CFB North Bay - Knowledge (XXG)

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long as possible. A critical factor was electrical power. The complex gets its power from the outside civilian hydro-electric grid. In the event of a power failure, such as the August 2003 blackout that hobbled the northeast United States and Canada, two banks of 194 batteries automatically switch on and provide electricity to the complex while an electrical generator is readied to take the load. Once a generator is running, it can power the complex without stopping as long as it has fuel. The generator can also power key air base buildings on the Earth's surface. Originally the complex had six 750-kilowatt generators. These were replaced in the 1990s by three 1.2-megawatt generators. Both types of generators could run on diesel or natural gas. If the Cold War had turned "hot", and the complex sealed airtight and forced to use its generators for electrical power, the facility's NORAD commander faced a harrowing choice. The original 750-kilowatt generators devoured air voraciously; in the sealed up environment of the complex, instead of weeks the generators would have cut life support for the complex's personnel to a mere few hours, as the machines sucked away the breathable atmosphere. The commander could limit use of the generators to prolong his personnel's survival, but a nuclear air attack would have demanded maximum power from all of the generators to support the complex's air defence computers and electronics in order to repel the invaders, i.e. the commander and his personnel would be dead in hours. Luckily a crisis that called for such a choice to be made never arose during the Underground Complex's 43 years.

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defence by doing things such as sending fighters in a wrong direction. A superb example of such stealing took place during a huge air exercise at Cold Lake, Alberta. A swarm of American and Canadian aircraft were divided into two teams. One team received command, control, and warnings of an enemy from a United States Air Force Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) jet, whose radar could monitor the entire battlefield. The crew of a 414 Squadron aircraft, the other team, was unable to break into the AWACS's air defence radio frequencies, but instead managed to contact the pilot and convince him that the AWACS had to return immediately to their home base at Tinker, Oklahoma. Off the AWACS flew, leaving their team to fend for themselves. In July 1992, 414 Squadron was split into two units and posted to the east and west coasts of Canada. It was the last military flying unit in North Bay. Thereafter, all of the base's airfield facilities were either demolished or sold, and CFB North Bay became the only air base in Canada not to have any military flying whatsoever. The federal government considered the possibility of shutting down the facility altogether.

1020:"Ground Controlled Interception", or "GCI", was a major function of the base, providing air force personnel in a ground station, like a radar site or an air defence command and control centre with the systems to guide fighters to intercept an aircraft. The ground control is done by radio. The usual method is the ground controller and the interceptor's aircrew talk to each other. In the past, on occasion – such as with the CF-101 Voodoo interceptor – the information could sometimes be transmitted to the fighter by datalink. Datalink sends information to the fighter's crew by the press of a button at a console in the ground station rather than a controller speaking to the aircrew, loosely similar to how WiFi sends data to computers today. Datalink has the advantage that, since no words are spoken, an enemy can't eavesdrop into the radio frequency and listen to what the ground controller and aircrew are doing and planning. Despite this advantage, the majority of GCI practiced by air forces around the world was (and still is) done by the ground controller and the aircrew talking over the radio. 762:. Canada, by virtue of its geography, was presented with an unpleasant situation. No sooner had the Second World War ended than friction between the Soviet Union and Western countries began, rapidly heated up, and spread around the globe, raising the spectre of a Third World War. Called the "Cold War", both sides had weapons pointed at each other—by 1949 nuclear weapons. The main adversaries were the Soviet Union and the United States. Canada lay between the two, meaning Soviet bombers would cross Canadian territory to strike at the United States, while U.S. fighters would swarm Canada to shoot them down. Whether the country liked it or not, in a war it would become a major nuclear battleground. For this reason, plus its long-standing friendship with the United States, Canada embarked on a nationwide development of its air defences, dovetailed with America's expansion of its own defences (which included building and manning numerous air defence radar sites on Canadian soil). North Bay's air force base was a piece of this development. 404: 1358:

event occurred or was about to occur, such as the approach to Canada of Soviet bombers, the Radar Control Wing alerted the Canadian NORAD Region, and the region's general and selected members of his staff would man a command post on the second floor of the Underground Complex. The Radar Control Wing and command post would then coordinate their efforts to handle the situation. For example, regarding Soviet bombers, while the Radar Control Wing saw to such activities as intercepting the aircraft and coordinating with civilian air traffic control in the area of the interception to avoid running into airliners, the command post would advise and consult with NORAD Headquarters in Colorado Springs, arrange an AWACS aircraft to assist, if deemed useful, and talk with the adjacent American NORAD region if it looked like the intercepted aircraft would enter their area, too.

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businesses, plus the money spent by its personnel and their family members, CFB North Bay infused tens of millions of dollars into the community annually. Already, due to the drop off of income from reductions to the base and its number of personnel, dozens of restaurants, shops and other businesses had folded. Exacerbating the situation the City of North Bay was being hit by another financial hammer—massive cutbacks to its fifth largest industry, the railways. Therefore, the base's closing was perceived by the community as catastrophic, and North Bay political, business and civic leaders launched a vocal, dogged, energetic campaign to persuade the Canadian government to reverse the decision. They succeeded. On 8 May 1998, Minister of National Defence the Honourable Art Eggleton visited North Bay and announced that the base would stay open indefinitely.

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opening was reported in newspapers throughout the United States; it was the subject of numerous engineering publications; and visitors included the commander of the Japanese Air Self Defense Force, commander of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia In its heyday about 700 Canadian and American military and civilian personnel worked in the centre, in day jobs and shift work. As well as air defence facilities, the Main Installation encompassed a barber shop, small medical centre, gym, cafeteria, chaplain's office, and other amenities for the complex's personnel (important since the complex was designed to seal up in time of war), plus a command post, intelligence centre, briefing rooms, a telephone switching network large enough to handle a town of 30,000 people, and a national civil defence warning centre.

935: 777:; air traffic control radio and radar systems; and fuel, oil, lubricant and weapons facilities for military aircraft; plus improvements to the runways, taxiways and aprons. In fact, North Bay was outfitted with a 10,000-foot runway, one of the longest in Canada, for reasons other than air defence: during war, the base was also a designated recovery site for American bombers returning damaged and/or short of fuel from nuclear strikes on the Soviet Union. A side effect of having this runway, decades later North Bay was selected as an emergency site for NASA's Space Shuttle, and periodically, due to the long runway and relatively isolated location, free of air traffic and built-up areas, plus security offered by the military, NASA used North Bay's airfield for research into different fields of aviation. 944:

of flight. In the 1950s and 1960s it was an indispensable aid when traversing the vast Canadian wilderness landscape. Flight computers in aircraft then were Stone Age compared to today, and navigation-assistance systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) did not exist. To get lost over Canada presented airmen with the prospect of running out of fuel and having to eject or crash-land in some of the wildest territory in North America. Wrecks and bodies were sometimes not found for weeks, months or years; some have never been found. To give an idea of the roughness of the Canadian wilderness: even though authorities knew the general location, it took four years to find a rocket pod full of live rockets that had jettisoned from a jet fighter in 1958 when a switch malfunctioned.

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Building, a well-known downtown North Bay City landmark, and were responsible for surveillance of the skies and providing early warning of hostile aircraft in north-central Ontario, an area roughly the size of England, Scotland and Wales. Along with an RCAF Commanding Officer, a small RCAF staff, and 1 or 2 paid civilians, a large contingent of unpaid civilian volunteers were employed at the Detachment and its centre, hired through newspaper advertisements and recruiting drives at such places as movie theatres and department stores. Despite the heavy reliance on civilian volunteers, the Detachment and centre were round-the-clock operations, and trained exhaustively how to respond to a Soviet air attack, such as in the military exercise mentioned above.

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and the United States combined are roughly twice the size of Europe—a Battle of Britain-style air defence network was too slow and unwieldy to protect such vast airspace in an age of jet aircraft and nuclear weapons. SAGE was a massive computer system that linked the ground elements of Canadian and American air defence—such as command and control centres, radar sites, and headquarters—providing high speed detection of aircraft, assistance in their rapid identification, and, when required, aiding quick Ground Controlled Interception of unknown, suspicious and hostile aircraft. Also, the SAGE system enabled the different NORAD regions and NORAD headquarters to interact seamlessly in their air defence activities and crises.

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required from both governments for a launch. To activate a missile for launch, a Canadian and American officer at the BOMARC site, and a Canadian and American officer in the Underground Complex simultaneously turned keys. To launch, the Canadian and American officers in the UGC, at separate consoles, pressed a button at the same time. The missile would then be guided by a controller at a SAGE console in the UGC, until 10 miles (16 kilometres) from its target(s), then the BOMARC's homing system would take over and steer the missile until detonation. No BOMARCs were launched in Canada; squadron personnel from North Bay and La Macaza fired missiles (non-nuclear warhead) at the Santa Rosa Island Test Facility, Florida.

846: 1296:. In late 1963, nuclear weapons were finally approved by the federal government, and the warheads distributed to the sites between 31 December 1963 and early 1964. They were to remain under American control; therefore, a section of each site was fenced off and declared American territory. Here the warheads were stored and serviced when not on installed in the BOMARCs. Canadians were not permitted to enter the area; when time came to load it onto a missile, a small, special gate was opened in the American section and the warhead pushed through into the Canadian side. In 1972, during the disbanding of the BOMARC squadrons and closing of the two sites, the warheads were removed from Canada. 1273:

site at La Macaza, Quebec. Each site was equipped with 29 BOMARC missiles: 28 for combat and a 29th for training purposes. The BOMARC was tipped with a 10-kiloton W-40 nuclear warhead (the bomb used at Hiroshima was 15 kilotons). In the event of a Soviet air attack on North America, some or all of the 56 missiles would have been launched into the air raids, and their nuclear warheads detonated, to destroy as many of the bombers as possible, while crippling surviving aircraft or "cooking" their bombs (rendering their nuclear devices inoperable) such that they could not complete their missions. The skies of central to eastern Canada would have been awash in Hiroshima-level detonations.

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Network. Sapphire, Canada's first military satellite, had been originally slated for a Russian rocket, but the washing machine-size craft was allocated to India in 2008–09. In 2010 two Indian rockets carrying commercial payloads went out of control and exploded, setting back scheduled launches—including Sapphire—years. After a continuous string of postponements the satellite was finally launched in February 2013. For the year of 2014, following its Final Operational Certification on 30 January, Sapphire delivered 1.2 million observations of space objects to the surveillance network.

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furniture, effects and equipment were removed except for the environmental controls, equipment and machinery in the Power Cavern. The Power Cavern (life support for the Underground Complex) has continued to provide heat, ventilation, air conditioning and other utility operations to prevent the complex from falling into decay. It is hoped that the complex will be leased or bought; it is one of the most secure, fire-safe facilities in the country, endowed with precision environmental controls that are ideal for certain uses such as an archives storage.

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equipment. Intended to be mobile, to move and operate wherever the air force needed it, 6 AC&WU worked inside a handful of van-size trucks. It stood sentinel over the skies in a circle of about 120 miles (190 kilometers) centered on the base at North Bay; its assignments were to detect all aircraft entering this area; evaluate who they were and if they posed a threat; provide early warning to RCAF Station North Bay of hostile, suspicious and unidentified aircraft; and guide the air station's jet fighters by radio to intercept these aircraft.

1470:. In 2007, the base began entertaining the idea of using the UGC as a site for motion picture and television productions as a means to help offset its operating cost. Maintaining the UGC in warm storage required an outlay of $ 1,500 per day, with no foreseeable sale or lease of the site on the horizon, and many visitors had remarked about the Dr. Strangelove/mad scientist's lair look of the complex. The Ontario Media Development Corporation was subsequently contacted by the base, and representatives given a comprehensive tour. 1419: 75: 1238:

NORAD, as well as in North Bay, and caused another wholesale re-arranging of North America's air defences. In particular to Canada, the 22nd NORAD Region was replaced by the "Canadian NORAD Region (CANR)", Maine was transferred to an American NORAD centre, and the Underground Complex given responsibility for monitoring and protection of the airspace of the entire country. Canadian Forces Base North Bay had become the most important air base in Canada, with respect to the defence of the country and the continent.

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and in Maine, fully fuelled and fully armed, 24 hours a day/seven days per week. They, and their pilots, were housed in special Quick Reaction Alert hangars (abbreviated "QRA") at the end of runways. When North Bay contacted an air base for a scramble, simultaneously air traffic control on that base would halt and/or move aside all activity on the airfield. The fighter pilots would strap into and start their jets and the QRA's doors opened, then the jets would taxi out to the runway and take off.

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attack were critical for the survival of the U.S.-Canadian portion of the North American continent. As one air force officer put it: "(regarding a bomber attack) We lose North Bay, we lose the continent." Ergo, the centre was a prime target for a Soviet nuclear strike. To minimize the possibility of its destruction, planners decided to build the facility underground. It would be the only subterranean regional command and control centre in NORAD.

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air defences into a single, coordinated, fast-reacting, continent-wide network. It was (and still is) a true partnership; the Commander-in-Chief of NORAD is always an American, the deputy commander always a Canadian. Both are able to access the highest levels of the U.S. and Canadian militaries and national governments. Canadian and American NORAD personnel work at each other's bases and installations, performing the same defence duties.

1045: 1258: 477:) portion of the Trans-Canada Airway system. An 18-man unit operated out of the Dominion Rubber Company building, leased on Oak Street, downtown North Bay, which served as their headquarters, supply depot and living quarters. Unemployed men in each local district were hired as labour. Despite the primal ruggedness of Northern Ontario, by July 1936, eight airfields had been hacked out of the wilderness, at Reay, Diver, 3939: 1061:

visibility was severely hampered or nonexistent. In the filter centres, aircraft movements were marked by plots hand-pushed atop giant map tables. In an age of jet aircraft and nuclear weapons this process was achingly slow and woefully unreliable. In May 1960 the Corps and its filter centres south of the 55th Parallel (including those in North Bay) were disbanded, rendered obsolete by NORAD's new computerized

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Winnipeg: if the situation warranted North Bay could order the F-15s to shoot down Korean Air Flight 85. Fortunately the airliner landed without incident at Whitehorse. Royal Canadian Mounted Police boarded the aircraft; their investigation and interrogation of the pilots revealed no hijack, the incident apparently resulting from misunderstandings in the communications between the crew and Alaskan ATC.

505:; four to Northern Saskatchewan. This plus the landing field construction described above prompted local politicians, businessmen and community leaders to intensify their years-long campaign to the Canadian government for an airport. At issue was money; who would finance the project. On 21 March 1938, their perseverance paid off. The Canadian government approved expenditure of funds to build an 1300: 316:

Canada from overseas, to guarding foreign dignitaries travelling in the country's airspace, to assisting aircraft suffering airborne emergencies, to aiding law enforcement versus smugglers, to participating in NORAD's Christmas Eve Tracking of Santa Claus for children. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s it took in Unidentified Flying Object reports from across the country on behalf of the

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twin-engine C-45 Expeditor transports. From the success of this and subsequent training, on 15 May 1952, 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit began around-the-clock air defence operations, working with 430 Squadron Sabre jet fighters for the defence of the North Bay area. It was the first small step in North Bay's gradual expansion to overseeing the air defence of the entire country.

335:, in Vandenberg, California. On 25 February 2013, Sapphire was launched from a site in India, and underwent technical testing and checks, expected to begin its duties in July 2013. Due to various technical delays, the satellite's FOC (Final Operational Certification) wasn't achieved until 30 January 2014. By end of that year it had delivered 1.2 million observations of space objects. 3951: 920: 1565:(abbreviated "ONE") since the operation was created by the United States on 14 September 2001, as a result of 9/11. ONE's purpose is to watch for and defend against similar air threats. For example, on 5 February 2006 the Canadian Air Defence Sector at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay provided air defence security over the Windsor, Ontario-Detroit, Michigan area, in support of 59: 82: 1218:

south of Montreal, Quebec, the NNR was transferred to North Bay in 1962–1963 to operate in the then new Underground Complex. The NNR's area of responsibility comprised the north, Atlantic and east-central airspaces of Canada, the frontline "trenches" of North America with respect to the Soviet Union, as well as the northern two-thirds of the state of Maine.

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minimizing blast damage to the complex and its structures. In fact, the three-storey Main Installation is mounted off the ground on specially designed pillars (not springs) to reduce seismic shock—on 1 January 2000, North Bay was hit by an earthquake registering 5.2 on the Richter magnitude scale, yet occupants in the Main Installation did not feel a thing.

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effect on 1 February 1968. The word "Armed" was eventually removed, and the country's military became the "Canadian Forces," a term that was used for many years until the reintroduction of the word "Armed" coinciding with the 2011 change of the air and sea elements being individually renamed as the "Royal Canadian Air Force" and "Royal Canadian Navy."

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area: 1,018 military personnel plus over 160 civilians. This status would continue for four decades, until the departure of the last flying squadron from North Bay in 1992 and subsequent downsizing of the air base. At its peak, the air base had a strength of about 2,200 military and civilian personnel. (Base strength, as of June 2011, was 540

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air defence electronic, communications and computer systems—the leading edge of early 1980s technology—had become antiquated, struggling to cope with the demands and crises of an Internet Age world. Moreover, the cost of operating the decades-old, shopping centre-size subterranean complex was rapidly becoming prohibitive.

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acres, 1,105.5 square meters—the floorspace of a dozen small houses); and had a (then) staggering memory capacity of about 256K. When the Maintenance & Programming and Input & Output areas are included, total floor space used by SAGE was 18,810 sq ft (1,747.5 sq m – equal in size to about 20 small homes).

493:, Gilles Depot and Tudhope (named after the squadron leader), and the unit was disbanded. Most of these airfields have since been abandoned to the wild. Ironically, although the nucleus of the operation, and recommended by S/L Tudhope in June 1936, North Bay was not considered as a site for an aerodrome. 1809:

Edwards received the Distinguished Flying Cross and bar, Distinguished Flying Medal, Mention in Dispatches (and, eventually, the Order of Canada). During the Second World War, he shot down 19 enemy aircraft. In the North African campaign, although a Flight Sergeant, Edwards periodically led his unit,

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turned soil inaugurating the construction of a new above ground complex. Three years later, 12 October 2006, 43 years and 11 days after the Underground Complex's birth, a new surface installation was opened by Minister of National Defence, the Honorable Gordon O'Connor, officially taking the baton of

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This decision to close the base was monumental from a military standpoint since North Bay was the nerve center for the air defence of the country, and intricately tied into the United States in the air defence network of the continent. Somehow this huge, complex, deeply entrenched system for national

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When the Radar Control Wing was created, it was given command of the Sector Operations Control Centre East, which watched the eastern half of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Manitoba border, and the Sector Operations Control Centre West, which oversaw Canadian skies from Manitoba to the Pacific

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On 1 April 1993, all Canadian air bases were dubbed "wings" to restore an air force cachet to the installations, lost when the Canadian government lumped the army, navy and air force into a single military force in 1968. North Bay's base became "22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay", abbreviated as

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From December 1967 until August 1972, there were no flying units at CFB North Bay. The airfield portion of the base, at one time a thriving fighter station, fell largely into disuse. For example, one of its main hangars, employed to service and house heavily armed jet interceptors, was converted into

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The Underground Complex was home to three successive NORAD regions. Each region was the largest in NORAD's organization. The first was the "Northern NORAD Region (NNR)", created with the formation of NORAD in 1957. Originally set up at Air Defence Command, at RCAF Station St. Hubert, an air base just

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The Underground Complex is colloquially referred to as "The Hole". Although officially titled the Combat Centre/Direction Centre (CC/DC) Installation when it began air defence operations, during its construction it was known as the "SAGE Installation, North Bay", a term still often used today. Canada

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During the Cold War, Canada found itself in an unenviable geographic position, lying directly between the Cold War's principal adversaries, the Soviet Union and United States. This meant if the war turned "hot", Canada would become a major nuclear battleground: to reach their American targets—cities,

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In September 1960 and on 14 October 1961—the date of this photo at RCAF Station North Bay—NORAD conducted Exercise Sky Shield. Practicing to respond to an attack on North America, all civilian aircraft in Canada and the United States were ordered grounded, and remained at that status for hours, while

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interceptor. The CF-100 was one of two combat aircraft designed and built entirely in Canada, and the only one to enter air force service. It had the ability to hunt other aircraft in any weather, night or day, making the CF-100 the preeminent interceptor among global air forces when it began service

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22 Wing/CFB North Bay has continued as the centre for the air defence of the country, and partner with the United States in NORAD guarding the air sovereignty of the continent. In the late 1990s plans were enacted for a new air defence facility to replace the aging Underground Complex. The complex's

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Due to the nuclear nature of the missiles all potential Bomarc personnel underwent Human Reliability Program tests to weed out those with "hidden idiosyncrasies, repressions, emotional disturbances, psychosomatic traits and even latent homosexuality". Their "family, friends, past history, schooling,

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The BOMARCs were deployed in the United States as well as Canada. While U.S. missiles were controlled strictly by American authorities, the Canadian BOMARCs were an international affair. The missiles were under Canadian government control, the warheads controlled by the United States. Permission was

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From receiving notification from North Bay to scramble, the jet fighters had to be airborne within five minutes. Under certain conditions, 15 minutes or even one hour was permitted, but five minutes was the norm. To meet this requirement, jet fighters were positioned at air force bases across Canada

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American NORAD regions oversaw air security for the rest of Canada. Because of the severe nature of the Cold War, everything that flew into the Northern NORAD Region had to be identified within two minutes by Underground Complex air defence personnel. If an aircraft was still unknown at two minutes,

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In 1982–1983, the SAGE computer system was replaced throughout NORAD by the "Regional Operations Control Centre/Sector Operations Control Centre" computer system. This long-winded term is abbreviated "ROCC/SOCC". It was a faster, more versatile and, in particular, substantially smaller system. North

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Air defence operations officially began in the UGC on 1 October 1963, and continued around-the-clock, unabated for 43 years until October 2006. There was nothing like it in NORAD (the Cheyenne Mountain Complex did not officially open until 1966) or in Canada, and it attracted worldwide interest. Its

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Today, CFB North Bay is responsible for the air defence of all of Canada's skies, and, in concert with the United States, the skies over the Canadian-U.S. portion of the North American continent, an airspace about twice the size of Europe. The seeds of this important work were sown over 60 years ago

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A concern for northern and bush operations in Canada was in identifying the Magnetic North Pole, benchmark for all land, sea and air compasses in the northern hemisphere. The exact position of the Magnetic North Pole was not pinpointed until flyers from 22 Wing in 1948 plotted the exact position. At

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In 1952 No. 3 AW(F)OTU adopted the nickname "Night Witches", suggested by the wife of the unit's Engineering Officer, and the orange and black logo seen on the nose of this CF-100 interceptor trainer, denoting its all-weather day-or-night operations. Department of National Defence image, courtesy 22

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planted a one-meter titanium Russian flag on the sea bottom at the geographic North Pole, both as a propaganda venture and as a hint at the country's mindset towards the untapped multibillion-dollar oil and gas fields beneath the Arctic ice. That September, the Russians followed up by resuming Bear

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Despite the reprieve, the Minister stated that drastic cuts to the base were to continue. Manpower on the base, once numbering 2,200 military and civilian employees, was 530 when the announcement was made; the Minister remarked that another 100 personnel would be cut, and the base's infrastructure,

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As well as divesting the base of the airfield following 414 Squadron's departure in 1992, the Canadian government embarked on the wholesale demolition of CFB North Bay's non-airfield buildings and facilities, and dramatically slashed the numbers of civilian and military base personnel. Finally, the

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The Canada-United States portion of North America is colossal, about twice the size of Europe. To enable thorough, in-depth air defence operations over such a vast territory, NORAD divided its organization into divisions and regions. Each division and region was responsible to NORAD Headquarters in

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The problem with the Ground Observer Corps and its filter centres is that they largely mirrored the air defences of the Battle of Britain, 1940. They relied heavily on "eyeball" reports of aircraft, a particular conundrum if an air attack was made at night, in bad weather, or dense cloud cover when

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groups operated in North Bay: 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit and 50 Ground Observer Corps Detachment. 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit was set up in a leased commercial building in the heart of the City of North Bay. Commanded by an RCAF squadron leader, and manned by RCAF personnel as well as seven paid

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Bay for seven more months, defending the area, until the end of May 1953, when Falconbridge was finally ready to assume control of air defence in its region of Canada. (Falconbridge watched a circle of sky about 400 miles in diameter, about 640 kilometres, a dramatic improvement over 6 AC&WU.)

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131 Composite Unit was disbanded in November 1967. For the next five years, except for occasional visits by aircraft from other air force bases, all military flying at North Bay ceased. One of the hangars, once packed with jet interceptors, was converted into an ice arena for the City of North Bay.

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414 Squadron, North Bay's last fighter squadron, was disbanded in June 1964, partly due to government cuts to the RCAF, and partly due to a change in the strategy for the air defence of North America, that Soviet nuclear-weapon armed bombers should be stopped as far from the North American landmass

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In 1960 the staging detachment was changed from a fighter to a TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) unit. RCAF Station North Bay also operated a second TACAN unit at Kapuskasing, in Northern Ontario. "TACAN" is a radio navigation beacon that helps military aircrew determine their location and direction

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The base had the biggest impact on the community since the linking of railways with North Bay in the early 20th century. Construction, services and contracts for the base infused millions of dollars into the community, and by the end of November 1953 the RCAF station was the leading employer in the

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Despite the thousands of military flights transiting through North Bay and training for trans-oceanic flying, there were only 11 crashes, with only one being fatal. On 28 April 1945, a No. 313 Ferry Training Unit B-25 Mitchell crashed, killing pilots Flying Officer Leslie William Laurence Davies of

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On 1 April 1993, all air bases in Canada were redesignated as wings; the base was renamed 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay. This is abbreviated as 22 Wing/CFB North Bay. Today, although this designation still stands, the base is often referred to simply as "22 Wing", and the Base Commander as

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F-15s from Elmendorf Air Force Base by the Alaskan NORAD Region to intercept the jet, and Alaskan air traffic control to ask the Korean Air pilots via coded questions if they had been hijacked. During this exchange, the Korean pilots, supposedly on the instructions of ATC, set their transponder to

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en route to New York City from Seoul, Korea, headed to Anchorage, Alaska, for a refuelling stop, was ordered to land at Whitehorse, Yukon Territory. First, while making towards Anchorage, the crew had sent a text message to its airline including the letters "HJK", code for hijack, which prompted a

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is in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Canadian NORAD Region operations center, which watches the skies and reacts to problems in the air, is the Canadian Air Defence Sector, at North Bay. The CADS was originally situated in the Underground Complex; as described above it moved above ground in October 2006,

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414 Squadron returned to CFB North Bay in August 1972. Deployed as an electronic warfare unit, the squadron trained flying and ground air defence personnel to fight a war when an enemy has disrupted radar systems and radio communications. Specializing in the jamming, interference, and "stealing of

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RCAF Station North Bay was renamed the Canadian Forces Base North Bay (abbreviated "CFB North Bay") on 1 April 1966 as part of the Canadian government's plan to merge the country's air force, army, and navy into a single entity: the Canadian Armed Forces. This plan, called "Unification," came into

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squadrons in Canada. From 28 December 1961 – 31 March 1972, 446 Surface-to-Air Missile Squadron operated five miles (eight kilometres) north of the City of North Bay, at the site of a former RCAF radio station. The second squadron, 447 Surface-to-Missile Squadron, operated from a newly constructed

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The ROCC/SOCC system remained in use in North Bay until air defence operations were moved out of the Underground Complex, in October 2006. The ROCC/SOCC system, better known as the FYQ-93 by the technicians who maintained it, was officially powered down by the last Aerospace Telecommunications and

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years to build and outfit the centre. The cost was $ 51,000,000. One-third was paid by Canada, two-thirds by the U.S. Situated 60 storeys beneath the surface of the Earth (600 feet (180 meters)—deeper underground than most of the buildings in Toronto are tall—the facility was specially designed to

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By virtue of Canada's frontline position, the Canadian air defence command and control centre was deemed the most important piece of the NORAD "pie", with respect to bombers. (North Bay was never involved in ballistic missile defence.) Its early warning of and reaction against a Soviet nuclear air

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Thus by default Canada was the air defence "front trenches" for the North American continent. For this reason, plus its friendship with the United States, on 12 September 1957, Canada and the U.S. formed NORAD, the North American Air Defence Command, an organization that unified the two countries'

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While 6 AC&WU had defended airspace in the vicinity of a single city, 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit was watching the skies over all of Ontario, part of Manitoba and a slice of western Quebec, an area larger than France, Belgium and the Netherlands combined. The scope of the Unit's operations is

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6 AC&WU continued as part of the base until 1 December 1952, when it was reassigned to a new, large radar station being built at Falconbridge, Ontario, about 65 miles (105 kilometres) west of North Bay. Renamed "33 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron Detachment", the unit remained at North

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The sole purpose of the air force base at North Bay is air defence, to monitor and protect the skies. At first this was limited to around North Bay, then expanded to the Northern Ontario area of Canada, then east, central and Arctic Canada, and finally all of Canada, the latter an area the size of

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When the airliner and F-15s entered Canadian airspace they also entered the Canadian NORAD Region, thus came under the watch and control of the Canadian Air Defence Sector at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay. Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien gave his permission to the Canadian NORAD Region Commander in

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From the non-military perspective, the decision had a seismic effect on the civilian community. CFB North Bay was the adjoining city's biggest industry. Between hiring employees from the community, contracting work on the base (such as roofing upgrades to its buildings), making purchases in local

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One of the units at the base was 22 Radar Control Wing, which evolved out of a unit called the "Radar Control Wing". The Radar Control Wing was created by the air force in 1987 to run day-to-day air defence operations in the Underground Complex for the Canadian NORAD Region. When an extraordinary

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When sealed up, the Underground Complex could support 400 people for upwards of four weeks cut off from the outside world. Since Canada would be the front line for the air defence of North America if the Cold War turned "hot", it was crucial to ensure that air defence operations would continue as

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As an added measure against damage from a nuclear blast, as well as for the security of the installation, the complex is situated behind three 19-ton steel bank vault-type doors. The doors are normally kept open, and shut in times of emergency. Despite weighing as much as a medium-size bulldozer,

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In war, the air defence ground units monitoring the skies may use surface-to-air missiles as well as fighters to intercept and shoot down hostile aircraft and any air-to-surface missiles (ASMs) launched by those aircraft (especially since ASMs launched against countries or a continent are usually

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Air defence ground units are those air defence organizations not equipped with aircraft. The majority are devoted to searching for, identifying, and keeping track of aircraft in the sky, and coordinating with fighters to intercept aircraft that either cannot be identified; are suspicious; require

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The RAF personnel melded seamlessly into North Bay. They loved the fresh wildness of the region, an exotic experience for many of the British. Area citizens welcomed them as part of the community. The Unit responded in kind, such as aiding blood donor drives, entering a team in the local softball

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22 Wing/CFB North Bay has two unique properties among air bases in Canada. It is the only Canadian air base that does not have flying units (as of August 1992, when the last flying squadron departed), and the only air base in the country that does not have an airfield (base assets such as control

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On 30 January 2014, North Bay officially added space surveillance to its operations. In 2010 its NORAD operations had taken the first steps to prepare for this new responsibility, forming a Space Surveillance Operations Centre (SSOC) that would act as part of the United States Space Surveillance

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On 1 July 1983, the SAGE computer network at North Bay was officially switched off, and air defence operations taken over by the Underground Complex's Regional Operations Control Center/Sector Operations Control Center (ROCC/SOCC) computer system. The ROCC/SOCC system was incorporated throughout

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Due to its important, sensitive role in the security of Canada and North America, working in the Underground Complex was limited to very few people. Over its 43-year span in air defence operations only about 17,000 Canadian and American military personnel and civilians served in the UGC. Of this

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The Underground Complex's SAGE computer equipment comprised a pair of computers, nicknamed "Bonnie and Clyde", plus Maintenance & Programming and Input & Output areas. Combined, "Bonnie and Clyde" weighed 275 tons (245.5 metric tonnes); encompassed 11,900 square feet of floor space (.273

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The complex (which still exists) comprises two sections. The "Main Installation" is a three-storey, figure-eight-shaped building inside a 430-foot-long (131 meters (430 feet)-wide (70.1 meter), 5.4-storey high (54 feet (16 meters) cave. The "Power Cavern", which provides life support and utility

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North Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire country, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent. Activities are wide-ranging, from identifying and monitoring all aircraft entering

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Access to the complex is via a 6,600-foot-long (2,012 meter) North Tunnel from the air base, and a 3,150-foot-long (960 meter) South Tunnel from the city. The tunnels meet; the idea was if a nuclear weapon struck the air base the blast would shoot down the North Tunnel and out the South Tunnel,

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radar networks. The Ground Observer Corps north of the 55th Parallel was retained for four more years, due to the value to NORAD and RCAF Air Defence Command of observations phoned or radioed in of aircraft spotted crossing the north. In January 1964 the northern operations were ended, and the

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On 15 April 1952, 6 AC&WU carried out the first GCI at North Bay, a training session to evaluate the unit's people and radar equipment. The unit's ground controllers guided a No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit jet interceptor against one of the operational training unit's

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North Bay's first air defence ground unit was 6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit (abbreviated as "6 AC&WU"). Created on 4 February 1952, just four months after the base was born, the unit was equipped with Second World War-vintage British Air Ministry Experimental System (AMES) 11C radar

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was (and still is) air defence. On 1 October 1951, one month after RCAF Station North Bay's official birth, No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit was formed at the base. No. 3 AW(F)OTU was a state-of-the-art school teaching military flying, interception and fighter combat in all

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mechanic re-fuelled, serviced and repaired the aircraft. A driver and vehicle mechanic saw to the detachment's staff car, aircraft towing tractor and 1,000-imperial-gallon (4,500 L; 1,200 US gal) fuel truck. The staff car was eventually replaced by a more practical "Truck, Panel,

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is the most important military base in Canada with respect to the continental air defence of North America and the country's air sovereignty. It is also home to one of the most unusual military installations in North America, the NORAD Underground Complex, an installation built over 60 storeys

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Regarding the stealing of radar, the 414 Squadron personnel would electronically find and lock onto the radar set of a jet or a ground station, and take control of it. In stealing a radio communication frequency, 414 would pretend to be a fighter pilot or ground controller, and disrupt the air

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Across Airport Road, the main route to the airfield from the City of North Bay, the rugged Northern Ontario terrain was cleared and the support infrastructure for the station built—headquarters, barracks, dining hall, messes, hospital, gym, motor pool, supply, firehall, RCAF police guardhouse,

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In September 1945, with the war over, the RCAF detachment disbanded. No. 313 Ferry Training Unit followed suit in October. Their facilities were donated to the Canadian government. Mass flying finished, the air traffic controllers were posted out and North Bay's airport returned to its sleepy,

331:(SSN), performing surveillance of objects orbiting at 6,000 to 40,000 kilometres altitude, and delivering data on those objects (called Resident Space Objects, or RSOs) to the Space Surveillance Operations Centre (SSOC), in North Bay's operations centre. The SSOC, in turn, coordinates with the 1056:

50 Ground Observer Corps Detachment and its filter centre belonged to 5 Ground Observer Corps Unit. Opened on 30 June 1953 by Air Vice Marshal Arthur James, Commander of the RCAF's Air Defence Command, the Detachment and its centre were installed in a converted ex-movie theatre in the Sibbett

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North Bay's location presented an allure for air training. It was far from major built-up areas and its skies uncluttered by air traffic, altogether a reasonably safe arena for young aircrew hopefuls attempting to learn the tricky art of military flying. In 1940 a small glass "greenhouse" was

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On 26 October 2006, the Base Commander Colonel Rick Pitre led a parade of personnel in a ceremonial march-out of the Underground Complex, symbolically closing out all military operations in the Underground Complex for good. Since then the UGC has been maintained in "warm storage". All of its

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7500, which officially declared themselves hijacked. The Alaskan NORAD Region advised ATC they would shoot down the airliner if it flew near any significant ground targets, such as a city. ATC ordered the Korean crew to fly to Whitehorse instead, avoiding all populated centers in Alaska.

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In effect, the total time from Northern NORAD Region detecting an aircraft to jet fighters taking off was seven minutes. Anything longer without an excellent reason was deemed unacceptable, and could result in disciplining by NORAD authorities of everyone involved in the operation.

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Referenced documents cited in this and following sections are from the air base's archives and active files, which have file numbers, publication numbers and registration numbers that may be unfamiliar to those without a military background, although the information's accuracy is

1277: 1577:(Continental U.S. NORAD Region), instead of RCAF CF-18s from Canada because the United States Air Force fighters were closer to the Korean airliner. Since NORAD is bi-national, Canadian and American interceptors routinely work with each other's NORAD air defence centers. 1197:

Bay's ROCC/SOCC total computer components took up the floor space equal to about two houses versus 20 for SAGE. North Bay's SAGE computer system was also tied into Canada's BOMARC nuclear-tipped air defence missiles. Cost to convert systems in North Bay was $ 96,000,000.

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In 1992, CFB North Bay and 22 Radar Control Wing were amalgamated under a single commander and command staff, but the base was still officially CFB North Bay. The wing and the base remained as separate organizations until united into 22 Wing/CFB North Bay in April 1993.

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In July 1969, NORAD underwent a continent-wide revamping of its organization. The Northern NORAD Region was redesignated as the "22nd NORAD Region (22nd NR)", but its area of responsibility: north, Atlantic and east-central Canada and northern Maine—remained unaltered.

1535:(colloquially known as the "9/11" attacks) against New York City and Washington, D.C. proved the necessity of continued surveillance and defence of North American skies, that attacks to the continent can come from anywhere, at any time, and in a least expected manner. 1810:

No. 260 Squadron, RAF, into battle, a function normally reserved for an officer. During one flying operation, his wingman, nominally a subordinate position in a formation, was the United States Army Air Force lieutenant-colonel commanding the U.S. 57th Fighter Group.

384:, Ontario, with North Bay as a checkpoint. Leckie's and Hobbs's encounter with North Bay was fleeting. They arrived without warning, approaching out of the east, catching residents unaware. Few had seen an aircraft before; the effect was electrifying, akin to the 1222:

fighters were scrambled to intercept it, to find out why the aircraft could not be identified. If necessary, the fighters would force the aircraft to land at the nearest airfield, and the aircraft met by authorities. If hostile, the aircraft would be shot down.

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Information Systems Technician (ATIS Tech) to work on the system, Sergeant (then Corporal) Michael A. Dambrauskas. A ceremonial Shutdown was later performed by one of the ROCC/SOCC's longest serving technicians, Master Warrant Officer (MWO) Jean-Pierre Paris.

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Protestant and Roman Catholic chapels, married quarters for air force families, and much more. The majority of facilities donated to the airfield by the British when the Royal Air Force departed at the end of the Second World War were demolished and replaced.

1666:"Air defence" refers strictly to aviation activities within the atmosphere of the Earth, such as those of helicopters and aircraft. "Aerospace defence" covers these activities as well as those in space, such as monitoring satellites and tracking space junk. 972:

transports. As well as hauling cargo and personnel, the unit provided targets for training of RCAF interceptor aircrews, and were used by pilots and navigators on the Northern NORAD Region headquarters staff, at the base, to maintain their flying skills.

674:'s Trans-Atlantic Training Unit. Five Hudson bombers arrived shortly afterwards. Over the next three years, the unit—renamed No. 313 Ferry Training Unit in 1943—taught hundreds of aircrew, in three to four-week courses, the techniques and procedures of 647:, Newfoundland en route for Britain. The odds were deemed so poor that only four of the bombers were expected to succeed. Yet the following morning, engines sucking their last gallons of fuel, all seven bombers arrived safely in Northern Ireland. 1530:

The end of the Cold War on Christmas Day 1991 stirred many arguments in Canada and internationally that an era of global safety from major threats had arrived, and entities like NORAD were no longer needed. However, the al-Qaeda attacks of

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One option that arose: after three years of visits and discussions with DND and the base the Canadian motion picture company Alcina Pictures shot part of a science fiction movie in the Underground Complex. The low budget production, called

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bomber flights along the northern fringe of North American airspace. Their aircraft have been intercepted both by the Alaskan NORAD Region and by Canadian CF-18 and American F-15 fighters controlled by the CADS at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay.

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was built (still in use today), as well as a Works and Stores Building (i.e., Supply), guard house, salvage store, recreation building, hospital, fire station and fire protective system, coal compound and general purpose building.

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414 Squadron's departure left 131 Composite Unit as the sole flying unit at the base. Formed on 1 July 1962, 131 Composite Unit was a "catch-all" organization that flew two-seat T-33 Silver Star jet trainers and propeller-engine

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as Inspector of Airways and Aerodromes for the country. On 28 November 1938, the long sought after airport was ready to receive aircraft; due to bad weather regular passenger service at the facility did not begin until May 1939.

1373:. Although it resided on CFB North Bay, and the base provided such things as pay, clothing and medical services, 22 Radar Control Wing was an entirely separate entity from the base with its own commander and staff of personnel. 1159:

Because its subterranean location complicated access by firefighting vehicles and personnel, the complex was fashioned from fire-retardant and fireproof materials, making it one of the most fire-safe structures in the country.

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The biggest impact on the airport during the war was delivered by the Royal Air Force (RAF). In November 1940 a grand, dangerous experiment had been conducted. Masses of new, desperately needed aircraft shipped from Canada and

427:(on the eastern periphery of North Bay) in 1922, for further aerial surveying as well as cargo and passenger transport. These flights amplified this interest and a campaign to the federal government for an aerodrome commenced. 666:

had become crowded with military aircraft. A new training site was set up at North Bay, taking advantage of the uncluttered skies and freedom from major built-up areas that had made the airport an ideal BEATP/BCATP candidate.

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in Vancouver. For the latter, for the first time in its history, in order to meet any threats posed by slow speed aircraft, North Bay's NORAD controllers trained to carry out Ground Controlled Interceptions of helicopters.

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The first air force aircraft to land at North Bay arrived 17 to 23 May 1930. Eight Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) flying boats stopped temporarily at Trout Lake during flights west. Two were en route to Winnipeg; two to

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Surface-to-air missile (SAM) squadrons like the BOMARCs in Canada during the 1960s and early 1970s are also considered air defence ground units. SAMs of course are used only in war, or if an isolated attack (such as the

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military bases and industrial installations—Soviet nuclear weapon–armed bombers would have to cross Canadian airspace, while U.S. interceptors would swarm Canadian airspace to shoot the attackers down (and vice versa).

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In October 2006, Canadian NORAD Region air defence operations moved out of the Underground Complex into a new state-of-the-art installation built on the Earth's surface, named the Sgt David L. Pitcher Building after a

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In 2000, the air defence aspect at 22 Wing/CFB North Bay was given the title "Canadian Air Defence Sector", abbreviated as "CADS". As a result, NORAD air defence in Canada in the 21st Century is organized as follows:

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SAGE stands for "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment", a 1950s-era network of computer systems providing the ground environment for the larger air defense system with buildings, radars, and defense aircraft in North

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as possible. Better to fight the war (especially one of nuclear weapons) over the ocean rather than over home territory; North Bay was deemed too far from the coast for its fighters to be useful in this strategy.

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Allied aircrew at North Bay's airport, 1943, part of their three- to four-week Royal Air Force trans-oceanic flying training. The vast Canadian wilderness served as an excellent and safe stand-in for the Atlantic

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system, essentially a national air highway network. Considering that Canada was nearly the size of Europe and mostly raw, primal wilderness, Tudhope's undertaking was staggering. In 1930, S/L Tudhope received the

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Official badge of the air force base at North Bay, Ontario, after it changed from an RCAF Station to a Canadian Forces Base. Image courtesy and copyright 22 Wing/CFB North Bay, authorized by the Base Commander.

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In October 1939, the Canadian government announced that North Bay's fledgling airport, open less than 12 months, was in contention as a British Empire Air Training Plan site. The BEATP (eventually renamed the

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air defence operations from the Underground Complex. The new installation was named the Sgt David L. Pitcher Building, in honour of a Canadian Forces Air Defence Technician who was killed in the crash of a

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Created in 1960 and authorized by Queen Elizabeth in 1961, it is the only Canadian Armed Forces badge that uses the logo of its neighbouring civilian community, specifically the City of North Bay's gateway.

678:, and how to solve in-flight problems and emergencies. The size of the unit isn't known. However, although a formal air base hadn't been established, the RAF expanded the airport dramatically. A new double 1477:

In 2005, the Main Installation and Power Cavern were designated as Federal Heritage Buildings, "Control Building 55" and "Power Cavern 53", on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.

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beyond the coasts of North America, Ireland and Britain was nonexistent. Mechanical and electrical breakdowns in aircraft were common. In an emergency there was nowhere to land except the North Atlantic.

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In 2017, the Canadian Broadcast Museum Foundation announced that it was in negotiations to take over the underground bunker as a storage repository for the country's audiovisual broadcasting archives.

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In 1943, three air traffic controllers were posted to the airport—the first ATC at North Bay—to coordinate airfield flying operations from the glass "greenhouse" built atop the admin building in 1940.

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among British and Commonwealth pilots in the Second World War, credited with 29 1/2 victories, one probable and six damaged enemy aircraft. Braham retired from the RAF in May 1952 and joined the RCAF.

320:, relaying the reports to a study at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, British Columbia. In 2000, it resumed UFO reporting, provided to researcher Chris Rutkowski at the University of Manitoba. 3084: 1515: 229: 750:

William Gribbin of Scotland. Both men are buried in North Bay cemeteries. This was also the first fatal crash of an aircraft, civilian or military, at North Bay's airport and in the North Bay area.

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6 AC&WU's strength comprised three officers and 32 Other Ranks. The latter including 19 airwomen, the first time in Royal Canadian Air Force history women were allowed to work in air defence.

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weather conditions, day or night—cutting-edge techniques in 1951. Students came from as far away as New Zealand. The instructors were among the world's elite in air defence. The unit's second

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Both of North Bay's TACAN units were disbanded in the 1960s, but TACAN sites are still found throughout the country today, some providing assistance to civilian as well as military aviators.

1569:, played in Detroit, and on 10 April 2012, a Korean Air Boeing 777 that had taken off from Vancouver International Airport was intercepted by F-15s under North Bay's control and diverted to 624:. To reduce these losses an idea was proposed to ferry aircraft instead—fly them over the ocean. It was a breath-taking proposal. In 1940 transoceanic flying was raw and new. Aircrew had no 557:", or "BCATP") was the biggest international military aircrew training operation in history. There were more aircrew training schools in Britain, but the BCATP taught and evaluated 131,553 1094:, 12 May 1981, to more accurately reflect the extent of command's responsibilities, keeping watch of activities in space over North America as well as those inside the Earth's atmosphere. 901:

for training. While at North Bay, the squadron was commanded by James "Stocky" Edwards, a highly decorated and an extraordinarily skilled fighter pilot with an impressive wartime career.

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resulted, but, the requirements of security, logistics and other operations of the base for the movie proved staggering. The Underground Complex will not be used in this capacity again.

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Royal Canadian Air Force Station North Bay was founded on 1 September 1951, part of the expansion of Canada's air defences in face of the rising threat of nuclear air attack from the

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that point, 22 Wing was a photographic flying unit stationed at CFB Rockcliffe, Ontario, mapping and charting the country, separate from and unrelated to the air base at North Bay.

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fighter pilot during the First World War, and close associate of Squadron Leader Tudhope during the latter's exploration and survey of Canada, Dodds had been seconded by DND to the

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No photos were taken of the North Bay overflight; this image of the F.3 was shot shortly afterwards, upon arrival at the Red River, Manitoba. Department of National Defence photo.

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flying across the country. By 1942 so many aircraft were stopping at North Bay that No. 124 Squadron, RCAF, set up a seven-man detachment at the airport. Under the command of a

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radar and radio signals," the unit earned considerable renown, even notoriety, for its abilities. Its services were frequently requested by the navy and American armed forces.

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civilian employees, it oversaw Ground Observer Corps Detachments and Observation Posts in Ontario at North Bay, Brockville, London and Peterborough, and at Winnipeg, Manitoba.

376:, of Sault Ste. Marie. The trans-Canada expedition was an epic venture, lasting 11 days and requiring six aircraft. The third leg was flown non-stop from the Canadian capital, 4008: 1017:

In March 1952 it was decided that 6 AC&WU would not be using its mobility, and the ground air defence unit was transferred out of its trucks into a building on the base.

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with the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1952. Nos. 419, 433 and 414 Squadrons also flew CF-100 interceptors. CF-100s also flew with the RCAF in Europe on NATO deployments.

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number approximately 15,500 were Canadians, out of nearly a million men and women over the same timeframe who were members of Canada's Department of National Defence.

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Europe. Between the base's birth in 1951 to 1964, as well as the operational training unit, it was home to a succession of combat units devoted to this purpose.

931:. A pair of CF-100 interceptors from the base were deployed, or "staged", at the Lakehead to defend the Northwest Ontario and Manitoba regions of the country. 1398:

and continental air defence would have to be transposed en masse to another base, yet no other base in Canada had the means in place to receive the system.

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over 1,800 NORAD interceptors took part in 6,000 sorties. It was the largest airborne military exercise in history. Department of National Defence image.

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The Canadian NORAD Region still exists. Its headquarters moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, in April 1997, but air defence operations remained in North Bay.

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overflew the (then) town during the first crossing of Canada by aircraft. (North Bay was not incorporated as a city until 1925.) The F.3's pilots were

3988: 3139: 2980: 1511: 1366: 293:(NORAD) operations in Canada, under the Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters, also in Winnipeg. It is also home to the 1 Air Force, Detachment 2 of the 223: 1354:"22 Wing/CFB North Bay". It is often referred to simply as "22 Wing". The number "22" was chosen for North Bay to honour the old 22nd NORAD Region. 1332:

an ice rink and saw year-round use by hockey leagues, figure skating clubs, and various other civilian entities in and around the City of North Bay.

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A massive building campaign began in 1951 around North Bay's tiny airport, including construction of an additional, larger double hangar; a proper

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Many GObC volunteers went to great lengths in the enthusiasm for their operations, such building this tower. Department of National Defence image.

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In addition to its fighter squadrons, from September 1956 – September 1960, North Bay operated a CF-100 Staging Detachment at Lakehead Airport in

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The airport's sole service to the air force over the next two years was essentially like a roadside truckstop, providing fuel, rest and meals to

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B. Delosier, arriving 9 January 1952. Americans have continued to serve at North Bay in one military capacity or another into the 21st Century.

3477: 2985: 2953: 1573:, British Columbia, after a bomb threat was reported against the airliner. The USAF F-15s had been scrambled from Portland, Oregon, in NORAD's 845: 554: 411:

The overflight planted interest in local politicians, businessmen and community leaders towards aviation, particularly the establishment of an

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In 2010, North Bay's operations centre took the first steps towards transitioning from air to aerospace defence, commencing preparations for

74: 3411: 1439:, Alaska, on 22 September 1995. The aircraft ingested birds into two of its four engines during takeoff; all 24 crew members were killed. 1164:

services to the complex, is a 401-foot-long (122.23 meters (401.0 feet)-wide (15.24 meter), 2.7-storey high (27-foot (8.2-meter) chamber.

765: 3868: 3183: 585:, necessary to handle the sudden proliferation of aircraft. But the government decided not to include North Bay in the training scheme. 317: 3106: 3100: 849:

A Squadron shoulder patch used by RCAF Aircrew with 3 AW(F)OTU in the late 50s. The back-stamp confirms the Crest was manufactured by

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Colorado Springs for watching over and protecting the air sovereignty in their geographic chunk of Canada and/or the United States.

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region, in June 1933 DND set up a headquarters in North Bay to supervise construction of emergency landing fields for the Ottawa to

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Canadian government announced it was closing the base, and the destruction of the base and reduction of its personnel accelerated.

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illustrated by one 1958 air defence exercise that involved 14,000 civilian volunteers and military personnel and over 60 aircraft.

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took place on 4 July 1938, in the midst of construction. The first official landing occurred 30 September 1938, by Squadron Leader

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in Ottawa, "Making a good 50 miles per hour", then with a wave to lunchtime onlookers, the pilots swung their F.3 out over nearby

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The only air defence activity at the base in this five-year period was in NORAD's famous Underground Complex (described below).

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The Canadian Department of Transport added water and power supply systems, plus provided clearing and grading for the hangars,

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New (and current) badge of the air force base at North Bay, Ontario, authorized in 1995 after "22 Wing" was added to the name.

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Inspired, the Royal Air Force commenced large-scale ferrying of aircraft. A training school for ferry aircrews was set up at

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Underground Chambers for Defence, Special Supplement to Construction Engineering News, Vol. 3 No.4, Oct–Nov–Dec 1962, RCAF

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In 1928, Tudhope stopped twice at North Bay, and again in 1931 and 1932. Based on his exploration and survey work in the

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While all regular-force flying units have moved away from the base, the civilian North Bay airfield is still home to a

814:(OC) was Wing Commander Edward Crew, Royal Air Force. Crew was replaced in 1954 by another Englishman, Wing Commander 1772: 894: 722: 363: 2372:

Report on Hardening of SAGE, SCC, North Bay for A.D. Margison & Associates Ltd., Consulting Engineers, March 1960

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Transcript of speech by Robert Leckie, typed with handwritten editing by Leckie, radio broadcast in 1959, pp. 5–13.

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is the operational training unit in CADS. It trains and tests military personnel in the various jobs and duties of

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In June 1989, the wing was renamed "22 Radar Control Wing". Simultaneously, the eastern control centre was renamed

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North Bay has also provided air defence security for many events unrelated to Operation Noble Eagle, such as the

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assistance; participating in criminal activity; intruding in sovereign airspace; or have been declared hostile.

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Trout Lake, on the eastern edge of the city, presented an abundant source of water needed to cool the complex.

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Despite a common, popular misconception that Royal Canadian Air Force Station North Bay was formed during the

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Base historical archives file W1325-1 (W Heritage), 22 Wing Heritage Office, Canadian Forces Base North Bay.

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league, and participated in shooting where they won and golf competitions, earning a consolation prize.

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underground inside a cave almost 1.5x longer than an American football field and nearly 5 storeys tall.

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Royal Canadian Air Force Establishment broadsheets of manning and equipment, May 1943 – September 1945.

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22 Wing/CFB North Bay Annual Historical Report for 2014 to the Canadian Department of National Defence

1779:(DFC) for his leadership, courage and daring in the Second World War, which included shooting down 21 1101:

Following a cross-Canada survey of candidate sites, North Bay was selected for the following reasons:

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into granite, one of the hardest rock types on the planet, excellent armour against a nuclear strike.

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Among No. 3 AW(F)OTU's instructors were the first Americans to serve at North Bay's air base: USAF

582: 459: 2911: 2730:"Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force 1907–1964." 1090:

The NORAD Agreement was officially signed by both nations on 12 May 1958. The name was altered to

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serviceman who was killed in the crash of a United States Air Force AWACS patrol plane, in 1995.

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withstand a 4-megaton nuclear blast, 267 times more powerful than the bomb dropped at Hiroshima.

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The geology comprised a 2.6 billion year old rock formation altered 1.5 billion years ago by the

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22 Wing/CFB North Bay notice of 722d Air Control Squadron re-designation, effective 1 July 2011.

1422:

Map showing the extent of CFB North Bay in the 21st Century. To the north is North Bay Airport.

3919: 3858: 3788: 3753: 3377: 3305: 3247: 2906: 2866: 2847: 2832: 2817: 2802: 2787: 2768: 2750: 2711: 2696: 2681: 2666: 2584:"60-storeys underground, Cold War bunker eyed as place to preserve Canada's broadcast history" 1780: 1758:

An "air station" was the term used in Canada in 1919-early 1920s for any land- or water-based

1745:. Strasser's loss, a national hero, devastated the German public, still mourning the death of 1735: 1731: 1727: 1432: 1127:

Construction of the Underground Complex (UGC) took four years, August 1959 to September 1963:

1112: 1044: 671: 629: 435: 2532: 1406:

at one time well over 100 buildings, was to be chopped to five, plus the air defence centre.

3738: 3673: 2043: 1427: 1308: 625: 533: 466: 412: 38: 2602: 1738:, on 14 May 1917 and 5 August 1918), and killed the commander of the German airship fleet, 3703: 3688: 3556: 2736: 1739: 1698: 1690: 1299: 1276: 1257: 1066: 916:

in 1962, flying the jet fighters in air defence until the squadron was disbanded in 1964.

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Nevertheless, on the evening of 10 November 1940, the experiment began; seven twin-engine

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recruits from around the world, plus 5,296 graduates from Royal Air Force (RAF) schools.

163: 327:, Canada's first military satellite. Sapphire functions as a contributing sensor in the 3904: 3899: 3878: 3848: 3813: 3758: 3683: 3678: 3658: 3627: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3547: 3532: 3323: 3277: 3262: 3039: 3014: 2858: 2760: 2729: 2636: 1742: 1686: 1630: 1585: 1581: 1294:

government indecision as to whether to equip the Canadian military with nuclear weapons

1292:

From 1961 to the end of 1963, the BOMARCs were not equipped with their warheads due to

998:

nuclear-tipped, aimed to destroy cities, military bases and industrial installations).

904:

North Bay's next fighter unit, 445 Squadron, was the first in the world armed with the

890: 708: 614: 593: 498: 478: 439: 397: 370: 356: 1730:. Leckie was the war's top airship hunter; he engaged eight Zeppelins, shot down two ( 520:

On 27 April 1938, work began. The first unofficial landing by two area residents in a

513:(TCA) facility; TCA was the country's government-operated air line (and forerunner of 509:. The Province of Ontario and City of North Bay would provide the land. It would be a 3982: 3967: 3853: 3808: 3718: 3708: 3668: 3562: 3363: 3353: 3348: 3333: 3295: 3214: 3168: 3049: 3044: 3024: 3019: 2779: 2588: 1706: 1566: 1266: 1070: 786: 774: 423:

work, landed at North Bay, on Lake Nipissing. The HS-2L landed on Lake Nipissing and

420: 385: 339:

tower, fuel depot and hangars were demolished or sold following the 1992 departure).

3823: 3773: 3748: 3698: 3642: 3622: 3490: 3383: 3358: 3257: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3059: 3009: 1626: 1601: 1522:, as well as such non-air defence activities as first-aid and small arms handling. 1467: 1172:

each door is so well balanced it can be moved effortlessly by a 12-year-old child.

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low-key pre-war state, and so it would remain until birth of the air base in 1951.

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flyers. Between them Hobbs and Leckie had three. On 14 June 1917, Hobbs shot down

442:

in Canada. Over the next decade-and-half Canadian Air Force (as of 1 April 1924, "

388:

appearing suddenly over the city today. Leckie steered for the downtown. Over the

352:

North Bay's first contact with the air force took place on 9 October 1920, when a

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North Bay's Underground Complex was also the command and control centre for two

923:

Retired EF-101B "Electric Voodoo" on pedestal at the main gate to CFB North Bay.

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The City of North Bay was a crossroad of rail, highway and telecommunications.

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Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, call sign Yukla 27, at

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History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume I: 1945–1955

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Coincidental to the future air force base, the F.3 was a descendant of the

1410:

Re-Shaping of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay & the 21st Century

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On 1 June 1942, ground around the airport was cleared and tents set up for

1993: 1991: 1510:

CADS is just one of many parts of 22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay.

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constructed atop the airport's administration building in anticipation of

58: 3723: 2253:

RCAF Station/CFB North Bay historical records, various, W1325-1. W1325-1.

1792:

Serving in the RAF, Braham had received three DSOs, three DFCs, plus the

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Near-death of the base, massive reductions and their effects on North Bay

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131 Composite Unit and the temporary end of military flying at North Bay

3587: 1749:. A third Zeppelin (L 65) escaped destruction when Leckie's gun jammed. 1716: 1490:

Canada and the United States are divided into three NORAD Regions: the

866:

Five fighter interceptor squadrons served at North Bay. In succession,

704: 589: 558: 274: 270: 1311:, which used it as a flight and aircraft maintenance training centre. 679: 655: 651: 621: 377: 1514:

is the unit in CADS that carries out the air sovereignty of Canada.

853:

and was only found on crests manufactured between 1957 through 1959.

912:

North Bay's last fighter unit, 414 Squadron, was re-armed with the

3398: 1850:"The hole truth: Five facts about North Bay's Cold War-era bunker" 1417: 1379: 1318: 1298: 1275: 1256: 1043: 933: 918: 844: 835: 764: 727: 402: 290: 1719:. During the war, only 12 airships were shot down by British and 1532: 3172: 2942: 2934:

Department of National Defence Canada – CFB North Bay (22 Wing)

2351:

RCAF Station/CFB North Bay historical records, various, W1325-1

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Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering

2101:

North Bay Airport – History, 1938–1980 – 42 Years of Progress.

1516:

51 Aerospace Control and Warning Operational Training Squadron

1065:

system and the (then) state-of-the-art Distant Early Warning,

230:

51 Aerospace Control and Warning Operational Training Squadron

2337:

remark to NORAD officers in training at North Bay, fall 1986.

2167:

North Bay Airport – History, 1938–1980 – 42 Years of Progress

1105:

An air force base existed, eliminating the need to build one.

1002:

in a tiny radar unit, crammed into a small clutch of trucks.

415:

at North Bay. In the summer of 1921, a Government of Canada

696:

Nine more Hudsons joined the original five, along with two

2533:"Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings". 462:

for his endeavours, the premier aviation award in Canada.

1507:

into the building named after Sergeant David L. Pitcher.

2431:

22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay Archives, W1325-1

1645:

gliding operation training air cadets as glider pilots.

1443:

End of Air Defence Operations in the Underground Complex

2816:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd, 1994. 1426:

On 20 August 2003, Prime Minister the Right Honourable

981:

Air Defence Ground Units and installations at North Bay

1884:

Canadian Department of National Defence Media Advisory

1289:

religion and travel experiences were also gone into".

2381:

22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay photo archives

801:

No. 3 All-Weather (Fighter) Operational Training Unit

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for the war effort in Britain were being lost in the

392:

station he dropped a signal to be telegraphed to the

2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1526:

North Bay Air Defence Operations in the 21st Century

3892: 3651: 3510: 3503: 3476: 3445: 3397: 3314: 3286: 3213: 3206: 600:), two aeroengine mechanics, an electrician and an 215: 205: 200: 182: 174: 169: 159: 141: 136: 99: 34: 1538:In another vivid example, on 11 September 2001, a 2799:Into the Sausage Machine: The History of 22 Wing 1561:22 Wing/CFB North Bay has been a participant in 434:(DND) took over responsibility and control over 2548:22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay Archives 2455:22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay Archives 2390:Northern NORAD Region Contingency Plan 310N-64. 2359: 2357: 3994:Buildings and structures in North Bay, Ontario 2865:(1980 ed.). University of Toronto Press. 2784:The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945 2665:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995. 3184: 2954: 2725:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1954. 2633:547 Canuck Squadron Royal Canadian Air Cadets 2426: 2424: 2398: 2396: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2249: 2247: 2226: 2224: 8: 1909: 1907: 1894: 1892: 628:to steer by except the sun, moon and stars. 63:Entrance sign at main gate of CFB North Bay. 1592:at Huntsville and Toronto, Ontario and the 1371:51 Aerospace Control & Warning Squadron 4009:Military installations established in 1951 3507: 3210: 3191: 3177: 3169: 2961: 2947: 2939: 2058:Transport Canada Report CA1 DTA 177-66 H35 31: 2981:Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force 2846:. Toronto: Dundurn Press, Toronto, 2011. 2749:. North Bay: C. Gunning publisher, 1996. 2742:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force, 1971. 2710:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994. 2695:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1996. 2204:DND Directorate of History & Heritage 1999:History of Canadian Airports AK-01-09-002 1512:21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron 1504:Headquarters of the Canadian NORAD Region 1367:21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron 1074:Ground Observer Corps finally disbanded. 273:about 350 km (220 mi) north of 224:21 Aerospace Control and Warning Squadron 3999:North American Aerospace Defense Command 3486:Major-General George R. Pearkes Building 1092:North American Aerospace Defense Command 870:(5 November 1951 to 27 September 1952), 549:, the air base didn't exist until 1951. 329:United States Space Surveillance Network 291:North American Aerospace Defense Command 2863:Canadian Airmen and the First World War 2801:. North Bay: Twenty-Second Wing, 1994. 1985:22 Wing Heritage Office Photo Archives. 1832: 1659: 1123:Construction of the Underground Complex 882:(15 October 1955 to 1 August 1961) and 419:flying boat, taking on exploration and 2986:Chief Warrant Officer of the Air Force 2831:. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1978. 2609:. Canadian Armed Forces. 30 April 2013 2081:Milberry and Halliday 1990, pp. 28–29. 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1997:"Transport Canada document TP 5239 E: 555:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 301:22 Wing/Canadian Forces Base North Bay 1006:6 Aircraft Control & Warning Unit 81: 7: 2747:North Bay: The Lean Years, 1929–1939 1796:(AFC), and was the top nightfighter 1482:NORAD Air Defence organization today 1303:RCAF Bomarc on launch erector (1965) 1036:Between June 1953 and May 1960, two 3950: 2844:NORAD and the Soviet Nuclear Threat 1856:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1176:Features of the Underground Complex 318:National Research Council of Canada 3200:Canadian Forces bases and stations 2235:5 Ground Observer Corps Unit Diary 1771:W/C Crew was the recipient of two 1571:19 Wing/Canadian Forces Base Comox 897:jet trainers and propeller-driven 878:(15 March 1954 to 1 August 1957), 797:and over 100 civilian personnel.) 25: 2560:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2402:"SAGE Installation Data Sheets." 1584:at Kananaskis, Alberta, the 2010 1336:414 (Electronic Warfare) Squadron 1078:NORAD and the Underground Complex 886:(1 August 1957 to 30 June 1964). 343:Activities at North Bay 1920–1945 241:22 Wing Air Reserve Flight (RCAF) 3989:Canadian Forces bases in Ontario 3961: 3949: 3938: 3937: 2680:. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1998. 2056:"History of North Bay Airport." 187: 146: 80: 73: 57: 37: 27:Airforce base in Ontario, Canada 2181:, various issues, 1943 to 1945. 528:, RCAF, to inspect the work. A 400:, onwards to Sault Ste. Marie. 4004:1951 establishments in Ontario 2786:. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1990. 2767:. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1981. 2572:22 Wing/CFB North Bay Archives 2487:, various editions, 1972–1992. 2466:North Bay Nugget, 1 March 1972 2202:"List of crashes, North Bay." 1369:and the western centre became 1315:Canadian Forces Base North Bay 841:Wing Heritage Office Archives. 617:, their cargo vessels sunk by 432:Department of National Defence 255:Canadian Forces Base North Bay 1: 2216:RCAF Organization Order 31/51 1725:German Naval Airship Division 1693:flying boats employed by the 1496:Continental U.S. NORAD Region 1307:The missile site was sold to 874:(1 April to 31 August 1953), 569:, wireless (radio) operator, 333:Joint Space Operations Center 277:. The base is subordinate to 236:Detachment 2, First Air Force 2829:Canadian's Aviation Pioneers 2314:RCAF Station North Bay Diary 2231:RCAF Station North Bay Diary 2130:RCAF Station North Bay diary 1777:Distinguished Flying Crosses 1773:Distinguished Service Orders 994:) is made during peacetime. 698:North American B-25 Mitchell 3119:Canadian Forces Air Command 2917:GPX (secondary coordinates) 2562:reports, 12 September 2001. 2157:Christie 1995, pp. 203–204. 2047:newspaper, 21, 23 May 1930. 1280:446 Squadron emblem (1960s) 1261:447 Squadron emblem (1960s) 1113:Grenville Metamorphic Event 4025: 2827:Sutherland, Alice Gibson. 2271:Dunmore 1996, pp. 171–176. 1575:Western Air Defense Sector 1209:NORAD regions at North Bay 1038:RCAF Ground Observer Corps 970:Douglas C-47/CC-129 Dakota 573:, wireless air gunner and 211:Colonel Joseph Oldford, CD 3932: 3794:RCAF Station Lincoln Park 3155:46.3571167°N 79.4150583°W 2976: 2912:GPX (primary coordinates) 2887:Map all coordinates using 2538:. Retrieved: 10 May 2013. 2148:Christie 1995, pp. 47–57. 2099:Transport Canada report, 238:(United States Air Force) 68: 56: 46: 3278:3 Cdn Div DET Wainwright 3125:Royal Canadian Air Force 3113:Royal Canadian Air Force 2970:Royal Canadian Air Force 2895:Download coordinates as: 2735:10 November 2013 at the 2723:Canada's Flying Heritage 2678:Canadian Nuclear Weapons 2404:Royal Canadian Air Force 2302:131 Composite Unit Diary 2017:Sutherland. 1978, p. 57. 1925:Ellis 1954, pp. 180–185. 1705:as interceptors against 1437:Elmendorf Air Force Base 444:Royal Canadian Air Force 438:(until 2 November 1936) 390:Canadian Pacific Railway 289:, and is the centre for 195:Royal Canadian Air Force 154:Royal Canadian Air Force 3160:46.3571167; -79.4150583 3095:Canadian Aviation Corps 1695:Royal Naval Air Service 899:North American Harvards 893:Mark II fighters, plus 795:United States Air Force 702:de Havilland Tiger Moth 662:, but by 1942 Dorval's 534:Department of Transport 522:de Havilland DH.60 Moth 430:On 1 January 1923, the 295:United States Air Force 279:1 Canadian Air Division 265:located at the City of 121:46.357846°N 79.416477°W 3598:CFB Portage la Prairie 3268:5 Cdn Div TC Aldershot 2814:The Zeppelin in Combat 2728:Futrell, Robert Frank. 2676:Clearwater, Dr. John. 1747:Manfred von Richthofen 1423: 1385: 1324: 1304: 1281: 1270:surface-to-air missile 1262: 1141:years for excavation; 1049: 940: 924: 854: 842: 820:RCAF Station Cold Lake 770: 754:RCAF Station North Bay 734: 725:were taken on in 1944. 716:de Havilland Mosquitos 511:Trans-Canada Air Lines 455:Trans-Canada Air Lines 408: 3869:RCAF Aerodrome Torbay 3734:RCAF Station Dunsfold 2907:GPX (all coordinates) 2812:Robinson, Douglas H. 2629:"547 Canuck Squadron" 2511:, various, 1995–1998. 2475:414 Squadron archives 2328:Futrell 1971, p. 187. 2262:Milberry 1981, p. 79. 2090:Dunmore 1994, p. 346. 1563:Operation Noble Eagle 1500:Canadian NORAD Region 1421: 1383: 1322: 1302: 1279: 1260: 1047: 1032:Ground Observer Corps 937: 929:Fort William, Ontario 922: 848: 839: 768: 731: 406: 126:46.357846; -79.416477 3829:RCAF North Luffenham 3523:CFB Baden-Soellingen 3273:4 Cdn Div TC Meaford 2842:Wilson, Gordon A.A. 2778:Milberry, Larry and 2457:, various documents. 2292:Pickett 1994, Ch. 2. 2281:The North Bay Nugget 1594:2010 Winter Olympics 1540:Korean Air Flight 85 1492:Alaskan NORAD Region 966:Beech C-45 Expeditor 676:transatlantic flying 507:airport at North Bay 354:Government of Canada 348:Pre–Second World War 201:Garrison information 3468:CFNA HQ Yellowknife 3151: / 2878:- Total pages: 771 2283:, 23 November 1962. 1886:, 25 February 2013. 583:air traffic control 117: / 3834:CFS Newport Corner 3463:CFNA HQ Whitehorse 3107:Canadian Air Force 3101:Canadian Air Force 3040:12 Wing Shearwater 2706:Dunmore, Spencer. 2691:Dunmore, Spencer. 2556:The Globe and Mail 1781:V-1 "Flying Bombs" 1600:In August 2007, a 1460:Laurence Fishburne 1424: 1386: 1325: 1305: 1282: 1263: 1050: 941: 925: 906:Avro CF-100 Canuck 889:430 Squadron flew 855: 843: 812:Officer Commanding 771: 735: 530:Royal Flying Corps 451:John Henry Tudhope 409: 374:Basil Deacon Hobbs 369:, of Toronto, and 364:Lieutenant-Colonel 142:Controlled by 49:North Bay, Ontario 3976: 3975: 3968:Canada portal 3928: 3927: 3920:Camp Nathan Smith 3859:CFS Sioux Lookout 3789:CFS Lac St. Denis 3754:CFS Frobisher Bay 3499: 3498: 3427:Resolution Island 3378:CFD Mountain View 3248:Garrison Petawawa 3134: 3133: 3075:List of Squadrons 3070:22 Wing North Bay 3050:15 Wing Moose Jaw 3045:14 Wing Greenwood 3015:3 Wing Bagotville 2879: 2852:978-1-45970-410-7 2807:978-0-96986-810-1 2708:Wings for Victory 2318:6 AC&WU Diary 2072:, 1 October 1938. 1901:, 6 February 2014 1602:Russian submarine 1533:11 September 2001 1433:Boeing E-3 Sentry 858:Fighter squadrons 672:RAF Ferry Command 630:Search and rescue 252: 251: 219:22 Wing North Bay 18:22 Wing North Bay 16:(Redirected from 4016: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3953: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3739:CFS Falconbridge 3674:CFS Baldy Hughes 3559: 3539: 3508: 3390: 3380: 3211: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3060:17 Wing Winnipeg 3025:5 Wing Goose Bay 3020:4 Wing Cold Lake 2998:List of aircraft 2963: 2956: 2949: 2940: 2877: 2876: 2797:Pickett, James. 2721:Ellis, Frank H. 2693:Above and Beyond 2661:Christie, Carl. 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2635:. Archived from 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2599: 2593: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2545: 2539: 2530: 2524: 2521:North Bay Nugget 2518: 2512: 2509:North Bay Nugget 2506: 2500: 2499:, 9 August 1995. 2497:North Bay Nugget 2494: 2488: 2485:North Bay Nugget 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2445:, 28 March 1964. 2440: 2434: 2428: 2419: 2416:North Bay Nugget 2413: 2407: 2400: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2352: 2349: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2242: 2239:North Bay Nugget 2228: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2193:, 30 April 1945. 2191:North Bay Nugget 2188: 2182: 2179:North Bay Nugget 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070:North Bay Nugget 2067: 2061: 2054: 2048: 2044:North Bay Nugget 2040: 2034: 2031: 2018: 2015: 2002: 1995: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1974:Air Board Report 1971: 1965: 1962:Air Board Report 1959: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1902: 1899:North Bay Nugget 1896: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1790: 1784: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1740:Fregattenkapitan 1683: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1546:scramble of two 1309:Canadore College 1154: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1132: 895:T-33 Silver Star 643:lifted off from 547:Second World War 541:Second World War 491:Porquis Junction 467:Northern Ontario 382:Sault Ste. Marie 193: 191: 190: 152: 150: 149: 137:Site information 132: 131: 129: 128: 127: 122: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 84: 83: 77: 61: 52: 41: 32: 21: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4013: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3924: 3893:Temporary bases 3888: 3779:RCAF Langar, UK 3764:CFS Gypsumville 3704:CFS Chibougamau 3689:CFS Beaverlodge 3647: 3557:Denison Armoury 3555: 3535: 3495: 3472: 3441: 3393: 3386: 3376: 3310: 3282: 3202: 3197: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3010:1 Wing Kingston 2972: 2967: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2882: 2873: 2859:Wise, Sydney F. 2857: 2765:The Avro CF-100 2761:Milberry, Larry 2745:Gunning, Cuth. 2737:Wayback Machine 2657: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2639:on 19 June 2015 2627: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2592:, 12 July 2017. 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2546: 2542: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2406:, October 1960. 2401: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2229: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2021: 2016: 2005: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943:Robinson 1994. 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1905: 1897: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1804: 1794:Air Force Cross 1791: 1787: 1770: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1703:First World War 1699:Royal Air Force 1687:Felixstowe F.2a 1684: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1639: 1623: 1618: 1528: 1484: 1445: 1412: 1391: 1351: 1338: 1317: 1255: 1211: 1178: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1080: 1067:Mid-Canada Line 1034: 1008: 983: 957: 860: 829:John Eiser and 805:The air base's 803: 756: 748:Flight Sergeant 638:Lockheed Hudson 626:navigation aids 596:(today's rank, 575:flight engineer 543: 448:Squadron Leader 350: 345: 220: 207: 188: 186: 164:22 Wing Website 147: 145: 125: 123: 119: 116: 111: 108: 106: 104: 103: 95: 94: 93: 92: 91: 90: 89: 85: 64: 47: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4022: 4020: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3905:Canada Dry Two 3902: 3900:Canada Dry One 3896: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3879:CFS Whitehorse 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3849:CFS Senneterre 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3819:CFS Mont Apica 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3759:CFS Gloucester 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684:CFS Beausejour 3681: 3679:CFS Barrington 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3659:CFS Aldergrove 3655: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3628:CFB Summerside 3625: 3620: 3618:CFB St. Hubert 3615: 3613:CFB Shearwater 3610: 3608:CFB Rockcliffe 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3550: 3548:CFB Cornwallis 3545: 3540: 3537:ASU Chilliwack 3533:CFB Chilliwack 3530: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3512: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3482: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3417:Cape Kiglapait 3414: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3381: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3324:CFB Bagotville 3320: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3306:CFS St. John's 3303: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3263:CFB Valcartier 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3127:(2011–present) 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3055:16 Wing Borden 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3030:8 Wing Trenton 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2928:External links 2926: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2855: 2840: 2825: 2810: 2795: 2776: 2758: 2743: 2726: 2719: 2704: 2689: 2674: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2620: 2603:"22 Wing Band" 2594: 2576: 2564: 2552:Canadian Press 2540: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2447: 2435: 2420: 2408: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2353: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2306: 2294: 2285: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2243: 2237:, and various 2220: 2218:, 4 July 1951. 2208: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2104: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2062: 2049: 2035: 2033:Gunning 1996 . 2019: 2003: 1987: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1903: 1888: 1876: 1867: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1812: 1802: 1785: 1775:(DSO) and two 1764: 1751: 1743:Peter Strasser 1678: 1668: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1629:was formed in 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1582:2002 G8 Summit 1527: 1524: 1483: 1480: 1444: 1441: 1411: 1408: 1390: 1387: 1350: 1347: 1337: 1334: 1316: 1313: 1254: 1251: 1210: 1207: 1177: 1174: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1079: 1076: 1033: 1030: 1007: 1004: 982: 979: 956: 953: 891:Canadair Sabre 859: 856: 802: 799: 755: 752: 720:Douglas Dakota 709:Avro Lancaster 700:bombers and a 615:Atlantic Ocean 594:Flying Officer 542: 539: 499:Lake Athabasca 440:civil aviation 398:Lake Nipissing 357:Felixstowe F.3 349: 346: 344: 341: 310:Wing Commander 263:air force base 250: 249: 248: 247: 242: 239: 233: 227: 217: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 198: 197: 184: 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 101: 97: 96: 87: 86: 79: 78: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 44: 43: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4021: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 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3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3563:CFB Griesbach 3561: 3558: 3554: 3553:CFB Downsview 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3412:Cape Kakiviak 3410: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3369:CFB North Bay 3367: 3365: 3364:CFB Moose Jaw 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3354:CFB Greenwood 3352: 3350: 3349:CFB Goose Bay 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3334:CFB Cold Lake 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3296:CFB Esquimalt 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3146:79°24′54.21″W 3143:46°21′25.62″N 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3065:19 Wing Comox 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3035:9 Wing Gander 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2991:Installations 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2890:OpenStreetMap 2888: 2874: 2872:9780802023797 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2837:0-07-082704-4 2834: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2822:0-88740-510-X 2819: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2792:0-921022-04-2 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780:Hugh Halliday 2777: 2774: 2773:0-9690703-0-6 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756: 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1549: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1428:Jean Chrétien 1420: 1416: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1267:CIM-10 BOMARC 1259: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071:Pinetree Line 1068: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 993: 987: 980: 978: 974: 971: 967: 961: 954: 952: 948: 945: 936: 932: 930: 921: 917: 915: 914:CF-101 Voodoo 910: 907: 902: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 857: 852: 847: 838: 834: 832: 828: 823: 822:in mid-1955. 821: 817: 816:Robert Braham 813: 808: 807:raison d'etre 800: 798: 796: 792: 791:Reserve Force 788: 787:Regular Force 782: 778: 776: 775:control tower 767: 763: 761: 753: 751: 749: 743: 739: 730: 726: 724: 721: 717: 713: 712:heavy bombers 710: 706: 703: 699: 694: 691: 689: 684: 681: 677: 673: 668: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 641:light bombers 639: 634: 631: 627: 623: 620: 616: 612: 606: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 550: 548: 540: 538: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 456: 452: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 421:aerial survey 418: 417:Curtiss HS-2L 414: 405: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 386:Space Shuttle 383: 379: 375: 372: 368: 367:Robert Leckie 365: 361: 358: 355: 347: 342: 340: 336: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 313: 311: 305: 302: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 259:CFB North Bay 256: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 214: 210: 204: 199: 196: 185: 183:Built by 181: 177: 173: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 144: 140: 135: 130: 102: 98: 88:CFB North Bay 76: 67: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 35:CFB North Bay 33: 30: 19: 3948: 3936: 3874:CFS Val-d'Or 3824:CFS Moosonee 3774:CFS Kamloops 3749:CFS Foymount 3643:CFB Winnipeg 3623:CFB St. Jean 3491:NDHQ Carling 3478:Headquarters 3446:All services 3384:CFB Winnipeg 3368: 3359:CFB Kingston 3258:CFB Suffield 3243:CFB Montreal 3238:CFB Kingston 3233:CFB Gagetown 3228:CFB Edmonton 3136: 3069: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2862: 2843: 2828: 2813: 2798: 2783: 2764: 2746: 2739: 2722: 2707: 2692: 2677: 2663:Ocean Bridge 2662: 2655:Bibliography 2641:. Retrieved 2637:the original 2632: 2623: 2611:. Retrieved 2606: 2597: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536:Parks Canada 2535: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2333: 2324: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2100: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2052: 2042: 2038: 1998: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1934:Wise, 1980 . 1930: 1921: 1916:, March 2015 1913: 1898: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1858:. Retrieved 1853: 1844: 1835: 1815: 1805: 1788: 1767: 1754: 1721:Commonwealth 1691:Curtiss H-12 1681: 1671: 1662: 1640: 1627:22 Wing Band 1624: 1621:22 Wing Band 1611: 1607: 1599: 1579: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1537: 1529: 1509: 1489: 1485: 1476: 1471: 1468:Kevin Zegers 1453: 1450: 1446: 1425: 1413: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1375: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1343: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1306: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1264: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1126: 1100: 1096: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1035: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1000: 996: 992:9/11 attacks 988: 984: 975: 962: 958: 949: 946: 942: 926: 911: 903: 888: 884:414 Squadron 880:433 Squadron 876:419 Squadron 872:445 Squadron 868:430 Squadron 865: 861: 850: 824: 806: 804: 783: 779: 772: 760:Soviet Union 757: 746:England and 744: 740: 736: 695: 692: 685: 669: 649: 635: 611:Newfoundland 607: 587: 579: 551: 544: 526:Robert Dodds 519: 503:Saskatchewan 495: 464: 460:McKee Trophy 436:military and 429: 410: 351: 337: 322: 314: 306: 300: 299: 258: 254: 253: 245:22 Wing Band 170:Site history 29: 3955:WikiProject 3915:Camp Mirage 3910:Camp Julien 3884:CFS Yorkton 3799:CFS Lowther 3769:CFS Holberg 3714:CFS Cobourg 3694:CFS Bermuda 3638:CFB Uplands 3633:CFB Toronto 3588:CFB Penhold 3578:CFB Moncton 3543:CFB Clinton 3528:CFB Chatham 3518:CFB Calgary 3458:CFS Leitrim 3388:CFD Dundurn 3374:CFB Trenton 3301:CFB Halifax 3158: / 3121:(1975–2011) 3115:(1924–1968) 3109:(1920–1924) 3103:(1918–1920) 3097:(1914–1915) 1520:air defence 1464:Bill Paxton 851:Crest Craft 690:and roads. 605:Delivery". 483:South River 475:Thunder Bay 471:Port Arthur 413:air station 360:flying boat 124: / 100:Coordinates 3983:Categories 3864:CFS Sydney 3844:CFS Saglek 3839:CFS Ramore 3814:CFS Moisie 3804:CFS Masset 3784:CFS Ladner 3729:CFS Debert 3664:CFS Alsask 3603:CFB Rivers 3593:CFB Picton 3583:CFB Ottawa 3573:CFB London 3422:Cartwright 3344:CFB Gander 3329:CFB Borden 3223:CFB Borden 2001:", p. 459. 1649:References 1637:Air Cadets 1590:G20 Summit 1543:Boeing 747 1472:The Colony 1455:The Colony 723:transports 658:, outside 598:Lieutenant 571:air gunner 515:Air Canada 425:Trout Lake 112:79°24′59″W 109:46°21′28″N 3453:CFS Alert 3339:CFB Comox 3316:Air Force 3253:CFB Shilo 2241:articles. 1828:Citations 1760:aerodrome 563:navigator 394:Air Board 267:North Bay 208:commander 51:, Canada 3943:Category 3724:CFS Dana 3699:CFS Carp 3652:Stations 3568:CFB Lahr 3437:Tukialik 3081:Training 2861:(1980). 2733:Archived 1860:27 April 1820:America. 1717:airships 1710:Zeppelin 1676:assured. 1498:and the 1458:, stars 1247:Canadian 664:airspace 660:Montreal 602:airframe 567:observer 325:Sapphire 287:Manitoba 283:Winnipeg 261:, is an 216:Garrison 3504:Defunct 3407:Big Bay 3207:Current 3091:History 2643:15 June 2613:15 June 2607:22 Wing 2418:, 1983. 2060:, 1966. 1976:, 1922. 1964:, 1921. 1701:in the 1362:Ocean. 1349:22 Wing 1150:⁄ 1136:⁄ 831:Captain 705:biplane 622:U-boats 590:aircrew 479:Emsdale 275:Toronto 271:Ontario 257:, also 206:Current 160:Website 3432:Saglek 2869: 2850: 2835: 2820: 2805: 2790: 2771: 2753: 2714: 2699: 2684: 2669: 2558:, and 2550:, and 1854:cbc.ca 1707:German 1494:, the 1253:BOMARC 733:Ocean. 688:aprons 680:hangar 656:Quebec 652:Dorval 645:Gander 619:German 487:Ramore 378:Ottawa 232:(RCAF) 226:(RCAF) 192: 151: 3511:Bases 3399:NORAD 3005:Wings 1654:Notes 1643:cadet 1548:F-15s 827:Major 793:, 34 789:, 77 559:pilot 473:(now 380:, to 371:Major 308:the " 175:Built 3288:Navy 3215:Army 2867:ISBN 2848:ISBN 2833:ISBN 2818:ISBN 2803:ISBN 2788:ISBN 2769:ISBN 2751:ISBN 2712:ISBN 2697:ISBN 2682:ISBN 2667:ISBN 2645:2015 2615:2015 2316:and 1862:2023 1736:L 70 1734:and 1732:L 22 1712:and 1697:and 1689:and 1631:1990 1625:The 1466:and 1069:and 1063:SAGE 968:and 718:and 178:1951 2902:KML 1798:ace 517:). 446:") 312:". 3985:: 2782:. 2763:. 2631:. 2605:. 2586:. 2554:, 2423:^ 2395:^ 2356:^ 2342:^ 2246:^ 2233:, 2223:^ 2107:^ 2022:^ 2006:^ 1990:^ 1906:^ 1891:^ 1852:. 1586:G8 1550:. 1502:. 1462:, 714:, 707:. 654:, 565:, 561:, 501:, 489:, 485:, 481:, 297:. 285:, 281:, 269:, 3192:e 3185:t 3178:v 2962:e 2955:t 2948:v 2875:. 2854:. 2839:. 2824:. 2809:. 2794:. 2775:. 2757:. 2718:. 2703:. 2688:. 2673:. 2647:. 2617:. 2574:. 2433:. 2304:. 2169:. 1864:. 1783:. 1762:. 1588:/ 1152:2 1148:1 1145:+ 1143:2 1138:2 1134:1 1131:+ 1129:1 553:" 20:)

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Index