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851:
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314:, Dirlewanger's unit committed the worst atrocities of the Second World War. The unit killed at least 30,000 civilians in Belarus alone, with up to over 120,000 killed and 200 villages destroyed by Dirlewanger's unit in Belarus. Several members such as Hans von Cullen were put to death after the war by ad-hoc tribunals. Several commanders attempted to remove Dirlewanger from command and to dissolve the unit, but powerful patrons within the Nazi apparatus protected Dirlewanger and intervened on his behalf. Amongst other actions, the unit took part in the
82:
58:
1094:, was assigned to the Dirlewanger Brigade by Himmler as punishment for refusing to carry out orders. With his extensive combat experience, Schmedes became the unofficial advisor to Dirlewanger on front line combat. In December, the brigade was sent to the front in Hungary. While fighting there, several new battalions made up of communist and socialist volunteers fell apart. During a month's fighting, the brigade suffered many casualties and was pulled back to Slovakia to refit and reorganize.
100:
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419:. In 1934 he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment for "contributing to the delinquency of a minor with whom he was sexually involved", and for stealing government property. The conviction led to him being expelled from the Nazi Party (but he was permitted to reapply for membership). Soon after his release, Dirlewanger was rearrested for
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began in late August 1944, the new brigade was committed to action. The brigade played a large part in putting down the rebellion by 30 October. With the outcome of the war no longer in doubt, large numbers of communist and socialist political prisoners began applying to join the unit in the hopes of
1133:
The division was pushed back to the northeast when the final Soviet offensive began on 16 April 1945. The next day, Dirlewanger was seriously wounded in combat for the twelfth time. He was sent to the rear and
Schmedes took command; Dirlewanger would not return to the division. Desertion became more
1065:
Oskar
Dirlewanger, who told them to take no prisoners, the Dirlewanger troops looted, gang-raped women and children, played 'bayonet catch' with live babies and tortured captives by hacking off their arms, dousing them with petrol and setting them alight to run flaming down the street. The soldiers'
982:
We blew up the doors, I think of a school. Children were standing in the hall and on the stairs. Lots of children. All with their small hands up. We looked at them for a few moments until
Dirlewanger ran in. He ordered to kill them all. They shot them and then they were walking over their bodies and
809:
in gold on 5 December 1943 in recognition of his earnestness, but by 30 December 1943, the unit consisted of only 259 men. Large numbers of amnestied criminals were sent to rebuild the regiment and by late
February 1944, the regiment was back to full strength. It was decided that Eastern volunteers
683:
in 1944. Crimes included the mass rape and murder of 15 Red Cross nurses and the killing of thousands of civilians. After troops entered a makeshift military hospital, they first killed the wounded with bayonets and rifle butts before gang raping the women. The naked bleeding nurses were then taken
987:
The regiment arrived in Warsaw with only 865 enlisted personnel and 16 officers but it soon received 2,500 replacements. These included 1,900 German convicts from the SS military camp at Danzig-Matzkau. Extremely high casualties were inflicted on the unit during fighting in Warsaw by the Polish
500:
had decided to give "suspended sentences to so-called 'honorable poachers' and, depending on their behaviour at the front, to pardon them". A confirmation of Hitler's order was sent specifying that the poachers should, where possible, be
Bavarian and Austrian, not be guilty of crimes involving
1154:. Schmedes and his staff managed to reach the Americans and surrendered on 3 May. Only about 700 men of the division survived the war. In June 1945, Dirlewanger was captured by French forces in Germany and died in their custody by 8 June, allegedly beaten to death by Polish soldiers in
1017:
Dirlewanger's men spread out along the square and with armor support, rooted out several insurgent positions. Then the
Sonderkommando attempted to advance further using a shield of Polish women and children in front of them — but the Poles fired anyway and drove the Germans
756:
men roasting captured partisans alive and then throwing their bodies to a herd of hungry pigs. Women were raped and then kept as "sexual cattle", in which they would be traded amongst the men for "two bottles of vodka", with even children being raped and tortured to death.
971:"burned prisoners alive with gasoline, impaled babies on bayonets and stuck them out of windows and hung women upside down from balconies". Polish nurses were repeatedly raped, and in some instances, hand grenades were inserted into their vaginas and detonated.
958:
in the Wola massacre itself may have been limited, as
Dirlewanger may not have arrived until the 7th of August. Up to 40,000 civilians were murdered in Wola in less than two weeks of August, including all hospital patients and staff. According to the historian
543:
by
Himmler. With the influx of criminals, the emphasis on poachers was now lost, though many of the former poachers rose to NCO ranks to train the unit. Those convicted of other crimes, including the criminally insane and homosexuals, also joined the unit.
728:. Dirlewanger's preferred method of operation was to gather civilians in a barn, set it on fire, and shoot at anyone who tried to escape; the victims of his unit numbered about 30,000. Some estimate around 200 villages destroyed and around 120,000 killed.
739:
As it inflicted its first fifteen thousand mortal casualties, the
Special Commando Dirlewanger lost only ninety-two men—many of them, no doubt, to friendly fire and alcoholic accidents. A ratio such as that was possible only when the victims were unarmed
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described them as a "terrifying rabble" of "cut-throats, renegades, sadistic morons, and cashiered rejects from other units". Some Nazi officials romanticized the unit, viewing the men as "pure primitive German men" who were "resisting the law".
992:
Dirlewanger's regiment lost 2,733 men, 315% of the unit's initial strength. While some of the regiment's actions were criticized by Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (who after the war described them as "a herd of pigs") and the sector commander,
684:
outside and hanged by their feet and shot in their stomachs. Investigations also showed that the unit had cut off the breasts of at least one of the nurses while still alive during the rapes. The unit would carry out atrocities during the
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288:. The unit is regarded as the most brutal and notorious Waffen-SS unit, with its soldiers described as the "ideal genocidal killers who neither gave nor expected quarter". The unit is regarded as the most infamous Waffen-SS unit in
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The desire to plunder . . . so great that they cut off fingers with a single blow, on which they noticed rings, so as not to waste time, they took out gold teeth with bayonets, and while plundering, out of greed, they killed each
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to halt the Soviet advance. On 14 February 1945, the brigade was renamed the 36th Waffen
Grenadier Division of the SS. With its expansion to a division of 4,000 men, regular army units were attached to the formation, a
523:
to take charge of 80 selected men convicted of poaching crimes who were temporarily released from their sentences. After two months training, 55 men were selected with the rest sent back to prison. On 14 June 1940, the
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983:
breaking their little heads with butt ends. Blood and brain matter streamed down the stairs. There is a memorial plaque in that place stating that 350 children were killed. I think there were many more, maybe 500.
638:, expressing that "The tone in the regiment is, I may say, in many cases a medieval one with cudgels and such things. If anyone expresses doubts about winning the war he is likely to fall dead from the table."
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From the beginning, the formation attracted criticism from both the Nazi Party and the SS for the idea that convicted criminals who were forbidden to carry arms, therefore then exempt from conscription in the
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behaviour was so bad that even Himmler became alarmed. He ordered a battalion of SS military policemen to stand by, in case the Dirlewanger troops turned on their own leaders or on nearby German units.
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554:, could be a part of the elite SS. A solution was found where it was proclaimed that the formation was not part of the SS, but under control of the SS. Accordingly, the unit name was changed to
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307:
and the Waffen-SS officers for its brutality. The unit epitomized the "anti-partisan activity on the Eastern front that emerged from the image of the hunt and the animalization of the enemy".
634:
show Soviet prosecutors frequently questioning defendants accused of war crimes on the Eastern Front about their knowledge of the Dirlewanger Brigade. Heinrich Himmler noted the brutality of
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would no longer be admitted to the unit, as the Russians had proven to be particularly unreliable in combat. Anti-partisan operations continued until June 1944, when the Soviets launched
814:, which was aimed at the destruction of Army Group Centre. The unit was caught up in the retreat and began falling back to Poland. The regiment sustained heavy casualties during several
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247:
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41:
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662:. According to the historian, Matthew Cooper, "wherever the Dirlewanger unit operated, corruption and rape formed an every-day part of life and indiscriminate slaughter, beatings and
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613:, rape, arson, and burglary. Dirlewanger provided them with an opportunity to commit atrocities on such a scale that it even raised complaints within the brutal SS. Historian
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1575:Гриневич, Е.М.; Денисова, Н.А.; Кириллова, Н.В.; Селеменев, В.Д. (2011). Адамушко, В.И.; Баландин, В.В.; Дюков, А.Р.; Зельский, А.Г.; Селеменев, В.Д.; Скалабан, В.В. (eds.).
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Antifaschisten in SS-Uniform: Schicksal und Widerstand der deutschen politischen KZ-Haftlinge, Zuchthaus- und Wehrmachtstrafgefangenen in der SS-Sonderformation Dirlewanger
3376:
2993:
752:, the unit "committed such shocking atrocities in the Soviet Union, in the pursuit of partisans, that even an SS court was called upon to investigate". A witness reported
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2789:"DN-SPECIAL: Från knäpp lekstuga till nazi-industri. Penninghungriga affärsrörelser breder ut sig med invandrarhatande tidningar och rå raststmusik som hyllar vit makt"
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626:
During the organization's time in the Soviet Union, Dirlewanger's unit burned women and children alive, let packs of starved dogs feed on them, and injected Jews with
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536:
NCOs selected for their previous disciplinary records and twenty other recruits. By September 1940, the formation numbered over 300 men. Dirlewanger was promoted to
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Many otherwise unknown crimes committed by the unit at Wola were later revealed by Mathias Schenck, a Belgian national who was serving in the area as a German Army
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A Swedish neo-Nazi rock band named "Dirlewanger" rose to infamy in the 1990's as they reportedly were one of the Swedish neo-Nazi scene's most popular groups.
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Ewald Ehlers, who commanded the 73rd Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS within the division, was hanged by his own men. He had been a former commandant of
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and more common, and when Schmedes attempted to reorganize the division on 25 April, he found that it had virtually ceased to exist. On 28 April 1945,
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Rolf Michaelis Die SS-Sturmbrigade „Dirlewanger". Vom Warschauer Aufstand bis zum Kessel von Halbe. Band II. 1. Auflage. Verlag Rolf Michaelis, 2003,
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By 3 October 1944, the remaining Polish insurgents had surrendered and the remnants of the regiment spent the next month guarding the line along the
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2847:"The finale of a war criminal's existence: mysteries surrounding Oskar Dirlewanger's death – Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej"
2695:"The finale of a war criminal's existence: mysteries surrounding Oskar Dirlewanger's death – Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej"
770:), and military delinquents. A second battalion was established in February 1943 when the regiment's strength reached 700 men, of whom 300 were
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and a barbaric nature; he has been described as "the most evil man" in the SS and possibly the most sadistic commander of the Second World War.
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2203:"Oskar Dirlewanger i SS Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger. Dirlewangerowcy - potwory na ulicach Warszawy 1944 [POWSTANIE WARSZAWSKIE]"
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unit again in late 1944. In May 1944, the 550 men (Turkestanis, Volga Tartars, Azerbaijanis, Kirghiz, Uzbek, and Tadjiks) from the
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elite riflemen with the courage and initiative of those who willingly broke the law. In late May 1940 Dirlewanger was sent to
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In February 1945, orders were given to expand the brigade to a division but before this could begin it was sent north to the
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were for those convicted of military offences, whereas the recruits sent to the unit were convicted of major crimes such as
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1985:
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were rife". Even within the brutal regime of the General Government concerns were raised about the unit's conduct.
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493:
1610:
Stang, Knut (2004). "Oskar Dirlewanger: Protagonist der Terrorkriegsführung". In Mallmann, Klaus-Michael (ed.).
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who had been convicted of corruption. On 1 May 1945, the Soviets wiped out all that was left of the unit in the
748:
ghetto and then a further 389 people labeled "bandits" and 1,274 "bandit suspects". According to the historian,
1712:
1076:
565:
424:
327:
181:
3641:
2819:
The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944
2760:
2029:
The Defeat of the Damned: The Destruction of the Dirlewanger Brigade at the Battle of Ipolysag, December 1944
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1380:
272:, consisted of convicted criminals. Originally formed from convicted poachers in 1940 and first deployed for
3156:
3090:
3085:
2959:
2176:"Bestie w ludzkiej skórze. To oni dopuścili się najpotworniejszych zbrodni w czasie powstania warszawskiego"
560:
303:
of civilians and committed other atrocities in German-occupied Eastern Europe. It gained a reputation among
2228:
659:
365:
281:
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3177:
805:
to halt the Soviet advance, and suffered extreme casualties due to ineptitude. Dirlewanger received the
676:
eventually demanded the quick removal of the unit from his territory or he would have the men arrested.
315:
57:
17:
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910:
had a reputation for burying women and children alive. A witness reported "drunken soldiers practicing
415:
in political science in 1922, he worked at a bank and at a knitwear factory. By 1923 he had joined the
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2964:
2919:
906:, are notorious for being the two units which committed the worst crimes during the Warsaw Uprising.
790:
372:
1087:
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811:
716:
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514:
477:
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145:
128:
532:. Himmler made Dirlewanger its commander. The unit was sent to Poland where it was joined by four
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2868:
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2325:
2098:
999:
725:
655:
469:
2400:"Mójwarszawski szał. Druga strona Powstania (My Warsaw madness. The other side of the Uprising)"
558:("Special Unit Dirlewanger"). As the unit strength grew, it was placed under the command of the
539:
437:
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1991:
1944:
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1471:
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1359:
1332:
1307:
1013:. During one fierce fight on 6 August 1944, Dirlewanger's men used civilians as body shields,
911:
802:
580:
volunteers. By February 1943, the number of men in the battalion doubled to 700 (half of them
506:
449:
408:
357:
347:
269:
203:
1706:
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in which more than 40,000 Polish civilians were killed in reprisal on the orders of Himmler.
3534:
3053:
2858:
2706:
2372:
1410:
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committed worse atrocities than the Kaminski Brigade, and how they enjoyed committing them,
978:. Regarding an incident in which hundreds of Polish children were murdered, Schenck stated,
889:
885:
794:
721:
631:
441:
311:
2840:
Das SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger: Ein Beispiel deutscher Besatzungspolitik in Weißrussland
2601:
The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
2493:
The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
1355:
The Cruel Hunters: SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger Hitler's Most Notorious Anti-Partisan Unit
1034:(SS Special Brigade Dirlewanger). In early October, it was decided to turn the unit into a
2900:
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2440:
1516:
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1050:
869:
855:
838:
801:, which was perpetrated on 22 March. In November 1943, the regiment went into action with
798:
771:
680:
323:
251:
234:
176:
45:
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1934:
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1353:
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732:
614:
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989:
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843:
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457:
445:
319:
99:
472:, Berger arranged for Dirlewanger to command and train a military unit of convicted
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2361:"Walki SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger o Wolę a egzekucje zbiorowe ludności cywilnej"
2360:
2335:
1143:
995:
806:
497:
265:
166:
87:
2774:
1737:
1614:(in German). Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 77.
2519:
In the Shadow of Auschwitz: German Massacres Against Polish Civilians, 1939–1945
2462:
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1547:
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engineers had already been attached to the force during the fighting in Warsaw.
960:
878:
745:
520:
353:
300:
764:
size was authorized. Recruits were to come from criminals, Eastern volunteers (
605:
were raised as the war proceeded and the need for further manpower grew, these
572:. In January 1942, to rebuild its strength, the unit was authorised to recruit
2090:
1155:
1151:
1146:. Only a small remnant of the division managed an escape attempt to reach the
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651:
627:
416:
390:
386:
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2711:
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The unit's crimes continued when it returned to Poland to help suppress the
550:
510:
412:
404:
395:
361:
304:
260:
106:
2376:
1839:(2010). "The Persecution of Gay Men and Lesbians During the Third Reich".
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received a telephone call from Himmler's headquarters informing them that
761:
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On 1 August 1940, the unit was assigned to guard duties in the region of
502:
473:
428:
381:
2575:
Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
1147:
1027:
1023:
892:; once again serving alongside Bronislav Kaminski's militia (now named
854:
Photograph depicting Polish civilians murdered by SS forces during the
701:
663:
577:
293:
141:
3169:
1046:) in December 1944, and had soon reached its complement of 4,000 men.
322:
of more than 50,000 of Warsaw's inhabitants in August 1944 during the
2911:
2331:
Isaac's Army: A Story of Courage and Survival in Nazi-Occupied Poland
1583:
The Tragedy of Belarusian Villages 1941–1944: Documents and Materials
975:
951:
647:
610:
573:
455:
On his return to Germany in 1939, Berger helped Dirlewanger join the
289:
1739:
Law and War: International Law and American History, Revised Edition
724:, a militia force composed of Soviet nationals under the command of
650:(site of a Nazi-established "Jew reservation" established under the
1415:
Justice Behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland
3114:
3103:
849:
837:
710:. In this region, the unit came under the command of local HSSPF
2907:
Testimonies concerning activity of Division during Wola massacre
2274:
Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939–1944
1521:
Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators
947:
789:, carried out operations against partisans and civilians in the
3173:
2915:
2236:
1972:
The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945
1742:. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. p. 128.
1578:Трагедия белорусских деревень 1941–1944: Документы и материалы
2672:
Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Sinto who Survived Auschwitz
1612:
Karrieren der Gewalt: Nationalsozialistische Täterbiographien
1329:
The SS Dirlewanger Brigade – The History of the Black Hunters
1303:
The Waffen-SS: 24. to 38. Divisions, & Volunteer Legions
1589:(in Russian). Фонд «Историческая память». pp. 6, 411.
1247:
The cross-grenades emblem of the division is still used by
714:. The unit resumed its so-called anti-partisan activities (
1468:
Drunk on Genocide: Alcohol and Mass Murder in Nazi Germany
2669:
Walter Stanoski Winter, Walter Winter, Struan Robertson:
564:(the formation responsible for the administration of the
528:("Oranienburg Poacher's Unit") was formed as part of the
509:. The men were to combine their knowledge of hunting and
444:. Berger used his influence to help Dirlewanger join the
921:
was notorious for plundering, with it being noted that,
2631:
The Story of the SS: Hitler's Infamous Legions of Death
375:
as a machine gunner in 1913, Dirlewanger served in the
2586:
Destroy Warsaw!: Hitler's Punishment, Stalin's Revenge
2398:
WŁodzimierz Nowak, Angelika Kuźniak (23 August 2004).
2259:
29. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr. 1)
2467:
Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing
1552:
Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing
1199:
36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (March 1945)
760:
On 17 August 1942, the expansion of the battalion to
3726:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
946:
along with civilian men, women and children, in the
774:
from Soviet territory; and the unit was renamed the
299:
During its operations, the unit participated in the
133:(security warfare; literally "combating of bandits")
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3447:
3406:
3342:
3279:
3208:
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3013:
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2851:
Studia Z Dziejów Rosji I Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
2802:
https://www.discogs.com/artist/310891-Dirlewanger-2
2699:
Studia Z Dziejów Rosji I Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
1987:
Law and War: International Law and American History
1300:Gordon Williamson, Stephen Andrew (20 March 2012),
744:In September 1942, the unit murdered 8,350 Jews in
431:. In desperation, he contacted his old WWI comrade
197:
192:
159:
151:
137:
122:
114:
93:
75:
67:
34:
2894:A witness account of a German Sturmpionier soldier
2073:Blood and ruins: the great imperial war, 1931-1945
360:, Oskar Dirlewanger, considered an amoral violent
3721:Military units and formations established in 1940
2571:Mats Olson, Chris Webb, & Carmelo Lisciotto,
393:first and second class during WWI. He joined the
2013:The Nazi War Against Soviet Partisans, 1941–1944
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
830:Members of the SS-Sturmbrigade "Dirlewanger" in
2301:Göbbels, Himmler and Göring: The Unholy Trinity
1059:
1015:
988:resistance. During the course of the two-month
980:
923:
737:
435:who was now a senior Nazi working closely with
2761:"WWII's Nazi ghosts haunt and torment Ukraine"
2304:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 271.
2235:(in Russian). 18 December 2014. Archived from
326:– as well as in the brutal suppression of the
3185:
2927:
2277:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 199.
2054:"Oskar Dirlewanger: The SS Butcher of Warsaw"
1763:Bishop, Chris & Michael Williams (2003).
1668:Who's Who of Nazi Germany: Dirlewanger, Oskar
1358:. Schiffer Military History. pp. 12–13.
352:The eponymous Dirlewanger Brigade was led by
8:
2405:. Gazeta.pl. pp. 5 of 8. Archived from
1940:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
1805:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
1495:. Council of Europe Publishing. p. 32.
1443:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
1417:. University of Toronto Press. p. 220.
1296:
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1292:
1290:
1288:
1026:. During this time, the regiment was made a
126:
104:
2118:Windrow, Martin; Mason, Francis K. (2000).
1974:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971; p. 104.
1660:
1658:
1493:Queer in Europe During the Second World War
3444:
3192:
3178:
3170:
2934:
2920:
2912:
2634:. New York: Chartwell Books. p. 180.
2604:. Schiffer Military History. p. 182.
2496:. Schiffer Military History. p. 177.
2439:. Tygodnik PRZEGLĄD weekly. Archived from
2103:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1990:. Columbia University Press. p. 128.
1909:Windrow, Francis K. Mason, Martin (2000).
704:) was occupied in 1941 and formed part of
596:were attached to the Dirlewanger Brigade.
2862:
2710:
1268:List of military units named after people
967:murdered some 12,500 people on 5 August.
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1470:. Cornell University Press. p. 79.
1210:73rd Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS
1207:72nd Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS
825:
337:
284:, with an especially active role in the
226:36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS
18:36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS
2159:The Third Reich: Charisma and Community
1641:. Staplehurst: Spellmount. p. 92.
1385:. Staplehurst: Spellmount. p. 92.
1331:. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 98–99.
1284:
1092:4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division
2469:. Yale University Press. p. 276.
2096:
1841:The Routledge History of the Holocaust
1808:. Basic Books. pp. 241–242, 304.
1554:. Yale University Press. p. 271.
1002:, Dirlewanger was recommended for the
698:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
492:On 23 March 1940, a department in the
268:. The unit, named after its commander
31:
2821:. Philadelphia: Casemate Publishers.
2261:Axis History. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
2169:
2167:
2120:The World's Greatest Military Leaders
1911:The World's Greatest Military Leaders
1542:
1540:
1491:Schlagdenhauffen, Régis, ed. (2018).
942:personnel indiscriminately massacred
7:
2543:"Warsaw Uprising: My Warsaw Madness"
1322:
1320:
1306:Osprey Publishing 2004, pp. 16, 36.
876:was sent into action as part of the
782:). In March 1943, together with the
448:, a German unit which fought in the
364:who was claimed to have possessed a
239:36. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS
50:36. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS
3716:Infantry divisions of the Waffen-SS
3677:were officially named "volunteer".
3150:were officially named "volunteer".
2174:Grochot, Arkadiusz (21 June 2019).
1234:681st Heavy Panzerjäger Battalion (
720:), working in cooperation with the
286:anti-partisan operations in Belarus
172:Anti-partisan operations in Belarus
2433:"Masakra Woli (The Wola Massacre)"
2410:(PDF file, direct download 171 KB)
2257:Marcus Wendel (24 December 2010),
1049:The journalist and history writer
1038:combat brigade and it was renamed
797:districts. It participated in the
25:
3136:Schutzmannschaft-Brigade Siegling
2201:Rodak, Wojciech (1 August 2019).
1061:Encouraged by their commander SS-
1006:by Reinefarth and a promotion to
858:in the Wola district, August 1944
842:Polish civilians murdered in the
3689:
3688:
1004:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
98:
80:
56:
2845:Kuberski, Hubert (March 2020).
2693:Kuberski, Hubert (March 2020).
2521:. Berghahn Books. p. 266.
2359:Kuberski, Hubert (9 May 2021).
1913:. Gramercy Books. p. 117.
2147:. iUniverse. pp. 434–436.
1769:. Zenith Imprint. p. 92.
1466:Westermann, Edward B. (2021).
1222:1244th Volksgrenadier Regiment
1040:2. SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger
570:SS-Sonderbataillon Dirlewanger
461:(General SS) with the rank of
399:and took part in crushing the
377:XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps
310:According to French historian
282:German-occupied Eastern Europe
1:
3746:Warsaw Uprising German forces
3222:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
2903:from the Warsaw Uprising.com.
2817:Nash, Douglas E. Sr. (2023).
2143:Tyson, Joseph Howard (2010).
1766:SS: Hell on the Western Front
1638:SS: Hell on the Western Front
1382:SS: Hell on the Western Front
776:SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger
669:Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer
505:, and were to be enrolled in
280:, the brigade saw service in
1943:. Basic Books. p. 246.
1445:. Basic Books. p. 303.
1213:Panzer Battalion Stansdorf 1
1032:SS-Sonderbrigade Dirlewanger
930:In what became known as the
818:actions but reached Poland.
593:Ostmuslemanische SS-Regiment
526:Wilddiebkommando Oranienburg
401:German Revolution of 1918–19
3751:War crimes of the Waffen-SS
2775:"Heroes – Rumsren nazirock"
2598:MacLean, French L. (1998).
2490:MacLean, French L. (1998).
1665:Wistrich, Robert S (2001).
1352:MacLean, French L. (1998).
712:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
330:of August to October 1944.
221:SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger
27:Waffen-SS infantry division
3767:
3731:Nazi war crimes in Belarus
3683:SS heavy Panzer battalions
3161:List of Waffen-SS brigades
2271:Lukas, Richard C. (1986).
1736:Maguire, Peter H. (2013).
1327:Ingrao, Christian (2011).
1090:, former commander of the
1080:defecting to the Soviets.
707:Reichskommissariat Ostland
568:) and redesignated as the
556:Sonderkommando Dirlewanger
345:
278:Polish resistance movement
3736:Nazi war crimes in Poland
3671:
3144:
2298:Sangster, Andrew (2018).
2180:CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl
2122:. Gramercy. p. 117.
2026:Nash, Douglas E. (2023).
1671:. Routledge. p. 44.
1255:, and troops in Ukraine.
1140:Dachau concentration camp
904:Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA
468:. In mid-1940, after the
342:Oskar Dirlewanger in 1944
55:
39:
2864:10.12775/SDR.2019.EN4.08
2712:10.12775/SDR.2019.EN4.08
2517:Brewing, Daniel (2022).
2431:Andrzej Dryszel (2011).
2058:www.historyanswers.co.uk
1713:Cornell University Press
1705:Stein, George H (1984).
1523:. ABC-CLIO. p. 75.
1519:; Grimm, Eve E. (2019).
1225:687th Engineer Brigade (
1216:36th Artillery Battalion
1077:Slovak National Uprising
1042:(2nd SS Assault Brigade
674:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
403:. After graduating from
328:Slovak National Uprising
318:in late 1944 and in the
182:Slovak National Uprising
3157:List of Waffen-SS units
3091:2nd SS Infantry Brigade
3086:1st SS Infantry Brigade
2437:Issue 31/2011. Archiwum
2032:. Casemate. p. 9.
1984:Maguire, Peter (2010).
731:According to historian
513:similar to traditional
371:After enlisting in the
3115:Charlemagne (1 French)
2899:21 August 2019 at the
2747:Anti-Defamation League
2732:, pp. 233-236, 248-251
2657:Klausch, Hans-Peter –
2547:www.warsawuprising.com
1868:Weale, Adrian (2010).
1635:Bishop, Chris (2003).
1379:Bishop, Chris (2003).
1123:battalion. Individual
1068:
1020:
1010:Oberführer der Reserve
985:
928:
917:During the massacres,
859:
847:
846:in Warsaw, August 1944
835:
742:
660:German-occupied Poland
507:marksmen's rifle corps
379:rising to the rank of
366:sadistic sexual fetish
343:
255:
238:
127:
105:
49:
3658:Divisional commanders
3313:Götz von Berlichingen
2377:10.12775/DN.2021.1.06
2071:Overy, R. J. (2021).
1970:Grunberger, Richard.
1870:The SS: A New History
1219:36th Fusilier Company
853:
841:
829:
778:(SS Special Regiment
696:The territory of the
630:. Transcripts of the
341:
316:destruction of Warsaw
258:), was a unit of the
2443:on 15 September 2014
2075:. UK. p. 809.
1847:. pp. 385–396.
1715:. pp. 266–268.
1411:Prusin, Alexander V.
1071:Slovakia and Hungary
894:SS Sturmbrigade RONA
607:penal military units
561:SS-Totenkopfverbände
389:) and receiving the
218:, also known as the
3612:4 (Panzergrenadier)
3584:Landstorm Nederland
3535:29 RONA (1 Russian)
3104:Landstorm Nederland
2791:. 26 November 1995.
2326:Brzezinski, Matthew
2239:on 21 February 2014
2229:"Так убивали людей"
1185:Artillery battalion
1167:SS Assault Brigade
812:Operation Bagration
622:Operational history
611:premeditated murder
566:concentration camps
494:Ministry of Justice
276:duties against the
256:Die schwarzen Jäger
216:Dirlewanger Brigade
35:Dirlewanger Brigade
3070:SS Cavalry Brigade
2838:Michaelis, Rolf –
2743:"Crossed Grenades"
1837:Giles, Geoffrey J.
1802:(2 October 2012).
1407:Finder, Gabriel N.
1136:SS-Sturmbannführer
912:Caesarean sections
872:on 1 August 1944,
860:
848:
836:
726:Bronislav Kaminski
656:General Government
470:invasion of Poland
425:concentration camp
344:
274:counter-insurgency
3703:
3702:
3630:
3550:30 (1 Belarusian)
3468:
3467:
3167:
3166:
2828:978-1-63624-211-8
2681:978-1-902806-38-9
2641:978-0-7858-2714-6
2584:Andrew Borowiec,
2573:Oskar Dirlewanger
2553:on 21 August 2019
2528:978-1-80073-089-2
2476:978-0-300-26253-7
2145:The Surreal Reich
2082:978-0-7139-9562-6
2011:Cooper, Matthew.
1950:978-0-465-02290-8
1920:978-0-517-16161-6
1879:978-0-349-11752-2
1854:978-0-203-83744-3
1815:978-0-465-03147-4
1749:978-0-231-51819-2
1596:9-785-9990-0014-9
1561:978-0-300-26253-7
1530:978-1-4408-5896-3
1502:978-92-871-8464-1
1477:978-1-5017-5421-0
1452:978-0-465-00239-9
1424:978-1-4875-2268-1
1338:978-1-62087-631-2
944:Polish combatants
882:formation led by
803:Army Group Centre
450:Spanish Civil War
409:Goethe University
358:habitual offender
348:Oskar Dirlewanger
334:Oskar Dirlewanger
270:Oskar Dirlewanger
243:The Black Hunters
209:
208:
204:Oskar Dirlewanger
62:Division insignia
16:(Redirected from
3758:
3692:
3691:
3673:Units marked in
3628:
3509:26 (2 Hungarian)
3445:
3429:33 (3 Hungarian)
3194:
3187:
3180:
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3146:Units marked in
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2879:
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2837:
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2799:
2793:
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2785:
2779:
2778:
2777:. 16 April 2003.
2771:
2765:
2764:
2763:. December 2022.
2757:
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2739:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2714:
2690:
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2675:. 2004. p. 139.
2667:
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2652:
2646:
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2626:Cawthorne, Nigel
2622:
2616:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2549:. Archived from
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2060:. 16 April 2015.
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1162:Orders of battle
1104:Oder-Neisse line
914:with bayonets".
890:Heinz Reinefarth
822:Return to Poland
785:Schutzmannschaft
722:Kaminski Brigade
717:Bandenbekämpfung
632:Nuremberg trials
482:Bandenbekämpfung
478:partisan-hunting
465:Untersturmführer
442:Heinrich Himmler
312:Christian Ingrao
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3037:Reichsführer SS
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2901:Wayback Machine
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1100:
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1051:Nigel Cawthorne
870:Warsaw Uprising
856:Warsaw Uprising
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799:Khatyn Massacre
772:anti-communists
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644:
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602:Strafbataillons
599:Although other
586:). It became a
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1365:978-0764304835
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1204:Division staff
1196:
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1189:
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1180:
1177:
1171:(October 1944)
1163:
1160:
1099:
1096:
1088:Fritz Schmedes
1072:
1069:
954:. The role of
832:central Warsaw
823:
820:
750:Martin Kitchen
733:Timothy Snyder
693:
690:
643:
640:
623:
620:
615:Martin Windrow
489:
486:
433:Gottlob Berger
423:and sent to a
421:sexual assault
346:Main article:
335:
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210:
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3416:Florian Geyer
3412:
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3405:
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3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
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3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3120:1 Belarussian
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
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2427:
2424:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:(in Polish).
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2345:9780679645306
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2311:9781527526402
2307:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2284:0-8131-1566-3
2280:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2264:
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2254:
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2234:
2230:
2224:
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2208:
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2197:
2194:
2181:
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2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2129:0-517-16161-3
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2039:9781636242125
2035:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2015:. p. 88.
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1997:9780231146463
1993:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:3-930849-32-1
1895:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
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1846:
1842:
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1817:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:0-7603-1402-0
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1722:0-8014-9275-0
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1708:The Waffen SS
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:0-415-26038-8
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:1-86227-185-2
1644:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1621:3-534-16654-X
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1557:
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1543:
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1434:
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1416:
1412:
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1402:
1399:
1394:
1392:1-86227-185-2
1388:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:1-78096-577-X
1309:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:SS Regiment 2
1181:
1179:SS Regiment 1
1178:
1176:Brigade staff
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:lines on the
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:Brigadeführer
1078:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
991:
990:urban warfare
984:
979:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
948:Wola District
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:Wola massacre
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
888:
887:
886:Gruppenführer
881:
880:
875:
871:
867:
866:
865:Armia Krajowa
857:
852:
845:
844:Wola massacre
840:
833:
828:
821:
819:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:Battalion 118
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:
763:
758:
755:
751:
747:
741:
736:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:
713:
709:
708:
703:
699:
691:
689:
687:
686:Wola massacre
682:
677:
675:
671:
670:
665:
661:
658:territory of
657:
653:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
621:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
597:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
583:Volksdeutsche
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
552:
545:
542:
541:
535:
531:
527:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
499:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
460:
459:
458:Allgemeine SS
453:
452:(1936–1939).
451:
447:
446:Condor Legion
443:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
340:
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
320:Wola massacre
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
211:Military unit
205:
202:
196:
191:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
162:
158:
155:Black Hunters
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:
101:
96:
92:
89:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3678:
3674:
3590:
3583:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3561:
3554:
3527:
3524:
3516:
3513:
3501:
3436:
3433:
3421:
3415:
3396:
3390:(2 Croatian)
3387:
3381:(1 Albanian)
3378:
3372:(1 Croatian)
3369:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3331:
3328:
3322:Horst Wessel
3321:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3295:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3270:Hitlerjugend
3269:
3261:
3254:Hohenstaufen
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3209:
3200:
3152:
3147:
3102:
3095:
3048:
3041:
3029:
3022:
3015:Sturmbrigade
3014:
2992:
2942:
2876:. Retrieved
2854:
2850:
2839:
2818:
2811:Bibliography
2797:
2783:
2769:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2724:. Retrieved
2702:
2698:
2688:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2630:
2620:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2551:the original
2546:
2537:
2518:
2512:
2492:
2485:
2466:
2463:Kay, Alex J.
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:the original
2436:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2407:the original
2393:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2336:Random House
2330:
2320:
2300:
2293:
2273:
2266:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2232:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2206:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2179:
2158:
2153:
2144:
2138:
2119:
2113:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2028:
2021:
2012:
2006:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1956:26 September
1954:. Retrieved
1939:
1929:
1910:
1904:
1888:
1869:
1863:
1840:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1804:
1765:
1758:
1738:
1731:
1707:
1667:
1637:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1551:
1548:Kay, Alex J.
1520:
1511:
1492:
1486:
1467:
1461:
1442:
1433:
1414:
1401:
1381:
1374:
1354:
1347:
1328:
1301:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1235:
1226:
1198:
1197:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1144:Halbe pocket
1135:
1132:
1125:Sturmpionier
1124:
1118:
1112:
1111:regiment, a
1101:
1081:
1074:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1016:
1007:
996:Generalmajor
994:
986:
981:
973:
968:
964:
955:
939:
935:
929:
924:
918:
916:
907:
903:
899:
898:
893:
883:
877:
873:
863:
861:
807:German Cross
784:
779:
775:
765:
759:
753:
743:
738:
730:
715:
705:
695:
678:
667:
645:
635:
625:
600:
598:
592:
587:
581:
569:
559:
555:
549:
546:
537:
533:
529:
525:
515:
503:trap setting
498:Adolf Hitler
491:
481:
462:
456:
454:
436:
394:
380:
370:
356:veteran and
351:
309:
298:
266:World War II
259:
242:
225:
220:
219:
215:
213:
167:World War II
88:Nazi Germany
29:
3741:Penal units
3574:Charlemagne
3519:(1 Flemish)
3361:Prinz Eugen
3049:Dirlewanger
2994:4 Nederland
2878:23 February
2836:(in German)
2726:23 February
2655:(in German)
2557:22 December
2209:(in Polish)
2182:(in Polish)
1169:Dirlewanger
1120:Panzerjäger
1055:Dirlewanger
1044:Dirlewanger
1000:Günter Rohr
969:Dirlewanger
965:Dirlewanger
961:Alex J. Kay
956:Dirlewanger
940:Dirlewanger
919:Dirlewanger
908:Dirlewanger
902:, with the
900:Dirlewanger
879:Kampfgruppe
874:Dirlewanger
791:Smalyavichy
780:Dirlewanger
754:Dirlewanger
746:Baranovichi
636:Dirlewanger
521:Oranienburg
488:Composition
373:German Army
354:World War I
301:mass murder
160:Engagements
152:Nickname(s)
3710:Categories
3576:(1 French)
3517:Langemarck
3397:Karstjäger
3379:Skanderbeg
3262:Frundsberg
3097:3 Estonian
3031:Langemarck
2857:(3): 225.
2705:(3): 225.
2091:1267476841
1274:References
1156:Altshausen
1152:Elbe river
1128:demolition
1063:Oberführer
1053:noted how
1030:and named
868:began the
767:Osttruppen
762:regimental
740:civilians.
652:Nisko Plan
628:strychnine
417:Nazi Party
391:Iron Cross
387:lieutenant
200:commanders
193:Commanders
3663:Divisions
3626:Deception
3565:30 Januar
3528:Wallonien
3370:Handschar
3332:Nederland
3285:grenadier
3238:Totenkopf
3230:Das Reich
3203:divisions
3201:Waffen-SS
3110:1 Italian
2981:grenadier
2965:Westfalen
2944:Waffen-SS
2873:216260243
2721:216260243
2385:2451-1323
2099:cite book
1845:Routledge
1249:Neo-Nazis
1109:Grenadier
1075:When the
1036:Waffen-SS
862:When the
816:rearguard
654:) in the
588:Waffen-SS
578:Ukrainian
551:Wehrmacht
534:Waffen-SS
530:Waffen-SS
511:woodcraft
413:doctorate
405:Frankfurt
396:Freikorps
362:alcoholic
305:Wehrmacht
261:Waffen-SS
248:‹See Tfd›
231:‹See Tfd›
107:Waffen-SS
42:‹See Tfd›
3694:Category
3679:See also
3629:"Panzer"
3473:Infantry
3343:Mountain
3296:Nordland
3153:See also
3079:Infantry
3054:Kaminski
3024:Wallonia
2947:brigades
2897:Archived
2628:(2012).
2588:, p. 101
2465:(2021).
2328:(2012).
2161:, p. 267
1937:(2010).
1550:(2021).
1441:(2010).
1413:(2018).
1262:See also
834:in 1944.
700:(modern
672:(HSSPF)
474:poachers
429:Welzheim
382:Leutnant
146:Division
118:Infantry
3502:Hunyadi
3448:Cossack
3407:Cavalry
3281:Panzer-
3063:Cavalry
2988:Schuldt
2979:Panzer-
2447:30 June
2416:30 June
1821:28 June
1148:US Army
1114:Pionier
1098:Germany
1028:brigade
1024:Vistula
795:Lahoysk
702:Belarus
692:Belarus
664:looting
574:Russian
411:with a
294:Belarus
264:during
198:Notable
142:Brigade
76:Country
71:1940–45
3605:Police
3437:Lützow
3246:Wiking
3211:Panzer
3129:Police
3043:France
2953:Panzer
2871:
2825:
2719:
2679:
2638:
2608:
2525:
2500:
2473:
2383:
2342:
2308:
2281:
2213:16 May
2186:16 May
2126:
2089:
2079:
2036:
1994:
1947:
1917:
1896:
1876:
1851:
1812:
1773:
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1719:
1675:
1645:
1618:
1593:
1585:]
1558:
1527:
1499:
1474:
1449:
1421:
1389:
1362:
1335:
1310:
1243:Legacy
976:sapper
952:Warsaw
926:other.
648:Lublin
642:Poland
290:Poland
252:German
241:), or
235:German
94:Branch
85:
68:Active
46:German
3651:Lists
2960:Gross
2869:S2CID
2717:S2CID
2403:(PDF)
2243:7 May
2233:sb.by
1587:(PDF)
1581:[
1279:Notes
1018:back.
516:Jäger
3675:bold
3388:Kama
3352:Nord
3148:bold
2880:2022
2823:ISBN
2728:2022
2677:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2559:2007
2523:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2449:2013
2418:2013
2381:ISSN
2340:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2245:2024
2215:2024
2207:i.pl
2188:2024
2124:ISBN
2105:link
2087:OCLC
2077:ISBN
2034:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1958:2013
1945:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1823:2013
1810:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1236:Heer
1228:Heer
938:and
936:RONA
793:and
576:and
476:for
292:and
214:The
138:Size
123:Role
115:Type
3582:34
3572:33
3563:32
3526:28
3515:27
3500:25
3435:37
3395:24
3386:23
3377:21
3368:13
3330:23
3320:18
3311:17
3303:16
3294:11
3268:12
3260:10
2970:150
2859:doi
2707:doi
2373:doi
1082:SS-
1008:SS-
950:of
896:).
884:SS-
538:SS-
484:).
463:SS-
427:at
407:'s
3712::
3681::
3642:27
3637:26
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