268:
118:
172:) had been severe in recent years. Residents were buying solid waste and compacted it along nalas to protect their homes and this move reduced the width of the nala. In addition, since the only two landfills in Karachi at that time were far from the eastern city, lots of non-recyclable materials are thrown in to nalas. As the development plan of Karachi was not implemented, the pressure of insufficient space for commercial activities forced the government to build bazaars over the nalas.
340:
The floods caused enormous physical damage to the area. Heavy rainfall caused flooding in
Karachi, inundation of streets, houses and outdated urban drainage systems, and collapse of lines, resulting in large-scale power failure in the city. 23 houses were partially damaged and 1 house was completely
142:
It has been the worst flooding since 1931 in
Karachi, killing at least 41 people and leaving hundreds of thousands trapped. The record monsoon rains with inadequate drainage systems in the city caused this flood. The heavy rainfalls shattered all-time records for rainfall in a single day and other
345:
government also reported that nearly 1 million acres of crops were destroyed by the floods. The fields of cotton, vegetables, onions, tomatoes, and sugarcane were affected. In addition, the rainstorm destroyed the main infrastructure of the city and made the highway network impassable. The entire
154:
Flooding engulfed the city, Karachi, bringing everything to a halt. There was a devastating damage to public infrastructures (such as broken electricity cables) and private properties (such as buildings collapsed). These damages also brought about a series of subsequent crises, with eight people
44:
Karachi had seen in almost a century, and killed at least 41 people. The floods were caused by record monsoon rains from 24 to 27 August, which were inadequately drained by poorly maintained drainage systems in the city. The resulting floods caused deaths and destruction of infrastructure and
253:
to relief
Karachi residents who had been affected by the monsoon rains. Additionally, they were also entrusted with cleaning up the debris left by the city's floods. The Emergency Response Force (ERF) was also sent to help persons in need in many sites around Karachi on 20 August 2020.
198:
The central and provincial governments of
Karachi were controlled by different political parties and their views cannot be unified to solve the infrastructure problems of Karachi furthermore government even failed to get sufficient investment to deal with drainage trouble.
180:
As the population of
Karachi increased and the city expanded, the construction of various sectors is became far away from the gutter garden, which is one part of Karachi's sewage system. A planned sewage treatment plant was never built for these new sectors.
404:, which unfortunately, was also the source of drinking water for refugees due to unavailability of water. Different water and vector borne diseases had already emerged after heavy flooding, such as dengue, malaria, diarrhea, typhoid and hepatitis.
354:
The floods in
Karachi pose a threat to people's lives, not only causing casualties, but also contributing to the spread of disease. The flood caused at least 34 people were killed, nine were injured. Meanwhile, it increased the risk of
143:
records. During August 2020, 484 mm of rain fell and was the highest amount of rain in August back to 1931. The rainfall for a single day set a new record of 223.5 mm, surpassing the previous high of 211.3 mm set in 1967.
189:
Due to the large-scale real estate development, many natural drainage channels and water collection depressions had been dismantled in the hilly formations north of the city. When it rains, the south of the area is completely flooded.
1171:
399:
Studies have shown that the amount of rainfall is the single most crucial factor for dengue virus transmission. Water retained on rooftops and containers after heavy rain episodes become the ideal breeding spots for
1092:
130:
The frequency of floods has been increasing over time. The causes of floods can be divided into factors affecting rainfall, and factors affecting water retention, such as drainage and deforestation.
1164:
245:
was also summoned to
Karachi on July 30, 2020, to aid the civil authorities in addressing the city's flooding problem. Meanwhile, the Pakistan Army also collaborated with the local
221:
ordered that schools be used as resettlement sites for the displaced families. According to the Sindh Health
Department, the health department sprayed disinfectants to eliminate
246:
1081:
279:. The team provided them with hot meals, water, hygiene supplies, and food parcels and provided drinking water to other flood-affected areas of Karachi, such as
1040:
1136:
1214:
1019:
312:
1529:
275:
Local rescuers assisted by
Baitulmaal (a Dallas-based international humanitarian organization) helped evacuate surviving residents of Karachi's
930:
615:
299:(WFP) also responded to the unprecedented floods by supplying 95 MT of food aid to 1,780 affected households in Karachi on 22 September 2020.
848:
955:
502:
392:-related disruptions severely impeding diagnosis and treatment of the diseases, access to relief from floods as well as affordability of
1514:
1239:
1109:
146:
Landslides, infrastructure damage, and traffic jams caused by the floods disrupted the daily lives of around 15 million residents.
796:
267:
1378:
1317:
Junaid Tahir, Muhammad; Rizwan
Siddiqi, Ahsun; Ullah, Irfan; Ahmed, Ali; Dujaili, Juman; Saqlain, Muhammad (15 December 2020).
822:
648:
359:
outbreak due to poor flood control and water treatment facilities, and many cases have been reported after the flood outbreak.
20:
1265:
Junaid Tahir, Muhammad; Rizwan Siddiqi, Ahsun; Ullah, Irfan; Ahmed, Ali; Dujaili, Juman; Saqlain, Muhammad (30 October 2020).
904:
1392:
Baqir, Maryam; Sobani, Zain A; Bhamani, Amyn; Bham, Nida Shahab; Abid, Sidra; Farook, Javeria; Beg, M Asim (1 January 2012).
117:
712:
308:
1539:
1534:
250:
1188:
1524:
1060:
1036:
771:
980:
114:
Flooding is Pakistan's most threatening natural disaster. There have been over 27 floods in Pakistan's history.
346:
residential area and market were flooded, causing losses worth millions of rupees to houses and enterprises.
526:
1008:
1519:
772:"Pakistan Floods: Causes and Consequences | Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses"
287:
Employees of Baitulmaal delivered supplies via truck to individuals who were unable to escape in time.
1450:
682:
324:
296:
431:
426:
320:
276:
674:
421:
730:
Abdul, Rehman; Luan, Jingdong; Youneng, Du; Rafia, Khatoon; Babar, Shahzad (30 September 2015).
849:"Pakistan: Karachi experiences worst floods in almost a century, dozens dead | DW | 28.08.2020"
1478:
1470:
1431:
1413:
1356:
1338:
1296:
753:
360:
134:
is the primary cause of the increasing trend in flooding frequency and severity in Pakistan.
1462:
1421:
1405:
1346:
1330:
1286:
1278:
743:
690:
316:
880:"At least 19 killed amid urban flooding as Karachi records highest rainfall in a day ever"
1319:"Devastating urban flooding and dengue outbreak during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan"
1267:"Devastating urban flooding and dengue outbreak during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan"
686:
1426:
1393:
1351:
1318:
1291:
218:
131:
1409:
1508:
451:
284:
242:
31:
1374:
553:
393:
381:
356:
226:
412:
Mortality rates were found to increase by up to 50% in the first year post-flood.
1466:
1266:
280:
169:
748:
732:"Financial Crisis in Pakistan and ITS Impact on Agricultural Growth (A Review)"
731:
1165:"MUSLIM AID PAKISTAN | PAKISTAN FLOODS EMERGENCY 2020 SITUATION UPDATE REPORT"
694:
1474:
1417:
1342:
757:
388:. At least 10 more dengue cases had been reported in the city during flood.
217:
In response to the catastrophic floods in Karachi,then Sindh Chief Minister
1482:
1435:
1360:
1300:
1334:
1282:
527:
https://economics.iba.edu.pk/files/priliminary-survey-on-monsoon-rain.pdf
389:
342:
1215:"Pakistan: Monsoon rains cause widespread flooding in Karachi August 25"
931:"Floods Kill 23 In Pakistan's Karachi, Heavy Rain Expected To Continue"
905:"Monsoon Rains Wreak Havoc Across Pakistan, Killing At Least 63 People"
385:
230:
80:
1394:"Infectious diseases in the aftermath of monsoon flooding in Pakistan"
1449:
Alderman, Katarzyna; Turner, Lyle R.; Tong, Shilu (15 October 2012).
1061:"Baitulmaal Responds to 2020 Monsoon Floods in Pakistan | Baitulmaal"
384:
in the first 8 months, with about 92% of the cases being reported in
1137:"Pakistan floods leave dozens dead and people angry at lack of help"
879:
587:
476:
956:"Waterborne diseases, dengue surge in Karachi after urban flooding"
713:"Pakistan's history of disasters and the lessons we fail to learn"
401:
377:
363:
was also being controlled by health authorities at the same time.
311:(PRCS) worked closely with International organization such as the
266:
222:
116:
41:
327:(TRCS) to give a timely response to Karachi's impacted citizens.
503:"Almost 50 killed in three days of monsoon rain across Pakistan"
477:"In pictures: Torrential rain floods Karachi, shatters records"
797:"Flooding in Pakistan: A grave consequence of climate change"
673:
Tariq, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman; van de Giesen, Nick (2012).
1499:
1009:"Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Pakistan: Monsoon Floods"
176:
Vast Population Increase and Lack of Development in Sewers
1240:"Why is Karachi drowning and could we have prevented it?"
1082:"WFP Pakistan – Sindh Flood Response Situation Report #5"
649:"In Karachi, Flooding Lays Bare City's Governance Issues"
1037:"Baitulmaal Responds to 2020 Monsoon Floods in Pakistan"
878:
Ali, Dawn com | Qazi Hassan | Imtiaz (27 August 2020).
616:"Record Rains, Urban Flooding Woes Continue in Karachi"
558:
International Institute for Environment and Development
168:
The damage of drains in Karachi, called nalas (such as
1110:"Pakistan floods: at least 90 killed in monsoon rains"
271:
Baitulmaal staffs provided Karachi residents water.
94:
86:
76:
53:
121:Rainfall in August in Karachi in the past 20 years
155:dying in Karachi as a result of a wall collapse.
105:Background and Details of the 2020 Karachi Floods
452:"41 killed in Karachi rains in two days | SAMAA"
1323:Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1271:Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1135:Karachi, Associated Press in (28 August 2020).
679:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
1451:"Floods and human health: A systematic review"
350:Immediate Mortality and Morbidity Implications
1398:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
247:National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
237:Pakistani Army & Other National Authority
8:
48:
313:International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC)
47:
36:
1425:
1350:
1290:
747:
706:
704:
675:"Floods and flood management in Pakistan"
981:"Urban flooding: Army called in Karachi"
823:"AS CASE STUDY : Pakistan Flooding"
1098:from the original on 25 September 2020.
1043:from the original on 18 September 2020.
443:
1381:from the original on 18 February 2022.
1312:
1310:
1177:from the original on 2 September 2020.
1159:
1157:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1025:from the original on 26 October 2021.
1003:
1001:
873:
871:
869:
643:
641:
639:
637:
581:
579:
577:
575:
554:"Urban flooding: the case of Karachi"
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
126:Common Causes of Flooding in Pakistan
7:
610:
608:
233:epidemics after the massive floods.
1189:"Extreme Monsoon Rains in Pakistan"
35:
1116:. Associated Press. 26 August 2020
164:Deterioration of Drainage Channels
14:
736:Theoretical & Applied Science
251:Frontier Works Organization (FWO)
653:United States Institute of Peace
586:Hasan, Arif (6 September 2020).
303:Other International Organization
827:GCSE and A Level Geography Blog
711:Mansoor Raza (31 August 2022).
307:During the Karachi floods, the
21:Karachi floods (disambiguation)
1530:August 2020 events in Pakistan
1:
1410:10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60194-9
309:Pakistan Red Crescent Society
150:Urban Conditions in the Flood
1467:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003
194:Serious Institutional Issues
16:Natural disaster in Pakistan
1556:
1515:2020 disasters in Pakistan
1375:"Disaster in Karachi 2020"
749:10.15863/tas.2015.09.29.13
380:had reported 733 cases of
18:
1455:Environment International
1193:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
695:10.1016/j.pce.2011.08.014
483:. Reuters. 27 August 2020
376:In 2020, the province of
65:–27 August 2020
258:International Assistance
110:Flood Events in Pakistan
57:24 August 2020
45:properties in the city.
19:For similar floods, see
372:Short-term Consequences
185:Real Estate Development
408:Long-term Consequences
272:
122:
1335:10.47176/mjiri.34.169
1283:10.47176/mjiri.34.169
270:
120:
1377:. 17 November 2020.
801:Global Village Space
588:"WHY KARACHI FLOODS"
331:Impact of the Floods
325:Turkish Red Crescent
323:(NorCross), and the
297:World Food Programme
159:Causes of the Floods
1195:. 24 September 2020
687:2012PCE....47...11T
432:2017 Karachi floods
427:2009 Karachi floods
367:Health Consequences
321:Norwegian Red Cross
263:Baitulmaal Response
138:2020 Karachi Floods
50:
49:2020 Karachi Floods
28:2020 Karachi floods
1540:Floods in Pakistan
1535:Disasters in Sindh
1246:. 7 September 2020
985:www.thenews.com.pk
960:www.thenews.com.pk
422:Climate of Karachi
273:
123:
40:) were the worst
829:. 7 February 2016
560:. 27 October 2020
507:www.aljazeera.com
361:COVID-19 pandemic
203:Types of Response
102:
101:
1547:
1525:2020s in Karachi
1487:
1486:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1005:
996:
995:
993:
991:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
911:. 29 August 2020
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
875:
864:
863:
861:
859:
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
803:. 12 August 2021
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
768:
762:
761:
751:
727:
721:
720:
708:
699:
698:
681:. 47–48: 11–20.
670:
664:
663:
661:
659:
645:
632:
631:
629:
627:
622:. 31 August 2020
612:
603:
602:
600:
598:
583:
570:
569:
567:
565:
550:
529:
524:
518:
517:
515:
513:
499:
493:
492:
490:
488:
473:
467:
466:
464:
462:
448:
402:Aedes mosquitoes
317:German Red Cross
213:Local Government
208:Local strategies
72:
70:
64:
62:
51:
39:
38:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1011:
1007:
1006:
999:
989:
987:
979:
978:
974:
964:
962:
954:
953:
949:
939:
937:
929:
928:
924:
914:
912:
903:
902:
898:
888:
886:
877:
876:
867:
857:
855:
847:
846:
842:
832:
830:
821:
820:
816:
806:
804:
795:
794:
790:
780:
778:
770:
769:
765:
729:
728:
724:
710:
709:
702:
672:
671:
667:
657:
655:
647:
646:
635:
625:
623:
614:
613:
606:
596:
594:
585:
584:
573:
563:
561:
552:
551:
532:
525:
521:
511:
509:
501:
500:
496:
486:
484:
475:
474:
470:
460:
458:
450:
449:
445:
440:
418:
410:
374:
369:
352:
338:
336:Physical Impact
333:
305:
293:
265:
260:
239:
215:
210:
205:
196:
187:
178:
166:
161:
152:
140:
128:
112:
107:
68:
66:
60:
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:External links
1492:
1489:
1488:
1441:
1384:
1366:
1306:
1257:
1231:
1206:
1180:
1153:
1127:
1101:
1073:
1046:
1028:
997:
972:
947:
922:
896:
865:
853:Deutsche Welle
840:
814:
788:
763:
722:
700:
665:
633:
604:
571:
530:
519:
494:
468:
442:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
429:
424:
417:
414:
409:
406:
373:
370:
368:
365:
351:
348:
337:
334:
332:
329:
304:
301:
292:
289:
285:Abdullah Town.
264:
261:
259:
256:
243:Pakistani army
238:
235:
219:Murad Ali Shah
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
195:
192:
186:
183:
177:
174:
165:
162:
160:
157:
151:
148:
139:
136:
132:Climate change
127:
124:
111:
108:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
90:Moonsoon rains
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
55:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1552:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:2020 in Sindh
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
986:
982:
976:
973:
961:
957:
951:
948:
936:
932:
926:
923:
910:
906:
900:
897:
885:
881:
874:
872:
870:
866:
854:
850:
844:
841:
828:
824:
818:
815:
802:
798:
792:
789:
777:
773:
767:
764:
759:
755:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
723:
718:
717:PreventionWeb
714:
707:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
669:
666:
654:
650:
644:
642:
640:
638:
634:
621:
617:
611:
609:
605:
593:
589:
582:
580:
578:
576:
572:
559:
555:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
531:
528:
523:
520:
508:
504:
498:
495:
482:
478:
472:
469:
457:
453:
447:
444:
437:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
413:
407:
405:
403:
397:
395:
394:mosquito nets
391:
387:
383:
379:
371:
366:
364:
362:
358:
349:
347:
344:
341:damaged. The
335:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
269:
262:
257:
255:
252:
248:
244:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
212:
207:
202:
200:
193:
191:
184:
182:
175:
173:
171:
163:
158:
156:
149:
147:
144:
137:
135:
133:
125:
119:
115:
109:
104:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
56:
52:
46:
43:
33:
29:
22:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1404:(1): 76–79.
1401:
1397:
1387:
1369:
1326:
1322:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1144:. Retrieved
1141:The Guardian
1140:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:The Guardian
1113:
1104:
1088:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1059:Baitulmaal.
1031:
1015:
988:. Retrieved
984:
975:
963:. Retrieved
959:
950:
938:. Retrieved
934:
925:
913:. Retrieved
908:
899:
887:. Retrieved
883:
856:. Retrieved
852:
843:
831:. Retrieved
826:
817:
805:. Retrieved
800:
791:
779:. Retrieved
775:
766:
742:(9): 52–57.
739:
735:
725:
716:
678:
668:
656:. Retrieved
652:
624:. Retrieved
619:
595:. Retrieved
591:
562:. Retrieved
557:
522:
510:. Retrieved
506:
497:
485:. Retrieved
480:
471:
459:. Retrieved
455:
446:
411:
398:
375:
357:Dengue fever
353:
339:
306:
294:
291:WFP Response
277:Gulberg Town
274:
240:
216:
197:
188:
179:
167:
153:
145:
141:
129:
113:
37:سيلاب کراچی
27:
25:
319:(GRC), the
281:Yousuf Goth
170:Gujjar Nala
1509:Categories
1500:Baitulmaal
1250:27 October
1224:27 October
1219:GardaWorld
1199:27 October
1146:27 October
1120:27 October
1066:31 October
990:26 October
965:31 October
940:26 October
915:31 October
889:31 October
858:31 October
833:31 October
807:31 October
781:31 October
658:31 October
626:31 October
597:31 October
564:31 October
512:31 October
487:31 October
461:31 October
438:References
69:2020-08-27
61:2020-08-24
1475:0160-4120
1461:: 37–47.
1418:2221-1691
1343:1016-1430
1089:Reliefweb
1016:Reliefweb
758:2308-4944
225:to avert
1483:22750033
1436:23569839
1379:Archived
1361:33816368
1301:33816368
1244:euronews
1172:Archived
1093:Archived
1041:Archived
1020:Archived
935:NDTV.com
909:HuffPost
884:DAWN.COM
592:DAWN.COM
481:DAWN.COM
456:Samaa TV
416:See also
343:Pakistan
77:Location
42:flooding
1427:3609207
1352:8004574
1329:: 169.
1292:8004574
1277:: 169.
776:idsa.in
683:Bibcode
386:Karachi
231:malaria
81:Karachi
67: (
59: (
1481:
1473:
1434:
1424:
1416:
1359:
1349:
1341:
1299:
1289:
756:
382:dengue
315:, the
227:dengue
223:larvae
95:Deaths
1175:(PDF)
1168:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
1085:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
390:COVID
378:Sindh
87:Cause
1479:PMID
1471:ISSN
1432:PMID
1414:ISSN
1357:PMID
1339:ISSN
1297:PMID
1252:2021
1226:2021
1201:2021
1148:2021
1122:2021
1068:2021
992:2021
967:2021
942:2021
917:2021
891:2021
860:2021
835:2021
809:2021
783:2021
754:ISSN
660:2021
628:2021
599:2021
566:2021
514:2021
489:2021
463:2021
295:The
283:and
249:and
241:The
229:and
54:Date
32:Urdu
26:The
1463:doi
1422:PMC
1406:doi
1347:PMC
1331:doi
1287:PMC
1279:doi
744:doi
691:doi
620:VOA
1511::
1477:.
1469:.
1459:47
1457:.
1453:.
1430:.
1420:.
1412:.
1400:.
1396:.
1355:.
1345:.
1337:.
1327:34
1325:.
1321:.
1309:^
1295:.
1285:.
1275:34
1273:.
1269:.
1242:.
1217:.
1191:.
1170:.
1156:^
1139:.
1112:.
1091:.
1087:.
1049:^
1039:.
1018:.
1014:.
1000:^
983:.
958:.
933:.
907:.
882:.
868:^
851:.
825:.
799:.
774:.
752:.
740:29
738:.
734:.
715:.
703:^
689:.
677:.
651:.
636:^
618:.
607:^
590:.
574:^
556:.
533:^
505:.
479:.
454:.
396:.
98:41
34::
1485:.
1465::
1438:.
1408::
1402:2
1363:.
1333::
1303:.
1281::
1254:.
1228:.
1203:.
1150:.
1124:.
1070:.
994:.
969:.
944:.
919:.
893:.
862:.
837:.
811:.
785:.
760:.
746::
719:.
697:.
693::
685::
662:.
630:.
601:.
568:.
516:.
491:.
465:.
71:)
63:)
30:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
