650:, but crucially containing a number of parties which had previously supported the government. These included the CDS, a party which enabled the ruling MNDS to form a majority in the National Assembly. The CDS announcement of opposition—-the last of the major parties to weigh in on the plan—on also left the President open to National Assembly votes to sanction him, or bring down the current government. In May 2009, in response to their parties opposition to a proposed referendum to allow the President to seek a third term, the three members of
441:
835:(CDTN) trade union confederation led a 24-hour general strike across the nation to protest the President's referendum plans, after a previous strike had been indefinitely postponed on 18 June. All seven trade union confederations took part, in the first general strike since the creation of the Fifth Republic in 1999. The organizers provided skeleton staffs of union workers for hospitals, water and electric utilities, and airports.
46:
851:, denounced what he called a coup, and called on Nigeriens to resist by all legal means, citing Article 13 of the 1999 Constitution which mandates officials to ignore "manifestly illegal orders". The military, which had previously declared itself neutral, began patrolling the streets of the capital after 18:00 hours beginning on 23 June, prior to the President's declaration of emergency powers.
1480:
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764:. Moumouni Djermakoye died of a heart attack during the second of these rallies, on 14 June. These were followed by a threatened general strike of all seven of the main Nigerien trades union bodies, the first time these groups had announced a joint strike action. On 31 May a pro-referendum rally at the Governor's residence in the southern town of
1477:
812:, a consultative body of all major government leaders. This was the first time this body was called. On 21 June President Tandja released a statement saying he would honor the Court and Electoral Commission rulings, and would suspend any effort to change the constitution until after the National Assembly elections on 20 August.
1426:
404:
unconstitutional, and on 21 June 2009 the
President announced he would not seek the 20 August vote. He left open the possibility he would propose future constitutional changes before the end of his mandate. On 26 June 2009 the President then dissolved the courts and announced he was assuming emergency powers.
1181:
815:
Despite the 21 June statement by the
President, on the evening of 24 June, Minister of Communications Ben Omar released a statement by the President, demanding the Constitutional Court to rescind its decision, citing a 2002 statement by the same body that the President was able to call referendums.
800:
On 12 June 2009, the
Constitutional Court ruled against Tandja's referendum proposal, following a non-binding advisement to the President the month before. This time the ruling was in response to a case brought by a coalition of opposition groups, which included the CDS, a governing partner in the
620:
In
January the Prime Minister asserted that all elections would go on as scheduled, including the presidential election, which by law must take place before 22 December 2009, the five-year anniversary of Tandja's second five-year election as president. The 1999 constitution made the serving of more
791:
A 22 June announcement by the ECOWAS summit that member states would impose sanctions on Niger should the
President attempt to revise the constitution before the next presidential election. Mahamane Toure, ECOWAS commissioner for political affairs, peace and security, was quoted by AFP saying that
694:, the party without which the MNSD could not have formed governments in 1999, 2004, and 2007, came out opposing the referendum, and calling the constitution unalterable. Neither party moved into the opposition, and both Ousmane and Djermokoye said they were willing to negotiate with the president.
712:
The full details of the referendum proposal were not finalized, but elements of the proposed constitution were outlined by government spokesmen and by a commission set up by the president to draft a proposed document. Tandja would extend his term for a transitional mandate of three years, during
697:
On 26 May, within hours of the
Constitutional Court's statement, official media read out a statement that President Tandja had dissolved the National Assembly. Under the 1999 Constitution he is allowed to do this once every two years, but he must call parliamentary elections within three months.
591:
The proposal for a referendum was first floated in May 2009. Beginning in late 2008, several supporters of
President Tandja began a campaign to extend his term of office. Opposition from political opponents was swift, with dueling marches in Niamey in December 2008. Supporters of Tandja to the
403:
on 26 May 2009 due to strong opposition from the
National Assembly, civil society groups, and the courts regarding his referendum proposal. The Constitutional Court of Niger ruled on 12 June 2009 on a case brought by opposition deputies from the National Assembly that the proposed referendum was
1819:
1227:
1264:
1218:" je ne cherche pas un autre mandat. Donc je suis très clair là-dessus, je n’ai demandé à aucun nigérien si on peut faire ceci ou cela. Jamais, et je n’ai jamais demandé quoi que ce soit pour changer la constitution nigérienne ou à y chercher des modifications "
776:. ECOWAS threatened economic sanctions should Niger change the constitution within six months of a national election, sent a commission led by the Nigerian President to consult with Niamey, and placed Niger on its upcoming meeting agenda, beside the coups in
1843:
1902:
677:
must advise the president, but there is no provision that the president must heed their advice. On 25 May 2009, the
Constitutional Court, made up of appointed judges, released a ruling that any referendum to create a new constitution would be
1323:
816:
In apparent response, the
Democratic and Social Convention (CDS) of former President Mahamane Ousmane announced its final break with the MNSD government, withdrawing from the government coalition and pulling its eight members from the
1524:
642:
to begin peace talks with Tuareg rebels, Tandja announced that "the people have demanded I remain." Thereafter it was announced he would seek a referendum to scrap the current constitution and create the Sixth Republic of Niger.
1307:
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previous government, without which the MNSD could not gain a majority in the Assembly. In such cases, the Constitution specifies that rulings of the Constitutional Court are binding and may not be appealed. Thereafter, the
1914:
1890:
1245:
1500:
1074:
909:
On 3 July 2009, Tandja appointed a new constitutional court – a decision which was strongly criticised by civil society groups, unions, political parties and others. Lawyers declared a strike on 13 July 2009.
686:(a serious matter in Niger, which is overwhelmingly Muslim). The week prior, two major parties had come out in their opposition to the referendum proposal as well. On 13 May, the ANDP-Zaman Lahiya, led by
269:
1478:
Au conseil des ministres : le corps électoral convoqué pour le mardi 4 août 2009 - la campagne référendaire ouverte le lundi 13 juillet 2009 à 00 heure et close le dimanche 2 août 2009 à 24 heures
1870:
924:
The contested referendum was held on 4 August despite major criticism from international groups, and was overwhelmingly approved in part because of opposition boycotts. A regional director at the
608:". Demonstrations were held throughout Niger, while political committees were created, headed by supporters of Tandja outside government. The Tazarche committee was headed by Niamey politicians
407:
His ministers then announced the 4 August referendum would go forward, despite previous refusals of courts, political parties, and the independent electoral commission to carry out the election.
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1101:
732:. Campaigning would take place from 13 July 2009 to 2 August 2009. The President established a commission to create a draft constitutional law upon which the population would vote. The
1679:
1280:
1213:
1304:
858:, stated following the 18 June Court decision that they would not hold the 4 August referendum and were preparing almost 7 million voting cards for the 20 August legislative election.
748:
Large opposition rallies were held in May and June, attended by a broad coalition of political parties, civil society groups and trades unions. These included Former Prime Ministers
1886:
820:. In a statement, the CDS demanded the President definitively submit to the Court's decision. The party also announced the creation of its own opposition coalition, the MDD (
163:
1632:
1560:
1292:
1242:
1335:
92:
1368:
1427:
Chronogramme Tazartché: Bonus de 3 ans pour Tandja, Elections locales et législatives en 2009, Elections présidentielles (auxquelles Tandja pouvait participer) en 2012
1182:
Meeting de la coordination nationale Tazartché de Niamey à la Place Toumo : attachement et soutien au Président Mamadou Tandja pour l'organisation d'un référendum
393:
721:, which Tandja claims is more stable. There would be no limit to presidential terms, and a bi-cameral legislature would be created with an upper house, the Senate.
1165:
1143:
925:
768:
was attacked by a mob, and rioting lasted for several hours in the city center. Opposition was also voiced by the governments of the United States, Canada, the
887:
officially stepped down, following their party's 25 June 2009 break with the President. Those leaving held relatively minor posts. CDS Minister of Defense
1867:
1855:
1755:
1719:
832:
2082:
824:) along with around five smaller parties such as the UDR and the PDP. This group appears in direct competition with the larger opposition front, the FDD (
348:
906:
was suspended for "the broadcast of calls for insurrection against security forces", presumably for airing Mahamadou Issoufou's statements the day prior.
898:, "nullifing" the naming of its members and "suspending" articles 103, 104, and 105 of the Constitution which deal with the court. Shortly thereafter the
854:
The Chairman of the 66 member decentralized organization which operates and certifies all elections, the National Independent Election Commission (CENI),
578:
2014:
1664:
1620:
1596:
1389:
1059:
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953:
769:
2053:
919:
869:
707:
377:
1996:
1444:
1401:
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302:
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on any matter (except for a revision of those elements of the Constitution outlined in Article 136—including the presidential term limits). The
1676:
899:
847:), President Tandja announced he was dissolving the government and would rule by decree. On 27 June, the leader of the main opposition party,
232:
873:
381:
140:
2293:
289:
285:
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658:
were replaced with ministers drawn from the MNSD-Nassara. The CDS continued to support the government while opposing the referendum plan
2303:
510:
802:
733:
2031:
242:
380:
that opponents claimed was an attempt to extend his mandate beyond the constitutional maximum. It was held on 4 August 2009 before a
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862:
183:
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985:
meeting. The Junta established a cabinet and promised to run the government during a short transition period before new elections.
520:
515:
1089:
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said that this might put a halt in democratic development in the country and possibly force the opposition to encourage protests.
1820:
Elections 2009: Le Chef de l'Etat nomme M. Moumouni Hamidou, président de la Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI )
123:
1707:
1536:
341:
97:
965:
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1228:
Le président de la République Mamadou Tandja: "Le peuple demande que je reste, je ne peux pas rester insensible à son appel."
571:
227:
895:
884:
817:
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670:
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Tandja "has tried to keep himself in power by non-democratic means. For us, there is no legal alternative left for him."
2046:
321:
247:
809:
2318:
2022:
761:
736:(CENI) was ordered to oversee preparations for voting. Electors would be able to choose "yes" or "no" to the text "
687:
674:
400:
334:
262:
2328:
2323:
805:
announced that National Assembly elections would take place on 20 August, and no referendum would be voted upon.
564:
420:
155:
440:
714:
1512:
1405:
1358:. School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. University of California, San Diego (September 2005).
621:
than two terms impossible (article 36), and the revision of that article illegal by any means (article 136).
2097:
2092:
2087:
2039:
1265:
Declaration du Bureau Politique CDS Rahama sur le schéma " Tazartché " proposé au président de la république
903:
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554:
109:
455:
2313:
2308:
713:
which a new constitution would be written and approved. The system of government would be changed from a
617:
275:
1982:
999:
662:
102:
67:
59:
1844:
Convocation du corps électoral pour les législatives anticipées: Le ‘’coq à l’âne’’ du Président Tandja
1768:
Di Lorenzo, Amanda; Sborgi, Enrico (2001), "The 1999 presidential and legislative elections in Niger",
1113:
1114:
Des Nigériens manifestent pour la mise en place d’une transition politique de trois ans dans leur pays
855:
2018:
945:
879:
On 29 June, Tandja again appeared on state media defending the state of emergency. Six of the seven
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1004:
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470:
17:
1731:
1441:
1903:
COMMUNIQUE DU SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT : DISSOLUTION DE LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE
971:
868:
announced on 28 June, following President Tandja's assumption of emergency powers, that both the
848:
753:
490:
389:
370:
213:
174:
1488:
1185:
1125:
978:
941:
The political crisis in Niger appeared deadlocked since the disputed referendum and election.
655:
297:
200:
36:
628:
reiterated on 22 January that all scheduled elections would go ahead before the end of 2009.
2000:
1803:
1777:
1214:
Niger : " Je suis prêt à partir à la fin de mon mandat ", affirme le Président nigérien
757:
679:
495:
485:
479:
429:
190:
135:
128:
72:
1794:
Baudais, Virginie; Sborgi, Enrico (2006), "The general elections in Niger, November 2004",
1874:
1831:
1695:
1683:
1484:
1448:
1355:
1311:
1249:
1169:
1147:
632:
1348:
828:), which is led by the PNDS and staged the two recent anti-referendum marches in Niamey.
1102:
Le Président Tandja reste muet sur les appels en faveur d’une prolongation de son mandat
1452:
1201:
994:
974:
843:
In a televised and radio speech to the nation on the following evening (26 June, after
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475:
373:
1781:
45:
2287:
2272:
2267:
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2257:
2252:
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1647:
865:
777:
651:
625:
1807:
1917:. Daouda Diallo (President du Conseil Superieur de la Communication). 29 June 2009.
1305:
La Cour constitutionnelle du Niger s’oppose au projet de changement de constitution
765:
647:
500:
450:
384:
which was mandated to take place by 26 August 2009. The crisis eventually led to a
114:
1324:
Ousmane et Djermokoye espèrent toujours l’ouverture des négociations avec Tandja
1953:
1927:
1743:
1608:
1031:
749:
465:
1268:
880:
844:
785:
691:
682:, and further would be a violation of the oath the president had taken on the
666:
460:
690:, declared its opposition to any change in the constitution. On 15 May the
1525:
Démonstration de force des anti-Tazartché: et retour en force des pro-Hama
1035:
1466:
Approuvez-vous le projet de Constitution soumis à votre sanction ?
1720:
Niger: grève générale jeudi contre le projet de référendum de M. Tandja
949:
942:
773:
738:
Do you approve of the Constitutional project submitted for your assent?
1349:
Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns
638:
Then, in early May 2009, when questioned by the press on his visit to
1513:
Niger: grande manifestation à Niamey contre une nouvelle constitution
781:
639:
772:(ECOWAS), and the President of Niger's neighbour and regional power
1281:
Remaniement gouvernemental au Niger, nouveau ministre de la Justice
2070:
1243:
Le principal parti allié de Tandja contre son projet de référendum
1126:
Demande de prolongation de trois ans du mandat du président Tandja
683:
366:
894:
Later the same day the government announced it had dissolved the
1915:
Suspension des programmes de la Radio et de la Télévision Dounia
1390:
AFP: Niger to vote August 4 on extension of presidential mandate
1163:
RÉFÉRENDUM CONSTITUTIONNEL Une présidence à vie s'annonce !
635:, Tandja explicitly stated that he would not seek a third term.
270:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and African Integration
2035:
1887:
Niger: remaniement pour remplacer des ministres démissionnaires
1501:
PREMIERE JOURNEE ANTI- TAZARTCHE (JAT)...NIAMEY LE 09 MAI 2009.
1442:
ALa Cedeao contre la réforme constitutionnelle prévue au Niger
1983:
Niger’s President to Seek Backing for Third Term in Referendum
956:(ECOWAS), had been negotiating a power-sharing arrangement.
1402:"Niger to hold referendum on 3rd term - Taiwan News Online"
1369:"SCENARIOS-Niger's president seeks to change constitution"
1060:"Niger's top court rejects referendum on new constitution"
1997:"Regional Mediator Proposes Power-Sharing Deal for Niger"
1710:. The Independent (South Africa)/ Sapa/AFP. 25 June 2009.
1597:
West African summit tackles Niger, Guinea, and eco crisis
760:, and former President of the Assembly and party leader,
756:, former president and current President of the Assembly
1633:
Le président du Niger maintient son projet de référendum
1985:
Bloomburg.com, 4 August 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
1136:
1134:
646:
A series of protests followed, led by opposition party
1846:. M. Zamanka, Le Canard déchaîné N°383. 22 June 2009.
1075:
Le président Tandja renonce à son projet de référendum
1648:
NIGER: On alert for a constitutional coup? - analysis
1238:
1236:
1198:
Niger Plans Election by December, Prime Minister Says
1905:. SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT. 29 June 2009.
1868:
Niger’s electoral commission ready to work for polls
1537:
Niger protesters march against constitutional change
392:
leaders who overthrew President Tandja and formed a
1158:
1156:
1677:COMMUNIQUE DE PRESSE de CDS Rahama du 25 juin 2009
376:and judicial and legislative bodies regarding the
93:National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland
1856:Niger: législatives le 20 août, pas de référendum
1621:"Niger elections set for Aug 20: poll commission"
1573:Niger court annuls constitutional referendum plan
1561:Region warns Niger's leader on plan to keep power
1260:
1258:
1150:. Oumarou Keïta. Republicain-Niger. 15 May 2009.
596:", which means "Continuation" or "Continuity" in
1832:Les institutions bloquent le projet du président
1732:Niger president rules by decree after court snub
1665:Niger president's main ally quits the government
1085:
1083:
1032:"Niger leader Mamadou Tandja 'held by soldiers'"
1527:. A.T& I.S.G LE TEMOIN du 11 au 15 mai 2009
1293:Niger court says third-term referendum unlawful
1889:. AFP. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
1585:Niger's president seeks to change constitution
1575:. Adboulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 12 June 2009
1437:
1435:
1172:Oumarou Keïta. Republicain-Niger. 15 May 2009.
1141:ANNONCE DU RÉFÉRENDUM Le planning du Tazartché
926:International Foundation for Electoral Systems
730:Referendum on the Project of the VIth Republic
2047:
1643:
1641:
1587:. Adboulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 1 June 2009
1551:. Adboulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 1 June 2009
1090:Niger to hold referendum despite court ruling
572:
342:
8:
1834:. Radio France international. 20 June 2009.
1660:
1658:
1656:
1026:
1024:
833:Democratic Confederation of Workers of Niger
1549:Niger anti-referendum protests turn violent
1070:
1068:
1055:
1053:
27:Political conflict leading to a coup d'état
2054:
2040:
2032:
1756:Niger opposition accuses president of coup
1077:. Radio France International. 21 June 2009
822:Mouvement pour le défense de le démocratie
728:approved plans for the referendum, titled
592:slogan of his 2004 re-election campaign, "
579:
565:
414:
349:
335:
31:
954:Economic Community of West African States
803:Independent National Electoral Commission
770:Economic Community of West African States
734:Independent National Electoral Commission
2015:"Niger president calls for 'sacrifices'"
1981:Richardson, Paul and Saidou, Dijrbril.
920:Nigerien constitutional referendum, 2009
708:Nigerien constitutional referendum, 2009
411:Campaign for presidential term extension
363:2009–2010 Nigerien constitutional crisis
1977:
1975:
1020:
1010:2021 Nigerien general election protests
548:
428:
417:
173:
34:
902:announced that opposition broadcaster
1599:. Sophie Mongalvy, AFP. 22 June 2009.
7:
1708:Tandja's main ally quits government
369:due to a political conflict between
1954:"Lawyers challenge Niger president"
1491:, Government of Niger. 8 June 2009.
1336:Niger's Tandja dissolves parliament
808:On 19 June President Tandja called
631:In March, during his meetings with
18:2009 Nigerien constitutional crisis
1995:Stearns, Scott (20 January 2010).
1928:"Niger anger at court appointment"
600:: supporters were quickly dubbed "
25:
2021:. 12 January 2010. Archived from
1822:. Sahel Quotidien. 26 March 2009
1744:Emergency powers for Niger leader
1696:L'opposition à Tandja se renforce
1429:. LE TEMOIN du 11 au 15 mai 2009
826:Front de défense de la démocratie
724:On 5 June, the President and the
2299:Political controversies in Niger
2063:
439:
44:
1808:10.1016/j.electstud.2005.06.007
1326:. LE TEMOIN du 11 au 15 mai 200
891:chose to remain in government.
616:, and Tahoua based businessman
526:2009–2010 constitutional crisis
399:President Tandja dissolved the
1503:CEN-PNDS.TARAYYA. 10 May 2009.
952:, a mediator appointed by the
900:High Council for Communication
1:
1782:10.1016/S0261-3794(00)00020-2
1375:. 1 June 2009. Archived from
839:Presidential emergency powers
818:Nigerien Council of Ministers
726:Council of Ministers of Niger
671:Constitutional Court of Niger
1877:. PANA Press. 26 June 2009.
1539:. Reuters. Sun 14 June 2009.
2294:Nigerien constitutional law
1734:. Reuters. Fri 26 June 2009
665:, the President may call a
2350:
2304:Political history of Niger
1184:. Mayaki Soumaila Seydou,
963:
917:
762:Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye
705:
688:Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye
675:National Assembly of Niger
511:1993 presidential election
401:National Assembly of Niger
2078:
1230:. LE TEMOIN 4–8 May 2009.
1216:. APA 28 Mars 2009 11:34
1092:. Reuters. 28 June 2009.
966:2010 Nigerien coup d'état
378:Constitutional referendum
1635:. Reuters. 25 June 2009.
1347:Matthew Søberg Shugart.
1200:. Abdoulaye Ibbo Daddy,
914:4 August 2009 referendum
863:Minister of the Interior
715:semi-presidential system
633:French President Sarkozy
184:Administrative divisions
1563:. Reuters. 18 May 2009.
1128:. AFP 21 December 2008
1104:. APA 19 December 2008
904:Dounia Radio Television
810:Council of the Republic
521:Second Tuareg Rebellion
1354:19 August 2008 at the
1338:. Reuters. 26 May 2009
1314:APA News. 25 May 2009.
1295:. Reuters. 26 May 2009
1116:. APA 21 December 2008
661:According to the 1999
516:First Tuareg Rebellion
382:parliamentary election
286:Diplomatic missions of
2334:Constitutional crises
1650:. IRIN. 25 June 2009.
1000:Constitution of Niger
831:On the same day, the
663:Constitution of Niger
103:Abdourahamane Tchiani
2025:on 5 September 2012.
1873:29 June 2009 at the
1858:. AFP. 19 June 2009.
1746:. BBC. 26 June 2009.
1722:. AFP. 24 June 2009.
1698:. RFI. 25 June 2009.
1682:29 June 2009 at the
1667:. AFP. 25 June 2009.
1623:, AFP, 19 June 2009.
1515:. AFP. 10 May 2009.
1483:27 July 2011 at the
1267:. Bureau Politique
1168:15 July 2011 at the
1146:15 July 2011 at the
1062:, AFP, 12 June 2009.
970:On 18 February 2010
946:Abdulsalami Abubakar
896:Constitutional Court
885:Council of Ministers
1447:19 May 2009 at the
1310:4 June 2009 at the
1248:19 May 2009 at the
1204:. 22 January 2009.
1005:Government of Niger
870:4 August referendum
719:presidential system
618:Aboubacar Dan Dubaï
491:French Colonization
471:Sultanate of Agadez
276:Bakary Yaou Sangaré
1758:. Sat 27 June 2009
1252:. AFP 15 May 2009.
1038:. 18 February 2010
959:
874:20 August election
849:Mahamadou Issoufou
754:Mahamadou Issoufou
456:Kanem–Bornu Empire
2319:Protests in Niger
2281:
2280:
1796:Electoral Studies
1770:Electoral Studies
1283:. AFP 15 May 2009
981:while chairing a
656:ANDP-Zaman Lahiya
606:Anti-Tazarchistes
604:" and opponents "
589:
588:
359:
358:
303:Visa requirements
263:Foreign relations
243:Political parties
220:Recent elections
156:National Assembly
37:Politics of Niger
16:(Redirected from
2341:
2329:2010 in politics
2324:2009 in politics
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2067:
2066:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:Voice of America
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1464:Original text: "
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977:was captured by
876:would go ahead.
856:Moumouni Hamidou
758:Mahamane Ousmane
680:unconstitutional
581:
574:
567:
536:2023 coup d'état
531:2010 coup d'état
506:1974 coup d'etat
486:Sokoto Caliphate
443:
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415:
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129:Ali Lamine Zeine
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2013:
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1271:. 15 May 2009.
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932:Post referendum
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883:members of the
841:
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702:Referendum plan
614:Anassara Dogari
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2073:(1960–present)
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2006:
1987:
1971:
1960:. 13 July 2009
1945:
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1893:2 August 2009.
1879:
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1824:
1812:
1786:
1776:(3): 470–476,
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1611:. 12 June 2008
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1455:. 15 May 2009.
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1202:Bloomberg news
1190:
1188:. 11 May 2009.
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995:Mamadou Tandja
990:
987:
975:Mamadou Tandja
964:Main article:
961:
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918:Main article:
915:
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861:Despite this,
845:Friday prayers
840:
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742:
706:Main article:
703:
700:
623:Prime Minister
610:Boubacar Mazou
587:
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561:
558:
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555:Years in Niger
551:
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2309:2009 in Niger
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1934:. 3 July 2009
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890:
889:Djida Hamadou
886:
882:
877:
875:
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866:Albade Abouba
864:
859:
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852:
850:
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819:
813:
811:
806:
804:
795:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
778:Guinea-Bissau
775:
771:
767:
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759:
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743:
741:
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727:
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626:Seyni Oumarou
624:
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427:
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402:
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139:
138:
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134:
130:
127:
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125:
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116:
113:
112:
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100:
99:
96:
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70:
69:
66:
65:
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2009:
1990:
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1957:
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1936:. Retrieved
1931:
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1898:
1882:
1863:
1851:
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1568:
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1496:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1396:
1385:
1377:the original
1372:
1363:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1223:
1209:
1193:
1177:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1040:. Retrieved
969:
940:
937:Crisis talks
923:
908:
893:
878:
860:
853:
842:
830:
825:
821:
814:
807:
799:
790:
747:
737:
729:
723:
711:
696:
660:
648:PNDS-Tarayya
645:
637:
630:
605:
602:Tazarchistes
601:
593:
590:
525:
501:Hamani Diori
496:Independence
451:Bura culture
406:
398:
394:ruling junta
365:occurred in
362:
360:
115:Salifou Modi
68:Human rights
60:Constitution
29:
1802:: 161–168,
1042:18 February
960:Coup d'état
796:Legal block
750:Hama Amadou
466:Mali Empire
430:History of
386:coup d'état
308:Visa policy
248:Politicians
196:Departments
158:(dissolved)
62:(suspended)
2288:Categories
1269:CDS-Rahama
1016:References
881:CDS-Rahama
786:Mauritania
717:to a full
692:CDS-Rahama
667:referendum
652:RDP-Jama'a
461:Gao Empire
274:Minister:
87:Government
2083:Pre-1960s
2069:Years in
972:President
371:President
226:General:
214:Elections
175:Judiciary
164:President
141:Ministers
98:President
1964:23 April
1958:BBC News
1938:23 April
1932:BBC News
1891:Archived
1871:Archived
1680:Archived
1489:Le Sahel
1481:Archived
1445:Archived
1352:Archived
1308:Archived
1246:Archived
1186:Le Sahel
1166:Archived
1144:Archived
1036:BBC News
989:See also
979:soldiers
872:and the
744:Protests
673:and the
594:Tazarché
549:See also
421:a series
419:Part of
390:military
298:Passport
290:in Niger
201:Communes
1373:Reuters
983:cabinet
950:Nigeria
943:General
774:Nigeria
233:2020–21
191:Regions
136:Cabinet
73:Slavery
1412:6 June
784:, and
782:Guinea
640:Agadez
540:Crisis
423:on the
2098:1980s
2093:1970s
2088:1960s
2071:Niger
766:Dosso
684:Koran
598:Hausa
480:Dendi
432:Niger
367:Niger
2273:2024
2268:2023
2263:2022
2258:2021
2253:2020
2248:2019
2243:2018
2238:2017
2233:2016
2228:2015
2223:2014
2218:2013
2213:2012
2208:2011
2203:2010
2198:2009
2193:2008
2188:2007
2183:2006
2178:2005
2173:2004
2168:2003
2163:2002
2158:2001
2153:2000
2148:1999
2143:1998
2138:1997
2133:1996
2128:1995
2123:1994
2118:1993
2113:1992
2108:1991
2103:1990
1966:2010
1940:2010
1414:2009
1044:2010
752:and
654:and
612:and
361:The
228:2016
2019:AFP
1804:doi
1778:doi
1609:BBC
1451:.
948:of
388:by
2290::
2017:.
1999:.
1974:^
1956:.
1930:.
1800:25
1798:,
1774:20
1772:,
1655:^
1640:^
1487:.
1434:^
1371:.
1257:^
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1082:^
1067:^
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1034:.
1023:^
788:.
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396:.
288:/
2055:e
2048:t
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2003:.
1968:.
1942:.
1806::
1780::
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1046:.
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566:v
542:)
538:(
482:)
478:(
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336:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
