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340:
392:, one of the exam boards, told Williamson that the algorithm was producing some rogue results. But Williamson and the DfE were told by Ofqual that the appeals procedure would correct the few rogue results. OCR informed them that this was more than a few results and that patterns could be observed, such as students with better results than a low-performing group the year before.
320:
25:
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162:, had advised that holding exams in a socially distanced manner was the best option. The same cancellation decision was taken by the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland devolved governments. The governments announced that, in their place, grades were to be based on teacher predictions which would be moderated to prevent
84:, all secondary education examinations due to be held in 2020 were cancelled. As a result, an alternative method had to be designed and implemented at short notice to determine the qualification grades to be awarded to students for that year. A standardisation algorithm was produced in June 2020 by the regulator
1946:
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stated that his "priority now is to ensure no young person faces a barrier when it comes to moving on to the next stage of their lives â whether that's further or higher education, an apprenticeship or a job" and that he had "asked exam boards to work closely with the teachers who know their pupils
412:
grades. Having also been unable to take their exams because of the pandemic, their grades were estimated by teachers, but the body awarding the qualifications was reported to have downgraded around a quarter of the marks awarded in order to "maintain credibility". Following criticism of the system
270:
The initial algorithm 'upgraded' students, leading 100,000 to secure their firm university choices, which filled courses at top universities. The switch to teacher-assessed grades meant that a further 15,000, who at first missed their firm offers, then met their grade requirements. This caused a
231:
The release of results resulted in a public outcry. Particular criticism was made of the disparate effect the grading algorithm had in downgrading the results of those who attended state schools, and upgrading the results of pupils at privately funded independent schools and thus disadvantaging
2721:
183:
students, or those retaking exams, Ofqual stated they may not receive a grade, and would have to sit exams in 2021 because of a "lack of any credible alternatives identified". It was estimated that over 20,000 students would be affected, and would be unable to move on to college or university.
399:
of the House of
Commons during their inquiry into the impact of COVID-19 on education and children's services. He apologised to students, parents and teachers, and stated that the Secretary of State made the decisions to cancel examinations and to abruptly withdraw the procedure to challenge
296:
A further 200,000 students who had taken the level one and two vocational qualifications were told on 19 August 2020, hours before results day, that they would not receive them on time. About 250,000 level-three grades, which had already been awarded, were also reassessed; these vocational
239:
and his government take immediate action. In response to the public outcry, on 15 August, Gavin
Williamson said that the grading system is here to stay, and there will be "no U-turn, no change". Williamson criticised Scottish ministers for their u-turn the week prior, stating that awarding
2754:
1939:
222:
The A-Level grades were announced in
England, Wales and Northern Ireland on 13 August 2020. Nearly 36% were one grade lower than teachers' predictions and 3% were down two grades. By comparison, 79% of university entrants in 2019 did not achieve their predicted grades.
287:
results were released. After the problems arising from the use of the grade algorithm for A-Levels, it was decided that GCSE grades awarded to each student would be the higher of the teacher predicted result or algorithm standardised result for each subject they took.
266:
agreed that grades would be reissued using unmoderated teacher predictions. As a result, there was an annual increase by more than 10 percentage points in the number of top grades awarded (from 25.2% to an estimated 37.7%), the biggest increase for at least 20 years.
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unmoderated grades would be "unwise", cause "rampant grade inflation". Instead, he suggested that schools appeal swiftly on behalf of affected students, to ensure any errors could be amended. Boris
Johnson stated that the results are "robust and dependable".
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2017:
2002:
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2012:
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pupils of a lower socio-economic background, in part due to the algorithm's behaviour around small cohort sizes, and resulting in private schools seeing a bigger yearly increase in the proportion of students getting As and A*s than others.
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120:(CAGs), which had been produced by teachers as part of the process. The same ruling was applied to the awarding of GCSE grades, just a few days before they were issued: CAG-based grades were the ones released on results day.
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best to ensure their hard work and dedication is rewarded and fairly recognised." Students unhappy with their calculated grades would be able to appeal through their school, or sit exams in the autumn.
618:
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2214:
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984:
1303:
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1691:
859:
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421:"did not get it right". The following day, on 11 August, the Scottish Government agreed to upgrade thousands of exam results, and accept teachers' estimates of pupils' results. On 18 August, the
3493:
3015:
1986:
890:
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493:
954:
751:
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1981:
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275:, had to offer incentives for students to defer their place to the following academic year. Incentives from Durham included money and a guarantee of accommodation choice.
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151:(GCSE) and A-Level exams, typically at ages 16 and 18 respectively. Similar but equivalent international versions of these qualifications are offered by UK exam boards.
2651:
1139:
301:, withdrew them when the controversy broke, and has re-marked them upwards and is issuing a revised certificate, on a rolling basis, in the week beginning 24 August.
640:
3010:
2606:
2159:
1117:
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3333:
2611:
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610:
456:
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Students and teachers felt deprived and upset following the controversial algorithm calculation and protested against it, with many demanding Prime
Minister
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marked down as many as 75,000 predicted grades to "maintain credibility", and later agreed to upgrade the results and issue new exam certificates. The
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81:
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1921:
Education
Committee Oral evidence: The Impact of Covid-19 on education and children's services, HC 254 Wednesday 2 September 2020
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166:. Overseas exams provided by CIE were cancelled on 23 March 2020, and grades were issued on the same basis as in England.
1507:
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40:
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2121:
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883:"What is the A-level algorithm? How the Ofqual's grade calculation worked â and its effect on 2020 results explained"
297:
equivalents to A-Levels had been given a result at the same time as the A-Levels were released. The examining board,
1246:
2581:
2448:
2271:
2093:
396:
136:
3409:
2854:
2365:
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440:
1592:"Influential Westminster think tank calls for Gavin Williamson to resign over 'rolling debacle' of exams crisis"
3387:
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3005:
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2299:
374:
353:
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resigned from the position of chief regulator of Ofqual following the grading controversy. Three days later,
2810:
2314:
451:
1070:"Gavin Williamson interview: 'In Scotland there were no checks . . . it degrades every single exam result'"
3419:
3305:
580:
45:
Needs to include details of the response from all devolved nations, and this needs to be clearly defined.
3434:
2626:
3319:
1140:"Boris Johnson insists A-level results are 'robust' as he shrugs off protests from teachers and pupils"
804:
3366:
3296:
3194:
2877:
2755:
Health
Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Entry to Venues and Events) (England) Regulations 2021
2726:
2487:
2294:
1300:"A-level results 2020: 39% of teacher predicted grades downgraded by algorithm amid calls for U-turn"
977:"Gavin Williamson faces backlash over A-levels as private schools see biggest increase in top grades"
89:
35:
3173:
2805:
2380:
2331:
2251:
418:
367:
349:
128:
112:
students. After the A-Level grades were issued, and after criticism, Ofqual, with the support of
1804:
3373:
3347:
2872:
2493:
2481:
2453:
947:"Teachers accused of submitting 'implausibly high' predicted grades as A-level results row grows"
774:"Ofqual not budging on plan for private candidates despite schools' 'reluctance' to offer grades"
105:
3458:
2760:
Coronavirus, Restrictions (All Tiers and Self-Isolation) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2021
1209:"Angry students launch legal challenge to exam results and call for Gavin Williamson to resign"
3404:
3340:
3312:
3163:
2621:
2538:
2443:
2304:
2266:
1404:
1365:
1358:"Durham University becomes first to offer students incentives to defer their place for a year"
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851:
812:
712:
409:
272:
155:
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172:
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3199:
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414:
370:
345:
298:
244:
203:
163:
154:
On 18 March 2020, the government decided to cancel all examinations in
England due to the
132:
101:
2717:
Health
Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations 2020
1920:
202:, the regulator of qualifications, exams and tests in England. It was designed to combat
104:, and was to be used to moderate the existing but unpublished centre-assessed grades for
1900:â guidance from the Department for Education, published 20 March 2020, updated 27 August
3353:
3255:
3250:
2390:
1269:"'We're picking up the pieces': a university vice-chancellor's diary of A-level chaos"
3477:
3204:
3153:
3137:
3127:
3111:
3091:
3066:
3056:
2825:
2750:
Health
Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings) (England) Regulations 2021
2707:
Coronavirus, Restrictions (Local Authority Enforcement...) (England) Regulations 2020
2261:
363:
325:
236:
113:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3106:
3076:
3071:
3051:
3046:
3036:
2722:
Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability (England) Regulations 2021
2476:
180:
546:
247:, was initiated by multiple students and legal advocacy organisations such as the
912:
206:, and was to be used to standardise or moderate the teacher-predicted grades for
3424:
3178:
3086:
3061:
2712:
Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) (No. 3) Regulations 2020
2677:
Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) (No. 4) Regulations 2020
1864:
1834:
1774:
1621:
671:
516:
1437:
3158:
3081:
1499:
1038:
339:
1408:
1369:
1239:"A-levels and GCSEs: U-turn as teacher estimates to be used for exam results"
1182:
1083:
855:
816:
716:
139:
saying of the situation that the Scottish Government "did not get it right".
2657:
Health Protection (Coronavirus, Business Closure) (England) Regulations 2020
2319:
1074:
707:
611:"Coronavirus: Cambridge International axes international A-Levels and GCSEs"
377:(DfE), stood down. Subsequently, the government was accused of scapegoating
1327:"In charts: How the A-level algorithm U-turn fails to fix grade inequality"
319:
1110:"Gavin Williamson vows 'no U-turn, no change' over A-level grading system"
486:"Written statement from Chair of Ofqual to the Education Select Committee"
2289:
1903:"Your results, what next?" â guidance from Ofqual, via Internet Archive:
1561:"Top DfE official's exit 'proof that ministerial accountability is dead'"
1238:
271:
capacity issue that meant that some oversubscribed universities, such as
2662:
Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020
1745:"Gavin Williamson to blame for England exams fiasco, says Ofqual chair"
1684:"Williamson told about flaws in A-level model two weeks before results"
945:
Turner, Camilla; Mikhailova, Anna; Neilan, Catherine (13 August 2020).
408:
On 4 August 2020, secondary school students in Scotland received their
207:
2544:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for COVID-19 Vaccine Deployment
1651:
Byrne, Christopher; Theakston, Kevin; Randall, Nick (21 August 2020).
3380:
1037:
Burns, Sean; Coughlan, Katherine; Sellgren, Judith (13 August 2020).
329:
199:
159:
85:
447:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom
3524:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom on politics
2682:
Coronavirus, Restrictions (All Tiers) (England) Regulations 2020
395:
On 2 September, Ofqual's chair Roger Taylor appeared before the
284:
211:
109:
97:
1935:
844:"Home-educated children left abandoned in exams grade debacle"
18:
2697:
Face Coverings in a Relevant Place (England) Regulations 2020
2692:
Face Coverings on Public Transport (England) Regulations 2020
1714:"The impact of COVID-19 on education and children's services"
425:
announced that 75,000 new exam certificates would be issued.
2745:
Coronavirus, Restrictions (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2020
2702:
Coronavirus, Restrictions (Steps) (England) Regulations 2021
2687:
Coronavirus, International Travel (England) Regulations 2020
1008:"FactCheck: did England exam system favour private schools?"
744:"A-level entrants who studied privately left without grades"
641:"Update from Cambridge International on May/June 2020 exams"
462:
Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
1653:"Gavin Williamson, Ofqual and the great A-level blame game"
805:"The UK's A-level fiasco has left thousands without grades"
100:
in Northern Ireland. The algorithm was designed to combat
3016:
New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group
1469:"Exams row: BTec students begin receiving revised grades"
1438:"GCSE results rise as grades done on teacher assessments"
413:
from teachers and students, on 10 August, First Minister
1865:"New results certificates to be issued from 7 September"
1397:"Durham University offers students money to defer entry"
1898:
Taking exams during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak
703:"Exams loophole leaves homeâschooled children in limbo"
913:"A-levels and GCSEs: How did the exam algorithm work?"
581:"GCSE resits: students to receive 'calculated' grades"
384:
On 1 September, the question of blame was reopened by
292:
Vocational and technical qualifications (BTEC) results
3484:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
1682:
Adams, Richard; Stewart, Heather (1 September 2020).
1530:"Ofqual head Sally Collier resigns over exams fiasco"
147:
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, students sit
123:
A similar controversy erupted in Scotland, after the
1775:"Thousands of Scots pupils have exam grades lowered"
547:"Scottish exams cancelled for first time in history"
116:, withdrew these grades. It issued all students the
3397:
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3243:
3187:
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3120:
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2512:
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2404:
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2242:
2207:
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2102:
2062:
2055:
1171:"A-level student launches legal bid against Ofqual"
672:"GCSE and A-level 'back-up' exams for all subjects"
517:"Teachers to estimate grades after exams cancelled"
198:A grades standardisation algorithm was produced by
1915:â updated after method changed, archived 20 August
1559:Stewart, Heather; Weale, Sally (26 August 2020).
3494:Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom
2652:Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020
1325:Clark, Alex; Gilbert, Dominic (18 August 2020).
312:Resignations in the aftermath of the controversy
3011:Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
2607:Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2020
1432:
1430:
1395:Weale, Sally; Adams, Richard (19 August 2020).
2667:COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England
1835:"Scottish school pupils have results upgraded"
940:
938:
3509:Education controversies in the United Kingdom
3499:Political controversies in the United Kingdom
1947:
1805:"Sturgeon 'sorry' over Scottish exam results"
479:
477:
8:
3519:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education
3334:Hold Still: A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020
2612:Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020
2534:Vaccines Manufacturing and Innovation Centre
2190:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
1622:"Chief civil servant sacked after exams row"
457:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education
2577:Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984
574:
572:
417:apologised for the controversy, saying the
3117:
2778:
2672:First COVID-19 tier regulations in England
2569:
2562:
2401:
2239:
2059:
1954:
1940:
1932:
149:General Certificate of Secondary Education
3021:Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
1500:"Ofqual chief resigns after exams chaos"
2996:Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
2527:European CommissionâAstraZeneca dispute
1963:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
473:
373:, the most senior civil servant at the
82:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
3415:COVID-19 Bereaved Families for Justice
1510:from the original on 19 September 2020
1219:from the original on 28 September 2020
1049:from the original on 21 September 2020
1755:from the original on 2 September 2020
1694:from the original on 1 September 2020
1602:from the original on 22 November 2020
1498:Richardson, Hannah (25 August 2020).
1039:"Anger over 'unfair' A-level results"
557:from the original on 9 September 2020
496:from the original on 3 September 2020
131:apologised for the controversy, with
7:
2836:Cabinet Secretary for Covid Recovery
670:Sellgren, Katherine (30 June 2020).
515:Richardson, Hannah (20 March 2020).
2522:OxfordâAstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine
1928:â Ofqual, published 7 December 2020
1875:from the original on 6 October 2020
1845:from the original on 6 October 2020
1815:from the original on 6 October 2020
1785:from the original on 6 October 2020
1743:Adams, Richard (2 September 2020).
1724:from the original on 11 August 2020
1663:from the original on 24 August 2020
1632:from the original on 30 August 2020
1590:Woodcock, Andrew (27 August 2020).
1571:from the original on 26 August 2020
1540:from the original on 25 August 2020
1479:from the original on 25 August 2020
1448:from the original on 21 August 2020
1415:from the original on 19 August 2020
1376:from the original on 20 August 2020
1337:from the original on 24 August 2020
1306:from the original on 21 August 2020
1279:from the original on 22 August 2020
1249:from the original on 17 August 2020
1189:from the original on 19 August 2020
1120:from the original on 22 August 2020
1090:from the original on 27 August 2020
1018:from the original on 17 August 2020
987:from the original on 20 August 2020
957:from the original on 18 August 2020
923:from the original on 23 August 2020
893:from the original on 21 August 2020
862:from the original on 20 August 2020
823:from the original on 28 August 2020
784:from the original on 16 August 2020
754:from the original on 22 August 2020
723:from the original on 25 August 2020
701:Bennett, Rosemary (29 April 2020).
527:from the original on 11 August 2020
443:(United States and other countries)
2850:Coughs and sneezes spread diseases
2325:Privileges Committee investigation
1356:Mendick, Robert (19 August 2020).
484:Taylor, Roger (2 September 2020).
14:
1909:â first version, archived 28 July
803:Pells, Rachael (25 August 2020).
682:from the original on 29 July 2020
621:from the original on 3 April 2020
435:2000 SQA examinations controversy
423:Scottish Qualifications Authority
125:Scottish Qualifications Authority
94:Scottish Qualifications Authority
16:Qualification grading controversy
3457:
2791:Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme
1467:Gayle, Damian (25 August 2020).
1169:Busby, Mattha (16 August 2020).
1150:from the original on 28 May 2021
1006:Lee, Georgina (14 August 2020).
881:Hughes, David (17 August 2020).
742:Gayle, Damien (20 August 2020).
651:from the original on 12 May 2020
591:from the original on 11 May 2020
338:
318:
261:Secretary of State for Education
170:Secretary of State for Education
23:
2376:COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium
842:Persaud, Joy (20 August 2020).
2831:Can you look them in the eyes?
2617:Business and Planning Act 2020
2155:British Indian Ocean Territory
1302:. No. 13 August 2020. i.
645:www.cambridgeinternational.org
579:Parker, Kate (20 March 2020).
1:
381:and avoiding accountability.
328:, CEO and Chief Regulator of
243:Legal action, in the form of
194:Ofqual exam results algorithm
3445:National Covid Memorial Wall
1971:British Overseas Territories
2816:National Tutoring Programme
2592:Contingencies Fund Act 2021
2587:Contingencies Fund Act 2020
400:calculated A-level grades.
43:. The specific problem is:
3540:
2272:National Day of Reflection
397:Education Select Committee
191:
158:, although the regulator,
137:First Minister of Scotland
39:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
3453:
3410:Coronavirus Tech Handbook
2855:Catch It, Bin It, Kill It
2572:
2371:Cancer Monitoring Project
2337:Scottish COVID-19 Inquiry
1977:
441:2020 AP exams controversy
259:On 17 August, Ofqual and
188:Standardisation algorithm
3489:2020 in British politics
3006:Joint Biosecurity Centre
2504:UK Rapid Test Consortium
2342:Virtual House of Commons
2300:Dominic Cummings scandal
2232:Exam grading controversy
2195:Turks and Caicos Islands
1718:committees.parliament.uk
375:Department for Education
354:Department for Education
3514:Government by algorithm
2841:Pre-pandemic exercises
2811:Global Travel Taskforce
2597:Coronavirus mini-budget
2315:Northern Research Group
1720:. Education Committee.
452:Government by algorithm
255:A-Level results revised
3420:Death of Belly Mujinga
2796:Contract controversies
2160:British Virgin Islands
283:On 20 August 2020 the
118:Centre Assessed Grades
3435:London Blossom Garden
2627:Culture Recovery Fund
2514:Vaccination programme
2220:Cost-of-living crisis
2140:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3195:Catherine Calderwood
2878:Overseas territories
2727:Coronavirus Act 2020
2488:Test, Trace, Protect
2295:COVID Recovery Group
2132:Overseas Territories
90:Qualifications Wales
50:improve this article
3464:COVID-19 portal
3288:"Can You Hear Me" (
2806:Eat Out to Help Out
2602:Winter Economy Plan
2406:Temporary hospitals
2381:COVID Symptom Study
2366:Antiviral Taskforce
2252:Clap for Our Carers
419:Scottish Government
368:Permanent Secretary
362:On 25 August 2020,
350:Permanent Secretary
129:Scottish Government
3504:2020 controversies
3320:Grayson's Art Club
2906:JulyâDecember 2020
2494:Operation Moonshot
2482:NHS Test and Trace
2104:Crown Dependencies
1967:Crown Dependencies
1871:. 19 August 2020.
1841:. 11 August 2020.
1811:. 10 August 2020.
1628:. 26 August 2020.
1536:. 25 August 2020.
1444:. 20 August 2020.
1275:. 21 August 2020.
1245:. 17 August 2020.
1215:. 16 August 2020.
1146:. 13 August 2020.
1116:. 15 August 2020.
1068:Swinford, Steven.
983:. 13 August 2020.
919:. 20 August 2020.
3471:
3470:
3405:Captain Tom Moore
3341:Isolation Stories
3313:Failures of State
3274:
3273:
3164:Charlotte McArdle
2922:Northern Ireland
2901:JanuaryâJune 2020
2886:
2885:
2768:
2767:
2640:
2639:
2622:Nightingale Court
2552:
2551:
2469:Testing programme
2350:
2349:
2305:Greensill scandal
2267:The 2.6 Challenge
2203:
2202:
1781:. 4 August 2020.
617:. 23 March 2020.
553:. 19 March 2020.
273:Durham University
156:COVID-19 pandemic
96:in Scotland, and
78:
77:
70:
41:quality standards
32:This article may
3531:
3462:
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3360:Pandemic Diaries
3174:Michelle O'Neill
3147:Northern Ireland
3133:Amanda Pritchard
3118:
3102:Jonathan Van-Tam
3097:Patrick Vallance
3001:Independent SAGE
2821:Pick for Britain
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2477:NHS COVID-19 app
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2310:Impact on Brexit
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2185:Pitcairn Islands
2170:Falkland Islands
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249:Good Law Project
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3261:Vaughan Gething
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3225:Nicola Sturgeon
3200:Joe FitzPatrick
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2845:Exercise Cygnus
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2499:Test to Release
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2396:PANORAMIC trial
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3087:Rishi Sunak
3062:Sajid Javid
2632:2021 budget
2582:2020 budget
2558:Legislation
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1213:inews.co.uk
1114:inews.co.uk
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3478:Categories
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1987:Statistics
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468:References
437:(Scotland)
143:Background
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3367:Partygate
2942:Scotland
2891:Timelines
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