Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021)

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agencies such as the police, the military and intelligence services. Several other laws that activists demanded to be removed included the prosecution of rape victims for 'adultery' (Article 149.2), and of women in mixed-sex settings for 'prostitution' (Article 154), other articles dictating women's dress code, and the disbandment of the public order police and dedicated courts that were part of the 'public order regime'. Justice Minister Abdelbari stated in July 2020 that he was also considering to abolish the Personal Status Law to protect women's rights. Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) Regional Director Hala al-Karib praised the Act "as a good step in the right direction", but urged the transitional government to press on with more reforms, pointing out that the guardianship system was still enforced through other legislation such as "passports, immigration and the issuance of official documents and even the record of deaths and births". Al-Karib also called upon the government to sign, ratify and abide by the provisions of the

1637:, which the US government alleged the previous Sudanese regime played a role in. For the Sudanese transitional government, it was important to receive financial aid and open up trade opportunities in the midst of several ongoing crises, including decades of economic mismanagement under Bashir's regime, an unfinished internal peace process, recent political upheaval and the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving millions of Sudanese in hardship as food and fuel prices had soared. Therefore, in mid-October 2020, it agreed to pay the compensation and distanced itself from the pro-terrorist activities of the Bashir regime in order to lift the anti-terrorist sanctions imposed in 1993 and obtain access to foreign loans and recover the economy. Separately, Sudan had already been conducting negotiations for peace with Israel, and by mid-October had agreed to allow flights to Israel to overfly its territory. 864:, by amending the definition of rape in Article 149.1 of the Criminal Code in February 2015. However, several commentators such as the African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies argued that this amendment had a number of flaws. Even though the amendment made it possible to prosecute marital rape by removing the reference to adultery, there is still no specific prohibition of marital rape, and oral rape is not criminalised. Moreover, Article 149.2 still defined adultery and sodomy as forms of 'rape', so complainants still risked being prosecuted for adultery or sodomy if they failed to prove they were subjected to sexual acts without their consent. Finally, the importance of 740:

new time schedule was for the agreement to be signed "within ten days" in a ceremony including regional leaders. On 13 July, three sticking points delaying the signing of the agreement included the FFC requiring the human rights investigation committee to exclude people suspected of responsibility or implementation of the 3 June Khartoum massacre; the FFC requiring a limit on the time frame for appointing the legislative council; and disagreement between the FFC and the TMC regarding TMC "endorse or of the nominees". A written form of the deal as a "political agreement", with a constitutional declaration to follow later, was signed by the TMC and FFC on 17 July.

793: 1237: 784:. The NCF stated that the deal "goes towards granting of power to the military junta", and that the deal does not provide for an international investigation into "crimes committed throughout" al-Bashir's rule. The Sudanese Journalists Network said that the written deal "strengthens the power of the junta, ... and tries to usurp power by stealing the efforts, sweat and blood of the revolution." The NCF called for the draft constitutional declaration to be circulated for comment prior to signing so that it take into account NCF's concerns. 1536:. At a regional level, signatories will be entitled to 40% of the seats on transitional legislatures of their home states. A final agreement was reached in early September. This agreement stated that 'Sudan is a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural society. Full recognition and accommodation of these diversities must be affirmed. (...) The state shall not establish an official religion. No citizen shall be discriminated against based on their religion.' 60: 1147:(HRW) praised the transitional government on various steps it had taken for legal reform, including the repealing of the public order law and the apostasy law, the criminalisation of FGM, and the approval of draft laws establishing commissions to work on human rights and transitional justice reforms, but urged it to accelerate its pace of legal and institutional reform and to better consult with civil society groups on new laws before passing them. 1512:, ending the war by addressing the roots of the Sudanese problem" as Article 7.(1), the first listed item in its "Mandate of the Transitional Period", and gives details in Chapter 15, Articles 67 and 58 of the document. Article 67.(b) says that a peace agreement should be completed within six months of the signing of the Draft Constitutional Declaration. Article 67.(c) requires women to participate in all levels of the peace procedure and for 1253:

security forces be carried out by a civilian, not military authority; that the Sovereign Council should only have ceremonial powers; that the Sovereign Council and Cabinet should together prepare laws pending creation of a Legislative Council; and that the Legislative Council should have full legislative powers, including the creation of land, law and election reform commissions. FFC's comments on the draft covered "85 articles and items".

734: 5382: 4951: 44: 4963: 1062:(Articles 78 and 79). Meanwhile, Muslims were still prohibited from drinking alcohol, and the law did not address the opening of bars, which Abdelbari deemed to be a more complicated matter to be discussed in the future. He stated that if a Muslim and a non-Muslim were found drinking alcohol together, the latter might be charged with complicity. 808:("Hemedti"), in the presence of Ethiopian and African Union mediators. The document is composed of 70 legal articles, divided into 16 chapters, that outline transitional state bodies and procedures. On 17 August 2019, Rabee and Hemedti signed the document more formally on behalf of the FFC and the TMC, respectively, in the presence of 1154:(USCIRF), having earlier scrapped Sudan from the list of 'countries of particular concern' (where it had been in 2000–2019) due to its initial reforms, applauded in particular the new reforms relating to women's rights and the apostasy law on 15 July 2020. However, it urged Sudanese lawmakers to repeal the 1470:"confirmed that the members of the do not desire immunity". On 1 August, the FFC accepted that Sovereign Council members could have "procedural immunity", defined to mean that Sovereign Council members would have immunity that could be lifted by a two-thirds supermajority vote of the legislative council. 1089:

of Sudan. The declaration of principles stated that "Sudan is a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural society. Full recognition and accommodation of these diversities must be affirmed. (...) The state shall not establish an official religion. No citizen shall be discriminated

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Articles 6 and 7 outline the transitional process by which Sudan will be transformed into what kind of society it should become. Article 7.5 is an almost exact copy of Article 20 of the Political Agreement, thus reiterating the general commitment to legal reform. Further specifications are mentioned:

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started on 24 February 2022. While in the six months following the coup, Sudanese civilians had been taking to the streets on a daily basis, calling for a civil government and chanting "Military, go back to the barracks", negotiations between the military leadership and the United Nations Integrated

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to be applied, and legal establishment of women's rights is covered in Article 67.(d). Other mechanisms for implementing the comprehensive peace process are listed in Articles 67.(e) (stopping hostilities, opening humanitarian assistance corridors, prisoner releases and exchanges), 67.(f) (amnesties

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In the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration, Article 21 gives procedural immunity to members of the Sovereignty Council, the Cabinet, the Transitional Legislative Council, governors of provinces and heads of regions, with 21.(2) giving the Transitional Legislative Council the right to lift that

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Article 16.(a) of the Draft Constitutional Declaration requires the Prime Minister and members of Cabinet to be "Sudanese by birth", at least 25 years old, a clean police record for "crimes of honour". Article 16.(b) excludes dual nationals from being a Minister of Defence, Interior, Foreign Affairs

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The legal reform was initiated by the Political Agreement of 17 July 2019, Article 20 of which mandated "a legal reform program and rebuilding and developing the justice and rights' system and ensure the independence of judiciary and the rule of law." Many of the reforms affect the Sudanese Criminal

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Following the 5 July verbal agreement, drafting of a written agreement by a committee of lawyers, including African Union lawyers, was promised to take place "within 48 hours". On 9 July, the 4-person drafting committee, including Yahia al-Hussein, stated that the text had not yet been finished. The

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Articles 3 and 5 outline what kind of state and society Sudan is, or should become: a parliamentary democracy with equal citizenship for all, that is "founded on justice, equality, and diversity and guarantees human rights and fundamental freedoms," where the rule of law prevails and "violations of

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The 17 July written deal does not refer to immunity for TMC members. On 25 July, Mohamed El Hafiz of the FFC legal committee stated its requests for changes to a draft of the constitutional declaration. This included the removal of a draft article that would have given immunity from prosecution to

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proposed that TMC members be guaranteed immunity from prosecution in the investigation. The military official stated, "The Americans demanded a deal as soon as possible. Their message was clear: power-sharing in return for guarantees that nobody from the council will be tried." On 13 July, the FFC

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The Political Agreement gave FFC the choice of the ministers of the transitional government, with the sovereignty council holding the right to veto nominations, apart from the defence and interior ministers, who are to be "selected" by military members of the Sovereignty Council and "appointed" by

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representative, and military leaders al-Burhan and Hemedti, signed a new framework agreement for the transition to a civilian government. The agreement, most of which was previously included in the 2020 Juba deal, committed the military to appoint a civilian government, including a civilian prime

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Chapter 8 of the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration replaces previous existing judicial bodies by a new Supreme Judicial Council and a Constitutional Court. It declares in Article 29.(2) that the "judicial authority" is independent from the Sovereignty Council, the Transitional Legislative

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In the 17 July deal, FFC and TMC agreed to disagree on the proportions of membership of the Legislative Council. FFC "confirm its adherence" to selecting two thirds of the council's members and TMC "confirm its position on reviewing the legislative council membership percentages." The FFC and TMC

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legal advisor Charlie Loudon hailed the abolition of repressive measures and restrictions on women as "great first steps". They emphasised that the new laws needed to be enforced and the repealed laws also abandoned in practice, which would require revision of the internal policies of government

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of Omar al-Bashir, set up a committee to confiscate the vast assets of the party (many of which were allegedly illegitimately obtained from the population through 'looting', 'stealing' and corruption), and banned "the symbols of the regime or party" from "engaging in any political activity for a

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The Transitional Constitution of Sudan of 2005 and the constitutions of provinces is repealed, while the laws issued thereunder remain in force, unless they are repealed or amended. The decrees issued from 11 April 2019 until the date of signature of this Constitutional Charter remain in force,

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A "Final Agreement" was scheduled to be signed on 6 April 2023. On 6 April, Shehab Ibrahim of the FFC-CC (FFC-Central Council) stated that an "important breakthrough" in negotiations between civilian and military groups had been made and that new dates for signing the Final Agreement were being

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that dominated under al-Bashir and of political forces that participated in the al-Bashir government. Membership is open, under Article 25, to Sudanese nationals at least 21 years old, who " integrity and competence", have not been criminally convicted for "honour, trustworthiness, or financial

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The 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration refers to the investigation in Article 7.(16) as an element of the "Mandate of the Transitional Period", defining the scope as "violations committed on 3 June 2019, and events and incidents where violations of the rights and dignity of civilian and

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agreed that their respective members of the Sovereignty Council would continue "discussion" on the issue. In 23.(3) of the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration, 67% of the members are to be selected by the FFC and 33% by "other forces" who did not sign the FFC declaration of January 2019.

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On 25 July, Mohamed El Hafiz of FFC legal committee stated FFC's requested changes to a draft of the constitutional declaration. FFC removed a draft article of the declaration that would have giving immunity from prosecution to TMC and Sovereign Council leaders. FFC required that reform of the

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to determine leadership following the 39-month transition period were mentioned in the initial verbal agreement and referred to in the written agreement. Article 19 of the Draft Constitutional Declaration forbids "the chairman and members of the Sovereignty Council and ministers, governors of

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The Draft Constitutional Charter (also known as the Draft Constitutional Declaration) that was agreed in August 2019 further detailed how this reform was to take place during a 39-month transitional period, and in which areas of law these were to be focused. Article 2 of the Charter specifies

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Chapter 5 (Article 14) of the Draft Constitutional Declaration defines the Transitional Cabinet in similar terms, and gives the Prime Minister the right to choose the other members of the cabinet from a list provided to him or her by FFC. The cabinet members are "confirmed by the Sovereignty

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Articles 41 to 66 provide a set of fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms that all Sudanese citizens are entitled to. Notably, Article 50 prohibited "torture or harsh, inhumane, or degrading treatment or punishment, or debasement of human dignity." Furthermore, Article 53 envisioned

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and other measures), movement, association, work and study. Alleged violations (many of whom were considered 'arbitrary' by activists) were punished with arrest, beatings and deprivation of civil rights such as freedom of association and expression. According to Ihsan Fagiri, leader of the

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provinces, or heads of regions" from " in the public elections" that follow the 39-month transition period. Article 38.(c)(iv) of the declaration states that the chair and members of the Elections Commission are to be appointed by the Sovereignty Council in consultation with the Cabinet.

1098:, with a spokesperson saying: "The problem is (...) to address why people became rebels? Because there are no equal citizenship rights, there is no distribution of wealth, there is no equal development in the country, there is no equality between black and Arab and Muslim and Christian." 1244:

The 17 July written deal stated, as did the initial verbal deal, that a constitutional agreement for the transition period was planned, and that preparations for a creating a new permanent constitution would be made during the transitional period. Sudan's previous constitution was the

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military citizens were committed." The investigation committee is to be created within a month of the Prime Minister's nomination, under an "order" that "guarantees that it will be independent and possess full powers to investigate and determine the timeframe for its activities".

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was criminalised. Article 126 of the Criminal Code of 1991 had prescribed the death penalty or life imprisonment for renouncing Islam. Reportedly, apostasy was still illegal, although the punishment for it was not clear, while prosecutors were ordered to protect those accused of

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minister. Following the appointment of the transitional government, a new two-year transition would then begin, concluding with elections. The deal set no date for a final agreement and left some of the controversial issues for future negotiations, leading to protests by the

592:. The Hamdok government was reinstalled less than a month later, and the transition continued. Hamdok resigned on 2 January 2022 amid continuing protests, and the military reassumed power afterward. On 15 April 2023, the transition was interrupted again when the 1323:, a Sudanese public administrator who served in numerous international administrative positions during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, was nominated by the FFC as Prime Minister, with a formal appointment scheduled for 20 August 2019. 2585: 701:

The initial verbal deal agreed to by the TMC and the civilian negotiators included the creation of a "sovereignty council", a 39-month transition period leading to elections, a cabinet of ministers, a legislative council, and an investigation into the

2787: 1004:, some details were added to the Act by the Ministry of Justice following comments made by the Sovereignty Council "in a manner that does not undermine the law". The Miscellaneous Amendments Act was finally signed by Sovereignty Council Chairman 4810: 1355:

Article 23.(3) of the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration sets a minimum 40% quota for women membership of the Transitional Legislative Council. Article 23.(1) sets the maximum membership to 300 and excludes membership by members of the

713:, stated her worry that women might be excluded from the transition institutions, arguing that women " the brunt of the violence, sexual harassment and rape" and were active in organising the protests. The Minnawi and al-Nur factions of the 1532:, South Sudan, between Sudanese authorities and rebel factions to end armed hostilities. Under the terms of the agreement, the factions that signed will be entitled to five ministers in the transitional cabinet and a quarter of seats in the 996:(FGM) was criminalised and made punishable by a fine and 3 years imprisonment. The resulting legal changes were bundled as the 'Miscellaneous Amendments Act' (also called 'Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Act' by some media) and sent to the 958:

On 29 November 2019, Article 152 of the Criminal Code (commonly referred to as the Public Order Law or the Public Order Act) was repealed. It was controversial for various reasons, for example, because it was used to punish women who wore

3802: 972:, around 45,000 women were prosecuted under the Public Order Act in 2016 alone. It was seen as an important first step towards gradual legal reform to improve the status of women's rights in the country as envisioned by the Charter. 2756: 2808: 4095: 1123: 4805: 2545: 1374:

Council and "the executive branch", with sufficient financial and administrative resources to be independent. In Article 30.(1) it defines the Constitutional Court to be independent and separate from the judicial authority.

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punishment, or as a penalty for crimes of extreme gravity, in accordance with the law", exempting people younger than 18 or older than 70 years from execution, and postponing execution for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

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7.7 "Guarantee and promote women's rights in Sudan in all social, political, and economic fields, and combat all forms of discrimination against women, taking into account provisional preferential measures in both war and

1618:. Saudi Arabia and the UAE wish to limit Islamist influence and the UK and the U.S. wish to limit Russian influence in the country. The Quad claimed to have supported a transition to a democratic civilian-led government. 1141:+ activists hailed the abolition of the death penalty and flogging for anal sex as a "great first step", but said it was not enough yet, and the end goal should be the decriminalisation of gay sexual activity altogether. 3489: 779:

objected to the signed written agreement. The NCF and the SRF said that the FFC had signed the deal in Khartoum without waiting for the NCF and other opposition forces, who had still been discussing the proposed deal in

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human rights and international and humanitarian law" and other transgressions are punished, including those committed by the 1989–2019 regime (a point reiterated in Article 7.3). Article 4 establishes the principle of

4633: 698:(FFC) alliance, including Siddig Yousif and Ibrahim al-Amin, on the formation of governmental institutions, under which the presidency of the transitional government would rotate between the military and civilians. 2358: 4340: 4787: 4518: 4226: 2394: 828:

The Darfur Displaced General Coordination objected to the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration, arguing that peace requires the disarming of militias; provision of all five suspects wanted in the

577:("Hemedti"), in the presence of Ethiopian and African Union mediators, and it was signed more formally by Rabee and Hemedti on 17 August in the presence of international heads of state and government. 3455: 3089: 2306: 2053: 448: 1158:(Article 125 of the Sudanese Penal Code) as well, and to ensure "that laws regulating hate speech comply with international human rights standards and do not impede freedom of religion or belief". 1317:

or Justice unless an exemption is agreed by the Sovereignty Council and the FFC for the position of Prime Minister, or by the Sovereignty Council and the Prime Minister for ministerial positions.

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the creation of a constitutional document for the transitional period; Article 9.(a) of the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration defined the Sovereignty Council as the head of state of Sudan;

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by concluding a formal peace deal. It also offered to remove Sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism in return for 335 million US dollars in compensation to families of victims of the

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from house arrest and the two signed a deal that re-instated Hamdok as prime minister and promised to release political prisoners. Hamdok resigned on 2 January 2022 amid continuing protests.

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unless they are repealed or amended by the Transitional Military Council. If they contradict any provisions of this Constitutional Charter, the provisions of the present Declaration prevail.

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negotiated. On the same day, FFC-DB (FFC-Democratic Block), which had not signed the December 2022 "Framework Agreement", reported progress in negotiating fractions of power-sharing in the

3741: 2163: 2004:"Political Agreement on establishing the structures and institutions of the transitional period between the Transitional Military Council and the Declaration of Freedom and Change Forces" 3772: 2810:

Political Agreement on establishing the structures and institutions of the transitional period between the Transitional Military Council and the Declaration of Freedom and Change Forces

2129: 895:, and that provisions of existing laws "that contradict the provisions of this Constitutional Charter shall be repealed or amended to the extent necessary to remove the contradiction". 558:(FFC) alliance agreed on 5 July 2019 to a 39-month transition process to return to democracy, including the creation of executive, legislative and judicial institutions and procedures. 2658: 1644:, resulting in over 3 million people displaced and 1,136 deaths.The main civilian coalition, Forces of Freedom and Change, seeks resolution through a meeting in Egypt on 23 July 2023. 836:

stated that the SRF objected to the Draft Constitutional Declaration on the grounds that an agreement made among component groups of the FFC in Addis Ababa concerning mechanisms for a

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The Information Law was amended to lower punishments for any violation; it was nevertheless deemed important that the prosecutor could legally counter "rumours and false allegations".

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a ban on members of the transitional period Sovereignty Council, Council of Ministers and state governors from being candidates in the first elections ending the transitional period;

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is defined by Article 9.(a) of the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration as the head of state of Sudan. Planned membership of the Sovereignty Council includes military members

3996: 4096:"Joint statement by the QUAD for Sudan, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the United States of America and the United Kingdom, on the developments in Sudan" 3900: 3869: 3479: 3284: 1933: 1653: 589: 5700: 5557: 5029: 4880: 4646: 1410: 829: 466: 4511: 3382: 3004: 2881: 1397:

on 20 August or 21 August 2019. On 10 October 2019, her nomination was confirmed by decree. Article 29.(3) states that the head of the judiciary is also the president of the

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opposed the 17 July written deal. On 4 August 2019, the Draft Constitutional Declaration was initially signed by Ahmed Rabee for the FFC and by the deputy head of the TMC,

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the creation of an 11-member Sovereignty Council with five military members and five civilians to be chosen by the two sides and a civilian to be agreed upon mutually;

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described the investigation as "Sudanese". The 17 July written political agreement stated that the investigation committee "may seek any African support if needed."

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a transition period of 3 years and 3 months, led by a TMC member for the first 21 months and a civilian member of the Sovereignty Council for the following 18 months;

4565: 4673: 1513: 428: 249: 6306: 4955: 4504: 4379: 5001: 4216: 3414: 2384: 2595: 5690: 3445: 3093: 2511: 2456: 2043: 1795:

launched attacks on government positions. As of 22 July 2024, the RSF and al-Burhan both claimed control of government sites; fighting continued.

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launched attacks on government positions. As of 22 July 2024, the RSF and al-Burhan both claimed control of government sites; fighting continued.

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On July 17, 2019, the TMC and FFC signed a written form of the agreement. The Darfur Displaced General Coordination opposed the 5 July verbal deal, and the

5455: 1095: 717:, a Darfur armed rebel group, both stated on 5 July that they rejected the deal, arguing that the deal would not achieve an "equal citizenship state". The 642: 506: 4800: 4444: 2777: 3616: 2715: 1765:

as having been a key factor that convinced the military that their coup had failed. She stated that possible spoilers to the democratic transition were

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TMC and Sovereign Council leaders. El Hafiz said that neither absolute nor procedural immunity would be accepted for any leader. On 31 July, TMC leader

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described the December 2022 framework agreement as "a major step to reversing the damage" of the October 2021 coup. Marsden described the role of the

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By April 2022, it was unclear whether the Sudanese transition to democracy would continue, as the military government was strengthening its ties with

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a Council of Ministers to be appointed mostly by the FFC, with the Sovereignty Council and its military members having a partial role in the decision;

969: 271: 3029: 6232: 5966: 5327: 4117: 1533: 1338: 1332: 1055:(sodomy, whether between two men or between a man and a woman) were no longer punishable by death or flogging, but still punishable by imprisonment. 989: 691: 476: 238: 160: 963:

in public by lashing them 40 times. Other restrictions targeting women that were repealed included the lack of freedom of dress (by the mandatory

383: 3731: 2153: 5695: 5670: 5420: 3762: 5612: 5192: 4641: 4527: 2119: 1786: 1427:

The deal was described on 5 July as including the creation of a "transparent and independent investigation" into the events that followed the

5165: 4166: 2648: 756:, objected to the 5 July verbal agreement, describing it as "flawed in form and content" and "a desperate attempt to sustain the rule of the 83: 4750: 4247: 2079: 1773:

of the former al-Bashir government, recreated under new names. Marsden stated that supporters of the former al-Bashir government were using

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in Sudan was excluded from the declaration and that the declaration constituted a power-sharing agreement between the FFC and the TMC.

6103: 5143: 5093: 4271: 4192: 4017: 3890: 1923: 1678: 1575: 330: 5547: 5497: 630: 4994: 1118: 226: 3370: 1069:

Moreover, a bill reforming the legal and justice system and the Anti-Cyber Crime Act were signed into law on the same day as well.

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7.15 "Dismantle the June 1989 regime"s structure for consolidation of power (tamkeen), and build a state of laws and institutions.'

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the prime minister. The prime minister can "exceptionally nominate two party qualified members to fulfill ministerial positions."

6316: 5592: 5470: 5209: 3952: 1887: 1716: 1550:

Protests continued during the creation of the transitionary period institutions, on issues that included the nomination of a new

1130:. Other activists claimed there were still other forms of 'legal discrimination' that made women vulnerable to violence such as " 106: 5170: 4393: 3668: 3061: 2627: 1545: 1260:, on 4 August 2019, in the presence of Ethiopian and African Union mediators. Full ratification was planned for 17 August 2019. 5956: 5567: 5527: 5490: 5314: 4601: 3921: 1666:, took control of the government in a military coup. At least five senior government figures were initially detained. Civilian 1483: 1422: 1294:, chosen by mutual agreement. The Sovereignty Council is mostly male, with only two women members: Aisha Musa and Raja Nicola. 1015:

The Miscellaneous Amendments Act (or 'Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Act') had various consequences, including the following:

610: 499: 471: 419: 101: 5607: 5582: 5552: 5537: 5522: 5512: 5507: 5187: 5148: 3544: 1428: 661: 657: 539: 535: 6175: 5198: 5098: 2419:"At least 25 killed, 183 injured in ongoing clashes across Sudan as paramilitary group claims control of presidential palace" 1762: 1738: 1224: 1134:, and prevented from leaving the home, working, choosing where to live, and treated less equally by other family members." 1082: 1081:

between the transitional government and various rebel groups, an agreement was reached on 3 September 2020 in Addis Ababa to

714: 318: 313: 308: 3523: 2689: 1286:("Hemedti"), Lieutenant-General Yasser al-Atta, and two other military members chosen by TMC; five civilians chosen by FFC: 547: 4967: 3126: 2852: 1409:

In the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration, Chapter 14 defines "Rights and freedoms". Article 41.(2) states that all

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to be formed three months after the transitional period starts, after the sovereignty council and cabinet are determined.

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The TMC and FFC signed the written form of the Political Agreement on 17 July 2019 in front of witnesses representing the

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by beating them, firing tear gas, and shooting live bullets into the air. One person was hospitalised for serious wounds.

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Non-Muslims (an estimated 3% of the Sudanese population) were no longer banned from selling, importing and consuming

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7.2 "Repeal laws and provisions that restrict freedoms or that discriminate between citizens on the basis of gender."

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suspended Sudan's membership, and the U.S. and European Union froze development assistance for Sudan's transition.

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and trials in national and international courts). Article 68 lists 13 "essential issues for peace negotiations".

1357: 1019: 993: 976: 772: 768: 757: 613:, with the question of union or separation from Egypt being a major electoral issue. After independence in 1956, 566: 562: 5717: 4066: 203: 6311: 5675: 5502: 4842: 4765: 3585: 1746: 1128:

Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)

3606: 1290:, Siddig Tower, Mohamed Elfaki Suleiman, Hassan Sheikh Idris and Mohammed Hassan al-Ta'ishi; and a civilian, 6301: 6296: 6150: 6098: 6081: 5961: 5855: 5725: 5655: 5349: 4926: 1667: 1518: 1086: 975:

On the same day, the Dismantling of the Salvation Regime Act was adopted, which disbanded the former ruling

3637: 3090:"USCIRF Applauds Sudan's Repeal of Apostasy Law through Passage of New Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Act" 2217: 6291: 6210: 5881: 5797: 5680: 5602: 5344: 5297: 5260: 5225: 5110: 4815: 4745: 4596: 4558: 1770: 1766: 1663: 1551: 1509: 1503: 1467: 1394: 1279: 1078: 1005: 992:

passed a series of bills that would amend other parts of the Criminal Code of 1991. Amongst other things,

837: 585: 189: 112: 17: 1673:

refused to declare support for the coup and on 25 October called for popular resistance; he was moved to

6180: 6120: 6088: 6002: 5941: 5936: 5916: 5891: 5650: 5406: 5103: 4875: 4772: 4606: 4553: 4546: 2862:. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD). 20 February 1991 2506: 1659: 1559: 1398: 1283: 1257: 1246: 852:

Some attempts had been made under al-Bashir's rule to reform legislation on issues such as extramarital

805: 796:

Sudanese protestors celebrate the ratification of the Draft Constitutional Declaration (19 August 2019).

722: 622: 574: 520: 460: 184: 76: 6035: 1689:

and refusal to cooperate with the coup organisers. On 21 November 2021, al-Burhan freed prime minister

6145: 4820: 1038:

Women no longer needed to obtain permission from a male relative to travel abroad with their children.

6237: 6185: 5992: 5920: 5730: 5485: 5282: 5263: 5063: 4712: 4541: 1792: 1641: 1622: 1599: 1555: 1390: 1217: 1048: 718: 593: 396: 388: 194: 5645: 2536:"Military junta and Alliance for Freedom and Change reach agreement on transitional period in Sudan" 6217: 5930: 5901: 5138: 5010: 4690: 3611: 1401:

and is "responsible for administering the judicial authority before the Supreme Judicial Council."

1379: 1001: 892: 853: 665: 6140: 6115: 6093: 6045: 5906: 5850: 5660: 5628: 5243: 4668: 3767: 3642: 2826: 2720: 2590: 2389: 1857: 1686: 1583: 1517:

for political leaders and members of armed opposition movements), and 67.(g) (accountability for

1385: 1287: 1144: 1107: 618: 294: 281: 4469:"Breakthrough on security reform, rebels demand more power, revolutionary forces call for unity" 3841: 1824: 2003: 1610:, named the QUAD for Sudan was formed in 2021 to facilitate mediation and talks along with the 6195: 6130: 6125: 6076: 6071: 5926: 5869: 5665: 5153: 4795: 4760: 4755: 4727: 4717: 4702: 4697: 4680: 4658: 4571: 1432: 1204: 1114: 1025: 703: 634: 581: 551: 378: 34: 4139: 3576:"Abdalla Hamdok – Deputy Executive Secretary – United Nations Economic Commission for Africa" 1451:

According to an anonymous military official present at pre–5 July negotiations and quoted by

868:

was diminished in favour of coercion, going against the trend in international law to define

6261: 6167: 6135: 6059: 5997: 5980: 5886: 5837: 5807: 5757: 5640: 5465: 5460: 5438: 5268: 4827: 4777: 4722: 4707: 4623: 4478: 4371: 4357: 4332: 3378: 2476: 1758: 1436: 1411:

international human rights agreements, pacts, and charters ratified by the Republic of Sudan

1303: 775:(NCF), a coalition of political parties that opposed al-Bashir's National Congress, and the 638: 614: 140: 3092:. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 15 July 2020. Archived from 1344:

The transition deal (23.(4) of the Draft Constitutional Declaration) sets the transitional

6200: 6190: 6110: 6022: 5762: 5744: 5685: 4685: 4663: 4653: 4584: 4323:"Sudan's long-awaited framework agreement signed between military and civilian bodies" 3798: 3484: 2838: 2349:"Sudan Constitutional Declaration signed – Sovereign Council to be announced in two weeks" 1579: 1458: 1127: 869: 753: 356: 233: 4118:"Quad and Troika Statement at Start of National/Federal Workshop on Transitional Justice" 1256:

The Constitutional Declaration was signed by Ahmed Rabee for FFC and deputy head of TMC,

1203:

the creation of a Sudanese "precise and transparent", independent investigation into the

1462:

opposed 3 June Khartoum massacre suspects being members of the investigating committee.

6270: 6242: 6227: 6222: 6157: 6027: 6014: 5822: 5792: 5782: 5767: 5274: 5024: 4870: 1721: 1690: 1670: 1611: 1603: 1563: 1491: 1320: 1059: 865: 761: 653: 532: 528: 3005:"'Thank you, our glorious revolution': activists react as Sudan ditches Islamist laws" 1000:

for approval, which took several months to review them. According to Justice Minister

6285: 6205: 5832: 5802: 5777: 5562: 5480: 5475: 5034: 4473: 4367: 4327: 3991: 3957: 3926: 3895: 3864: 3736: 3673: 3549: 3518: 3450: 3192: 3157: 3034: 2913: 2782: 2751: 2684: 2653: 2622: 2617: 2540: 2484: 2451: 2353: 2158: 2124: 2084: 2048: 2011: 1928: 1892: 1777:

to upset the Framework Agreement and to create division between the SAF and the RSF.

1697: 1615: 1607: 1167: 1155: 687: 4496: 1578:(SPA) coordinators, and for officials of the previous government to be dismissed in 804:) was signed by Ahmed Rabee on behalf of the FFC and by the deputy head of the TMC, 519:

A series of political agreements among Sudanese political and military forces for a

5817: 5812: 5787: 5752: 5302: 5158: 4221: 1674: 1595: 1131: 861: 833: 694:

and Ethiopian mediator Mahmoud Drir, a verbal deal was reached by the TMC and the

3859: 3513: 3223: 2971: 2920:. Transitional Military Council & Forces of Freedom and Change. 4 August 2019 2882:"Sudan's new law on rape and sexual harassment One step forward, two steps back?" 2679: 1413:

are considered to be "an integral part" of the Draft Constitutional Declaration.

1337:

Chapter 7 of the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration defines plans for the

5827: 5772: 5248: 5175: 3607:"In a historic event .. The appointment of a woman as chief of justice in Sudan" 3480:"Sudan opposition coalition appoints five civilian members of sovereign council" 2813:. Transitional Military Council & Forces of Freedom and Change. 17 July 2019 2310: 1291: 817: 781: 767:

In the days following the 17 July written deal, rebel groups represented by the

64: 59: 5319: 3403: 1705: 1571: 1567: 1487: 1091: 1022:(FGM) was criminalised and made punishable by a fine and 3 years imprisonment. 813: 809: 118: 43: 2680:"FFC, SRF delegations arrive in Addis Ababa for talks on transition in Sudan" 1200:

to be created within three months of the creation of the Sovereignty Council;

4885: 4865: 4482: 4375: 4336: 4140:"Sudan discusses Arab-Israeli peace and terrorism list with U.S.: statement" 1888:"Sudan's military and civilian opposition have reached a power-sharing deal" 1640:

On the 100th day of the war in Sudan, clashes continue between the army and

1522: 4041:"Sudan conflict: why is there fighting and what is at stake in the region?" 3446:"Sudan's pro-democracy movement concludes Constitutional Declaration draft" 832:

and the expulsion of new settlers from traditionally owned land in Darfur.

5166:

July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration

3285:"'Great first step' as Sudan lifts death penalty and flogging for gay sex" 2778:"Minawi: Sudan Constitutional Declaration 'ignores Addis Ababa agreement'" 1124:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

3337:"Sudan Holdout Group: Peace Deal Fails to Address Conflict's Root Causes" 1634: 1362: 1171: 1052: 1041: 960: 857: 4295:"Sudan: Cold shoulder for UN, warm embrace for Russia | DW | 21.04.2022" 3062:"In a Victory for Women in Sudan, Female Genital Mutilation Is Outlawed" 2853:"In The Name of God The Compassionate the Merciful. The Penal Code 1991" 1732:

On 5 December 2022, representatives of 40 civilian groups, including an

5230: 4618: 3374: 1829: 1085:

and not discriminate against anyone's ethnicity in order to secure the

1073:

Religion/state separation and recognition of diversity (September 2020)

4979: 2315:"Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period" 5088: 2204: 2202: 2200: 1712: 1030: 3575: 3158:"New law abolishes apostasy, allows alcohol drinking for non-Muslim" 3030:"Sudan dissolves National Congress Party, repeals Public Order Bill" 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 1558:(RSF), the toxic effects of cyanide and mercury from gold mining in 4445:"Sudan generals and parties sign outline deal, protesters cry foul" 3860:"Sudanese call for justice in first protest under Hamdok's cabinet" 2586:"'Our revolution won': Sudan's opposition lauds deal with military" 2385:"Sudan protest leaders, military sign transitional government deal" 1210:

a six-month peace program for Darfur, Blue Nile and South Kordofan;

5429: 4248:"Sudan's Hamdok reinstated as PM after political agreement signed" 4018:"'Quad for Sudan' Calls for Peace, Democracy After Coup, Protests" 2716:"Demonstrators in Sudan demand justice for army crackdown victims" 1235: 964: 923: 917: 791: 524: 243: 5398: 4420:"Skepticism as Sudan's military and pro-democracy group ink deal" 3763:"Four protesters 'killed by live ammunition' in Sudan's Omdurman" 2343: 2341: 2339: 4217:"Sudan's PM and other leaders detained in apparent coup attempt" 4167:"US removes Sudan from terrorism blacklist in return for $ 335m" 3732:"AU mediator: Sudan Constitutional Declaration nears completion" 2618:"Minnawi, al Nur reject agreement on transitional rule in Sudan" 1791:

On 15 April 2023, the transition was interrupted again when the

1529: 1138: 824:

Objections to the 4 August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration

5402: 4983: 4500: 3474: 3472: 2154:"Sudanese Journalists Network criticises junta-opposition deal" 752:, representing people from Darfur displaced in relation to the 4394:"Sudan's generals, pro-democracy group ink deal to end crisis" 3795:"Tens of thousands rally against former ruling party in Sudan" 3404:"Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan, 2005" 2946:"Sudan 'on path to democracy' as ex-ruling party is dissolved" 2914:"Draft Constitutional Charterfor the 2019 Transitional Period" 2423: 4352: 4350: 4317: 4315: 3842:"Sudan signs peace deal with key rebel groups, some hold out" 3514:"FFC finally agree on nominees for Sudan's Sovereign Council" 3371:"Sudan's military council to be dissolved in transition deal" 2120:"Sudan opposition: Political accord gives all power to junta" 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 849:

Code of 1991 (also known as the Criminal Act or Penal Code).

2944:

Zeinab Mohammed Salih & Jason Burke (29 November 2019).

2887:. African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies. 8 March 2016 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 27:

Political transition following the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état

3224:"Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims" 2972:"Sudan crisis: Women praise end of strict public order law" 2649:"Sudanese celebrate agreement between junta and opposition" 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 1625:

tried to convince the transitional government to normalise

1152:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

915:

restriction of the death penalty to cases of "retribution (

800:

On 4 August 2019, the Draft Constitutional Declaration (or

580:

The transition was interrupted on 25 October 2021 when the

3981: 3979: 3701:"Sudan: International pressure enabled power-sharing pact" 3508: 3506: 3311:"Sudan's Government Agrees to Separate Religion and State" 2489:

Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Zweiter Halbband

2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2080:"Sudan rebels reject junta-opposition political agreement" 1918: 1916: 1914: 1162:

TMC–FFC Political Agreement and Constitutional Declaration

4363:

A critical juncture for Sudan's democratic transition

3193:"Sudan officially promulgates law ensuring women freedom" 3255:"Sudan Justice Minister clarifies repeal of strict laws" 3249: 3247: 3245: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 1853:"Sudan's Ibn Auf steps down as head of military council" 1213:

initiating a procedure for preparing a new constitution;

4193:"Sudan war enters 100th day as mediation attempts fail" 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 2710: 2708: 2706: 876:

Constitutional principles of legal reform (August 2019)

609:

Sudan's 1948 election took place while Sudan was still

4272:"A Critical Window to Bolster Sudan's Next Government" 3987:"Protests across Sudan address public dissatisfaction" 3891:"'Militia' shooting prompts mass demo in South Darfur" 3824:"Sudan signs peace deal with rebel groups from Darfur" 3440: 3438: 2747:"Darfur displaced denounce Constitutional Declaration" 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2044:"Darfur displaced reject opposition - junta agreement" 1708:

aid halted, and Sudan's economy continued to decline.

5139:

19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience

2148: 2146: 1720:

Transition Assistance Mission Sudan (UNITAMS) led by

1508:

The 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration lists "

1490:, was nominated on 20 October 2019 by Prime Minister 2530: 2528: 2379: 2377: 2375: 1924:"Int'l community applauds Sudan political agreement" 1733: 830:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

6166: 6058: 5979: 5868: 5743: 5716: 5627: 5437: 5358: 5337: 5208: 5131: 5048: 5017: 4899: 4858: 4786: 4736: 4632: 4534: 3152: 3150: 3148: 1825:"FACTBOX – Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir" 1554:and Attorney-General, killings of civilians by the 1528:On 31 August 2020, a peace agreement was signed in 788:

4 August/17 August Draft Constitutional Declaration

531:overthrew the democratically elected government of 3581:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 4443:Abdelaziz, Khalid; Eltahir, Nafisa (2022-12-05). 4165:Jason Burke and Oliver Holmes (19 October 2020). 590:took control of the government in a military coup 2502:"Sudan generals, protesters reach landmark deal" 2074: 2072: 2070: 1207:and "related" human rights violations incidents; 3953:"March against new gold mine in Northern State" 1514:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 936: 744:Objections to the 5 and 17 July 2019 agreements 4039:Fulton, Adam; Holmes, Oliver (25 April 2023). 3848:. August 31, 2020 – via www.reuters.com. 3669:"Sudan appoints its first woman Chief Justice" 3545:"Sudanese Women's Union protests FFC nominees" 2860:European Country of Origin Information Network 2038: 2036: 984:Miscellaneous Amendments Act (April–July 2020) 932:Repeal of the public order law (November 2019) 84:4 August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration 5414: 4995: 4512: 4274:. International Crisis Group. 23 January 2023 3922:"South Darfur demo damns demonstrator deaths" 1677:on 26 October. Civilian groups including the 500: 8: 4937:Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) 3218: 3216: 3214: 3127:"Sudan abolishes strict Islamic legislation" 3055: 3053: 550:. Following further protests and the 3 June 4098:. U.S. Department of State. 3 November 2021 3283:Ban Barkawi, Rachel Savage (16 July 2020). 820:, and other heads of state and government. 6064: 5985: 5874: 5740: 5713: 5633: 5443: 5421: 5407: 5399: 5002: 4988: 4980: 4519: 4505: 4497: 3278: 3276: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 1654:October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 1486:commission, headed by human rights lawyer 1240:4 August signed Constitutional Declaration 507: 493: 29: 18:2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy 5084:No to Oppression against Women Initiative 5070:Opposition (until August/September 2019) 4120:. U.S. Department of State. 17 March 2023 3084: 3082: 970:No to Oppression Against Women Initiative 272:Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council 5578:Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 4065:Brooke-Holland, Louisa (25 April 2023). 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2939: 2937: 2935: 1510:achieving a just and comprehensive peace 1333:Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan) 721:attacked people celebrating the deal in 3304: 3302: 2220:[(Constitutional Declaration)] 1816: 1566:, protests against a state governor in 1028:was no longer punishable by death, and 54: 32: 2834: 2824: 2413: 2411: 1044:as a form of punishment was abolished. 944:for the revolution in which masses of 750:Darfur Displaced General Coordination 7: 5588:Second Transitional Military Council 4962: 4922:Attempted assassination of al-Burhan 4229:from the original on 25 October 2021 3638:"TMC and FFC pick new Chief Justice" 1177:Elements of the agreement included: 1102:Reactions and demands from activists 1012:on 9 July 2020 and thus became law. 946:women have participated. It's a very 942:Abolishing them means a step forward 5543:First Transitional Military Council 5040:War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 4489:from the original on 18 April 2023. 4343:from the original on 18 April 2023. 4020:. Voice of America. 3 November 2021 1631:1998 United States embassy bombings 1590:Foreign influence on the transition 760:", the dominant political party of 729:17 July written Political Agreement 548:months of sustained street protests 5183:September 2021 coup d'état attempt 5094:Sudanese Professionals Association 4382:from the original on 28 March 2023 2970:James Copnall (29 November 2019). 2218:"(الدستوري Declaration (العربية))" 1679:Sudanese Professionals Association 1576:Sudanese Professionals Association 1247:2005 Interim National Constitution 1174:, and other international bodies. 1090:against based on their religion." 1051:was amended: male participants in 668:(December 2018 – September 2019). 542:, in which he was replaced by the 538:and was himself overthrown in the 25: 6307:Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 5598:2019–2021 transition to democracy 4528:Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 3335:Nabeel Biajo (2 September 2020). 3309:Michael Atit (4 September 2020). 1787:Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 1728:December 2022 framework agreement 1106:Women's rights activists such as 948:victorious moment for all of us. 5593:Transitional Sovereignty Council 5381: 5380: 5328:Transitional Legislative Council 4961: 4950: 4949: 4191:Abdelaziz, Khalid (2023-07-23). 4067:"UK response to unrest in Sudan" 3793:Abdelaziz, Khalid (2019-10-21). 1717:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1339:Transitional Legislative Council 1327:Transitional Legislative Council 1264:Transitional Sovereignty Council 1232:Draft Constitutional Declaration 1096:SPLM-North al-Hilu rebel faction 990:Transitional Legislative Council 477:National Human Rights Commission 161:Transitional Legislative Council 107:Transitional Sovereignty Council 58: 42: 5315:Khartoum massacre investigation 4811:Evacuation of foreign nationals 4806:Forced deportation of Eritreans 3999:from the original on 2019-09-23 3965:from the original on 2019-09-23 3934:from the original on 2019-09-23 3903:from the original on 2019-09-23 3872:from the original on 2019-09-14 3805:from the original on 2019-10-21 3775:from the original on 2019-08-02 3744:from the original on 2019-08-01 3713:from the original on 2019-07-08 3681:from the original on 2019-10-10 3650:from the original on 2019-08-24 3619:from the original on 2019-08-24 3588:from the original on 2019-08-13 3557:from the original on 2019-08-19 3526:from the original on 2019-08-20 3492:from the original on 2019-08-18 3458:from the original on 2019-07-28 3424:from the original on 2019-07-08 3385:from the original on 2019-07-08 2790:from the original on 2021-05-22 2759:from the original on 2020-08-31 2728:from the original on 2019-07-13 2692:from the original on 2019-07-09 2661:from the original on 2019-07-07 2630:from the original on 2019-07-06 2548:from the original on 2019-07-09 2514:from the original on 2019-07-08 2459:from the original on 2019-07-13 2397:from the original on 2019-08-17 2361:from the original on 2019-08-04 2235:from the original on 2019-08-05 2166:from the original on 2019-07-20 2132:from the original on 2019-07-20 2092:from the original on 2019-07-18 2056:from the original on 2019-07-14 2022:from the original on 2019-07-18 1936:from the original on 2019-07-18 1900:from the original on 2019-07-05 1484:Khartoum massacre investigation 1474:immunity by a simple majority. 1423:Khartoum massacre investigation 1087:equal treatment of all citizens 953:– Yosra Fuad (29 November 2019) 940:to intentionally oppress women. 735:Political Agreement (full text) 662:April 2019 Sudanese coup d'état 605:Previous democratic experiences 472:Khartoum massacre investigation 65:Member State of the Arab League 5199:Next Sudanese general election 5099:Sudanese resistance committees 4293:(www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. 3060:Declan Walsh (30 April 2020). 1763:Sudanese resistance committees 1739:Sudanese resistance committees 1377:It was initially suggested by 1094:had long been a demand of the 812:, Prime Minister of Ethiopia, 715:Sudan Liberation Movement/Army 1: 5154:3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre 5059:Transitional Military Council 4614:Darfur Joint Protection Force 3706:The Christian Science Monitor 3003:Kaamil Ahmed (16 July 2020). 2594:. 5 July 2019. Archived from 2487:& Klaus Landfried (1978) 2002:; Idris, Insaf (2019-07-17). 1454:The Christian Science Monitor 709:Tahani Abbas, a cofounder of 631:Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) 544:Transitional Military Council 443:African Union and UN in Sudan 5218:Sovereignty Council of Sudan 5074:Forces of Freedom and Change 4881:Aircraft at Khartoum airport 4602:Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion 1683:Forces of Freedom and Change 1270:Sovereignty Council of Sudan 802:Draft Constitutional Charter 777:Sudanese Journalists Network 696:Forces of Freedom and Change 686:On 5 July, with the help of 571:Sudanese Journalists Network 556:Forces of Freedom and Change 415:United Nations (UN) in Sudan 5171:2019–2022 Sudanese protests 1702:International Monetary Fund 1546:2019–2021 Sudanese protests 1083:separate religion and state 429:Interim Security Force for 351:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6343: 6322:Political history of Sudan 5456:Pre-independence governors 4839:Local humanitarian groups 4225:, Sudan, 25 October 2021, 3699:Magdy, Samy (2019-07-08). 1805:2020s in political history 1784: 1651: 1543: 1501: 1420: 1330: 1301: 1267: 764:'s 30-year rule of Sudan. 732: 615:the following half century 266:Darfur Regional Government 6255: 6067: 5988: 5877: 5636: 5486:Anglo-Egyptian occupation 5446: 5376: 5149:11 April 2019 coup d'état 5121:Sudan Revolutionary Front 5116:National Consensus Forces 4945: 4932:2023 Foro Baranga clashes 4418:Ali, Wasil (2022-12-07). 4076:. UK Parliament. CBP-9778 1886:Kirby, Jen (2019-07-06). 1540:Protests during 2019–2021 1429:2019 Sudanese coup d'état 1361:responsibility", and can 1020:Female genital mutilation 994:female genital mutilation 773:National Consensus Forces 769:Sudan Revolutionary Front 658:1989 Sudanese coup d'état 625:, coalition governments, 611:under Anglo–Egyptian rule 567:National Consensus Forces 563:Sudan Revolutionary Front 540:2019 Sudanese coup d'état 5210:Institutional transition 5188:October 2021 coup d'état 5144:8 April Alaa Salah photo 4766:Kutum Hospital airstrike 4074:House of Commons Library 1757:In March 2023, diplomat 1658:On 25 October 2021, the 1594:A group of four states, 1534:transitional legislature 1457:, US negotiators led by 838:nationwide peace process 711:No to Women's Oppression 643:secession of South Sudan 227:Administrative divisions 6317:Provisional governments 5528:National Reconciliation 5367:Soudan 2019, année zéro 5350:Darfur war crimes court 4927:Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 1648:2021 coup and aftermath 1519:crimes against humanity 977:National Congress Party 938:The laws were designed 758:National Congress Party 692:Mohamed El Hacen Lebatt 637:under the influence of 250:Interim Security Force 5568:United Nations Mission 5345:Sudanese peace process 5111:Darfur Bar Association 5079:Sudanese Women's Union 4859:Damaged infrastructure 4746:May 2023 Mayo shelling 1771:National Islamic Front 1767:Popular Defence Forces 1715:, including after the 1664:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 1627:Israel–Sudan relations 1552:Chief Justice of Sudan 1504:Sudanese peace process 1393:was to be sworn in as 1280:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 1241: 1006:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 988:On 22 April 2020, the 950: 888: 797: 586:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 367:Diplomatic missions of 113:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 5942:Native administration 5548:Coalitions/Bashir Era 5461:Pre and early history 5104:Angry Without Borders 4773:Wad Al-Noora massacre 2447:"The Sudan Elections" 1724:had become strained. 1284:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 1258:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 1239: 1079:ongoing peace process 1008:and published in the 980:period of 10 years". 883: 806:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 795: 654:Omar al-Bashir's rule 629:, involvement in the 575:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 521:democratic transition 214:Town and rural courts 5269:Transitional Cabinet 5264:Nemat Abdullah Khair 5064:Rapid Support Forces 4674:UNSC Resolution 2736 1793:Rapid Support Forces 1747:Juba Peace Agreement 1642:Rapid Support Forces 1623:Trump administration 1600:United Arab Emirates 1556:Rapid Support Forces 1391:Nemat Abdullah Khair 1298:Council of Ministers 1225:Democratic elections 1218:transitional justice 872:by lack of consent. 860:', and impunity for 719:Rapid Support Forces 677:July 2019 agreements 641:(1989–1999) and the 594:Rapid Support Forces 527:began in July 2019. 195:Nemat Abdullah Khair 180:Constitutional Court 6327:Sudanese revolution 5701:Non-marine molluscs 5387:Sudanese Revolution 5011:Sudanese revolution 4788:Humanitarian crisis 4331:. 6 December 2022. 4146:. 23 September 2020 1775:online social media 1498:Comprehensive peace 1346:Legislative Council 1276:Sovereignty Council 1198:legislative council 1026:Apostasy by Muslims 1002:Nasreldin Abdelbari 998:Sovereignty Council 893:popular sovereignty 854:rape victim blaming 666:Sudanese Revolution 660:and ended with the 6041:Telecommunications 5476:Turkish occupation 5359:Major publications 4876:Sudan Central Bank 4592:Popular Resistance 4581:(Tambour faction) 4568:(al-Hilu faction) 3768:Al Jazeera English 3066:The New York Times 3038:. 29 November 2019 2721:Al Jazeera English 2591:Al Jazeera English 2507:Middle East Online 2390:Al Jazeera English 2226:raisethevoices.org 1687:civil disobedience 1288:Aisha Musa el-Said 1242: 1145:Human Rights Watch 798: 682:5 July verbal deal 619:national elections 617:included a mix of 204:Court of Cassation 6279: 6278: 6251: 6250: 6054: 6053: 6017:(former currency) 5975: 5974: 5912:Foreign relations 5864: 5863: 5846: 5845: 5739: 5738: 5718:Natural disasters 5623: 5622: 5608:October 2021 coup 5573:Nomadic conflicts 5498:Independent Sudan 5396: 5395: 4977: 4976: 4891:Laboratory crisis 4761:Ardamata massacre 4756:Misterei massacre 4751:Masalit massacres 4572:Abdelaziz al-Hilu 4360:(28 March 2023), 4252:www.aljazeera.com 3830:. 31 August 2020. 1662:, led by General 1660:Sudanese military 1433:Khartoum massacre 1358:National Congress 1205:Khartoum massacre 704:Khartoum massacre 656:started with the 584:, led by General 582:Sudanese military 552:Khartoum massacre 517: 516: 467:ICC investigation 449:Darfur operation 420:Mission in Sudan 384:Visa requirements 344:Foreign relations 331:Political parties 301:Recent elections 117:Deputy Chairman: 35:Politics of Sudan 16:(Redirected from 6334: 6264: 6065: 6031: 6018: 5986: 5875: 5741: 5714: 5634: 5533:Second Civil War 5444: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5400: 5384: 5383: 5176:Killing of Sitna 5004: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4965: 4964: 4953: 4952: 4824: 4778:Galgani massacre 4647:Khartoum Airport 4521: 4514: 4507: 4498: 4491: 4490: 4477:. 6 April 2023. 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4358:Rosalind Marsden 4354: 4345: 4344: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 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Archived from 2295: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2223: 2206: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2116: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2076: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2008: 1992: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1920: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1883: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1821: 1759:Rosalind Marsden 1735: 1437:Associated Press 1431:, including the 1304:Cabinet of Sudan 1126:(CEDAW) and the 1010:Official Gazette 954: 639:Hassan al-Turabi 509: 502: 495: 463: 454: 452: 444: 435: 434: 423: 416: 253: 67: 63: 62: 46: 30: 21: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6312:Democratization 6282: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6267: 6260: 6247: 6162: 6050: 6029: 6016: 5971: 5967:State Governors 5860: 5842: 5735: 5712: 5619: 5503:First Civil War 5433: 5427: 5397: 5392: 5372: 5354: 5333: 5273:Prime Minister 5204: 5127: 5044: 5013: 5008: 4978: 4973: 4941: 4895: 4854: 4818: 4782: 4732: 4654:Darfur campaign 4628: 4585:Mustafa Tambour 4530: 4525: 4495: 4494: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4321: 4320: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4002: 4000: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3968: 3966: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3937: 3935: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3875: 3873: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3808: 3806: 3799:Thomson Reuters 3792: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3745: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3716: 3714: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3485:Thomson Reuters 3478: 3477: 3470: 3461: 3459: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3369: 3368: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3096:on 16 July 2020 3088: 3087: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2833: 2823: 2816: 2814: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2729: 2714: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2633: 2631: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2598:on 2 April 2021 2584: 2583: 2560: 2551: 2549: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2517: 2515: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2427:. 15 April 2023 2417: 2416: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2383: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2362: 2347: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2326: 2319:sudanreeves.org 2297: 2296: 2247: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2221: 2208: 2207: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2118: 2117: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2078: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2057: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2006: 1994: 1993: 1948: 1939: 1937: 1922: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1901: 1885: 1884: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1783: 1755: 1730: 1656: 1650: 1592: 1548: 1542: 1506: 1500: 1459:Donald E. Booth 1425: 1419: 1407: 1371: 1369:Judicial bodies 1335: 1329: 1306: 1300: 1272: 1266: 1234: 1164: 1104: 1077:As part of the 1075: 986: 956: 952: 947: 945: 943: 941: 939: 934: 878: 870:sexual violence 846: 826: 816:, President of 790: 754:Darfur genocide 746: 737: 731: 684: 679: 674: 651: 607: 602: 513: 484: 483: 459: 450: 447: 442: 437: 432: 430: 421: 414: 410: 402: 401: 393: 375: 363: 357:Mariam al-Mahdi 346: 336: 335: 325: 297: 287: 286: 274: 255: 251: 229: 219: 218: 217: 211:District Courts 174: 166: 165: 156: 146: 145: 97: 89: 88: 79: 69: 57: 56: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6340: 6338: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6302:2020s in Sudan 6299: 6297:2010s in Sudan 6294: 6284: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6265: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6151:Public toilets 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6082:Child marriage 6079: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6025: 6020: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5962:Vice President 5959: 5954: 5952:Prime Minister 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5931:September Laws 5924: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5823:South Kordofan 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:North Kordofan 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5768:Central Darfur 5765: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5726:Climate change 5722: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5613:2023 Civil war 5610: 5605: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5523:Communist coup 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: articles 5428: 5426: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5300: 5298:Lena el-Sheikh 5295: 5290: 5285: 5277: 5275:Abdalla Hamdok 5266: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5228: 5214: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5193:2023 Civil war 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:Omar al-Bashir 5021: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4959: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4871:Shambat Bridge 4868: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4808: 4803: 4801:Refugee crisis 4798: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4661: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4492: 4460: 4435: 4410: 4385: 4346: 4311: 4285: 4263: 4239: 4208: 4183: 4157: 4131: 4109: 4087: 4057: 4031: 4009: 3995:. 2019-09-19. 3975: 3961:. 2019-09-18. 3944: 3930:. 2019-09-18. 3913: 3899:. 2019-09-17. 3882: 3868:. 2019-09-13. 3851: 3833: 3815: 3785: 3771:. 2019-08-01. 3754: 3740:. 2019-08-01. 3723: 3691: 3677:. 2019-10-10. 3660: 3646:. 2019-08-21. 3629: 3615:. 2019-08-21. 3598: 3567: 3553:. 2019-08-18. 3536: 3522:. 2019-08-20. 3502: 3488:. 2019-08-18. 3468: 3454:. 2019-07-28. 3434: 3395: 3381:. 2019-07-08. 3353: 3327: 3298: 3272: 3261:. 13 July 2020 3241: 3230:. 12 July 2020 3210: 3199:. 10 July 2020 3175: 3164:. 11 July 2020 3144: 3133:. 13 July 2020 3107: 3078: 3049: 3021: 2988: 2962: 2931: 2898: 2873: 2844: 2800: 2786:. 2019-08-07. 2769: 2755:. 2019-08-06. 2738: 2724:. 2019-07-13. 2702: 2688:. 2019-07-09. 2671: 2657:. 2019-07-07. 2640: 2626:. 2019-07-07. 2609: 2558: 2544:. 2019-07-05. 2524: 2510:. 2019-07-05. 2493: 2481:Bernhard Vogel 2469: 2455:. 1948-11-26. 2438: 2407: 2393:. 2019-08-17. 2371: 2357:. 2019-08-04. 2335: 2313:(2019-08-10). 2245: 2216:(2019-08-04). 2176: 2162:. 2019-07-29. 2142: 2128:. 2019-07-20. 2102: 2088:. 2019-07-18. 2066: 2052:. 2019-07-12. 2032: 1946: 1932:. 2019-07-18. 1910: 1871: 1844: 1833:. 14 July 2008 1815: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1785:Main article: 1782: 1779: 1769:linked to the 1754: 1751: 1729: 1726: 1722:Volker Perthes 1691:Abdalla Hamdok 1671:Abdalla Hamdok 1668:Prime Minister 1652:Main article: 1649: 1646: 1612:United Nations 1604:United Kingdom 1591: 1588: 1564:South Kordofan 1560:Northern state 1544:Main article: 1541: 1538: 1502:Main article: 1499: 1496: 1480: 1479: 1449: 1448: 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1406: 1403: 1370: 1367: 1363:read and write 1331:Main article: 1328: 1325: 1321:Abdalla Hamdok 1299: 1296: 1274:The 11-member 1268:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1233: 1230: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1163: 1160: 1103: 1100: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1023: 985: 982: 935: 933: 930: 912: 911: 908: 904: 877: 874: 845: 842: 825: 822: 789: 786: 762:Omar al-Bashir 745: 742: 730: 727: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 650: 649:Al-Bashir rule 647: 606: 603: 601: 598: 554:, TMC and the 533:Sadiq al-Mahdi 529:Omar al-Bashir 515: 514: 512: 511: 504: 497: 489: 486: 485: 482: 481: 480: 479: 474: 469: 457: 456: 455: 440: 439: 438: 427: 425: 411: 409:Related topics 408: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 392: 391: 386: 381: 374: 373: 362: 361: 360: 359: 347: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 327: 326: 324: 323: 316: 311: 304: 298: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 278: 277: 276: 275: 270: 268: 260: 259: 258: 257: 256: 248: 241: 230: 225: 224: 221: 220: 216: 215: 212: 209: 206: 201: 200: 199: 198: 197: 182: 176: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 138: 137: 136: 128:Prime Minister 125: 124: 123: 122: 121: 115: 98: 95: 94: 91: 90: 87: 86: 80: 75: 74: 71: 70: 52: 51: 48: 47: 39: 38: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6339: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6292:2019 in Sudan 6290: 6289: 6287: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 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5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261:Chief Justice 5259: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5159:#BlueforSudan 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049:Organisations 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035:War in Darfur 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4970: 4969: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 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4359: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4328:Radio Dabanga 4324: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4184: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4158: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4058: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4019: 4013: 4010: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3992:Radio Dabanga 3988: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3958:Radio Dabanga 3954: 3948: 3945: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3927:Radio Dabanga 3923: 3917: 3914: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3896:Radio Dabanga 3892: 3886: 3883: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3865:Sudan Tribune 3861: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3737:Radio Dabanga 3733: 3727: 3724: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3695: 3692: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3674:Radio Dabanga 3670: 3664: 3661: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3612:Khartoum Star 3608: 3602: 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2811: 2804: 2801: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2783:Radio Dabanga 2779: 2773: 2770: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2752:Radio Dabanga 2748: 2742: 2739: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2685:Sudan Tribune 2681: 2675: 2672: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2654:Radio Dabanga 2650: 2644: 2641: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2623:Sudan Tribune 2619: 2613: 2610: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2541:Radio Dabanga 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:Dieter Nohlen 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2452:The Spectator 2448: 2442: 2439: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2354:Radio Dabanga 2350: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2325:on 2019-08-10 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2231: 2228:(in Arabic). 2227: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2159:Radio Dabanga 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2125:Radio Dabanga 2121: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2085:Radio Dabanga 2081: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2049:Radio Dabanga 2045: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2012:Radio Dabanga 2005: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1929:Radio Dabanga 1925: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1781:2023 conflict 1780: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:African Union 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 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On 8 July, 1434: 1430: 1424: 1417:Investigation 1416: 1414: 1412: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1399:Supreme Court 1396: 1395:Chief Justice 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1380:Khartoum Star 1375: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1238: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1219: 1216:establishing 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1168:African Union 1161: 1159: 1157: 1156:blasphemy law 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 983: 981: 978: 973: 971: 966: 962: 955: 949: 931: 929: 926: 925: 920: 919: 909: 905: 902: 901: 900: 896: 894: 887: 882: 875: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 843: 841: 839: 835: 831: 823: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 794: 787: 785: 783: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 743: 741: 736: 728: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 699: 697: 693: 689: 688:African Union 681: 676: 671: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 648: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623:constitutions 620: 616: 612: 604: 599: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 534: 530: 526: 522: 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 490: 488: 487: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 462: 458: 453: 446: 445: 441: 436: 426: 424: 418: 417: 413: 412: 406: 405: 398: 395: 394: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 372: 368: 365: 364: 358: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 340: 339: 332: 329: 322: 321: 317: 315: 312: 310: 306: 305: 303: 302: 300: 299: 296: 291: 290: 283: 280: 279: 273: 269: 267: 264: 263: 261: 254: 247: 246: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 223: 222: 213: 210: 207: 205: 202: 196: 193: 192: 191: 190:Chief Justice 188: 187: 186: 185:Supreme Court 183: 181: 178: 177: 170: 169: 162: 159: 158: 155: 150: 149: 142: 139: 134: 133:Osman Hussein 131: 130: 129: 126: 120: 116: 114: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 103: 100: 99: 93: 92: 85: 82: 81: 78: 73: 72: 68: 66: 61: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 36: 31: 19: 6181:Architecture 6089:Demographics 6003:Central Bank 5917:Human rights 5892:Constitution 5818:South Darfur 5788:North Darfur 5597: 5471:Islamization 5385: 5365: 5326: 5303:Faisal Saleh 5283:Asma Abdalla 5197: 4966: 4954: 4936: 4535:Belligerents 4472: 4463: 4452:. Retrieved 4448: 4438: 4427:. Retrieved 4423: 4413: 4402:. Retrieved 4400:. 2022-12-05 4397: 4388: 4362: 4326: 4302:. Retrieved 4298: 4288: 4276:. Retrieved 4266: 4255:. Retrieved 4251: 4242: 4231:, retrieved 4222:The Guardian 4220: 4211: 4200:. Retrieved 4196: 4186: 4174:. Retrieved 4171:The Guardian 4170: 4160: 4148:. Retrieved 4143: 4134: 4122:. Retrieved 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4090: 4078:. Retrieved 4073: 4060: 4048:. Retrieved 4045:The Guardian 4044: 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4012: 4001:. Retrieved 3990: 3967:. Retrieved 3956: 3947: 3936:. Retrieved 3925: 3916: 3905:. Retrieved 3894: 3885: 3874:. Retrieved 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3807:. Retrieved 3788: 3777:. Retrieved 3766: 3757: 3746:. Retrieved 3735: 3726: 3715:. Retrieved 3704: 3694: 3683:. Retrieved 3672: 3663: 3652:. Retrieved 3641: 3632: 3621:. Retrieved 3610: 3601: 3590:. Retrieved 3579: 3570: 3559:. Retrieved 3548: 3539: 3528:. Retrieved 3517: 3494:. Retrieved 3483: 3460:. Retrieved 3449: 3426:. 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