2011 South Sudanese independence referendum

77: 1907: 1505: 2144: 799: 1469:, suggested the vote may have to be postponed. "According to the reality on the ground...border issues and Abyei must be resolved within the framework of one nation because doing so in the framework of two countries open the door for foreign interference. The referendum is not a goal but a tool to consolidate and promote security and stability. This is illegal and will not be recognized by the African Union or the other because it would contradict the peace agreement and its procedures." Sudan's UN ambassador 210: 2088:. In the United States, where an estimated 25,000 to 50,000 South Sudanese nationals reside, polling booths were opened in eight states: Virginia, Massachusetts, Illinois, Texas, Tennessee, Nebraska, Arizona and Washington. Similar polling booths were set up in the Canadian cities of Calgary and Toronto, to cater to the South Sudanese community there; an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 Sudanese live in Canada, about 2,200 of whom had registered to vote in either of the two cities. 238: 972: 2222: 1926:, consisting of 30,000 ballots in 10 polling stations, the sample had a 95% turnout with 96% in favour of secession, 3% in favour of unity and the rest invalid. Mohamed Ibrahim Khalil, chairman of the referendum commission, said 83 percent of eligible voters in the south and 53 percent in the north had voted. The South Sudan Referendum Commission affirmed the validity of the vote, however the vote was still ongoing at the time. 1791: 5738: 1446: 38: 788: 1675:, the president of the southern region and the first vice president of Sudan, said that the referendum's timing was important as there was "a risk of a return to war in case of delay or denial of this exercise, and it would be on a very massive scale." Kuol Deim Kuol, the spokesman for the SPLM's military, accused the NCP of "just looking for a pretext of starting a war" and called Suwar a "war monger." 779:(or CPA), in October 2009, the central government of Sudan and the South Sudanese government agreed that turnout would have to be at least 60% of 3,800,000 voters would be necessary to validate. In this case, a simple majority vote in favour of independence would result in secession for South Sudan; should the turnout be insufficient in the first referendum, a second one will be held within sixty days. 761:(NCP) and the SPLA/M about what proportion of voters will have to be in favour of independence (the NCP wanted at least 75% support required), whether Southern Sudanese living in the north should be allowed to vote, and the post-referendum separation process (including the division of the national debt). Modest progress was made in early September 2010, but disagreements on fundamental points remain. 956: 887:

secession, "the sentimental unity and social relations between north and south Sudan will remain standing." Al-Bashir vowed that the rights of southern citizens staying in the north after secession would be safeguarded, saying that his party would not allow anyone to infringe on the rights of southerners in the north, their properties, freedoms and residence regardless of citizenship.

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issues for the south: "The stability of the south is very important to us because any instability in the south will have an impact on the north. If there is a war in your neighbour's house, you will not be at peace. The south suffers from many problems. It's been at war since 1959. The south does not have the ability to provide for its citizens or create a state or authority."

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turnout would "exceed" the required 60 percent threshold. Jimmy Carter expressed his belief on 13 January that the referendum would likely meet international standards for both the conduct of the vote and freedom of voters. The United Nations reported that preliminary results would be expected by 2 February 2011, with final results expected within the following two weeks.

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war. "In order to avoid conflict, we could look to a phase-out arrangement whereby you provide the north some until they get an alternative". The pipeline to export southern oil currently cuts through the north, and the south has not begun construction on a pipeline that would avoid that route. In an article published by

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during the civil war returned in the months and weeks leading up to the referendum, with some southern politicians trying to have them play a role in swinging the vote towards independence. Almost four million citizens registered before the deadline on 5 December; as the stream of returnees continued

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An early poll of 1,400 individuals was carried out by a coalition of civil society organisations in Southern Sudan prior to the January referendum, indicating that 97% of voters would likely vote for secession. According to John Andruga, chairman of the coalition, 100% of respondents in the states of

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at an African Union summit. Abdel-Aziz congratulated Kiir for on a successful referendum process. He lauded "the wisdom and courage" of people of South Sudan people for a peaceful resolution of the conflict and expressed his hope that post-referendum arrangements and agreements could be finishing in

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Domestic observation organisations also deployed Sudanese men and women to observe the process, these included the Sudanese Network for Democratic Elections (SuNDE), the Sudan Domestic Elections Monitoring Programme (SuDEMOP) and the Sudanese Group for Democracy and Elections (SuGDE). Other national

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The United States extended sanctions against Sudan on 1 November 2010 in order to pressure the government to stick to the referendum deadline. The US then offered to drop Sudan from a US list of state-sponsors of terrorism if the two referendums were held on time and the results were respected. They

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The 2008 census reported the total population of South Kordofan at 1,406,404 (though the SPLA claims many ethnic Nuba living in remote regions were not counted). This figure includes the Abyei region and it is not known how many are Nuba, Ngok and Baggara. During the 2010 National Assembly election,

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tribe, said he would not accept Abyei's seceding and joining the south even though the latter favored secession. "If the Dinka take this decision – to annex Abyei to the south – there will be an immediate war without any excuse. We think they should be reasonable and think about it. They should know

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Negotiations continue between the ruling parties in the north and south on potential post-referendum arrangements—looking at future issues such as citizenship, security, finance and wealth sharing. Minister of Petroleum Mr. Deng said he fears that an immediate budget cut for the north would ignite a

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announced that, according to their estimates, the 60 percent turnout threshold required for the referendum's validity (corresponding to around 2.3 million voters) had been reached. Official confirmation came later the same day when the referendum commission released a statement announcing that

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The NCP accused the SPLM of discouraging southerners who were living in the north of the country from registering, as the SPLM threatened not to recognize the referendum if its demands were not met. Southerners in the North were reluctant to vote because of fears of being uprooted from their homes.

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On 7 February 2011, the referendum commission published the final results, with a landslide majority of 98.83% voting in favour of independence. While the ballots were suspended in 10 of the 79 counties for exceeding 100% of the voter turnout, the number of votes was still well over the requirement

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Sudan's president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, accused the SPLM of breaching the terms of the peace deal and warned of a return to conflict if the disputes were not settled before the referendum. Despite that, he said he was committed to holding the referendum, but insisted on settling differences over

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and Khartoum. When the fighting ended, only about half the population survived. The rest either surrendered and moved north or were killed during the fighting. After the signing of the peace accord, some of the Nuba returned to the mountains, but the tribal elders refused to re-admit them into the

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and was targeted by the northern forces during the civil war. The total population stands at 832,112 according to the Election Commission. During the 2010 provincial elections, the NCP won 29 out of the 48 seats, while the SPLM won 17 seats. In the National Assembly elections, the NCP won 6 out of

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Talks on resolving the status and of the eligibility criteria for voters in the disputed Abyei region broke down in October 2010, although both the central ruling NCP and southern SPLM said their respective teams "will meet again in Ethiopia toward the end of October to continue their discussions.

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between the north and south of the country. However, President Omar al-Bashir said it was not being considered because the issue of the referendum was about "unity or separation. Our brothers in the south are refusing at the moment the proposal of confederation. If the separation was the result of

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National campaigns were being held by both parties to address issues of potential clashes ahead of the referendum. President Al-Bashir wanted to reassure and assuage tension surrounding the issue of citizenship rights in the case of South Sudan secession. He said that even if southerners opted for

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Sudanese officials have said throughout campaigning that, regardless of their pro-unity or pro-separatist stance, the ultimate aim was a peaceful transition. Vice President Kiir acknowledged his administration had failed to deliver "the dividends of peace", and noted that a campaign to confiscate

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were given the opportunity to vote in the referendum from special polling stations as some tribes advocated unity and others supported separation with possible ominous precedence for Darfur itself. Polling stations were also set up in eight countries with large South Sudanese populations, namely

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Ahmed Harun of NCP defeated Abdelaziz al-Hilu of the SPLM in the 2011 South Kordofan Gubernatorial elections. Harun received 201,455 votes compared to Hilu's 194,955 votes. NCP won 33 seats in the legislature to SPLM's 22 seats. SPLM refused to acknowledge the results, accusing the NCP of voter

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said that the southern region had a right to choose to secede and that the referendum was helpful because unity "could not be forced by power." He also said he would respect the outcome of the vote and support the south. However, he also said that though secession was a right it may not resolve

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Normally, the UN does not deploy electoral observers, however, in response to a request from the parties of the CPA, the United Nations Secretary-General's Panel on the Referenda in Sudan was established. The panel is composed of three senior officials, former Tanzania President

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Didiri Mohammad Ahmad, an NCP official, said it was "not possible" to hold the referendum on the future of Abyei on time, and it could be delayed for months or be settled without a vote. He added that "We agreed that in the next talks we will try to look for other alternatives."

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that "It is evident that any attempt to conduct the plebiscite before achieving an acceptable settlement between the two parties will mean only a return to war." The United States said it was working to avoid the "danger" that would follow the failure to hold the referendum.

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said the result of the vote was "inspiring" as voters decided "their own future another step forward in Africa's long journey toward justice and democracy". He also said that the United States would recognize South Sudan's independence when it is formalized in July.

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where many African countries took sides, rendering sovereignty ineffective; tribal prejudices and preferential service that dominate African politics; failure of governments to provide basic freedoms such as guaranteeing full citizenship for all.

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dismissed these claims as "a conspiracy theory," adding "It's a very fragmented community here along tribal lines." Although over 99% of those in the South voted for independence, 42% of those who lived in the north at the time voted for unity.

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reported that the Sudanese central government in Khartoum had begun to recall ambassadors named by the SPLA as part of the CPA and had stopped shipping material for passports to Juba. Sudan also became the first state to recognize South Sudan.

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tribe and police in Abyei. The SPLA/M said the fighting started a day earlier because of the Misseriya. One day into the vote, on 10 January, a further 6 people were killed in clashes near Abyei, bringing the total to 30 dead in that region.

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in the south saying the referendum would be successful as southerners "reject the policy of this government" and the north would then be a "failed state." In return, the government declared Minnawi an "enemy" and closed his Khartoum office.

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to the west, where civilians who have fled attacks refuse to take part in census out of fear that the government would use the results against them. Darfuri rebel groups are unanimous in their denunciation of the planned census, while the

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on 21 September 2010, Deng noted that an interim agreement could help both north and south and result in a "win-win". The northern government said it would assume most of the country's $ 38,000,000,000 debt if secession was voted upon.

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have been split as to their support for or against separation; members of some tribes advocate unity, while members of other tribes supported separation. Some Canadian Sudanese have called for a boycott of the referendum, accusing the

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The prerequisites for the referendum included a census, which was used to define how wealth and political power will be apportioned between regions. The census was the basis of a voter registration process, which was also used for the

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New names for an independent country were being suggested, with South Sudan being controversial as it does not offer a break from Sudan. Over 12 names had been suggested, including: Nile Republic, Jubian Republic, Kush Republic and

1669:" by allowing open campaigning and the withdrawal of their soldiers from southern areas. He also said that the potential borders between them would have to be drawn up pending redeployment of the SPLM's forces to the 1956 border. 1653:

Authorities in both the north and south of Sudan have been accused of harassment and intimidation against the media in order to avoid dissenting coverage. Rights groups warned the media could be slapped with further restrictions.

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said the meeting sought to ensure the referendum could be held in a "climate of freedom, transparency, and credibility, reflecting the will of the sons of the south" and also that both the South and North could strengthen bonds.

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agreed to a ceasefire agreement after nearly a year of fighting, meaning a halt to military operations, troop movement and recruitment by either side. The agreement was seen as important for a "peaceful voting environment".

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Following concerns from the UN about delays, representatives of both regions affirmed a commitment to hold the referendum on time; a media campaign was also launched to raise awareness and increase the turnout.

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During the 2010 Presidential elections, the NCP received 69.3% of the votes in South Kordofan and 56.6% in the Blue Nile, while the SPLM received 18.5% of the votes in South Kordofan and 32.7% in the Blue Nile.

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Despite calls from the government in southern Sudan that northerners living in the south should be protected, some northerners who were uncertain of their future in an independent state started heading north.

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The day before voting began, at least six people were killed in clashes between South Sudan security forces and a pro-Khartoum Sudan militia in Unity state. One person was also killed in clashes between the

721:, funding difficulties and an enormous logistical challenge. In the south, unmapped minefields from the war continue to make movement difficult, while up to 5,000,000 Sudanese are nomadic. Up to 2,000,000 3776: 3519: 1728:

In December 2010, the Constitutional Court agreed to carry out an investigation into a petition filed by local lawyers seeking the dissolution of the electoral body that was organizing the referendum.

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analysis said a few reasons for seeking secession were: a lack of expertise by post-colonial political elites in governing their respective countries and managing natural resources; the impact of the

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the 10 seats, while the SPLM got 4. However, the SPLM accused the NCP of fraud. The separate gubernatorial election was won by the SPLM candidate, who polled almost 5% votes more than his NCP rival.

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during 1980. A total of 99 different tribes used to live in this region. When the civil war broke out during the late 1980s, the Nuba aligned with the SPLA. The vast majority of Nuba were taken as

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The government Sudan asked the UN for the printing of ballots for the referendum as diplomats and the electoral commission warned of any further delay would miss the deadline to hold the election.

4669: 4561: 5425: 4969: 717:, which in turn set the stage for the referendum. The census was delayed three times. Problems included disagreements between the north and south over what they are obliged to do by the 4939: 3347: 1778:

the latter two could be reluctant to support a new independent southern Sudan as a recognition thereof could "send a very clear message to these groups in their struggle for autonomy."

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The SPLM proposed naming the country South Sudan, with Nile Republic, Jubian Republic, Kush Republic as other possibilities. The country was then officially named the Republic of

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Muslims in the border provinces of the South also expressed fear of a campaign of violence that could be unleashed as a consequence of the referendum. Many feared a return to

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for Sudan), also made visits to Sudan during the referendum period. Several major regional organisations deployed international observers, including the African Union, the

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Despite rifts amongst Southern parties, more than 20 parties ironed over their differences to put a show of unity before the referendum. Saudi Arabian Foreign Minister

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Religion was also expected to significantly influence the referendum. Christian commentators have noted that there is a "climate of chronic discrimination against

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tribes as they feared the abductees (mostly young men) were too Islamised. They were finally allowed back into the tribal fold after a 6-month re-education camp.

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would not be allowed. According to the CPA, 20 percent of civil service jobs were reserved for southerners, which would then be lost if the country splits.

5775: 4252: 4019: 3168: 1687:, should the referendum fail because of the increasingly heated rhetoric. Along with Chad, Sudan sought to secure the border area ahead of the referendum. 1418: 347: 5693: 4992: 3232: 3007: 2981: 4824: 4226: 4191: 4161: 3306: 2284: 2100:, which was tasked with operating the vote in that country, of "being influenced by the government in Khartoum." Calgary-based journalist Mading Ngor of 1862: 520: 516: 5452: 4569: 4075: 3696: 3202: 3145: 3037: 1621:

Questions were also asked about the status of tribes such as the Nuba and Misseriya of South Kordofan that inhabit the border regions with South Sudan.

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The Minister of Cooperatives and Rural Development Jimmy Lemi Milla was shot dead in his office along with his bodyguard in an apparent personal feud.

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later went to Sudan to try to assuage the conflict, though both men had previously called for the country to stay united. Egypt's Foreign Minister

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Questions were asked if a positive vote on the referendum would set a precedent for other secessionist movements on the African continent. An

5816: 5750: 1662: 995: 634: 570: 263: 2799: 2422: 5798: 5763: 5631: 5224: 2947: 2838: 1282: 1278: 1039: 905:, the southern capital, and the wider region was said to be jubilant with final pro-secession rallies celebrating independence in advance. 456: 451: 5644: 4621: 1629:

When questioned in a poll prior to the official referendum, 97% of South Sudanese people said that they would be voting for independence.

1504: 5485: 3663: 5873: 1262: 3718: 1906: 4798: 1842: 1242: 327: 4961: 1720:, quit the agreement and resigned his post as Special Advisor to the President, saying the deal had failed. He consequently moved to 1661:(NCP) suggested the government "may not recognise the results" and would "talk to ... the USA and the UN and the AU and say that the 5868: 5712: 4931: 1138: 5788: 5783: 4538: 2114: 1018: 627: 493: 5666: 3324: 5625:– Sudan Vote Monitor is a collaboration of several Sudanese civil society organisations for independent monitoring of elections 3119: 2684: 2395: 2335: 2143: 1411: 1383: 1331: 1013: 582: 412: 334: 3803: 2768: 2452: 1705:

also said the referendum could "reignite violence...rather than bring peace," while he said the vote must be "fair and free."

5515: 3395: 1230: 1225: 1220: 714: 528: 422: 2741: 2710: 2598: 2571: 2541: 2510: 5878: 5129: 4718: 2309: 2206: 1666: 1440: 776: 751: 667: 275: 3916: 3835: 5883: 5853: 5357: 4436: 2887: 2620: 1878: 1466: 1065: 772:, without a clear reference to referendums and/or independence, would raise concerns about the future of these regions. 614: 3484: 1563:

The SPLA controls four counties in Southern Kordofan: Lagawa, Kadugli, Rashad and Dilling. In 2005, the Arab dominated

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Voting on the referendum began on 9 January 2011. On 12 January, after three days of voting, representatives of the

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the NCP won 13 out of the 17 seats, while the SPLM won 4 seats. The gubernatorial elections were postponed to 2011.

3515: 1404: 1255: 1177: 1044: 891: 543: 295: 5387: 4071: 3458: 1877:, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal António Monteiro, and Bhojraj Pokharel, a former Chairman of the 1091: 5863: 4379: 1691: 1684: 1658: 758: 375: 307: 5096: 5074: 4996: 4647: 4644:"EU Election Observation Mission to Sudan 2011 – EU EOM Sudan 2011 – Election Observation – European Commission" 4618:"Arrival Statement of the African Union Observer Mission to the Southern Sudan Referendum. | African Union" 4045: 3029: 1470: 1115: 4872: 4183: 4127: 437: 368: 5622: 4820: 3224: 3003: 2921: 1535:

and Koma are dominant in the South. The Northern part, however, has an Arab majority, although the enclave of

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Electoral Designs – Proportionality, representation, and constituency boundaries in Sudan's 2010 elections

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The precedence of the vote was seen as important because most African states' borders were decided during

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and other minorities." For some, religion was not the issue, while other southerners objected to alleged "

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again partook in a statement before the referendum in lauding al-Bashir's statement to respect the vote.

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Observers and key players feared violence ahead of the South Sudan referendum for a variety of reasons.

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said that the prospective support for the referendum would be "the real independence day for Sudan."

4902: 1845:, visited Southern Sudan three times during the referendum period, including during polling. Actor 1690:

In addition to warnings of civil war, it was also read that a possible civil war could involve the

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The parties continue to commit themselves to their mutual goal of avoiding a return to conflict."

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the referendum, the two sides are going to negotiate over the future of relations between them."

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could lead: East Sudan and Darfur, Nigeria or South Africa. As two important members of the

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advocated separation of the country citing unity as a "bad forced marriage." Its chairman

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times which resulted in a heterogeneous mix of religions, ethnicities, and cultures. The

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that those who are pushing them to take that decision will not give them any back-up."

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would vote for secession. A similar survey carried out one year prior by the US-based

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on whether to become part of South Sudan but it was postponed due to conflict over

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or become independent. The referendum was one of the consequences of the 2005

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Early during the referendum process, an Egyptian proposal was made to have a

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Southern Sudan Referendum Commission and Southern Sudan Referendum Bureau

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unabated, however, many arrived too late to register for the referendum.

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from 9 to 15 January 2011, on whether the region should remain a part of

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of 60% turnout, and the majority vote for secession is not in question.

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Amongst the issues to be handled by a new government are job creation.

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Minni Minnawi, the only Sudan Liberation Army faction signatory to the

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the shared border and how to share the oil, debt and Nile river water.

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Sudan Referendum: "A Real Turning Point for the People of Africa"

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the interim period before statehood. He also briefed Kiir of the

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said that the referendum represented a "new chapter" for Sudan.

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civil society organisations were also accredited as observers.

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As voting ended, Sudan again vowed to recognise the result.

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Citing these examples, it asked where such a precedent for

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had indicated that 90% of voters would vote for secession.

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a – group of Sudanese journalists covering the referendum.

5071:"US Vice President Lands in Afghanistan in Surprise Visit" 4562:"Kerry hails peaceful independence vote in southern Sudan" 3725:. Australia. Associated Press. 9 July 2010. Archived from 5602:

Southern Sudan Referendum Results website (SSRC and SSRB)

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation

2621:"The Nuba Mountains - straddling the north-south divide" 844: Abyei (referendum for 2011 postponed indefinitely) 4435:

McDoom, Opheera (14 December 2010). Pearce, Tim (ed.).

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The Youth and Sports Minister, Haj Majid Suwar, of the

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Registration for the vote started on 15 November with

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Republic of South Sudan: Challenges and Opportunities

4746:. Democracysudan.org. 20 January 2011. Archived from 5418:"Sudan after the referendum: a test case for Africa" 3909:"Unabhängigkeits-Referendum im Süd-Sudan am Sonntag" 3571:"Sudan state poll results 'credible': Carter Centre" 1547:

The Nuba Mountain was home to some 1,000,000 ethnic

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In the Blue Nile, African ethnic groups such as the

5825: 5809: 5774: 5749: 5020:"S.Sudan early returns show big vote for secession" 3777:"'Slaves' aim to separate from Arabs in Sudan vote" 3573:. Agence France-Presse. 19 May 2011. Archived from 3508:

SUDAN'S SOUTHERN KORDOFAN PROBLEM: THE NEXT DARFUR?

2595:"Will Sudan's Nuba Mountains be left high and dry?" 90: 4993:"Turnout in Southern Sudan vote passes 60 percent" 5073:. Almanar.com.lb. 26 January 2011. Archived from 3383: 3381: 1837:international observation delegation. US Senator 754:group has threatened to attack any census-taker. 5119:"Southern Sudan Referendum Final Results Report" 4488:"South Sudan: Army in Talks With Jonglei Rebels" 4437:"Sudan's highest court to probe vote complaints" 3112:"Sudan says referendum may need to be postponed" 1922:According to preliminary counts reviewed by the 1599:." Some Southern Sudanese had also claimed that 764:It is envisaged that "popular consultations" in 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5612:USAID Support to the Southern Sudan Referendum 4592:"Front page | Satellite Sentinel Project" 2765:"Is Sudan heading for an acrimonious divorce?" 2644: 2642: 2336:"Southern Sudan Focuses on January Referendum" 2117:and a rebel faction led by Lieutenant General 1524:is more complex as ethnic data is less clear. 996:4 August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration 864:arms was a solution to maintaining stability. 700:The predetermined date for the creation of an 18:2011 Southern Sudanese independence referendum 5720: 5607:UNDP Support to the Southern Sudan Referendum 4496:. 24 December 2012 – via AllAfrica.com. 3346:Marc Gustafson (2010). Emily Walmsley (ed.). 1412: 635: 8: 5508:"South Sudan chosen as name for new country" 4926: 4924: 3719:"6 Months Until South Sudan Votes to Secede" 2675:Abdelrahman, Abdellatif (31 December 2009). 2040:Source: Southern Sudan Referendum Commission 29: 4744:"Sudanese Network for Democratic Elections" 3833:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYdu2qdpElw 2677:"Darfur NCP Civil Society groups to Where?" 827:Eastern Front, area of operations July 2006 30:2011 South Sudanese independence referendum 5727: 5713: 5705: 3449: 3447: 2445:"South Sudan backs independence – results" 2285:1999 East Timorese independence referendum 1931: 1863:Intergovernmental Authority on Development 1825:, former United Nations Secretary-General 1419: 1405: 941: 642: 628: 223: 3842:South Sudan's Muslims welcome secession, 3683: 3681: 2419:"Historic day ahead after decades of war" 2310:"Sudan Referendum Has Peaceful First Day" 1491:, who dominate the region along with the 1184:Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council 5743:Elections and referendums in South Sudan 2290:2006 Montenegrin independence referendum 2098:International Organization for Migration 1744:'s militia and the SPLA clashed outside 96: 5332:"Clashes during south Sudan referendum" 2915: 2913: 2888:"South Sudan independence vote at risk" 2886:Hamilton, Rebecca (12 September 2010). 2823:"South Sudan Moves Toward Independence" 2300: 2038: 2027: 2016: 2005: 1994: 1983: 1979: 1968: 966: 944: 729:, in the centre of the country, whilst 676:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement 248: 226: 81:People celebrating the independence of 5356:O'Kadameri, Billie (13 January 2011). 4026:from the original on 26 September 2010 3802:Fleishman, Jeffrey (10 January 2011). 3779:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 3775:Lavallee, Guillaume (9 January 2011). 3389:"NATIONAL ASSEMBLY – SEAT ALLOCATIONS" 3305:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3298: 2113:Several days before voting began, the 1484:Abyei was not finalized for the vote. 741:. A further complication results from 725:from the south remain in camps around 28: 5518:from the original on 31 December 2017 5488:from the original on 6 September 2017 5275:"Sudan's SPLA signs pact with rebels" 4797:. United Nations. 21 September 2010. 4515:from the original on 31 December 2010 4416:from the original on 15 December 2010 4255:from the original on 13 November 2010 4194:from the original on 14 December 2010 4184:"Sudan, Chad in joint army operation" 4046:"Bashir warns of new Sudan civil war" 3973:from the original on 30 December 2010 3857:"Mixed feelings about Sudan's future" 3699:from the original on 23 December 2010 3461:from the original on 20 December 2010 3142:"Sudan warns of civil war over Abyei" 3122:from the original on 24 November 2010 3040:from the original on 22 December 2010 2898:from the original on 11 November 2012 2792:"Popular consultations must go ahead" 2771:from the original on 17 December 2018 2744:from the original on 15 February 2010 2732:Aleu, Philip Thon (21 October 2009). 2687:from the original on 16 December 2009 2574:from the original on 11 February 2010 2544:from the original on 11 February 2010 2455:from the original on 25 November 2018 2028: 2017: 2006: 1995: 1984: 1936: 757:There were disagreements between the 7: 5597:Southern Sudan Referendum Commission 5455:from the original on 31 January 2011 5368:from the original on 23 January 2011 5311:from the original on 10 January 2011 5305:"Deadly clashes ahead of Sudan vote" 5227:from the original on 12 January 2011 4991:Straziuso, Jason (12 January 2011). 4972:from the original on 15 January 2011 4942:from the original on 15 January 2011 4909:from the original on 10 January 2011 4883:from the original on 3 November 2012 4873:"Registration starts for Sudan vote" 4827:from the original on 6 February 2011 4670:"Southern Sudan Observation Mission" 4541:from the original on 9 February 2011 4537:. Cartercenter.org. 3 January 2011. 4507:Fakude, Thembisa (7 November 2010). 4468:from the original on 13 January 2011 4386:from the original on 6 February 2011 4360:from the original on 30 January 2011 4307:from the original on 3 February 2011 4301:"US offers Sudan 'terror list' deal" 4281:from the original on 5 February 2011 4229:from the original on 31 January 2011 4164:from the original on 31 January 2011 4138:from the original on 1 December 2010 4108:from the original on 1 December 2010 4078:from the original on 3 February 2011 4052:from the original on 31 January 2011 3999:from the original on 30 January 2011 3965:Wander, Andrew (24 September 2010). 3940:"Nearly 4m set for south Sudan vote" 3889:from the original on 29 January 2011 3863:from the original on 18 January 2011 3814:from the original on 19 January 2011 3756:from the original on 9 November 2012 3255:"Tribe warns of war over Sudan vote" 3225:"Caught in Sudan's ethnic faultline" 3205:from the original on 2 December 2010 3175:from the original on 31 October 2010 3148:from the original on 3 February 2011 3092:from the original on 31 January 2011 3066:from the original on 31 January 2011 3010:from the original on 6 February 2011 3004:"Al-Bashir troubled over Sudan vote" 2984:from the original on 14 January 2011 2928:from the original on 13 January 2011 2922:"South Sudanese vote for second day" 2861:"Bashir: Secession is south's right" 2802:from the original on 29 October 2011 2713:from the original on 19 October 2009 2532:Dak, James Gatdet (20 August 2009). 2193:'s process to a similar referendum. 1829:and former Tanzanian Prime Minister 5617:Media in Cooperation and Transition 5449:"Southern Sudanese debate new name" 4853:from the original on 9 January 2011 4821:"Braving odds for South Sudan vote" 4560:Stockman, Farah (10 January 2011). 4380:"Media campaign under way in Sudan" 4334:from the original on 9 January 2011 4072:"Sudan party issues vote ultimatum" 3804:"Southern Sudan votes on secession" 3748:Biggs, Marcia (15 September 2010). 3666:from the original on 8 January 2011 3633:from the original on 7 January 2011 3420:Garang, Ngor Arol (26 April 2010). 3261:from the original on 5 January 2011 3060:"Talks on Sudan's Abyei break down" 2920:Bhaskar, Ranjit (10 January 2011). 2867:from the original on 7 January 2011 2707:"Terms for Sudan referendum agreed" 2656:from the original on 24 August 2012 2593:Martell, Peter (24 November 2009). 2425:from the original on 9 January 2011 2334:Richmond, Matt (16 December 2010). 1910:Voting form used in the referendum. 1555:and forcibly relocated to camps in 5330:Copnall, James (10 January 2011). 5045:"Sudan vote trend points at split" 4328:"US hails Bashir's Sudan comments" 4223:"S Sudan leaders in show of unity" 4158:"South Sudan plagued by war fears" 4018:Varner, Bill (22 September 2010). 3938:Bhaskar, Ranjit (3 January 2011). 3689:"Racism undermines Sudanese unity" 3483:. Nubasurvival.com. Archived from 2513:from the original on 22 April 2008 2181:Salva Kiir met the leaders of the 1843:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1663:Sudan People's Liberation Movement 1583:intimidation and electoral fraud. 1487:Bishtina Mohammed El Salam of the 25: 5658:collected news and commentary at 5647:collected news and commentary at 5570:from the original on 29 June 2011 5544:from the original on 29 June 2011 5428:from the original on 4 March 2016 5398:from the original on 29 June 2011 5246:Karimi, Faith (22 January 2011). 5219:Terrett, John (10 January 2011). 5154:al-Saleh, Omar (9 January 2011). 5128:. 30 January 2011. Archived from 5099:. Almanar.com.lb. 15 January 2011 5051:from the original on 9 March 2011 4676:from the original on 8 March 2011 4650:from the original on 18 July 2011 4594:. Satsentinel.org. Archived from 3995:. Al Jazeera. 28 September 2010. 3946:from the original on 12 July 2012 3607:from the original on 29 June 2011 3518:. 21 October 2008. Archived from 3432:from the original on 29 July 2012 3235:from the original on 13 June 2021 2954:from the original on 16 July 2011 2601:from the original on 6 April 2012 2507:"Sudanese stand up to be counted" 2486:from the original on 4 April 2019 2398:from the original on 15 July 2014 2360:Ibrahim, Mohamed (26 June 2007). 2308:Richmond, Matt (8 January 2011). 5736: 5564:"South Sudan minister shot dead" 5540:. Al Jazeera. 26 February 2011. 5447:Mutasa, Haru (23 January 2011). 5196:. Postmedia News. Archived from 5018:Fick, Maggie (16 January 2011). 4717:. 9 January 2011. Archived from 4462:"Some north Sudanese flee South" 4356:. Al Jazeera. 17 November 2010. 4251:. Al-ManarTV. 15 December 2010. 4128:"South Sudan braces for trouble" 4074:. Al Jazeera. 22 November 2010. 3993:"Sudan ruling party warns south" 3627:"Religion influences Sudan vote" 3327:from the original on 24 May 2011 3086:"Sudan row over Abyei escalates" 2841:from the original on 8 June 2010 2650:"Bashir warns of unstable South" 2505:Henshaw, Amber (21 April 2008). 2220: 1789: 1389:National Human Rights Commission 1073:Transitional Legislative Council 1019:Transitional Sovereignty Council 970: 954: 236: 208: 75: 36: 5566:. Al Jazeera. 9 February 2011. 5273:Mutasa, Haru (6 January 2011). 4847:"Southern Sudanese return home" 4823:. Al Jazeera. 25 October 2010. 4801:from the original on 3 May 2011 4464:. Al Jazeera. 10 January 2011. 4406:"Darfur leader threatens fight" 4382:. Al Jazeera. 3 November 2010. 4354:"Sudan rivals vow to hold poll" 4303:. Al Jazeera. 8 November 2010. 4277:. Al Jazeera. 1 November 2010. 4225:. Al Jazeera. 18 October 2010. 4160:. Al Jazeera. 16 October 2010. 4098:"Hesitancy in Sudan referendum" 4048:. Al Jazeera. 10 October 2010. 3885:. Al Jazeera. 17 January 2011. 3855:Naib, Fatma (16 January 2011). 3652:Carnes, Tony (5 January 2011). 3457:. Lnsart.com. 10 January 2008. 3195:"South Sudan vote put in doubt" 3144:. Al Jazeera. 26 October 2010. 3088:. Al Jazeera. 18 October 2010. 3062:. Al Jazeera. 12 October 2010. 3006:. Al Jazeera. 7 November 2010. 2763:Martell, Peter (20 June 2011). 2474:Pflanz, Mike (8 January 2011). 2417:Bixler, Mark (5 January 2011). 2173:President of the United States 1384:Khartoum massacre investigation 977:Member State of the Arab League 909:Egyptian and Libyan involvement 396:States and administrative areas 5474:Kron, Josh (24 January 2011). 4905:. Al Jazeera. 6 January 2011. 4849:. Al Jazeera. 4 January 2011. 4326:Naib, Fatma (5 January 2011). 4275:"Obama renews Sudan sanctions" 3629:. Al Jazeera. 4 January 2011. 3030:"African leaders calm tension" 2976:Naib, Fatma (9 January 2011). 2863:. Al Jazeera. 4 January 2011. 1614:President Omar al-Bashir said 791:The flag of the Government of 775:According to the terms of the 1: 5889:January 2011 events in Africa 5538:"South Sudan's big challenge" 5422:The Christian Science Monitor 5188:Babin, Tom (9 January 2011). 4995:. Yahoo! News. Archived from 3967:"How Sudan muzzles its media" 2821:Boswell, Alan (5 June 2010). 2207:Organisation of African Unity 1667:Comprehensive Peace Agreement 1643:National Democratic Institute 1441:Abyei status referendum, 2011 1355:African Union and UN in Sudan 892:Justice and Peace Forum Party 777:Comprehensive Peace Agreement 752:Justice and Equality Movement 348:National Legislative Assembly 5158:. Al Jazeera. Archived from 4672:. Igad.int. 5 January 2011. 3547:. Nec.org.sd. Archived from 2386:Vuni, Isaac (12 July 2007). 1879:Election Commission of Nepal 1740:Two days prior to the vote, 1500:South Kurdufan and Blue Nile 1467:Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein 1327:United Nations (UN) in Sudan 723:internally displaced persons 5894:South Sudan–Sudan relations 4903:"South Sudan's lost voters" 3915:(in German). Archived from 2162:Radio France Internationale 1341:Interim Security Force for 1263:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 685:was supposed to be held in 674:central government and the 592:Interim Security Force for 5910: 5874:Referendums in South Sudan 5645:Sudan: One Country or Two? 5156:"Mixed feelings in Darfur" 3516:International Crisis Group 1471:Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman 1465:Sudan's Defense Minister, 1438: 1178:Darfur Regional Government 901:On 8 January, the mood in 715:national elections in 2010 296:Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior 2039: 2029:Registered voters/turnout 1980: 1969: 1958: 1947: 1942: 1939: 838:(held referendum in 2011) 207: 198: 183:Registered voters/turnout 107: 104: 95: 74: 50: 34: 5869:Independence referendums 4620:. Au.int. Archived from 3883:"A question of identity" 3838:11 December 2015 at the 1539:in Tabi Hills is mostly 1139:Administrative divisions 858:(postponed indefinitely) 854:(process suspended) and 389:Administrative divisions 5810:Gubernatorial elections 5776:Parliamentary elections 5024:San Diego Union-Tribune 3654:"The Rush to Reconcile" 2093:South Sudanese diaspora 1665:didn't fulfill the CPA 1659:National Congress Party 1607:affected their choice. 1162:Interim Security Force 759:National Congress Party 229:Politics of South Sudan 154:Invalid or blank votes 5751:Presidential elections 5689:Photo Gallery by USAID 5656:South Sudan Referendum 4509:"A lesson for Africa?" 3455:"Nuba Mountains Sudan" 2152: 2051:Southerners living in 1911: 1821:Former U.S. President 1718:Darfur Peace Agreement 1692:Lord's Resistance Army 1609:South Sudanese Muslims 1509: 1454: 1279:Diplomatic missions of 1025:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 860: 795: 693:and residency rights. 517:Diplomatic missions of 313:Cabinet of South Sudan 5694:Sudan: Ready to Vote 5634:9 August 2019 at the 5250:. CNN. Archived from 4715:League of Arab States 4696:"Joint Press Release" 3481:"Nuba: A Pure People" 3357:Rift Valley Institute 2213:Post-electoral issues 2146: 1909: 1859:League of Arab States 1611:supported secession. 1507: 1448: 1439:Further information: 1126:Town and rural courts 801: 790: 5879:Referendums in Sudan 5514:. 16 February 2011. 4724:on 19 September 2011 4572:on 10 September 2012 3844:Agence France-Presse 2796:Comment and Analysis 2790:Kleto, Peter Oyoyo. 2570:. 3 September 2009. 2102:The New Sudan Vision 1851:early warning system 1107:Nemat Abdullah Khair 1092:Constitutional Court 5884:Separatism in Sudan 5854:2011 in South Sudan 5424:. 9 February 2011. 5221:"Sudan vote in USA" 5077:on 18 February 2013 4968:. 13 January 2011. 4938:. 12 January 2011. 3729:on 19 February 2011 3401:on 15 February 2011 3323:. Sudanupdate.org. 3118:. 19 October 2010. 2892:The Washington Post 2709:. 16 October 2009. 2451:. 7 February 2011. 1933: 1752:External precedents 1698:into the conflict. 1593:Sudanese Christians 1587:Religion and tribes 921:Egyptian President 879:The Washington Post 269:Salva Kiir Mayardit 58:9 – 15 January 2011 31: 5680:– video report by 5667:Sudan's Referendum 5623:Sudan Vote Monitor 5482:The New York Times 5285:on 10 January 2011 5200:on 13 January 2011 5162:on 15 January 2011 4999:on 16 January 2011 4750:on 4 December 2010 4598:on 31 January 2011 3919:on 12 January 2011 3783:on 18 January 2011 3659:Christianity Today 3577:on 25 January 2013 3167:Gaouette, Nicole. 2627:. 12 November 2009 2232:. You can help by 2160:As of 15 January, 2153: 1932: 1912: 1841:, Chairman of the 1801:. You can help by 1759:Al Jazeera English 1512:The status of the 1510: 1455: 1451:voter registration 1116:Court of Cassation 925:and Libyan leader 867:Sudan's President 861: 796: 719:Naivasha Agreement 668:Naivasha Agreement 5841: 5840: 5650:Aljazeera English 5394:. February 2011. 5254:on 6 October 2012 4701:(Press release). 3808:Los Angeles Times 2950:. Sudan Tribune. 2250: 2249: 2186:Mohamed Abdelaziz 2044: 2043: 1819: 1818: 1639:Eastern Equatoria 1567:was merged in to 1429: 1428: 1379:ICC investigation 1361:Darfur operation 1332:Mission in Sudan 1296:Visa requirements 1256:Foreign relations 1243:Political parties 1213:Recent elections 1029:Deputy Chairman: 947:Politics of Sudan 931:Ahmed Aboul Gheit 704:was 9 July 2011. 702:independent state 652: 651: 583:Mission in Sudan 571:Mission in South 539:Visa requirements 494:Foreign relations 481:Political parties 444:Recent elections 335:Council of States 301:Hussein Abdelbagi 222: 221: 194: 193: 65: 64: 16:(Redirected from 5901: 5864:2011 referendums 5741: 5740: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5706: 5629:Sudan Referendum 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5281:. 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2346: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2305: 2245: 2242: 2224: 2217: 1934: 1924:Associated Press 1814: 1811: 1793: 1786: 1616:dual citizenship 1553:prisoners of war 1475:Security Council 1421: 1414: 1407: 1375: 1366: 1364: 1356: 1347: 1346: 1335: 1328: 1165: 979: 975: 974: 958: 942: 896:Al Taieb Mustafa 849: 843: 833: 824: 815: 805: 644: 637: 630: 598: 597: 586: 577: 576: 507:Mayiik Ayii Deng 354:Jemma Nunu Kumba 240: 224: 212: 203: 202: 184: 97: 79: 70: 69: 52: 51: 46: 45: 41: 40: 39: 32: 21: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5821: 5805: 5770: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5696:– slideshow by 5636:Wayback Machine 5588: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 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3522: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3352: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3297: 3290: 3288: 3287:on 19 July 2011 3281:"Archived copy" 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2619: 2618: 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710: 681:A simultaneous 648: 619: 615:Other countries 606: 605: 600: 595: 593: 584: 579: 574: 572: 566:United Nations 557: 549: 548: 529:Nationality law 525: 513: 496: 486: 485: 475: 463: 440: 430: 429: 391: 381: 380: 371: 361: 360: 330: 320: 319: 291:James Wani Igga 276:Vice Presidents 259: 231: 218: 201: 200: 199: 182: 102: 86: 68: 67: 66: 44: 43: 42: 37: 35: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5907: 5905: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5691: 5686: 5683:Democracy Now! 5675: 5664: 5653: 5642: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5586:External links 5584: 5582: 5581: 5555: 5529: 5499: 5466: 5451:. 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1350: 1339: 1337: 1323: 1321:Related topics 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1286: 1285: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1223: 1216: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1153: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1040:Prime Minister 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 992: 987: 986: 983: 982: 964: 963: 960: 959: 951: 950: 945: 939: 936: 910: 907: 869:Omar al-Bashir 852:South Kurdufan 846: 840: 830: 821: 812: 802: 793:Southern Sudan 784: 781: 766:South Kordofan 709: 706: 660:Southern Sudan 658:took place in 650: 649: 647: 646: 639: 632: 624: 621: 620: 618: 617: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 602: 601: 590: 588: 580: 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