780:
birth given in his French documents (11 October 1945) and the date given in his
Togolese documents (31 December 1945). According to the Court, the contradiction was "of a nature to cause confusion over the identity of the person and consequently to weaken the legal and judicial security inherent in the highest office in the country". Yamgnane denounced the ruling, claiming its real motivation was to exclude "the most dangerous candidate for the RPT". Initially he vowed to appeal, but that was impossible because the judgments of the Constitutional Court were final; he then said that his only recourse was to "mobilize the street". He also said that, although the RPT imagined that it would "remain in power eternally", "we have the means to ensure that change happens in 2010 in Togo".
1343:
to participate in the government. After a few weeks, Olympio announced on 27 May 2010 that he had signed an agreement with RPT Secretary-General
Solitoki Esso that provided for the inclusion of seven UFC ministers in "a government of national reconstruction", along with various electoral reforms sought by the UFC. The agreed reforms included the redrawing of constituencies (the existing boundaries tended to favor the RPT), a new census, and the revision of the voter rolls. Olympio said that he would chair a committee to monitor matters related to the agreement. Later on the same day, Houngbo confirmed that an agreement had been reached on the inclusion of seven UFC ministers and electoral reforms.
1073:, the Minister of Cooperation, criticized Fabre. He said that Fabre should not expect the Togolese people to trust him when he did not trust others, and he argued that Fabre's claims of victory were ridiculous, noting that Fabre initially claimed a score of 75–80% but later claimed a lesser figure of 55–60%. According to Bawara, GnassingbĂ© would consider the fact that Fabre had received a respectable number of votes; Bawara observed that Fabre's score of 34% was particularly impressive because he had not been envisioned as a presidential candidate before January 2010. However, he also said that Fabre lacked experience and did not do serious work in the National Assembly.
1351:
Minister of State for the Civil
Service and Administrative Reform. Acting under Fabre's direction, the UFC National Bureau immediately met on 28 May and subjected Olympio—the UFC's founder and President—to a "temporary expulsion" for violating party discipline. The UFC members appointed to the government were also temporarily expelled. UFC first vice-president Patrick Lawson was present but reportedly did not approve of the decision reached by the National Bureau. Fabre continued to express a hard-line position, declaring that he was robbed of victory through fraud and was the elected president.
608:, a representative of the extra-parliamentary opposition, was then elected as President of CENI, but the parliamentary opposition objected to his election. At a press conference on 18 September 2009, Kolani announced an electoral schedule: preparations for the election would begin in October 2009, the official election campaign period would run from 13 to 26 February 2010, and the election would be held on 28 February 2010. He stressed that hard work was necessary to ensure that the election was held before the constitutional deadline. The parliamentary opposition ignored Kolani's announcement.
853:
in reference to the other parties, "it is up to them to join us"; expressing some exasperation, he said that "the ego is so strong in Togo that everyone thinks he can be
President". He nevertheless said discussions would continue with the other parties and also insisted, in reaction to suggestions that the UFC was divided, that Olympio supported his candidacy. Regarding the UFC's suspended participation in CENI, he said that the UFC representatives would return to the body because it would be preposterous to participate in the election while boycotting the electoral commission.
738:(OBUTS), submitted his candidacy to CENI on 14 January 2010. Although the deadline for the submission of candidacies was 15 January, Kodjo was the first person to formally submit his candidacy. Upon learning that he was first, Kodjo declared that it was "a very good sign" and that he would also be "the first" to be declared the winner of the election. Kodjo fiercely denounced Gnassingbé's "disastrous" record, saying that the state budget needed to be increased, and he pledged "no fewer than 21 emergency measures to restore confidence and boost
728:, confirmed that he accepted the nomination in accordance with "the wishes of the overwhelming majority of Togolese". Speaking on the occasion, RPT Secretary-General Solitoki Esso credited Gnassingbé with vast accomplishments, saying that—among other things—he had improved the political atmosphere, organized transparent elections, ended Togo's international isolation, and revitalized the economy. He also credited Gnassingbé with various accomplishments in the areas of health, education, infrastructure, employment, and social welfare.
470:
1085:
candidates were credited with slightly reduced totals. Decisions of the
Constitutional Court are not subject to appeal, and thus the decision of 18 March marked the conclusion of "all the electoral processes". Speaking on behalf of Fabre and the FRAC coalition, Patrick Lawson denounced the Constitutional Court's decision and described Fabre as "the elected President". He urged the people "to stand opposed to this electoral hold-up" and "remain mobilized until the restitution of power to Jean-Pierre Fabre".
816:
loyalists and reformists, and he stated that he personally did not support Fabre's candidacy. According to
Homawoo, Olympio was not suffering from an illness but rather was recovering from a fall down a flight of stairs, in which he broke his knee and bruised his back and neck. Kodjo, speaking on 14 February, also criticized the UFC's decision to withdraw from CENI work as well as the apparent dissension affecting the party leadership. He stressed that OBUTS did not support any boycott of the election.
968:, the RPT and the two main opposition parties—the UFC and the CAR—were unable to reach an agreement on opposition demands, the foremost of which was the revision of the voter rolls. The opposition also wanted a delay in the election, although Compaoré felt that it was necessary to hold the vote "between 28 February and 5 March to stay within the constitutional timeframe". A slight delay was announced on 11 February, however, as the date was pushed back from 28 February to 4 March.
79:
1054:
believe their vote counts anymore." Esso, the RPT Secretary-General, described the result as "great victory that gives us a lot of satisfaction and wipes off any doubts about the process", while
Bodjona dismissed the opposition as "bad losers". For its part, the EU observer mission released a report that noted the accusations of vote-buying by the RPT, but also suggested there was no evidence to support opposition claims of outright fraud.
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27:
213:
86:
1355:
According to the statement, it was impossible to expel the party's founder-president, who had been re-elected to his post as recently as July 2008, without holding an extraordinary congress to approve such a weighty decision. Despite the rift, the statement still acknowledged that Fabre was "in his place" as
Secretary-General of the UFC, while asserting that Olympio remained the UFC's president.
1328:
then returned home. Some of those involved said that they had thrown stones because Jean-Claude
Homawoo—the CENI representative who had, in the eyes of Fabre supporters, demonstrated disloyalty during the run-up to the election—was present in the motorcade, but Homawoo said that he was not even in Togo at the time. Later in the month, Olympio reiterated his support for Fabre's candidacy.
872:
you forever." In a radio interview on 23 February, however, he stressed that he was still in charge of the UFC. Regarding his delayed and arguably unenthusiastic endorsement of Fabre, he said that it had been necessary to consult with other political actors before backing Fabre, and he pointed to his health as the reason he was unable to accompany Fabre on the campaign trail.
1042:
ballots. Jean-Claude Codjo, one of the opposition's representatives on CENI, argued the system was unacceptable because each set of results being presented to CENI merely constituted a "synthesis": "I have no way of knowing if these numbers that are being read out are real." Codjo left the CENI meeting in protest, along with another of the opposition's representatives.
1058:
group of UFC supporters in a protest on 7 March: "We're going to make them exhaust their stock of tear gas. We cannot let this go on, otherwise they'll hang on to power for the next 200 years." Although UFC supporters formed a protective cordon around Fabre, he was sprayed with tear gas and the protesters were forced to disperse, fleeing back to the UFC headquarters.
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Gnassingbé had won "resoundingly". Lomé remained calm but also tense in the absence of official results. Some opposition supporters threatened violence if Fabre was not declared the winner and chanted "change or death". RPT Secretary-General Esso accused the UFC of making false claims about the results and said that it was laying the groundwork for violence.
937:. Another opposition demand was the revision of the voter rolls. On 25 January 2010, six opposition candidates and three parties called for a resumption of the revision of the voter rolls as well as a delay of the election; they also argued that Gnassingbé was conducting an unofficial campaign before the start of the campaign period. Government Spokesman
1342:
The reappointment of
Houngbo was followed by negotiations between the government and the UFC, with Olympio's approval, regarding UFC participation in the government. This marked a distinct change in attitude for the UFC, as it had previously always taken a hard line against the RPT regime and refused
1065:
Lawson, the PRR candidate, grudgingly accepted Gnassingbé's re-election on 8 March, but he nevertheless alleged fraud: "The vote was so expertly stolen by the ruling party that electoral observers will never understand what really happened." Bassabi Kagbara, the PDP candidate, reacted to the official
1061:
Reacting to the previous day's protests, the security forces formed a blockade around UFC headquarters on 8 March. Fabre, trying to reach his office, was initially barred from entry, but after an hour he was allowed through the blockade. The UFC announced that it would hold a large protest on 9 March
1045:
Results from 20 of the constituencies were counted by mid-day on 6 March, showing Gnassingbé leading Fabre by a margin of 52% to 43%; the results followed the typical regional breakdown of elections in Togo, with the RPT dominating the north and the UFC receiving the bulk of its support in the south.
1028:
Amidst an atmosphere of deep distrust, a post-election controversy rapidly developed regarding the means of transmitting results to CENI. Seeking to establish a reliable transmission method, a delegation from the European Union had met with Gnassingbé on 3 March and obtained his last-minute agreement
1007:
In light of the violence that followed the 2005 election, it was particularly important to CENI that the election proceed peacefully. Speaking on 3 March, CENI President Taffa Tabiou noted that campaigning, which had concluded late on the previous day, was conducted amidst "calm and serenity", and he
819:
Agboyibo and Adjamagbo-Johnson announced on 15 February 2010 that they were suspending their candidacies, citing their still unresolved concerns about the voter rolls. Speaking on 15 February, PRR candidate Nicolas Lawson denounced the opposition, saying that Togo was cursed with the "most stupid and
1354:
The expulsion of Olympio was apparently not accepted by the whole party, as the UFC website remained under the control of Olympio loyalists. In a statement on 29 May, the website derided Fabre and his supporters; it said that Fabre was not the "elected President" and that he did not control the UFC.
1331:
Fabre supporters held another protest on 1 May 2010. On that occasion, Fabre called on the people to wear yellow (the party color of the UFC) on 3 May, the date Gnassingbé was scheduled to be sworn in, as a symbolic gesture of protest. He expressed continued resolve and confidence that he would take
1318:
In the period following the Court's decision, the FRAC coalition continued to hold protests on a weekly basis. A protest on 24 March 2010 was marked by clashes between the protesters and the police, and the opposition said that 30 people suffered injuries as a result. Thousands of Fabre's supporters
1033:
satellite system to transmit the results directly from each polling station. CENI accepted the use of the satellite system alongside text messaging and faxing. However, following the vote, Taffa Tabiou said on 5 March that the VSAT machines had failed and that it would therefore be necessary for all
1016:
during the latter phase of President Eyadema's rule due to the widespread belief that he had rigged elections and employed violence against the opposition; the 2005 election, which followed Eyadema's death, served to only amplify those concerns, but afterward Eyadema's son made a concerted effort to
779:
On 2 February 2010, the Constitutional Court validated the candidacies of seven of the eight candidates who were initially accepted by CENI. The only candidate rejected by the Constitutional Court was Kofi Yamgnane, who held joint dual nationality: the Court cited a contradiction between the date of
756:
as the UFC candidate, Agboyibo as the CAR candidate, Kodjo as the OBUTS candidate, Adjamagbo-Johnson as the CDPA candidate, Nicolas Lawson as the PRR candidate, Yamgnane as the Sursaut candidate, and Kagbara as the PDP candidate. The candidates were predictable except for Fabre, whose designation as
1350:
With the agreement concluded, Gnassingbé appointed Houngbo's new government on 28 May 2010; it included 31 ministers, seven of whom were members of the UFC. Powerful Gnassingbé loyalists like Pascal Bodjona remained in the government, while Solitoki Esso was also brought back into the government as
1057:
Fabre alleged that the RPT had told his supporters that their fingerprints on the ballots could be traced and that they could therefore be hunted down and punished for their votes. He also repeated the accusations of vote-buying and "massive" fraud. Declaring that he was "ready to die", Fabre led a
945:
and that it was up to CENI to decide whether to resume revising them. Regarding Gnassingbé's alleged unofficial campaigning, Bodjona argued that Gnassingbé, as president, was merely working for the people: "he will not starve the people because of the electoral process". Bodjona additionally argued
871:
Olympio broke his silence, which was the subject of much speculation, in a letter published on 21 February. In that letter, he expressed confidence in Fabre and told his supporters: "I will never forget the moments of enthusiasm and confidence you have always shown in all circumstances, and I thank
852:
and Change (FRAC); Yamgnane remained its campaign spokesman, while Patrick Lawson was designated as campaign director. FRAC called on the CAR and OBUTS to join the coalition. Fabre said in an interview on 17 February that the coalition represented a majority of the opposition's electorate and that,
653:
On 11 February 2010, the election was delayed from 28 February to 4 March at the request of the opposition. As a result of the delay, the campaign period was modified and set to run from 16 February to 2 March. CENI President Tabiou Taffa announced the official opening of the campaign, set to begin
795:
Speaking on 9 February, Yamgnane said that he would meet six candidates (all except Gnassingbé) in Paris with the goal of reaching an agreement on a single opposition candidate, which would increase the opposition's chances of defeating Gnassingbé. He said that it would be most intuitive to select
787:
Reacting to the Constitutional Court's decision to validate his candidacy, UFC Secretary-General Fabre said that it was "unquestionably a message of hope for the Togolese people who aspire to a profound change". He also stressed that Olympio "embodies, more than any other, the ideals and values of
783:
PRR President Nicolas Lawson, who was confirmed as a candidate, expressed his willingness to work with whichever candidate won the election. He also praised the peaceful atmosphere and harshly denounced the UFC President, saying that Olympio "always embodied violence, malice, and revenge, and I am
1327:
Tensions between the Fabre and Olympio factions of the UFC remained evident after the election. UFC militants, allegedly acting on instructions from Fabre and other UFC leaders, threw stones at a motorcade carrying Olympio to a protest in mid-April 2010, and Olympio, protected by security forces,
1024:
Polls were open from 7:00 am (0700 GMT) to 5:00 pm (1700 GMT) on 4 March. Fabre, who voted in Lomé, said on the occasion that "during the campaign, I went round the country and heard a distress call, a desire for change", and he warned the government to not rig the election: "The people will make
916:
insisted that the election should be held in two rounds, with the top two candidates in the first round proceeding to a second round. A two-round system could work to the UFC's benefit; as the main opposition party, its candidate might expect to place second in the first round and then win in the
882:
During the campaign, the RPT distributed rice at a cost far below market value ("Faure rice"). The rice distribution was interpreted by many as a way of bribing people to vote for Gnassingbé. Fabre's supporters responded to the alleged bribery by chanting "we were not paid to be here" at campaign
820:
criminal opposition in the sub-region". According to Lawson, the opposition was a "band of thugs" with "no program and national vision" that "must disappear from the political landscape". Kodjo, dissatisfied with the UFC's behavior, announced on 15 February that he was reactivating his candidacy.
567:
Ahead of the 2010 election, the Togolese government took steps to increase the credibility of the electoral process and reassure the international community that the election would be free and fair. It placed a particular priority on avoiding the violence that marred the 2005 election. Gnassingbé
1084:
On 18 March, the Constitutional Court confirmed the results and declared that Gnassingbé had been elected president, rejecting five appeals from the opposition. The results confirmed by the Constitutional Court were nearly identical to those previously released by CENI, although both of the main
1053:
Jean-Claude Homawoo, an opposition representative on CENI, said that opposition supporters were totally disillusioned with the electoral process: "So many times we went and voted in elections we knew we had won, only for the opposite result to be declared. So people have become tired. They don't
1049:
Taffa Tabiou announced full provisional results late on 6 March. Those results showed Gnassingbé winning the election with 60.9% of the vote (1,243,044 votes), far ahead of Fabre, who received 33.94% (692,584 votes). Yawovi Agboyibo trailed in a distant third place with 2.96%. According to Taffa
1037:
Fabre held a press conference on 5 March to declare victory, claiming that he had won about 75–80% of the vote; he also accused the RPT of electoral fraud and said that the results being sent to CENI had no credibility. Later on the same day, Bodjona, the Government Spokesman, claimed that
775:
In a letter published on the UFC website on 16 January, Olympio said that the election should not be rushed and that CENI should be given "the time necessary for the preparation of a credible and transparent election". He said that his health was "rapidly improving" and that the authorities were
1323:
on the grounds that it had not received a permit. Around 70 people who were present at the UFC headquarters were detained and questioned. According to the security forces, the questioning was necessary because some of those present "were individuals from neighbouring countries" who intended "to
971:
Citing continuing concerns about the voter rolls and fears that the election would be a "masquerade", the UFC notified CENI that its three representatives on CENI were suspending their participation on 11 February. When announcing the UFC's decision, CENI stressed that "the electoral process is
831:
was "traumatic for many people", he said that the 2010 election would be a "big test" and that a victory under violent conditions would "almost be meaningless". Gnassingbé also said he regretted the absence of Gilchrist Olympio in the election because Olympio had "a rightful place in politics."
1362:
Two large rallies were held in Lomé on 29 May 2010. Thousands participated in a rally to express support for Gnassingbé and his "policy of reconciliation", while thousands of Fabre supporters rallied to denounce Olympio for compromising with the RPT regime. Describing Olympio as a traitor, the
1041:
Despite the opposition's complaints, district officials followed Taffa Tabiou's instructions in bringing their results to Lomé. Those results only indicated the total votes for each district; they did not include specific counts from each polling station, and the officials did not bring actual
886:
Gnassingbé's campaign posters and billboards were seemingly omnipresent in Lomé, vastly outnumbering those from the opposition. In its election report, the EU observer mission accused the RPT of exceeding the legal limit for campaign spending (around $ 100,000), but Bodjona said that claim was
815:
In an interview on 13 February, Jean-Claude Homawoo, who was one of the UFC's three representatives on CENI, insisted that Olympio was the legitimate UFC candidate because he, unlike Fabre, had been nominated by a party congress in 2008. He also claimed that the UFC was divided between Olympio
900:
In accordance with a 2002 constitutional amendment, the 2010 election will be decided in a single round of voting; the candidate with the highest number of votes—even if that number is less than 50%—wins the election without any need for a second round. The two main opposition parties, the
1358:
The agreement struck between the government and Olympio was highly symbolic, given Olympio's long history of radical opposition to Gnassingbé Eyadema and his son, and it significantly bolstered Faure Gnassingbé's claim to be working for political reconciliation, openness, and cooperation.
1062:
to press for a review of the results; however, the protest was thwarted by the police. Also on 9 March, Fabre alleged that the security forces searched the UFC headquarters, seized computers, and arrested party members, interfering with the party's efforts to prepare evidence of fraud.
1034:
35 electoral district directors to bring physical proof of the results to Lomé. That was unacceptable to the UFC, which said that results not transmitted through VSAT could not be trusted; it claimed that the machines had not failed but were simply switched off by the government.
878:
Gnassingbé concluded his campaign with a rally in Kara on 2 March. On that occasion, he said that "the campaign has been exemplary for all candidates" and expressed certainty that the results would match the will of the people. He urged everyone in Togo to respect the results.
579:
Provisional results showed Gnassingbé winning the election with 61% of the vote, while Fabre trailed with 34%. The opposition again alleged fraud, denouncing the method by which the results were transmitted to the electoral commission, and subsequently held regular protests in
719:
to run for re-election over the course of several months, he deferred any formal announcement of his candidacy. It was nevertheless assumed that he would run for re-election and that he would be confirmed as the RPT candidate at a party convention at the Palace of Congress in
635:) to Togo in order to facilitate the organization of "free, just, transparent and peaceful elections, in line with international standards" and to "strengthen the capacities" of CENI and the High Authority for the Audiovisual Sector and Communications for future elections.
807:
Despite the failure to reach a consensus among the candidates, Agbéyomé Kodjo decided to withdraw his candidacy and rally behind Fabre, while Yamgnane also backed Fabre's candidacy. They agreed on the creation on a coalition called the Republican Front for Change and the
929:
in that manner.) Speaking before a crowd of hundreds of UFC supporters on 6 December 2009, Olympio warned that the UFC would not participate in the election if there was only one round and that "if the UFC does not participate, there will be no election in Togo."
1020:
In light of the emphasis on having a peaceful vote, security forces had a heavy presence; 3,000 police and 3,000 gendarmes were assigned the task of preventing electoral violence. There were also efforts to educate voters in the prevention of electoral violence.
619:
as President of CENI on 14 October 2009, resolving the controversy. Tabiou Taffa was not a member of any political party and was an obscure figure at the time of his election as CENI President. On that occasion, he stressed that CENI's work would be "collegial".
654:
at midnight, on 15 February. In his statement, he said that revisions of the voter list had produced "a reliable voter list of 3,295,646 voters". He also urged the opposition representatives to return to CENI, which they had abandoned in protest.
704:, a member of its steering committee, as its presidential candidate in early January 2010. She was the first woman to stand as a presidential candidate in Togo. At a meeting of its National Council, with 350 delegates in attendance, the
1346:
Highlighting the continuing differences between the Olympio and Fabre factions of the UFC, Fabre expressed disapproval for Olympio's decision on 27 May, saying that Olympio was acting contrary to the wishes of the UFC National Bureau.
1025:
sure their vote will not be changed." Voting proceeded peacefully and without incident, but the UFC immediately began pointing to issues that it identified as irregularities, such as the absence of serial numbers on the ballot papers.
800:, a former Interior Minister. It was largely unsuccessful, however, as the CAR candidate Agboyibo and the CDPA candidate Adjamagbo-Johnson both abandoned the effort. In a statement on 9 February, CDPA Secretary-General
649:
The EU committed to sending an additional five billion CFA francs at a meeting with the Togolese government on 22 January 2010, and it announced on 1 February that it would have 122 observers present for the election.
1017:
project a better image internationally. The creation of an independent electoral commission was noted by the Western media, as was the "fair" coverage given by the government's news website to opposition candidates.
1011:
A peaceful vote was also strongly desired by the government and the RPT, which sought to avoid the opprobrium associated with perceptions of a flawed election and repression of the opposition. Togo had suffered from
563:
only through fraud. Eyadema died in 2005 and his son Faure Gnassingbé then ran as the RPT candidate; although he officially won the election, the opposition again disputed the result, and serious violence erupted.
1050:
Tabiou, voter turnout was 64.68%. Significantly, the turnout varied greatly by region: it was 70–80% in the north—the RPT's stronghold—but far lower in the traditionally pro-UFC south (including LomĂ©).
788:
our party" and that his own candidacy represented a commitment to continuing Olympio's work. Seeking to give the impression of solidarity amidst perceptions of internal disagreement, UFC First Vice-president
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1889:
2481:
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1715:
596:
The election was conducted by the Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI). The 17 members of CENI were sworn in on 1 September 2009; it was composed of five representatives of the ruling
860:
on 18 February 2010. On that occasion he asked the people to put their trust in him "to ensure a better future for all Togolese". Fabre launched his campaign in Lomé on 19 February. Speaking in
2020:
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646:, the Minister of State for Territorial Administration, said that the government was merely doing what was best for the people and that the government's work was unrelated to the election.
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rallies. Bodjona, the Government Spokesman, dismissed the allegations of bribery; he said that the rice and other items were donated to the campaign by some of Gnassingbé's supporters.
765:, and was unable to travel to Togo to undergo the necessary medical review for his candidacy. Consequently, the UFC submitted the candidacy of its Secretary-General, Jean-Pierre Fabre.
1998:
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in the 2010 Togolese presidential election. He is suspected of having offered Gnassingbé discount on advertisements from his ad agency, which he didn't equally offer to his opponent
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expressed CENI's commitment "to organising a just, fair and transparent election devoid of violence, to ensure that Togo ... finds its place in the comity of modern democracies".
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In addition to its demand for a two-round system, the opposition sought a decrease in the deposit that candidates were required to pay; the amount was equivalent to about 44,000
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In order to improve the voter rolls, CENI announced on 26 January that people could register to vote at a hundred points across the country on 31 January. RPT Secretary-General
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Supporters of Gnassingbé and Fabre both held marches in Lomé on 13 March. The marches were peaceful and did not confront one another, taking different paths through the city.
298:
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demonstrators vowed to continue their struggle. Fabre said that Olympio would face the UFC's disciplinary council and that he could be permanently expelled from the party.
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Togo's main opposition party, the UFC, unanimously chose Olympio, its long-time leader, as its presidential candidate at the party's Second Ordinary Congress, held in
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Fabre as the single candidate, although he stressed that was a "logical preference" rather than a "personal preference". The meeting of candidates was facilitated by
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Nevertheless, some observers suggested that the agreement would have little practical effect, arguing that Olympio was largely distant from his party's operations.
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results—according to which he received only 0.41% of the vote—on 9 March; he said that he did not recognize the results, but also appealed for "calm and dialogue".
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condemned the "cavalier" way the meeting was conducted, expressing annoyance that it was taken for granted that the candidates would all rally behind Fabre.
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in mid-February 2010, Faure Gnassingbé stressed the importance of having a well-organized election free of violence. Acknowledging that the violence of the
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As the election drew nearer, greater government activity and social spending was observed; infrastructure was built or improved and recruitment to the
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stood for a second term as the candidate of the RPT, while the UFC designated Fabre as its candidate due to health problems suffered by its president,
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848:(PSR), and SURSAUT—joined the UFC in backing Fabre's candidacy. Together they reconstituted the opposition coalition as the Republican Front for the
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Seeing that the results were going Gnassingbé's way, a group of Fabre's supporters protested in Lomé, but the protest was broken up with tear gas.
600:(RPT), five representatives of the parliamentary opposition, three representatives of the extra-parliamentary opposition, three representatives of
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on 12 January 2010. He was accordingly invested as the RPT candidate at the convention, although he was not present; his Personal Representative,
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The security forces voted on 1 March—three days before the general population—so that they would be available to maintain order on election day.
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551:(RPT), successively won all presidential elections, although those elections were always extremely controversial: the opposition boycotted the
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released a statement on 28 January in which he accused the opposition of using the issue of revising the voter rolls as a delaying tactic.
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572:. Although the UFC was the largest opposition party by a large measure, and although the election was to be decided in a single round on a
385:
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the UFC candidate was considered very surprising. UFC President Olympio, whose candidacy had long been announced and expected, was in the
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Gnassingbé was sworn in for his second term on 3 May 2010 at a ceremony in the presence of several other African leaders. Prime Minister
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3122:
3117:
3112:
2898:
1908:
1414:
1174:
828:
735:
560:
556:
552:
529:
438:
434:
366:
361:
58:
41:
2985:
2970:
2108:
999:. Gnassingbé went on to become Togolese president and gave Bolloré's company port concessions. Bolloré formally denies any wrongdoing.
420:
2732:
3419:
3312:
3000:
397:
2826:
2400:
2240:
2152:
812:
to support Fabre; Kodjo was designated as the Front's campaign director, while Yamgnane was designated as its campaign spokesman.
3058:
1339:, a technocrat first appointed by Gnassingbé in 2008, resigned on 5 May; Gnassingbé re-appointed him as Prime Minister on 7 May.
1232:
317:
1620:
1446:
263:
1635:
1605:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3107:
3102:
3097:
500:
2913:
2073:
1535:
2769:
2672:
2610:
2595:
976:, refused to accept his party's decision and said that he would continue his work on CENI unless Olympio told him to stop.
547:
Following the democratization process of the early 1990s, which proved largely abortive, Eyadema and his ruling party, the
1690:
902:
541:
2940:
2262:
1212:
1154:
1114:
906:
705:
597:
548:
480:
275:
186:
171:
115:
1806:
1734:
3289:
3284:
3268:
3051:
1829:
1668:
868:
on 21 February, Kodjo said that, before breaking with President Eyadema in 2002, he was Eyadema's intended successor.
576:
basis, the other opposition parties largely refused to rally behind Fabre and chose to nominate their own candidates.
1864:
3299:
3089:
1319:
participated in a protest held in Lomé on 10 April 2010. Late on 14 April, the security forces prevented a planned
1134:
251:
120:
585:
875:
Nicolas Lawson alleged on 24 February that Gnassingbé was abusing state resources in the course of his campaign.
616:
493:
410:
268:
752:
Eight candidates submitted applications to CENI by the deadline of 15 January: Gnassingbé as the RPT candidate,
3164:
2871:
293:
1575:
1461:
845:
1189:
1013:
917:
second round by obtaining the support of other opposition candidates who were defeated in the first round. (
701:
302:
769:
2925:
690:
2841:
973:
3424:
861:
725:
533:
1590:
1169:
934:
824:
731:
709:
612:
233:
226:
1070:
789:
1109:
992:
801:
797:
716:
573:
525:
456:
329:
256:
182:
167:
97:
941:
dismissed the opposition concerns; he said that the voter rolls had been established prior to the
605:
673:
on 18–19 July 2008. Some other early announced candidates were the minor opposition leader
965:
3081:
2510:
1429:
1320:
1129:
996:
913:
753:
739:
674:
666:
569:
537:
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347:
103:
985:
203:
78:
85:
2739:
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2485:
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2429:
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2203:
2181:
2159:
2137:
2115:
2080:
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2024:
2002:
1977:
1937:
1915:
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1768:
1741:
1719:
1697:
1675:
1542:
1520:
1498:
1336:
1149:
988:
746:
611:
The controversy over the election of Kolani interfered with CENI's work, and as a result,
334:
324:
1227:
946:
that the opposition only wanted a delay because they were unprepared for the election.
938:
918:
643:
624:
3408:
950:
758:
682:
639:
601:
474:
424:
961:
1887:
Kofi Yamgnane : « La bataille est perdue, mais la guerre continue »
2638:
2552:
2366:
957:
857:
784:
very happy that he is not a candidate because his influence on Togo was fatal".
772:. According to CENI, neither of them submitted the necessary deposits of money.
212:
1953:
Présidentielles au Togo: Kofi Yamgnane veut un candidat unique de l'opposition
865:
776:
considering his application. The letter made no mention of Fabre's candidacy.
628:
2514:
1713:
Agbéyomé Kodjo : « L'absence de Gilchrist est lourde de sens »
1477:
Bodjona : "On va continuer Ă faire ce qui est bien pour les populations"
768:
Aside from Olympio, two candidacies were rejected: those of Dahuku Péré and
2285:
Faure : « Chacun espère se retrouver premier à l'arrivée »
762:
2705:
Nicolas Lawson : « L'opposition a lamentablement échoué »
2503:"French tycoon accused of bribery and interfering in African elections"
926:
721:
670:
581:
715:
Although RPT activists, both in Togo and abroad, called for President
1651:
Togo: Faure Gnassingbé sera candidat à un second mandat le 28 février
686:
2721:
Togo Government Confident President's Win Will Stand Up to Challenge
2379:
Bodjona : « Faure ne mène pas de campagne déguisée »
792:
said that the party was totally united behind Fabre's candidacy.
3076:
2755:
Bawara : « Jean-Pierre Fabre se trompe d’époque »
1030:
632:
521:
3047:
2347:
Olympio : « Pour nous c’est deux tours ou rien »
2131:
Fabre : « M. Olympio soutiendra ma candidature »
991:, allegedly gave financial support to presidential candidate
972:
proceeding normally". One of the UFC's CENI representatives,
588:
and Gnassingbé was sworn in for a second term on 3 May 2010.
685:, who held dual nationality and served in the government of
2052:« Nous avons l’opposition la plus bête du monde »
1931:
L’UFC « unie et solidaire », selon Patrick Lawson
532:
that followed the death of his father, long-time President
2686:
Togo's Opposition Leader: Police Seize Vote Fraud Evidence
1909:
Nicolas Lawson : « La faute à Gilchrist »
1385:
Togo: la présidentielle reportée du 28 février au 4 mars
708:(PDP), a minor party, invested the university professor
2583:
Togo's ruling, opposition parties claim victory in vote
2241:
Olympio : « C’est moi le patron ! »
544:(UFC), as well as several minor opposition candidates.
2899:« Devant Dieu et devant le peuple togolais »
2479:
La Céni confirme le retrait des représentants de l’UFC
1795:
Backache rules main opposition leader out of Togo vote
2566:
Togo votes for leader, opposition warns against fraud
3016:
Jean-Pierre Fabre n’est pas le « président élu»
984:
Vincent Bolloré, a French billionaire close to then-
642:
was increased. Speaking on TVT on 30 December 2009,
3341:
3298:
3277:
3261:
3163:
3088:
3035:
Togo opposition protests leader's move to join govt
1850:
Togo rejects presidential bid of ex-French minister
1576:
L’UFC a désigné son candidat pour la présidentielle
1430:
Togo to hold presidential election in February 2010
909:(CAR), strongly protested the single-round system.
840:On 17 February, four minor opposition groups—ADDI,
749:was formally invested as the candidate of the CAR.
2815:Police question some 70 people in Togo: opposition
2611:Togo opposition says party ahead in president race
2596:Togo opposition says party ahead in president race
2153:Faure : « Tout commence le 4 mars »
615:—a representative of civil society—was elected by
2639:Togo police use tear gas on opposition protesters
2335:Togo opposition claims fraud in presidential vote
734:, a former Prime Minister leading the opposition
712:as its presidential candidate on 9 January 2010.
2018:Agbéyomé dit non au boycott de la présidentielle
1591:2ème Congrès de l’Union des Forces de Changement
604:, and one representative of the administration.
555:altogether, and it claimed that Eyadema won the
158:
2553:Togo opposition claims 'irregularities' in poll
2097:Togo's polls big test for legitimacy: president
2857:Olympio demeure le président national de l'UFC
2785:Court in Togo confirms president's re-election
2627:Togo opposition doubts presidential vote count
1558:Troops vote first in Togo's presidential polls
3059:
2197:Kodjo : "C'est moi l'héritier d'Eyadema"
2040:Opposition candidates withdraw from Togo poll
1403:EU gives Togo grant for presidential election
536:, in 2005—faced radical opposition candidate
501:
8:
2673:Togo security blocks opposition headquarters
2657:Togo's president re-elected: electoral chief
2538:Togo election agency vows violence-free poll
1664:
1662:
18:
2956:Houngbo confirme l'arrivée de ministres UFC
2887:Togo's Gnassingbe sworn in despite protests
2770:Thousands march over Togo presidential vote
745:On 15 January, long-time opposition leader
3066:
3052:
3044:
2800:Thousands protest over Togo's poll outcome
2219:Gilchrist Olympio adoube Jean-Pierre Fabre
1991:
1989:
1536:Plus de 3 millions d’électeurs enregistrés
1087:
508:
494:
198:
17:
2467:Opposition party quits Togo election body
2423:Le RPT dénonce l’attitude de l’opposition
1971:La réunion de Paris se solde par un échec
1860:
1858:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1514:Le RPT dénonce l’attitude de l’opposition
2810:
2808:
2795:
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2651:
2649:
2647:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2329:
2327:
2325:
1966:
1964:
1830:Togolais viens ! Bâtissons la Cité.
1442:
1440:
1438:
1415:Les membres de la Céni ont prêté serment
1195:Democratic Convention of African Peoples
698:Democratic Convention of African Peoples
3029:
3027:
2971:Divorce consommé entre Fabre et Olympio
2606:
2604:
2533:
2531:
1790:
1788:
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1757:
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1291:
1280:
1269:
1258:
1254:
1243:
201:
2621:
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2548:
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2317:Dictator's son winner of Togo election
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
1996:Olympio victime d’un hold-up électoral
1762:Huit candidats ont déposé leur dossier
1571:
1569:
1447:Le président nouveau est arrivé !
679:Democratic Alliance for the Fatherland
2667:
2665:
2488:Republicoftogo.com, 12 February 2010
2454:Republicoftogo.com, 10 February 2010
2445:Respecter les délais constitutionnels
2362:
2360:
2358:
2272:Republicoftogo.com, 24 February 2010
2250:Republicoftogo.com, 24 February 2010
2228:Republicoftogo.com, 21 February 2010
2206:Republicoftogo.com, 22 February 2002
2184:Republicoftogo.com, 19 February 2010
2175:Fabre veut décrocher le maillot jaune
2162:Republicoftogo.com, 18 February 2010
2140:Republicoftogo.com, 17 February 2010
2118:Republicoftogo.com, 17 February 2010
2083:Republicoftogo.com, 15 February 2010
2061:Republicoftogo.com, 15 February 2010
2027:Republicoftogo.com, 15 February 2010
2005:Republicoftogo.com, 13 February 2010
1545:Republicoftogo.com, 15 February 2010
1492:Nouvelle aide de l'UE pour l'Ă©lection
1479:Republicoftogo.com, 31 December 2009
1417:Republicoftogo.com, 1 September 2009
1398:
1396:
1292:
1281:
1270:
1259:
1092:
823:In an interview with the news agency
524:on 4 March 2010. Incumbent President
7:
3001:Olympio exclu du parti qu’il a fondé
2986:31 ministres dans la nouvelle Ă©quipe
2432:Republicoftogo.com, 29 January 2010
2388:Republicoftogo.com, 26 January 2010
2349:Republicoftogo.com, 7 December 2009
1980:Republicoftogo.com, 9 February 2010
1940:Republicoftogo.com, 3 February 2010
1918:Republicoftogo.com, 3 February 2010
1896:Republicoftogo.com, 3 February 2010
1874:Republicoftogo.com, 2 February 2010
1816:Republicoftogo.com, 21 January 2010
1771:Republicoftogo.com, 16 January 2010
1744:Republicoftogo.com, 15 January 2010
1722:Republicoftogo.com, 21 January 2010
1700:Republicoftogo.com, 14 January 2010
1678:Republicoftogo.com, 12 January 2009
1623:Republicoftogo.com, 10 January 2010
1523:Republicoftogo.com, 1 February 2010
1501:Republicoftogo.com, 23 January 2010
1464:Republicoftogo.com, 15 October 2009
1449:Republicoftogo.com, 14 October 2009
856:Gnassingbé launched his campaign in
584:. The results were confirmed by the
520:Presidential elections were held in
2367:Q&A: Togo presidential election
2109:Pour l’élection, Fabre met son Frac
1638:Republicoftogo.com, 8 January 2010
1608:Republicoftogo.com, 8 January 2010
1175:Organisation to Build a United Togo
736:Organisation to Build a United Togo
19:2010 Togolese presidential election
2859:Republicoftogo.com, 26 April 2010
2844:Republicoftogo.com, 17 April 2010
2829:Republicoftogo.com, 16 April 2010
2827:Embuscade contre Gilchrist Olympio
2757:Republicoftogo.com, 11 March 2010
742:after the presidential election".
14:
3082:Elections and referendums in Togo
2742:Republicoftogo.com, 9 March 2010
2707:Republicoftogo.com, 9 March 2010
2294:Republicoftogo.com, 2 March 2010
1578:Republicoftogo.com, 20 July 2008
627:announced a grant of six billion
3075:
3018:Republicoftogo.com, 29 May 2010
3003:Republicoftogo.com, 28 May 2010
2988:Republicoftogo.com, 28 May 2010
2973:Republicoftogo.com, 28 May 2010
2958:Republicoftogo.com, 27 May 2010
2943:Republicoftogo.com, 27 May 2010
2733:Kagbara prend acte des résultats
2410:Republicoftogo, 27 January 2010
1233:Party for Renewal and Redemption
468:
211:
84:
77:
25:
2928:Republicoftogo.com, 7 May 2010
2901:Republicoftogo.com, 3 May 2010
2874:Republicoftogo.com, 2 May 2010
2501:Chazan, David (24 April 2018).
1621:Bassabi Kagbara candidat du PDP
540:, the Secretary-General of the
3415:Presidential elections in Togo
2916:Republicoftogo.com, 6 May 2010
2675:Associated Press, 8 March 2010
2629:Associated Press, 6 March 2010
2613:Associated Press, 5 March 2010
2598:Associated Press, 5 March 2010
2337:Associated Press, 7 March 2010
2319:Associated Press, 6 March 2010
1636:Le RPT va choisir son candidat
1606:Une femme représentera la CDPA
1:
2401:Révision ciblée le 31 janvier
1832:UFC website, 16 January 2010
1069:In an interview on 11 March,
903:Union of the Forces of Change
542:Union of the Forces of Change
528:—who won his first term in a
1213:Pan-African Democratic Party
1155:Action Committee for Renewal
1115:Rally of the Togolese People
907:Action Committee for Renewal
761:at the time, suffering from
706:Pan-African Democratic Party
598:Rally of the Togolese People
549:Rally of the Togolese People
417:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3430:March 2010 events in Africa
2914:Togolese government resigns
943:2007 parliamentary election
3446:
1593:UFC website, 20 July 2008
1135:Union of Forces for Change
923:2000 presidential election
829:2005 presidential election
561:2003 presidential election
557:1998 presidential election
553:1993 presidential election
2941:Olympio annonce un accord
1432:Xinhua, 19 September 2009
1303:
1293:Registered voters/turnout
1255:
1244:
1101:
1098:
1095:
623:On 23 December 2009, the
163:President before election
156:
69:
35:
23:
3420:2010 elections in Africa
2484:16 February 2010 at the
2450:17 February 2010 at the
2268:28 February 2010 at the
2246:27 February 2010 at the
2224:24 February 2010 at the
2202:26 February 2010 at the
2180:22 February 2010 at the
2158:23 February 2010 at the
2079:18 February 2010 at the
2057:18 February 2010 at the
2023:18 February 2010 at the
2001:17 February 2010 at the
1696:17 February 2010 at the
1674:17 February 2010 at the
1541:18 February 2010 at the
318:Administrative divisions
3165:Parliamentary elections
2723:VOA News, 10 March 2010
2428:1 February 2010 at the
2406:30 January 2010 at the
2384:30 January 2010 at the
2074:Il fera Front tout seul
1936:6 February 2010 at the
1914:6 February 2010 at the
1892:6 February 2010 at the
1870:5 February 2010 at the
1812:23 January 2010 at the
1740:24 January 2010 at the
1718:24 January 2010 at the
1519:1 February 2010 at the
1497:25 January 2010 at the
1190:Kafui Adjamagbo-Johnson
1014:international isolation
846:Socialist Renewal Party
702:Kafui Adjamagbo-Johnson
3090:Presidential elections
2695:VOA News, 9 March 2010
2641:BBC News, 6 March 2010
2555:BBC News, 5 March 2010
2369:BBC News, 3 March 2010
1387:AFP, 11 February 2010
1324:breach public order".
435:Diplomatic missions of
269:Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
47:4 March 2010
2738:12 March 2010 at the
2691:15 March 2010 at the
2469:AFP, 13 February 2010
2099:AFP, 20 February 2010
2042:AFP, 15 February 2010
1976:18 April 2010 at the
1955:AFP, 9 February 2010
1691:Kodjo super optimiste
1653:AFP, 12 January 2010
1405:AFP, 23 December 2009
770:Kokou SĂ©gnon Nsoukpoe
530:presidential election
2671:Rukmini Callimachi,
2625:Rukmini Callimachi,
2594:Rukmini Callimachi,
2333:Rukmini Callimachi,
2315:Rukmini Callimachi,
2290:6 March 2010 at the
2114:10 June 2010 at the
1852:AFP, 2 February 2010
1797:AFP, 16 January 2010
1332:power within weeks.
1306:Constitutional Court
864:'s native region of
825:Agence France-Presse
613:Issifou Tabiou Taffa
586:Constitutional Court
303:Yawa Djigbodi Tségan
276:Council of Ministers
3278:Municipal elections
2889:Reuters, 3 May 2010
2655:Laurence Boutreux,
2263:Lawson charge Faure
2136:29 May 2010 at the
2095:Jacques Lhuillery,
1828:Gilchrist Olympio,
1735:Agboyibo, le retour
1271:Invalid/blank votes
1089:
974:Jean-Claude Homawoo
691:François Mitterrand
574:first past the post
20:
3262:Regional elections
2817:AFP, 15 April 2010
2802:AFP, 10 April 2010
2787:AFP, 18 March 2010
2772:AFP, 13 March 2010
1807:La CĂ©ni au rapport
1767:5 May 2010 at the
1560:AFP, 1 March 2010
1088:
862:Gnassingbé Eyadema
700:(CDPA) designated
534:Gnassingbé Eyadema
127:Popular vote
3402:
3401:
2659:AFP, 6 March 2010
2585:AFP, 5 March 2010
2568:AFP, 4 March 2010
2540:AFP, 3 March 2010
1669:Le RPT vote Faure
1321:candlelight vigil
1311:
1310:
1130:Jean-Pierre Fabre
997:Jean-Pierre Fabre
914:Gilchrist Olympio
754:Jean-Pierre Fabre
740:consumer spending
726:Folly Bazi Katari
570:Gilchrist Olympio
538:Jean-Pierre Fabre
518:
517:
475:Africa portal
452:Visa requirements
411:Foreign relations
398:Political parties
354:Recent elections
294:National Assembly
197:
196:
193:
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178:Elected President
152:
151:
104:Jean-Pierre Fabre
65:
64:
3437:
3300:French elections
3080:
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3068:
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3038:
3037:AFP, 29 May 2010
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2015:
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1110:Faure Gnassingbé
1090:
993:Faure Gnassingbé
986:French president
802:LĂ©opold Gnininvi
717:Faure Gnassingbé
526:Faure Gnassingbé
510:
503:
496:
473:
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257:Faure Gnassingbé
215:
204:Politics of Togo
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183:Faure Gnassingbé
168:Faure Gnassingbé
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98:Faure Gnassingbé
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3019:
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3004:
2999:
2995:
2989:
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2897:
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2872:Fabre rit jaune
2870:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2851:
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2836:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2806:
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2776:
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2749:
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2740:Wayback Machine
2731:
2727:
2719:Scott Stearns,
2718:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2693:Wayback Machine
2684:Scott Stearns,
2683:
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2529:
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2517:
2500:
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2489:
2486:Wayback Machine
2477:
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2068:
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2059:Wayback Machine
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2046:
2038:
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2025:Wayback Machine
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:Wayback Machine
1994:
1987:
1981:
1978:Wayback Machine
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1962:
1956:
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1941:
1938:Wayback Machine
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:Wayback Machine
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:Wayback Machine
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:Wayback Machine
1865:Yamgnane recalé
1863:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:Wayback Machine
1805:
1801:
1793:
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1418:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1374:
1369:
1337:Gilbert Houngbo
1316:
1209:Bassabi Kagbara
1150:Yawovi Agboyibo
1082:
1005:
989:Nicolas Sarkozy
982:
966:Blaise Compaoré
898:
893:
838:
747:Yawovi Agboyibo
710:Bassabi Kagbara
663:
594:
514:
485:
481:Other countries
469:
467:
462:
461:
443:
431:
413:
403:
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392:
379:Parliamentary:
373:
350:
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310:
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289:
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206:
185:
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50:
48:
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
3443:
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3094:
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3086:
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3073:
3071:
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3063:
3056:
3048:
3040:
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3033:Emile Kouton,
3023:
3008:
2993:
2978:
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2564:Emile Kouton,
2557:
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2415:
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2255:
2233:
2211:
2189:
2167:
2145:
2123:
2101:
2088:
2066:
2044:
2032:
2010:
1985:
1960:
1945:
1923:
1901:
1879:
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1837:
1821:
1799:
1776:
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1462:Un homme libre
1454:
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1370:
1368:
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1257:
1256:
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1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1228:Nicolas Lawson
1225:
1222:
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1218:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1170:Agbéyomé Kodjo
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1127:
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1123:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1081:
1078:
1071:Gilbert Bawara
1004:
1001:
981:
978:
960:, mediated by
939:Pascal Bodjona
919:Abdoulaye Wade
912:UFC President
905:(UFC) and the
897:
896:Election rules
894:
892:
889:
837:
834:
790:Patrick Lawson
732:Agbéyomé Kodjo
677:, who led the
662:
659:
644:Pascal Bodjona
625:European Union
593:
590:
516:
515:
513:
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505:
498:
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487:
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477:
464:
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364:
360:Presidential:
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316:
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264:Prime Minister
261:
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94:
90:
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75:
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66:
63:
62:
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33:
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10:
9:
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4:
3:
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3301:
3297:
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3288:
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3101:
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3093:
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3087:
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3069:
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3062:
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3036:
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3009:
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2982:
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2957:
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2796:
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2763:
2756:
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2734:
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2554:
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2547:
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2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:The Telegraph
2504:
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2256:
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2205:
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2183:
2179:
2176:
2171:
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2161:
2157:
2154:
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2146:
2139:
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2127:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
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2078:
2075:
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2067:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1932:
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1917:
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1399:
1397:
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1379:
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1373:
1366:
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1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
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1340:
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1333:
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1325:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1298:
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1234:
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1198:
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1128:
1126:
1125:
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1118:
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1111:
1108:
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1105:
1091:
1086:
1079:
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1022:
1018:
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998:
994:
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987:
979:
977:
975:
969:
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959:
954:
952:
951:Solitoki Esso
947:
944:
940:
936:
931:
928:
924:
920:
915:
910:
908:
904:
895:
891:Controversies
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
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869:
867:
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859:
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851:
847:
843:
835:
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826:
821:
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811:
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803:
799:
798:François Boko
793:
791:
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:United States
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
723:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
683:Kofi Yamgnane
681:, as well as
680:
676:
672:
668:
660:
658:
655:
651:
647:
645:
641:
640:civil service
636:
634:
631:(9.1 million
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
602:civil society
599:
591:
589:
587:
583:
577:
575:
571:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
511:
506:
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491:
489:
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482:
479:
478:
476:
466:
465:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
436:
433:
432:
426:
425:Robert Dussey
422:
419:
418:
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415:
412:
407:
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399:
396:
389:
388:
384:
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378:
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344:
343:
336:
333:
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328:
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314:
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304:
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297:
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285:
284:
277:
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270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
235:
232:
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228:
223:
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219:
218:
214:
210:
209:
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200:
189:
188:
184:
179:
176:
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169:
164:
161:
160:
155:
147:
145:
142:
139:
138:
134:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
99:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
61: →
60:
57:
55:
45:
43:
40:←
39:
38:
34:
22:
16:
3425:2010 in Togo
3153:
3137:
3011:
2996:
2981:
2966:
2951:
2936:
2921:
2909:
2894:
2882:
2867:
2852:
2837:
2822:
2765:
2750:
2728:
2715:
2700:
2680:
2634:
2590:
2560:
2518:. Retrieved
2506:
2496:
2474:
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2440:
2418:
2396:
2374:
2342:
2280:
2258:
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2214:
2192:
2170:
2148:
2126:
2104:
2091:
2069:
2047:
2035:
2013:
1948:
1926:
1904:
1882:
1824:
1802:
1730:
1708:
1686:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1601:
1586:
1553:
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1487:
1472:
1457:
1425:
1410:
1361:
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956:At talks in
955:
948:
932:
911:
899:
885:
881:
877:
874:
870:
855:
849:
842:the Alliance
839:
822:
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751:
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730:
714:
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656:
652:
648:
637:
622:
610:
606:Henri Kolani
595:
578:
566:
546:
519:
386:
367:
234:Human rights
227:Constitution
181:
177:
166:
162:
143:
130:
96:
46:
15:
3342:Referendums
3020:(in French)
3005:(in French)
2990:(in French)
2975:(in French)
2960:(in French)
2945:(in French)
2930:(in French)
2903:(in French)
2876:(in French)
2861:(in French)
2846:(in French)
2831:(in French)
2759:(in French)
2744:(in French)
2709:(in French)
2490:(in French)
2456:(in French)
2434:(in French)
2412:(in French)
2390:(in French)
2351:(in French)
2296:(in French)
2274:(in French)
2252:(in French)
2230:(in French)
2208:(in French)
2186:(in French)
2164:(in French)
2142:(in French)
2120:(in French)
2085:(in French)
2063:(in French)
2029:(in French)
2007:(in French)
1982:(in French)
1957:(in French)
1942:(in French)
1920:(in French)
1898:(in French)
1876:(in French)
1834:(in French)
1818:(in French)
1773:(in French)
1746:(in French)
1724:(in French)
1702:(in French)
1680:(in French)
1655:(in French)
1640:(in French)
1625:(in French)
1610:(in French)
1595:(in French)
1580:(in French)
1562:(in French)
1547:(in French)
1525:(in French)
1503:(in French)
1481:(in French)
1466:(in French)
1451:(in French)
1419:(in French)
1389:(in French)
1282:Total votes
1260:Valid votes
1029:to use the
958:Ouagadougou
675:Dahuku Péré
667:Nyékonakpoé
457:Visa policy
330:Prefectures
140:Percentage
3409:Categories
3359:1946 (Oct)
3354:1946 (May)
3323:1946 (Nov)
3318:1946 (Jun)
3313:1946 (Feb)
2926:Houngbo II
2509:. London.
1367:References
980:Corruption
964:President
850:Alternance
810:Alternance
661:Candidates
629:CFA francs
592:Background
288:Parliament
246:Government
51:2010-03-04
2842:Parricide
2515:0307-1235
1314:Aftermath
1296:3,227,492
1285:2,119,829
1263:2,040,546
1248:2,040,546
1119:1,242,409
1093:Candidate
962:Burkinabé
617:consensus
348:Elections
299:President
252:President
131:1,242,409
2736:Archived
2689:Archived
2482:Archived
2448:Archived
2426:Archived
2404:Archived
2382:Archived
2288:Archived
2266:Archived
2244:Archived
2222:Archived
2200:Archived
2178:Archived
2156:Archived
2134:Archived
2112:Archived
2077:Archived
2055:Archived
2021:Archived
1999:Archived
1974:Archived
1934:Archived
1912:Archived
1890:Archived
1868:Archived
1810:Archived
1765:Archived
1738:Archived
1716:Archived
1694:Archived
1672:Archived
1539:Archived
1517:Archived
1495:Archived
1304:Source:
921:won the
887:untrue.
858:Atakpamé
836:Campaign
763:backache
559:and the
447:Passport
421:Minister
135:692,554
93:Nominee
1139:692,554
1080:Results
1003:Conduct
935:dollars
927:Senegal
439:in Togo
335:Cantons
325:Regions
148:33.94%
74:
49: (
2520:22 May
2513:
1288:100.00
1274:79,283
1251:100.00
1199:13,452
1179:17,393
1159:60,370
844:, the
689:under
687:France
144:60.89%
112:Party
1299:65.68
1266:96.26
1245:Total
1237:6,027
1217:8,341
1142:33.94
1122:60.89
1099:Votes
1096:Party
3394:1992
3389:1979
3384:1972
3379:1963
3374:1961
3369:1958
3364:1956
3349:1945
3333:1956
3328:1951
3308:1945
3290:2019
3285:1987
3269:2024
3253:2024
3248:2018
3243:2013
3238:2007
3233:2002
3228:1999
3223:1994
3218:1990
3213:1985
3208:1979
3203:1963
3198:1961
3193:1958
3188:1955
3183:1952
3178:1951
3173:1946
3154:2025
3148:2020
3143:2015
3138:2010
3133:2005
3128:2003
3123:1998
3118:1993
3113:1986
3108:1979
3103:1963
3098:1961
2522:2018
2511:ISSN
1277:3.74
1240:0.30
1220:0.41
1202:0.66
1182:0.85
1162:2.96
1031:VSAT
866:Kara
722:Lomé
696:The
671:Lomé
633:euro
582:Lomé
522:Togo
387:2024
381:2018
368:2025
362:2020
59:2015
42:2005
925:in
187:RPT
172:RPT
121:UFC
116:RPT
3411::
3026:^
2807:^
2792:^
2777:^
2664:^
2646:^
2618:^
2603:^
2573:^
2545:^
2530:^
2505:.
2357:^
2324:^
2302:^
1988:^
1963:^
1857:^
1840:^
1779:^
1752:^
1661:^
1568:^
1437:^
1395:^
1375:^
693:.
669:,
437:/
423::
301::
3067:e
3060:t
3053:v
2524:.
1102:%
509:e
502:t
495:v
53:)
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