Knowledge (XXG)

2008 Independence Bowl

Source πŸ“

438:
This was Northern Illinois' 1st appearance in the Independence Bowl and the 4th overall appearance in Division I FBS Bowl Games. Their previous appearances in bowl games include the 1983 California Bowl (20–13 victory over Cal State-Fullerton), 2004 Silicon Valley Classic (34–21 victory over Troy),
1883: 1733: 430:
when Tech tied Maryland 34–34. The Bulldogs now hold an overall record of 2–1–1 in the Independence Bowl. The victory over Northern Illinois marked the first bowl game victory by the Bulldogs since their
964: 2021: 1876: 2011: 1726: 2006: 1869: 1404: 423:
in the mid-1990s. This was the 7th football game between Louisiana Tech and Northern Illinois and the first since 1996. Tech now holds a 6–1 edge over Northern Illinois.
1719: 1027: 289: 1996: 996: 397: 41: 393: 36: 968: 381: 186: 1397: 1036: 2016: 1910: 1820: 365: 196: 946: 1328: 1020: 465: 1892: 413: 1434: 1390: 1742: 83: 1347: 1013: 657: 653: 239: 57: 993: 2001: 1114: 1444: 1770: 1760: 1755: 1291: 1250: 1066: 409: 319: 1925: 1645: 1439: 1266: 1146: 1122: 405: 64: 1930: 1845: 1830: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1186: 1162: 432: 427: 336: 328: 400:. Both Louisiana Tech and Northern Illinois were chosen because both of the contracted conferences – the 1935: 1850: 1825: 1242: 1218: 1082: 369: 206: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1915: 1905: 1815: 1202: 1106: 1090: 1058: 426:
The game was Louisiana Tech's 4th appearance in the Independence Bowl and the first appearance since
264: 1367: 1074: 1050: 481: 420: 1975: 1780: 489: 277: 943: 1785: 1775: 1765: 1429: 1413: 1258: 1226: 1210: 1170: 1130: 401: 385: 353: 1940: 1840: 1835: 1357: 1320: 1304: 1098: 895: 521: 358: 220: 1312: 1234: 1178: 1154: 1000: 950: 305: 1382: 1005: 408:– failed to produce enough bowl eligible teams as both had a pair of schools in the 2009 1970: 1861: 1296: 1274: 245: 1990: 1711: 1194: 550: 223: 216: 231: 298: 908: 228: 92: 361: 294: 965:"Independence Bowl: Louisiana Tech (7–5) vs. Northern Illinois (6–6)" 412:. Prior to the game, citing financial difficulties stemming from the 553:
97-yard kickoff return for a touchdown, Brad Oestriecher kick good
582:
Daniel Porter 11-yard touchdown run, Brad Oestriecher kick good
389: 282: 1865: 1715: 1386: 1009: 380:
The game was contested starting on Sunday, December 28,
944:
Independence Bowl Louisiana Tech vs. Northern Illinois
419:
Both participants were football-only members of the
1453: 1422: 304: 288: 276: 271: 260: 252: 238: 212: 202: 192: 182: 174: 23: 650: 2022:December 2008 sports events in the United States 2012:Northern Illinois Huskies football bowl games 1877: 1727: 1398: 1021: 439:and 2006 Poinsettia Bowl (37–7 loss to TCU). 8: 398:2008 Northern Illinois Huskies football team 2007:Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football bowl games 520:Kyle Skarb 8-yard touchdown reception from 1884: 1870: 1862: 1734: 1720: 1712: 1405: 1391: 1383: 1028: 1014: 1006: 656:. For other American football terms, see 446: 394:2008 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team 32: 20: 831: 750: 681: 455: 416:, PetroSun pulled out as title sponsor. 936: 611:30-yard field goal by Brad Oestriecher 357:marked the thirty-third edition of the 1415:Independence Bowl / AdvoCare V100 Bowl 1038:2008–09 NCAA football bowl game season 475: 472: 469: 464: 461: 458: 7: 1911:2004 Silicon Valley Football Classic 1894:Northern Illinois Huskies bowl games 640:20-yard field goal by Mike Salerno 1744:Louisiana Tech Bulldogs bowl games 14: 1997:2008–09 NCAA football bowl games 1423:History & conference tie-ins 104: 1: 658:Glossary of American football 414:financial crisis of 2007–2008 900:20/40, 186 yds, 1 TD, 2 INT 2017:2008 in sports in Louisiana 2038: 725: 703: 1901: 1821:2014 Heart of Dallas Bowl 1751: 1445:Atlantic Coast Conference 1369:Texas vs. The Nation Game 1339: 1329:BCS National Championship 1285: 1045: 886: 848: 666: 663: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 558: 555: 549: 546: 544: 542: 540: 537: 534: 529: 526: 524:, Mike Salerno kick good 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 496: 493: 488: 485: 480: 435:victory over Louisville. 392:. the contest pitted the 318: 314: 272:United States TV coverage 103: 42:Northern Illinois Huskies 31: 1771:1972 Grantland Rice Bowl 1761:1969 Grantland Rice Bowl 1756:1968 Grantland Rice Bowl 1292:Bowl Championship Series 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 410:Bowl Championship Series 1926:2010 International Bowl 1440:Southeastern Conference 994:Independence Bowl Guide 406:Southeastern Conference 37:Louisiana Tech Bulldogs 1931:2010 Humanitarian Bowl 1921:2008 Independence Bowl 1846:2019 Independence Bowl 1831:2016 Armed Forces Bowl 1811:2008 Independence Bowl 1806:2001 Humanitarian Bowl 1801:1990 Independence Bowl 1796:1978 Independence Bowl 1791:1977 Independence Bowl 433:1977 Independence Bowl 234:, La. Tech (Defensive) 226:, La. Tech (Offensive) 89:Head coach:  80:Head coach:  1936:2012 GoDaddy.com Bowl 1851:2020 New Orleans Bowl 1826:2015 New Orleans Bowl 1349:East–West Shrine Game 871:18 car, 78 yds, 1 TD 388:kickoff, telecast on 370:Shreveport, Louisiana 207:Shreveport, Louisiana 18:College football game 1966:2018 Boca Raton Bowl 1961:2017 Quick Lane Bowl 1956:2015 Poinsettia Bowl 1951:2014 Boca Raton Bowl 1946:2013 Poinsettia Bowl 1916:2006 Poinsettia Bowl 1906:1983 California Bowl 1816:2011 Poinsettia Bowl 1435:Independence Stadium 809:Passes, Comp-Att-Int 776:Total offense, yards 473:Scoring information 366:Independence Stadium 364:, and was played at 197:Independence Stadium 798:Passing yards (net) 421:Big West Conference 1976:2023 Camellia Bowl 1781:1973 Camellia Bowl 999:2011-05-23 at the 971:on 8 December 2008 949:2008-12-18 at the 820:Time of Possession 787:Rushes-yards (net) 654:time of possession 320:Independence Bowl 2002:Independence Bowl 1984: 1983: 1859: 1858: 1786:1974 Pioneer Bowl 1776:1973 Pioneer Bowl 1766:1971 Pioneer Bowl 1709: 1708: 1380: 1379: 928: 927: 830: 829: 749: 748: 675: 674: 671: 670: 661: 402:Big 12 Conference 384:, with a 7:15 PM 354:Independence Bowl 348: 347: 344: 343: 178:December 28, 2008 170: 169: 150:Northern Illinois 99: 98: 27:Independence Bowl 2029: 1941:2013 Orange Bowl 1895: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1863: 1841:2018 Hawaii Bowl 1836:2017 Frisco Bowl 1745: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1713: 1682: 1416: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1384: 1373: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1332: 1324: 1316: 1308: 1300: 1278: 1270: 1262: 1254: 1246: 1238: 1230: 1222: 1214: 1206: 1198: 1190: 1182: 1174: 1166: 1158: 1150: 1142: 1134: 1126: 1118: 1115:Meineke Car Care 1110: 1102: 1094: 1086: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1054: 1039: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1007: 981: 980: 978: 976: 967:. Archived from 963:Watson, Graham. 960: 954: 941: 896:Chandler Harnish 832: 751: 682: 651: 522:Chandler Harnish 456: 450:Scoring summary 447: 359:college football 316: 315: 244:David Epperley ( 105: 33: 26: 21: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2026: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1860: 1855: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1710: 1705: 1680: 1449: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1381: 1376: 1368: 1366: 1358: 1356: 1348: 1345:All-Star Games: 1343: 1335: 1327: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1289: 1281: 1273: 1265: 1257: 1249: 1241: 1233: 1225: 1217: 1209: 1201: 1193: 1185: 1177: 1169: 1161: 1153: 1145: 1137: 1129: 1121: 1113: 1105: 1097: 1089: 1081: 1073: 1065: 1057: 1049: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1001:Wayback Machine 990: 985: 984: 974: 972: 962: 961: 957: 951:Wayback Machine 942: 938: 933: 913:14 car, 79 yds 879:Patrick Jackson 860:12/27, 144 yds 680: 445: 443:Scoring summary 378: 306:Nielsen ratings 227: 90: 81: 24: 19: 12: 11: 5: 2035: 2033: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1971:2021 Cure Bowl 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1866: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1387: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1364: 1354: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1317: 1309: 1301: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1271: 1263: 1255: 1247: 1239: 1231: 1223: 1215: 1207: 1199: 1191: 1183: 1175: 1167: 1159: 1151: 1143: 1135: 1127: 1119: 1111: 1103: 1095: 1087: 1079: 1071: 1067:St. Petersburg 1063: 1055: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1018: 1010: 1004: 1003: 989: 988:External links 986: 983: 982: 955: 953:CBS Sportsline 935: 934: 932: 929: 926: 925: 924:6 rec, 44 yds 922: 919: 915: 914: 911: 906: 902: 901: 898: 893: 890: 884: 883: 882:1 rec, 34 yds 880: 877: 873: 872: 869: 866: 862: 861: 858: 855: 852: 846: 845: 842: 839: 836: 828: 827: 824: 821: 817: 816: 813: 810: 806: 805: 802: 799: 795: 794: 791: 788: 784: 783: 780: 777: 773: 772: 769: 766: 762: 761: 758: 755: 747: 746: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 723: 722: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 701: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 679: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 662: 648: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 619: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 590: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 561: 560: 557: 554: 548: 545: 543: 541: 539: 536: 532: 531: 528: 525: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 492: 487: 484: 478: 477: 474: 471: 468: 463: 460: 452: 451: 444: 441: 377: 374: 346: 345: 342: 341: 333: 323: 322: 312: 311: 308: 302: 301: 292: 286: 285: 280: 274: 273: 269: 268: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 242: 236: 235: 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 146: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 128:Louisiana Tech 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 101: 100: 97: 96: 87: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 61: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 39: 29: 28: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2034: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267:International 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:PapaJohns.com 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:Champs Sports 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 991: 987: 970: 966: 959: 956: 952: 948: 945: 940: 937: 930: 923: 920: 917: 916: 912: 910: 907: 904: 903: 899: 897: 894: 891: 889: 885: 881: 878: 875: 874: 870: 868:Daniel Porter 867: 864: 863: 859: 856: 853: 851: 847: 843: 840: 837: 834: 833: 825: 822: 819: 818: 814: 811: 808: 807: 803: 800: 797: 796: 792: 789: 786: 785: 781: 778: 775: 774: 770: 767: 764: 763: 759: 756: 753: 752: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 728: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 702: 684: 683: 677: 659: 655: 649: 620: 591: 562: 552: 551:Phillip Livas 533: 523: 500: 491: 483: 479: 467: 457: 454: 453: 449: 448: 442: 440: 436: 434: 429: 424: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 375: 373: 371: 367: 363: 360: 356: 355: 340: 338: 334: 331: 330: 325: 324: 321: 317: 313: 309: 307: 303: 300: 296: 293: 291: 287: 284: 281: 279: 275: 270: 266: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 241: 237: 233: 230: 225: 224:Phillip Livas 222: 218: 215: 211: 208: 205: 201: 198: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 177: 173: 165: 162: 159: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 121: 118: 115: 112: 109: 107: 106: 102: 95: 94: 88: 86: 85: 79: 78: 74: 71: 70: 67: 66: 62: 60: 59: 55: 54: 50: 47: 46: 43: 40: 38: 35: 34: 30: 22: 16: 1920: 1810: 1620: 1344: 1290: 1187:Armed Forces 1163:Humanitarian 1139:Independence 1138: 973:. Retrieved 969:the original 958: 939: 887: 857:Ross Jenkins 849: 743: 726: 719: 437: 425: 418: 396:against the 379: 376:Game summary 351: 349: 335: 326: 232:Weldon Brown 149: 127: 91: 84:Derek Dooley 82: 63: 56: 15: 1359:Senior Bowl 1243:Capital One 1219:Chick-fil-A 1083:New Orleans 844:Statistics 765:First Downs 339:>  327: < 299:Ray Bentley 1991:Categories 1203:Music City 1107:Motor City 1091:Poinsettia 1059:New Mexico 975:7 December 931:References 921:Matt Simon 909:Chad Spann 754:Statistics 678:Statistics 290:Announcers 253:Attendance 93:Jerry Kill 1372:(Jan. 31) 1362:(Jan. 24) 1352:(Jan. 17) 1221:(Dec. 31) 1213:(Dec. 31) 1205:(Dec. 31) 1197:(Dec. 31) 1189:(Dec. 31) 1181:(Dec. 30) 1173:(Dec. 30) 1165:(Dec. 30) 1157:(Dec. 29) 1149:(Dec. 29) 1141:(Dec. 28) 1133:(Dec. 27) 1125:(Dec. 27) 1117:(Dec. 27) 1109:(Dec. 26) 1101:(Dec. 24) 1093:(Dec. 23) 1085:(Dec. 21) 1077:(Dec. 20) 1075:Las Vegas 1069:(Dec. 20) 1061:(Dec. 20) 1053:(Dec. 20) 1051:EagleBank 918:Receiving 876:Receiving 704:Bulldogs 608:La. Tech 579:La. Tech 547:La. Tech 494:La. Tech 362:bowl game 267:1,650,000 1331:(Jan. 8) 1323:(Jan. 5) 1315:(Jan. 2) 1307:(Jan. 1) 1299:(Jan. 1) 1277:(Jan. 6) 1269:(Jan. 3) 1261:(Jan. 2) 1253:(Jan. 2) 1245:(Jan. 1) 1237:(Jan. 1) 1229:(Jan. 1) 997:Archived 947:Archived 850:La. Tech 838:Category 815:20–41–2 757:La. Tech 652:"TOP" = 459:Quarter 404:and the 295:Pam Ward 203:Location 1430:History 1259:Liberty 1227:Outback 1211:Insight 1171:Holiday 1131:Emerald 905:Rushing 892:Passing 865:Rushing 854:Passing 812:12–27–0 793:31–153 727:Huskies 278:Network 240:Referee 193:Stadium 1321:Fiesta 1305:Orange 1294:games: 1251:Cotton 1099:Hawaii 841:Player 826:33:12 596:11:54 567:13:40 486:Yards 476:Score 332:  261:Payout 256:41,567 183:Season 1454:Games 1313:Sugar 1235:Gator 1179:Texas 1155:Alamo 823:26:48 790:31–92 699:Total 634:4:23 625:7:31 605:3:06 576:2:05 538:1:43 514:5:50 505:1:56 482:Plays 470:Team 466:Drive 462:Time 352:2008 246:C-USA 122:Total 51:(6–6) 48:(7–5) 1701:2024 1696:2023 1691:2022 1686:2021 1681:2020 1676:2019 1671:2018 1666:2017 1661:2016 1656:2015 1651:2014 1646:2013 1641:2012 1636:2011 1631:2010 1626:2009 1621:2008 1616:2007 1611:2006 1606:2005 1601:2004 1596:2003 1591:2002 1586:2001 1581:2000 1576:1999 1571:1998 1566:1997 1561:1996 1556:1995 1551:1994 1546:1993 1541:1992 1536:1991 1531:1990 1526:1989 1521:1988 1516:1987 1511:1986 1506:1985 1501:1984 1496:1983 1491:1982 1486:1981 1481:1980 1476:1979 1471:1978 1466:1977 1461:1976 1297:Rose 1275:GMAC 977:2008 835:Team 804:186 782:339 760:NIU 637:NIU 517:NIU 497:NIU 428:1990 390:ESPN 382:2008 350:The 337:2009 329:2007 310:1.00 283:ESPN 265:US$ 187:2008 175:Date 25:2008 1195:Sun 888:NIU 801:144 779:236 771:17 667:17 664:10 646:10 643:17 631:66 628:10 614:17 602:49 585:14 573:42 511:69 508:11 490:TOP 386:CST 368:in 213:MVP 65:MAC 58:WAC 1993:: 768:12 744:10 737:3 734:0 731:7 720:17 713:3 710:7 707:7 693:3 690:2 687:1 622:3 617:7 599:8 593:3 588:7 570:5 564:2 559:7 556:7 535:1 530:7 527:0 502:1 372:. 297:, 229:CB 221:KR 217:WR 166:10 144:17 75:10 72:17 1885:e 1878:t 1871:v 1735:e 1728:t 1721:v 1406:e 1399:t 1392:v 1029:e 1022:t 1015:v 979:. 740:0 716:0 696:4 660:. 248:) 219:/ 163:0 160:3 157:0 154:7 141:0 138:3 135:7 132:7 119:4 116:3 113:2 110:1

Index

Louisiana Tech Bulldogs
Northern Illinois Huskies
WAC
MAC
Derek Dooley
Jerry Kill
2008
Independence Stadium
Shreveport, Louisiana
WR
KR
Phillip Livas
CB
Weldon Brown
Referee
C-USA
US$
Network
ESPN
Announcers
Pam Ward
Ray Bentley
Nielsen ratings
Independence Bowl
2007
2009
Independence Bowl
college football
bowl game
Independence Stadium

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑