but various venues still provide "the Best of the Fest" and similar.

565: 299: 241: 6315: 5589:"The future of the Fringe? Think smaller : Correspondents 2012 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide" 4731: 4661: 1853: 1429: 686:. A 3am late licence made it a home for late-night socialising for comedians, and the raucous late-night show 540: 6597: 2306: 8329: 8154: 8149: 7449: 7432: 7261: 6962: 6496: 6241: 1805: 1801: 1575: 1543: 1521: 1445: 1238: 1208: 1020: 940: 788: 766: 592: 455: 338: 207: 7301: 1654:

equality and inclusiveness, it was designed inspire all Fringe stakeholders to pull in the same direction.

921:

In 2019 there were more than 3,800 shows registered in the programme taking place in 322 different venues.

910:), schools, a public toilet, the back of a taxi, a double-decker bus and even in the audience's own homes. 8170: 8134: 8106: 7286: 7136: 3608: 1688: 1684: 1532: 1036: 903: 638: 529: 505: 7544: 7371: 7111: 7101: 4685: 4527:"Gilded Balloon to offer 'pay what you want' : News 2016 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide" 4102: 4024: 3991: 3940: 3565: 2257: 2026: 1647: 1308: 899: 4943: 1135:, introducing a new wave of British satire and heralding a change in attitudes towards politicians and 848: 693:

In 1988, the Society moved from 170 High Street to expanded headquarters at 158–166 High Street on the

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is awarded, along with a list of the top 10. This award is currently sponsored by the TV channel Dave.

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Many performers have spoken highly of the Fringe, and the effect it has had on their career. Magician

8260: 7523: 7481: 7281: 7211: 7181: 5934: 5906: 5755: 2380: 2327: 2222: 2178: 1996: 1940: 1769: 1380: 1364: 1126: 1024: 228: 7565: 6730:"A fresh, brave and energising Fringe 2023 comes to a close, with creativity and care at its core |" 5692: 2075: 8344: 8290: 8275: 7663: 7658: 7530: 7509: 7236: 7216: 7191: 6707: 6650: 5879: 5235: 4256: 3524:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2024 invites audiences to #UnleashYourFringe as full programme revealed" 3254:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2024 invites audiences to #UnleashYourFringe as full programme revealed" 2335: 2141: 2065: 2020: 1785: 1705:

In the field of drama, the Edinburgh Fringe has premièred several plays and musicals, most notably

1528: 1053: 705: 645: 501: 497: 7251: 7018: 5347:"Edinburgh Fringe hit back at 'Nazi Pug Man' Mark Meechan's claim he was banned from the festival" 4636: 2282:

Editors' Awards was introduced in 2005 and are given to the ten things that have most excited the

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stars in famous venues), and that they are starting to regard non-comedy events as "peripheral".

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has been copied around the world. The largest and most celebrated of these spawned festivals are

1586:, the directors of the so-called "Big Four" venues have become well known on the cultural scene. 1555: 1551: 1478: 1329: 1215: 981: 829: 754: 679: 596: 581: 7587: 7023: 7013: 7008: 6113: 5333: 4954: 2273:

and must not have previously played in New York, as the prize is to put the show on in New York.

1991:

was a familiar figure at the Fringe and today, the young critics' award is named in his honour.

1566:

The Fringe has made the careers of many on the artistic and organisational side of the Fringe.

902:), conference centres, other university rooms and spaces, bars and pubs, temporary structures ( 576:

Fringe Sunday started in the High Street in 1981 and moved, through pressure of popularity, to

8255: 7324: 7231: 7161: 6808: 6785: 6762: 6680: 6627: 5376: 5302: 5254: 5137: 5111: 5012: 4460:"The free shows you can pay for... : News 2013 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide" 4412: 3381: 3272: 2343: 2053: 1547: 1494: 1371: 1136: 1131: 1059: 1016: 283: 17: 5991: 5750: 5075: 4504: 1181:, a leading innovative touring company at that time, brought two productions to the Fringe – 8250: 7291: 7126: 7121: 7028: 6863: 5093: 1882: 1462: 1375: 1340: 1336: 1288: 1144: 1140: 999: 813: 726: 664: 622: 492: 428: 353: 244:

outbreak in the early months of the year, with concerns of spreading the virus any further.

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There are a growing number of awards for Fringe shows, particularly in the field of drama:

412:

Not long afterwards came the first complaints that the Fringe had become too big. Director

8129: 7607: 7376: 7166: 6598:"Stage lights come down on the 2018 Edinburgh Festival Fringe | Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 3230: 2164: 1961: 1727: 1717: 1680: 1639: 1513: 1482: 1457: 1417: 1122: 722: 649: 600: 516: 440: 273:

The Fringe started life when eight theatre companies turned up uninvited to the inaugural

183: 4966: 3479:"The first steps towards recovery as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2022 comes to a close" 2209:

introduced the prestigious Fringe First awards in 1973. These awards were established by

1702:

In August 2016, the Adelaide Fringe began an official partnership with Edinburgh Fringe.

1332:. This had been taken over by Assembly Theatre and transformed into an 840-seat theatre. 1251: 5563:"Edinburgh Fringe round-up II – will 2012 be a turning point? | Edinburgh is Funny" 5033:"Kath M Mainland steps down as Chief Executive of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society" 4580: 3308:"The comedians are ready and so are the crowds ... but where are the Edinburgh critics?" 1246:

using established comedians in the roles of the twelve jurors. Directed and produced by

345:, where cheap food and a bed for the night were made available to participating groups. 8086: 7459: 7425: 7404: 7241: 7226: 7221: 7086: 7052: 6993: 6957: 5777: 3647: 3336: 2375: 1874: 1753: 1676: 1608: 1396: 1201: 1103: 1079: 1071: 1067: 985: 958: 936: 887: 762: 627: 481: 406: 328: 172: 4834: 4437: 1745:. The Fringe is also the staging ground of the American High School Theatre Festival. 1461:

Fringes (since the 90s) and Richard Herring has performed at 25 Fringes (since 1987).

713: 8308: 8240: 8055: 7602: 7502: 7488: 7306: 6998: 6148: 4632: 2364: 2323: 2291: 2193: 2126: 2059: 2047: 2032: 2008: 1952:

In July 2017, a campaign was set up to raise awareness of and challenge alleged poor

1765: 1722: 1465:

attended the very first Fringe as a 23-year-old in 1947 and hosted his long-standing

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companies. The next year it became a "tented village", with several smaller tents.

604: 557: 465: 461: 436: 386: 377: 369: 6759:

Sore Throats and Overdrafts: An illustrated story of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe

4884: 4381: 4312:"Shona McCarthy appointed as Chief Executive of Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society" 2313: 519:, the number of companies performing rose from 182 to 494, and new venues such as 167:

has become a world-leading celebration of arts and culture, surpassed only by the

5874: 8143: 7617: 7296: 7186: 7131: 7047: 6196:"Here is every single one of the Fringe's funniest jokes for the last ten years" 4811: 4482: 4351: 2174:

publish a large number of Edinburgh reviews, especially of the drama programme.

1908: 1866: 1761: 1757: 1571: 1453: 1449: 1433: 1408: 1317: 1313: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1012: 977: 614: 587:

1981 was a watershed for comedy at the Fringe too. It was the first year of the

432: 416:

claimed in 1961 that "it would be much better if only ten halls were licensed".

361: 287: 203: 780:

After an interim period, during which Tim Hawkins, formerly general manager of

660:, Kick Theatre, Lumiere and Son, Medieval Players and Trickster were regulars. 491:

For many years, the Fringe Club (variously in the High Street from 1971 and at

427:

The artistic credentials of the Fringe were established by the creators of the

8285: 8265: 7668: 7637: 7558: 7196: 7156: 7146: 4994:"Benny Higgins appointed Chair of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society board" 2424: 2339: 2278: 2041: 1878: 1773: 1517: 1303: 1164: 1118: 995: 907: 806: 694: 657: 532:

for the Festival, after having been successful in the Fringe during the '70s.

477: 218: 155:

Established in 1947 as an unofficial offshoot to (and on the "fringe" of) the

5965: 5720:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe chief says 'fair pay' activists a threat to event" 5667:"'Terrible' and 'Shameful' Edinburgh Festival Fringe work practices revealed" 4416: 3506:"The best theatre to stream this month: Edinburgh fringe, Jane Eyre and more" 1857:

Fringe show flyers and posters compete for space on a High Street phone booth

757:– was cancelled when a sponsor could not be secured. The "Big Four" venues - 8270: 7551: 6927: 6872: 6565: 6536: 6507: 6280: 6248: 5212: 2243: 2230: 2170: 1813: 1809: 1536: 1412: 1177:

During the 1980s, the Fringe attracted a number of major touring companies.

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It was a few years before an official programme for the Fringe was created.

365: 160: 91: 3403:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe cancelled this summer over coronavirus outbreak" 1500:

The first full-time Fringe chief was John Milligan, who had worked for the

613:

The following year, 1982, The Circuit became a prominent venue. Run by the

464:

is credited with pioneering the one-man Fringe show with his show based on

4284:"Grassroots project addresses Edinburgh fringe's 'overwhelming whiteness'" 2295:

in 2011 and are given to the best shows of the festival as decided by the

2189: 298:"semi-official" festival. It was not until the following year, 1948, that 5468:"Don't ask about dosh: The true cost of staging a Fringe show – Scotland" 1904: 1597: 1075: 1004: 781: 199: 179: 168: 8185: 6473:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 7 November 2008. Archived from 6043: 4605:

Watson, Roland; Sylvester, Rachel; Hopkins, Kathryn (24 February 2012).

2309:, to encourage the writing and production of new musicals on the Fringe. 1159:

was first performed in its full version at the 1966 Fringe. Noted actor

682:

as a comedy venue in the former J. & R. Allan's department store on

7592: 7495: 7411: 6858: 6091: 5988:"AIUK : Scotland: Freedom of Expression Award shortlist announced" 5842: 5799: 5645: 5541:"Stewart Lee & Bob Slayer: How The Fringe Escaped Its Certain Fate" 5234:

Street, 180 High; Edinburgh; Eh1 1qs; Kingdom +44131 226 0026, United.

4992:

Street, 180 High; Edinburgh; Eh1 1qs; Kingdom +44131 226 0026, United.

4864: 4665: 4352:"Edinburgh festivals: No fireworks but many are just happy it happened" 3361:

Street, 180 High; Edinburgh; Eh1 1qs; Kingdom +44131 226 0026, United.

3252:

Street, 180 High; Edinburgh; Eh1 1qs; Kingdom +44131 226 0026, United.

2342:

and rebranded as the Edinburgh Comedy awards, or "Eddies". As of 2024,

2331: 1772:. Atkinson was at Oxford. Notable companies in the 1980s have included 1520:

Festival in 1971 and had organised a small festival in his hometown of

1401: 1359: 1015:

were among the first established acts to embrace this model along with

784: 683: 588: 233: 195: 8230: 2326:

for Comedy came into existence in 1981 when the award was won by the

1169: 191: 6778:

The Edinburgh Fringe Survival Guide: How To Make Your Show A Success

5494:"Stewart Lee: the slow death of the Edinburgh Fringe | Culture" 5046: 3428: 3292: 1035:

During the Fringe the pedestrianised area of the High Street around

648:

producing well-received new work. Among professional companies, the

4550:"50 years on from Beyond the Fringe: Pete, Dud, Alan, Jon & me" 1493:). The current chair is Benny Higgins, who succeeded Professor Sir 1295:, quitting the project before it opened. Masterson was replaced by 898:, Paradise in Augustines), lecture theatres (including the notable 2312: 2188: 1780:. More recent comedy performers to have been "discovered" include 1428: 1272: 1052: 871: 863: 855: 847: 839: 825: 736:

following year, a Half Price Ticket Tent, run in association with

712: 704: 618: 539: 360:, in 1952. Among the talent to appear in early Fringe revues were 259: 5159: 4607:"First knight of nerves for Derek Jacobi and A Bunch of Amateurs" 2220:

Angels and Archangels are awarded by the team of arts writers of

4907:

The Scotsman - The Stars Who Made It Big At The Edinburgh Fringe

2156:

Most of the London-based broadsheets also review, in particular

1733: 924:

The main venue operators can broadly be split into four groups:

671:

to promote Edinburgh as 'The Festival City' for the first time.

342: 8189: 8059: 6876: 3429:"2020 Fringe announcement from Shona McCarthy, Chief Executive" 1661:• Celebrate performing arts 163:

every August. The combination of Edinburgh Festival Fringe and

5423: 4970: 3606:

Kemp, Robert (14 August 1948). "More that is Fresh in Drama".

3363:"Phoebe Waller-Bridge is the Fringe Society's first President" 2039:

From the 1990s onwards, Fringe-specific publications emerged.

1667:• Look out for each other. 797:

In 2009, theSpaceUK launched their multi-space complex at the

5612:"Comedy overtakes theatre in Edinburgh Festival Fringe first" 1994:

Other Scottish media outlets that provide coverage include:

1343:

served as the 6,000-seat venue for a one-off performance by

663:

In 1983, the Fringe joined with the International Festival,

186:

categorises shows into sections for theatre, comedy, dance,

128: 6851: 2260:

introduced the Amnesty Freedom of Expression Award in 2002.

918:

productions, some of whom are semi or wholly professional.

4257:"theSpace @ Surgeons Hall (V53) – Edinburgh Fringe Venues" 4185:"Edinburgh festival: Report slams Fringe ticketing fiasco" 1956:

during the Fringe. The campaign received support from the

1752:

team appeared in student productions, as subsequently did

6651:"Edinburgh Fringe Is Back. Is a Smaller Festival Better?" 6351: 6349: 6210:"The top ten funniest jokes of the Edinburgh Fringe 2022" 1699:(est. 1997), the word comes before the word "festival".) 4156:"Tokyo Shock Boys have no fear, but they do have limits" 3623: 3621: 3619: 2330:. (Two further award categories have since been added.) 6703:"'It's a phenomenon': 75 years of the Edinburgh Fringe" 6388: 6386: 6384: 4483:"Bridget Christie wins Foster's Edinburgh comedy award" 4232:"Kath Mainland looks forward to life beyond the Fringe" 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3708: 3706: 3589: 3587: 3335:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. Archived from 2149:

was once again the most prolific reviewer, followed by

1542:

Dale departed in 1986 to become Head of Events for the

314:

The word "fringe" had in fact been used in a review of

6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6242:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2011" 868:

Box Office for the Assembly, George Square venue, 2013

472:, in 1965, although Elspeth Douglas Reid had done her 6067:"Edinburgh Comedy Awards 2024 judging panel revealed" 4068: 4066: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 1200:

In 1986, the Fringe saw the break-out performance of

6562:

Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2014

6533:

Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2013

6504:

Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2012

6277:

Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2015

1683:(established 1960 and second biggest in the world), 1664:• Be open to all 8223: 8163: 8122: 8115: 8094: 7677: 7646: 7575: 7473: 7442: 7389: 7359: 7352: 7315: 7072: 7065: 7038: 6976: 6943: 6936: 6910: 5565:. Londonisfunny.com. 30 August 2012. Archived from 5285:in archived version. 16 August 2016. Archived from 4732:"Ticket touts are greedy scum, rages Ricky Gervais" 1865:In the early 21st century, two organisations — The 1291:contracting chicken pox and the original director, 124: 106: 98: 87: 79: 69: 52: 6830:The Fringe: 50 Years of the Greatest Show on Earth 6676:"Edinburgh Fringe ticket sales down 26.7 per cent" 4326:"Edinburgh festivals cancelled due to coronavirus" 4098:"How Comedy Captured the Edinburgh Fringe: Part 4" 4020:"How Comedy Captured the Edinburgh Fringe: Part 3" 3987:"How Comedy Captured the Edinburgh Fringe: Part 1" 3936:"How Comedy Captured the Edinburgh Fringe: Part 2" 3640: 2133:, which published 1000 reviews during August, and 6623:"Edinburgh Fringe claims record box office again" 6584:"Fringe Society 2016 end of season press release" 6316:"Fringe Society 2017 end of season press release" 6299:"Fringe Society 2015 end of season press release" 5275:"Adelaide partners with world's biggest festival" 4306: 4304: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4013: 4011: 4009: 1691:, formerly Grahamstown, South Africa (1973), and 970:operator by number of shows at the modern fringe. 709:Entrance to the High Street, street performances. 5869: 5867: 4835:"Love Birds review at Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 3562:"Special Collections: Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 1287:was beset by problems, including the lead actor 591:, which ran until 2005 and are now known as the 6412:"35th Edinburgh Festival On Way To Big Success" 6171:"And now for something completely different..." 3723: 3721: 656:, Cherub, Cliff Hanger, Entertainment Machine, 6141:"New Fringe award dedicated to Malcolm Hardee" 4759:"Going wild and giving it up for a good cause" 1527:Moffat left in 1981 to become Head of Arts at 515:Between 1976 and 1981, under the direction of 83:2024: 2–26 August (exact dates vary each year) 8201: 8071: 6888: 6405: 6403: 6401: 5447:. Thejohnfleming.wordpress.com. 4 August 2012 4967:"The insiders' guide to the Edinburgh Fringe" 4211:"Edinburgh Fringe may seek £600,000 bail-out" 1516:, who had been involved in running the first 998:introduced a new model to the Fringe, at his 64:A street performer on the High Street in 2010 8: 6264: 6262: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 3356: 3354: 2018:. Scottish arts and entertainment magazines 484:in 1969 and continued to do so until 1985. 6310: 6308: 6114:"In Malc's memory: New Fringe award set up" 5930:"Best reviewed Edinburgh Fringe shows 2014" 5902:"Best reviewed Edinburgh Fringe shows 2018" 5259:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5047:"About us | Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 5017:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3386:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3277:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3156:Festival cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic 1877:, and "Pay What You Want" as introduced by 1436:performing at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe 777:, which drew criticism from some quarters. 8208: 8194: 8186: 8119: 8078: 8064: 8056: 7356: 7069: 6940: 6895: 6881: 6873: 4896:The Guardian - It’s Hell Without The Drink 4785:"Fleabag – Edinburgh festival 2013 review" 2125:In 2012, the most prolific reviewers were 1558:. She took up the position in March 2016. 678:In 1986, promoter Karen Koren established 352:, a series of sketches taking place after 5400:"'Pure greed' of 800% rise in venue fees" 4581:"A Tom Stoppard Bibliography: Chronology" 264:1971 Festival Fringe Club Membership Card 6586:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 6318:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 6301:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 5066: 5064: 5035:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 4314:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 3295:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 2429: 1852: 1646:, with support from 2008 to 2010 by the 1328:, the meeting place on the Mound of the 882:List of Edinburgh Festival Fringe venues 6355: 6328: 5875:"The List's Top-Rated Shows Statistics" 5642:"Comedians infest the Edinburgh Fringe" 5049:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 4481:Brocklehurst, Steven (24 August 2013). 3780: 3697: 3685: 3627: 3548: 3241: 3226:Melbourne International Comedy Festival 894:), churches and church halls (e.g. the 773:- also decided to market themselves as 8335:Fringe festivals in the United Kingdom 6864:"Follow the Fringe Project" Collection 6340: 6065:Guide, British Comedy (25 July 2024). 5693:"Council backs 'Fair Fringe' campaign" 5321: 5300: 5252: 5010: 4579:Michael H. Hutchins (14 August 2006). 3858: 3837: 3768: 3712: 3593: 3379: 3270: 3211:List of Edinburgh Comedy Award winners 1697:New York International Fringe Festival 1693:Edmonton International Fringe Festival 49: 6832:, The Scotsman Publications Ltd, 1996 6761:. Edinburgh: Precedent Publications. 4919:"Skiddle - Paul Merton's Impro Chums" 4282:Wolfe-Robinson, Maya (29 July 2019). 4178: 4176: 3293:"About the Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 1708:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead 1156:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead 824:In 2016, Shona McCarthy, who had led 603:was becoming a feature. According to 324:Edinburgh University Dramatic Society 7: 8355:Arts organisations based in Scotland 6837:The Traverse Theatre Story 1963–1988 6392: 4705:"BBC - Comedy Blog - for Odd's Sake" 4585:The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide 4230:Ferguson, Brian (10 November 2015). 4209:Carrell, Severin (10 January 2009). 4183:Carrell, Severin (4 February 2009). 4072: 4057: 4045: 3972: 3921: 3909: 3892: 3875: 3818: 3797: 3756: 3729:"History of the Edinburgh Festivals" 3673: 3247: 3245: 2303:The Edinburgh Musical Theatre Awards 2265:Carol Tambor Best of Edinburgh Award 1920:they can make back in ticket sales. 544:The Fringe Office at 180 High Street 508:were also prominent in this period. 175:in terms of global ticketed events. 6471:"Fringe Facts – Annual Report 2003" 5718:Ferguson, Brian (2 February 2019). 4861:"Hannah Gadsby: Nanette on Netflix" 3401:Saunders, Emmeline (1 April 2020). 3333:"Fringe Society Board of Directors" 2129:which published over 1900 reviews, 844:Assembly Rooms and Box Office, 2013 717:Street performer in the High Street 286:, about 20 miles north, across the 6839:, Methuen Publishing, London, 1988 6410:Rattner, Steven (31 August 1981). 6042:. Broadwaybaby.com. Archived from 5345:Mitchell, Hilary (1 August 2019). 2236:Stage Awards for Acting Excellence 2083:). The latter two merged in 2019. 1907:island and a swimming pool at the 25: 6923:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6570:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6541:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6512:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6285:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6253:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 5749:Fowler, John (18 November 1997). 5092:. 8 February 2008. Archived from 4730:Ferguson, Brian (16 April 2009). 2036:also provide extensive coverage. 1768:, the latter three with the 1981 215:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 213:The Festival is supported by the 8251:QED: Question, Explore, Discover 6868:University of Maryland Libraries 6649:Jack, Malcolm (11 August 2021). 5800:"Festival Media Network Website" 5398:Cornwell, Tim (12 August 2009). 4757:Fraser, Gemma (28 August 2007). 4662:"Twelve Angry Men's description" 3504:Wiegand, Chris (1 August 2022). 3427:McCarthy, Shona (1 April 2020). 3306:Thorpe, Vanessa (14 July 2019). 2249:Total Theatre has presented its 2145:published 480 reviews. By 2019, 1622:Edinburgh International Festival 1618:Edinburgh International Festival 1562:Promoters and artistic directors 458:, became a major Fringe figure. 445:Edinburgh International Festival 381:still not yet in regular usage. 304:Edinburgh International Festival 275:Edinburgh International Festival 165:Edinburgh International Festival 157:Edinburgh International Festival 58: 8350:1947 establishments in Scotland 5822:"Broadway Baby: Edinburgh 2012" 5466:Claire Smith (25 August 2012). 4859:Bennett, Steve (20 June 2018). 4783:Gardner, Lyn (21 August 2013). 4686:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 1489:(widow of former Labour Leader 1487:Elizabeth Smith, Baroness Smith 1469:show until his death, aged 96. 1378:original musical production of 1284:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 630:made his debut here as part of 341:set up a drop-in centre in the 292:first Edinburgh Festival Fringe 7092:Assembly George Square Gardens 6497:"Review of Society activities" 6444:. edfringe.com. Archived from 5847:: All Reviews, Edinburgh 2012" 4403:Gardner, Lyn (7 August 2000). 4154:Kirby, Alicia (6 April 2006). 2348:The Donald and Eleanor Taffner 1871:Free Edinburgh Fringe Festival 1481:. He was succeeded in 1983 by 1174:which was very well regarded. 1023:Panel Prize with a PWYW show. 812:In 2018, an initiative called 803:Royal (Dick) Veterinary School 18:2008 Edinburgh Festival Fringe 1: 8360:Theatre festivals in Scotland 8340:Festivals established in 1947 7267:St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral 6014:"UNLIMITED | ThreeWeeks" 4096:Venables, Ben (6 June 2017). 4018:Venables, Ben (6 June 2017). 3934:Venables, Ben (6 June 2017). 3642:"Belgian Royalty at Festival" 3458:edfringe.shorthandstories.com 2168:, while arts industry weekly 1629:Sore Throats & Overdrafts 1508:. He left in 1976 to run the 860:The Pleasance Courtyard, 2013 787:took charge, the established 725:, who performed in 2008, and 8320:Comedy festivals in Scotland 7177:Scottish Storytelling Centre 6835:McMillan, J., Carnegie, J., 5610:Dibdin, Thom (5 June 2008). 5492:Stewart Lee (30 July 2012). 5181:Gardner, Lyn (21 May 2008). 4833:Vale, Paul (9 August 2015). 3985:Venables, Ben (9 May 2017). 2012:and the Scottish edition of 1620:, and occasionally from the 1473:Officials and administrators 1222:National Theatre of Scotland 890:), function rooms (e.g. the 7465:Funniest Joke of the Fringe 6439:"Fringe Annual Report 2001" 6092:"The Malcolm Hardee Awards" 6040:"Broadway Baby Bobby Award" 5780:. Edinburgh Festival Fringe 4529:. Chortle. 26 February 2016 4501:"Comedy Awards - Adam Hess" 2427:and at the Mound Precinct. 2392:Funniest Joke of the Fringe 2305:were introduced in 2007 by 1790:Reduced Shakespeare Company 1504:and been a researcher with 1277:Fleabag at the Fringe, 2013 1254:in the role made famous by 1179:Joint Stock Theatre Company 476:as early as 1955. American 112:; 77 years ago 8376: 8236:European Skeptics Congress 7455:So You Think You're Funny? 7367:Edinburgh People's Theatre 7277:Southside Community Centre 7097:St Columba's-by-the-Castle 6799:Moffatt, Alistair (1978). 5236:"Fringe development goals" 4236:The Edinburgh Evening News 2390:Each year since 2009, the 2289:The Bobby was launched by 1980:Edinburgh based newspaper 1743:Fitchburg State University 879: 584:and continued until 2008. 394:In 1956, the famous actor 178:It is an open-access (or " 8315:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 8140:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 7419:Jerry Springer: The Opera 7272:St Michael and All Saints 7117:Mayfield Salisbury Church 6918:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 6904:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 6734:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 6602:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 6139:Wolf, Ian (2 June 2008). 5591:. Chortle. 28 August 2012 5373:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 5240:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 5108:"High Street Information" 4998:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 4438:"Edinburgh Fringe Venues" 3661:British Newspaper Archive 3483:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 3454:"Review of the year 2021" 3367:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 3258:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 3154: 2045:was founded in 1996, and 1958:City of Edinburgh Council 1778:National Theatre of Brent 1604:open access arts festival 1302:In 2005, a production of 1227:Jerry Springer: The Opera 949:Edinburgh Comedy Festival 876:Summerhall arts hub, 2013 799:Royal College of Surgeons 775:Edinburgh Comedy Festival 632:The Greatest Show On Legs 150:Edinburgh Fringe Festival 140:(also referred to as the 138:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 57: 53:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 8102:Budapest Fringe Festival 5802:. Festival Media Network 5751:"Obituary: Allen Wright" 5521:. Chortle. 23 March 2012 5090:"How much will it cost?" 4462:. Chortle. 17 April 2013 4405:"All the flat's a stage" 3221:List of fringe festivals 2196:holding his Herald Angel 1909:Apex International Hotel 1353:Macmillan Cancer Support 1147:for the next 12 months. 398:performed the solo show 8286:SkepTrack at Dragon Con 8155:Reading Fringe Festival 8150:Malvern Fringe Festival 7450:Edinburgh Comedy Awards 5072:"Costs & Deadlines" 4814:. Lovebirds The Musical 2307:Musical Theatre Matters 1948:Work and pay conditions 1869:and The Laughing Horse 1806:Flight of the Conchords 1802:The League of Gentlemen 1544:Glasgow Garden Festival 1512:, and was succeeded by 1183:The Great Celestial Cow 1021:Edinburgh Comedy Awards 980:was set up by comedian 789:Edinburgh Book Festival 729:who performed in 1994. 593:Edinburgh Comedy Awards 456:Pleasance Theatre Trust 339:University of Edinburgh 208:Edinburgh Comedy Awards 39:Infobox recurring event 8281:Skeptics on The Fringe 8171:Dublin Fringe Festival 8135:Buxton Festival Fringe 8107:Prague Fringe Festival 7623:Christopher Richardson 7598:William Burdett-Coutts 7287:The Famous Spiegeltent 7137:Royal Over-Seas League 6757:Dale, Michael (1988). 5307:: CS1 maint: others ( 5279:Inside South Australia 4763:Edinburgh Evening News 3609:Edinburgh Evening News 2318: 2197: 1923:Stewart Lee stated in 1858: 1721:(1994), which starred 1685:National Arts Festival 1533:Cambridge Arts Theatre 1437: 1278: 1258:, Juror number eight. 1063: 904:The Famous Spiegeltent 877: 869: 861: 853: 845: 718: 710: 615:Actors Touring Company 550:William Burdett-Coutts 545: 530:The Brothers Karamazov 334: 312: 265: 44:considered for merging 8217:Skeptical conferences 8144:Edinburgh Free Fringe 7460:Malcolm Hardee Awards 7372:Glasgow Unity Theatre 7112:George Square Theatre 7102:The Stand Comedy Club 6776:Fisher, Mark (2012). 5412:on 19 September 2018. 5283:Brand South Australia 4440:. Cracking The Fringe 3566:University of Glasgow 2316: 2258:Amnesty International 2192: 1856: 1648:Battersea Arts Centre 1568:William Burdett-Coutt 1432: 1384:made its premiere at 1347:of his stand-up show 1276: 1056: 900:George Square Theatre 880:Further information: 875: 867: 859: 851: 843: 716: 708: 543: 400:The Strong Are Lonely 320: 308: 263: 7482:British Comedy Guide 7212:Quaker Meeting House 6801:The Edinburgh Fringe 6555:"Annual Review 2014" 6270:"Annual Review 2015" 6145:British Sitcom Guide 6094:. The Malcolm Hardee 6071:British Comedy Guide 5994:on 25 September 2006 5935:British Comedy Guide 5907:British Comedy Guide 5379:on 12 September 2008 3731:. Edinburgh Festival 2381:British Comedy Guide 2367:Foundation sponsors 2328:Cambridge Footlights 2317:Malcolm Hardee Award 2251:Total Theatre Awards 2179:British Comedy Guide 1934:Domination by comedy 1770:Cambridge Footlights 1725:, and most recently 1510:Craigmillar Festival 1365:Phoebe Waller-Bridge 1236:saw a production of 1127:Royal Lyceum Theatre 896:Quaker Meeting House 852:The Udderbelly, 2013 690:was started there. 229:Phoebe Waller-Bridge 198:, children's shows, 159:, it takes place in 8291:The Amazing Meeting 8276:Skeptics in the Pub 8089:festivals in Europe 7237:Edinburgh Playhouse 7217:Hill Street Theatre 6859:Festivals Edinburgh 6176:. 28 September 2007 6151:on 9 September 2012 5778:"Journalism Awards" 5622:on 7 September 2008 5096:on 7 February 2008. 4711:on 13 February 2006 4637:"The Scotsman" 4548:Leonard, Nicholas. 4135:on 15 February 2020 3006:"almost 2 million" 2361:Best Newcomer Award 2336:Intelligent Finance 2116:The Podcast Network 1889:Costs to performers 1529:Scottish Television 1037:St Giles' Cathedral 994:– In 2013 comedian 646:Bradford University 256:History and origins 8325:Edinburgh Festival 7335:Meadowbank Stadium 7207:Bruntsfield Church 6805:Johnston and Bacon 6655:The New York Times 6451:on 20 October 2006 6417:The New York Times 5938:. 7 September 2015 5569:on 5 December 2012 4641:The New York Times 4635:(1 October 2009). 4384:on 18 October 2015 4129:www.iaatouring.com 3216:Joke Of The Fringe 2319: 2286:editors each year. 2198: 2139:with 826 reviews. 2003:Scotland on Sunday 1973:Sources of reviews 1968:Reviews and awards 1954:working conditions 1859: 1556:UK City of Culture 1552:Melbourne Festival 1479:Andrew Cruickshank 1441:Veteran performers 1438: 1330:Church of Scotland 1324:was staged at the 1281:A 2004 version of 1279: 1064: 982:Peter Buckley Hill 878: 870: 862: 854: 846: 830:UK City of Culture 721:Acts included The 719: 711: 680:The Gilded Balloon 597:alternative comedy 546: 266: 8299: 8298: 8261:Skeptic's Toolbox 8183: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8053: 8052: 7576:Prominent figures 7385: 7384: 7360:Theatre Companies 7348: 7347: 7340:Palladium Theatre 7325:Dunfermline Abbey 7302:St Bride's Centre 7182:St Cecilia's Hall 7162:John Hope Gateway 7132:Sweet Grassmarket 7061: 7060: 6791:978-1-408-13252-4 6477:on 3 October 2009 6174:Irish Independent 6046:on 2 October 2012 5962:Herald-events.com 5730:on 19 August 2019 5543:. Theskinny.co.uk 5140:on 5 October 2009 5114:on 5 October 2009 4560:on 24 August 2010 4125:"Jim Rose Circus" 3202: 3201: 2358:DLT Entertainment 2344:DLT Entertainment 2092:Festival Previews 1885:discussed above. 1548:Greenwich Theatre 1320:also directed by 1212:(theatrical show) 1137:the establishment 1132:Beyond the Fringe 1125:performed at the 1060:Beyond the Fringe 1057:Original cast of 1017:Adrienne Truscott 992:Pay What You Want 474:One Woman Theatre 332:, 24 August 1950 284:Dunfermline Abbey 134: 133: 16:(Redirected from 8367: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8187: 8120: 8080: 8073: 8066: 8057: 7583:Anthony Alderson 7357: 7127:Traverse Theatre 7107:New Town Theatre 7070: 7029:Heroes of Fringe 6989:Greenside Venues 6941: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6874: 6855: 6854: 6852:Official website 6818: 6795: 6772: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6559: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6530: 6526:"Review of 2013" 6522: 6516: 6515: 6501: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6407: 6396: 6390: 6359: 6353: 6344: 6343:, p. 12-13. 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6312: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6274: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6246: 6238: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6198:. 7 August 2019. 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6147:. 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Archived from 5068: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4963: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4925:on 27 March 2019 4921:. Archived from 4915: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4707:. Archived from 4701: 4695: 4694:, 19 August 2004 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4556:. Archived from 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4503:. Archived from 4497: 4491: 4490: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4380:. Archived from 4378:"Paradise Green" 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4358:. 31 August 2021 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131:. Archived from 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4093: 4076: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4015: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3896: 3890: 3879: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3822: 3816: 3801: 3795: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3700:, p. 40-41. 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3651:. 24 August 1950 3644: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3614: 3613: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3572:on 18 March 2016 3568:. Archived from 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3485:. 29 August 2022 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3433:Edinburgh Fringe 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3339:on 15 March 2016 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3276: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3249: 2430: 2351:Best Comedy Show 2234:has awarded the 2177:Since 2010, the 1883:Heroes of Fringe 1826: 1786:Fascinating Aïda 1576:Anthony Alderson 1463:Nicholas Parsons 1341:Edinburgh Castle 1289:Christian Slater 1191:Fire in the Lake 1000:Heroes of Fringe 820:The Fringe today 814:Fringe of Colour 727:Tokyo Shock Boys 665:Edinburgh Tattoo 623:Traverse Theatre 554:Assembly Theatre 493:Teviot Row House 429:Traverse Theatre 354:Donald Pleasence 202:, opera, music, 188:physical theatre 142:Edinburgh Fringe 120: 118: 113: 62: 50: 47: 21: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8295: 8256:Skepsis Congres 8219: 8214: 8184: 8175: 8159: 8130:Brighton Fringe 8111: 8090: 8084: 8054: 8049: 7673: 7642: 7608:Richard Demarco 7571: 7469: 7438: 7381: 7377:Pilgrim Players 7344: 7330:Gateway Theatre 7311: 7167:John Knox House 7057: 7034: 6972: 6932: 6906: 6901: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6825: 6823:Further reading 6815: 6798: 6792: 6775: 6769: 6756: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6686: 6684: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6631: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6409: 6408: 6399: 6391: 6362: 6354: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6075: 6073: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6012: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5958:"Herald Angels" 5956: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5299: 5292: 5290: 5289:on 2 April 2019 5273: 5272: 5268: 5251: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5215:on 22 June 2009 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5162:. Forest Fringe 5160:"Forest Fringe" 5158: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5009: 5002: 5000: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4688:, Lyn Gardner, 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4507:on 8 March 2016 4499: 4498: 4494: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4335: 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3305: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3239: 3231:Just for Laughs 3207: 2451:Tickets issued 2401: 2369:The Panel Prize 2187: 2165:The Independent 1975: 1970: 1962:Unite the Union 1950: 1941:Richard DeMarco 1936: 1917: 1900: 1898:Costs to venues 1891: 1851: 1838: 1833: 1824: 1728:Six the Musical 1718:Moscow Stations 1681:Adelaide Fringe 1675:The concept of 1673: 1640:Deborah Pearson 1609:fringe festival 1592: 1564: 1514:Alistair Moffat 1483:Jonathan Miller 1475: 1458:Richard Herring 1443: 1427: 1418:Six the Musical 1270:also featured. 1143:and New York's 1123:Jonathan Miller 1051: 1046: 884: 838: 822: 805:under the name 723:Jim Rose Circus 703: 701:1990s and 2000s 650:Almeida Theatre 538: 517:Alistair Moffat 470:There Was A Man 441:Richard Demarco 422: 420:1960s and 1970s 271: 258: 116: 114: 111: 65: 48: 32: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8373: 8371: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8330:Busking venues 8327: 8322: 8317: 8307: 8306: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8137: 8132: 8126: 8124: 8117: 8116:UK and Ireland 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8095:Central Europe 8092: 8091: 8087:Fringe theatre 8085: 8083: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8060: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7678:Fringe by year 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7628:Tommy Sheppard 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7566:The Wee Review 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7405:The Elvis Dead 7401: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7354: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7282:Symposium Hall 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7242:Canongate Kirk 7239: 7234: 7232:Surgeons' Hall 7229: 7227:Bedlam Theatre 7224: 7222:Symposium Hall 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7152:Pleasance Dome 7149: 7144: 7142:Assembly Rooms 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7087:Fringe Central 7084: 7078: 7076: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7053:Laughing Horse 7050: 7044: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7004:Paradise Green 7001: 6996: 6994:Just the Tonic 6991: 6986: 6982: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6958:Gilded Balloon 6955: 6949: 6947: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6861: 6856: 6845: 6844:External links 6842: 6841: 6840: 6833: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6813: 6796: 6790: 6773: 6767: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6721: 6694: 6667: 6641: 6614: 6589: 6575: 6546: 6517: 6488: 6462: 6430: 6397: 6360: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6304: 6290: 6258: 6226: 6201: 6187: 6162: 6131: 6105: 6083: 6057: 6031: 6020:on 13 May 2009 6005: 5979: 5949: 5921: 5893: 5863: 5834: 5813: 5791: 5769: 5741: 5710: 5684: 5673:. 29 July 2019 5658: 5633: 5602: 5580: 5554: 5532: 5510: 5484: 5458: 5436: 5424:"Sweet Venues" 5415: 5390: 5360: 5337: 5326: 5314: 5266: 5226: 5200: 5173: 5151: 5125: 5099: 5081: 5060: 5038: 5024: 4984: 4973:. 23 July 2013 4958: 4947: 4936: 4910: 4899: 4888: 4877: 4851: 4839:Thestage.co.uk 4825: 4803: 4775: 4749: 4722: 4696: 4678: 4653: 4624: 4597: 4571: 4540: 4518: 4492: 4473: 4451: 4429: 4395: 4369: 4343: 4332:. 1 April 2020 4317: 4300: 4274: 4263:. 20 June 2014 4261:TheSpaceUK.com 4248: 4222: 4201: 4172: 4146: 4116: 4077: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4005: 3977: 3954: 3926: 3914: 3897: 3880: 3863: 3842: 3823: 3802: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3742: 3717: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3648:Dundee Courier 3632: 3615: 3598: 3583: 3553: 3541: 3530:. 12 June 2024 3515: 3496: 3470: 3445: 3419: 3393: 3350: 3324: 3298: 3284: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030: 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1072:Steven Berkoff 1068:Rowan Atkinson 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1030: 1029: 989: 986:Laughing Horse 971: 961:, ZOO venues, 959:Just the Tonic 952: 937:Gilded Balloon 892:Assembly Rooms 888:Bedlam Theatre 837: 834: 821: 818: 763:Gilded Balloon 702: 699: 628:Malcolm Hardee 589:Perrier Awards 568:(formerly the 562:Assembly Rooms 537: 534: 482:Gertrude Stein 421: 418: 407:Michael Imison 350:After The Show 329:Dundee Courier 270: 267: 257: 254: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8372: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8303: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8241:Het Denkgelag 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8211: 8206: 8204: 8199: 8197: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123:Great Britain 8121: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8088: 8081: 8076: 8074: 8069: 8067: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 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7320: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7307:Assembly Roxy 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7202:Assembly Hall 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:The Pleasance 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:Monkey Barrel 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6814:0-7179-4245-7 6810: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6770: 6768:0-9512-6502-4 6764: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6668: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6642: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6447: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6395:, p. 24. 6394: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6358:, p. 67. 6357: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6334: 6331:, p. 33. 6330: 6325: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6175: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6132: 6120:. 2 June 2008 6119: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6058: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6006: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5838: 5835: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5742: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5711: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5603: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5485: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5459: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5391: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5348: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5330: 5327: 5324:, p. 15. 5323: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5227: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5174: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5020: 5014: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4985: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4944:Broadway Baby 4940: 4937: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4878: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4852: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4826: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4776: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4750: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4723: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4633:Andy Borowitz 4628: 4625: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4275: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4147: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4075:, p. 15. 4074: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4060:, p. 18. 4059: 4054: 4051: 4048:, p. 30. 4047: 4042: 4039: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4006: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3978: 3975:, p. 20. 3974: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3924:, p. 13. 3923: 3918: 3915: 3912:, p. 14. 3911: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3895:, p. 27. 3894: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3878:, p. 31. 3877: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3861:, p. 14. 3860: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3840:, p. 13. 3839: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3821:, p. 25. 3820: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3800:, p. 17. 3799: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3783:, p. 43. 3782: 3777: 3774: 3771:, p. 21. 3770: 3765: 3762: 3759:, p. 12. 3758: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3715:, p. 20. 3714: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3688:, p. 39. 3687: 3682: 3679: 3676:, p. 11. 3675: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3630:, p. 17. 3629: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3599: 3596:, p. 12. 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3551:, p. 15. 3550: 3545: 3542: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 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1211: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1163:starred in a 1162: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1049:Notable shows 1048: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 990: 987: 983: 979: 975: 972: 968: 967:Monkey Barrel 964: 960: 956: 955:Modern Fringe 953: 950: 946: 942: 941:The Pleasance 938: 934: 930: 927: 926: 925: 922: 919: 915: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 883: 874: 866: 858: 850: 842: 835: 833: 831: 827: 819: 817: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 795: 792: 790: 786: 783: 778: 776: 772: 768: 767:The Pleasance 764: 760: 756: 751: 747: 743: 741: 740: 733: 730: 728: 724: 715: 707: 700: 698: 696: 691: 689: 688:Late 'n' Live 685: 681: 676: 672: 670: 669:Film Festival 666: 661: 659: 655: 654:Cheek By Jowl 651: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 629: 624: 620: 616: 611: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 578:Holyrood Park 574: 571: 567: 566:George Street 563: 559: 556:in the empty 555: 551: 542: 535: 533: 531: 525: 522: 518: 513: 509: 507: 503: 499: 494: 489: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 457: 453: 452:The Pleasance 449: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 419: 417: 415: 414:Gerard Slevin 410: 408: 403: 401: 397: 396:Donald Wolfit 392: 389: 388: 382: 379: 374: 371: 367: 364:in 1955, and 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 333: 331: 330: 325: 319: 317: 311: 307: 305: 301: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 268: 262: 255: 253: 251: 250:NextUp Comedy 245: 243: 238: 236: 235: 231:, whose show 230: 226: 222: 220: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 130: 127: 123: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 86: 82: 78: 75: 74:Arts festival 72: 68: 61: 56: 51: 45: 41: 40: 36: 30: 27:Arts festival 19: 8301: 8280: 8139: 7633:Charlie Wood 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7538:The Scotsman 7536: 7529: 7522: 7517:The Guardian 7515: 7508: 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Retrieved 4288:The Guardian 4287: 4277: 4267:24 September 4265:. Retrieved 4260: 4251: 4239:. Retrieved 4235: 4225: 4216:The Guardian 4214: 4204: 4192:. Retrieved 4189:The Guardian 4188: 4163:. Retrieved 4159: 4149: 4137:. Retrieved 4133:the original 4128: 4119: 4107:. Retrieved 4101: 4053: 4041: 4029:. Retrieved 4023: 3996:. Retrieved 3990: 3980: 3945:. Retrieved 3939: 3929: 3917: 3781:Moffatt 1978 3776: 3764: 3733:. Retrieved 3698:Moffatt 1978 3693: 3686:Moffatt 1978 3681: 3669: 3659:– via 3653:. Retrieved 3646: 3635: 3628:Moffatt 1978 3607: 3601: 3574:. Retrieved 3570:the original 3556: 3549:Moffatt 1978 3544: 3532:. Retrieved 3528:edfringe.com 3527: 3518: 3510:The Guardian 3509: 3499: 3487:. Retrieved 3482: 3473: 3461:. Retrieved 3457: 3448: 3436:. Retrieved 3432: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3406: 3396: 3370:. Retrieved 3366: 3341:. Retrieved 3337:the original 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3312:The Observer 3311: 3301: 3287: 3261:. Retrieved 3257: 3155: 3095: 3090: 3069: 3064: 3040: 2981: 2944: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2385:Reggie Watts 2368: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2270:The Scotsman 2268: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2206:The Scotsman 2204: 2199: 2176: 2169: 2163: 2159:The Guardian 2157: 2155: 2150: 2147:The Scotsman 2146: 2140: 2136:The Scotsman 2134: 2130: 2124: 2120:WhatsOnStage 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1993: 1989:Allen Wright 1983:The Scotsman 1981: 1979: 1976: 1951: 1937: 1929: 1925:The Guardian 1924: 1922: 1918: 1901: 1892: 1864: 1860: 1843:Mark Meechan 1839: 1821:Paul Daniels 1818: 1798:Jenny Eclair 1794:Steve Coogan 1782:Rory Bremner 1750:Monty Python 1747: 1726: 1716: 1713:Tom Stoppard 1706: 1704: 1701: 1674: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1614: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1593: 1580:Charlie Wood 1565: 1541: 1526: 1506:BBC Scotland 1502:Arts Council 1499: 1476: 1466: 1446:Arthur Smith 1444: 1416: 1406: 1395: 1390: 1379: 1369: 1358: 1357: 1348: 1334: 1307: 1301: 1282: 1280: 1252:Owen O'Neill 1239:12 Angry Men 1237: 1232: 1225: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1199: 1195:Karim Alrawi 1190: 1187:Sue Townsend 1182: 1176: 1168: 1161:Derek Jacobi 1154: 1151:Tom Stoppard 1149: 1130: 1115:Dudley Moore 1111:Alan Bennett 1108: 1088:Eddie Izzard 1065: 1058: 1034: 1031: 1019:who won the 991: 973: 954: 929:The Big Four 928: 923: 920: 916: 912: 885: 823: 811: 796: 793: 779: 752: 748: 744: 737: 734: 731: 720: 692: 687: 677: 673: 662: 643: 636: 612: 609: 605:Alexei Sayle 586: 575: 547: 526: 521:St Columba's 514: 510: 490: 486: 473: 469: 466:Robert Burns 462:John Cairney 460: 450: 426: 423: 411: 404: 399: 393: 387:The Scotsman 385: 383: 378:John Menzies 375: 370:Dudley Moore 357: 349: 347: 335: 327: 321: 315: 313: 309: 296: 272: 246: 239: 232: 227: 223: 212: 177: 154: 149: 145: 141: 137: 135: 129:edfringe.com 102:1947–present 99:Years active 37: 29: 8224:Conferences 7618:Karen Koren 7613:Robert Kemp 7398:Black Watch 7297:Wee Red Bar 7247:Cafe Camino 7187:Cowgatehead 7172:King's Hall 7082:Fringe Shop 7048:Free Fringe 6714:3 September 6687:3 September 6660:3 September 6607:29 November 6341:Fisher 2012 5886:5 September 5856:1 September 5827:1 September 5806:27 February 5369:"Why come?" 5322:Fisher 2012 5245:22 November 5166:28 February 5053:28 February 5003:22 November 4870:4 September 4796:4 September 4738:. Edinburgh 4617:28 February 4165:15 February 4139:15 February 3859:Fisher 2012 3838:Fisher 2012 3769:Fisher 2012 3713:Fisher 2012 3594:Fisher 2012 3489:22 November 3463:22 November 3372:22 November 3343:16 February 2871:>15,000 2739:454 or 494 2442:Performers 2413:2015 Fringe 2242:(2014) and 2240:Chris Goode 2096:Fringe Guru 2073:(2007) and 2071:Fringe Guru 1915:Pay-To-Play 1867:Free Fringe 1762:Hugh Laurie 1758:Stephen Fry 1638:Started by 1572:Karen Koren 1454:Barry Cryer 1450:Paul Merton 1434:John Bishop 1409:Toby Marlow 1318:Alan Davies 1314:Bill Bailey 1268:Bill Bailey 1264:Phil Nichol 1256:Henry Fonda 1217:Black Watch 1100:Tim Minchin 1096:Stewart Lee 1092:Stephen Fry 1028:that model. 1013:Miss Behave 978:Free Fringe 974:Free venues 828:'s term as 755:The Meadows 639:Stockbridge 582:The Meadows 552:set up the 528:version of 506:Morningside 433:John Calder 362:Ned Sherrin 300:Robert Kemp 288:River Forth 269:Early years 204:spoken word 88:Location(s) 33:‹ The 8345:Royal Mile 8309:Categories 8266:SkeptiCamp 7669:Royal Mile 7638:Bob Slayer 7588:Ed Bartlam 7559:ThreeWeeks 7545:The Skinny 7524:The Herald 7353:Performers 7197:Adam House 7157:Summerhall 7147:Dance Base 7024:Zoo Venues 7014:theSpaceUK 7009:PQA Venues 6978:Other Paid 6968:Underbelly 6828:Bain, A., 6803:. London: 6780:. 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