3D scanning - Knowledge (XXG)

1290: 407:

strikes a surface, the laser dot appears at different places in the camera's field of view. This technique is called triangulation because the laser dot, the camera and the laser emitter form a triangle. The length of one side of the triangle, the distance between the camera and the laser emitter is known. The angle of the laser emitter corner is also known. The angle of the camera corner can be determined by looking at the location of the laser dot in the camera's field of view. These three pieces of information fully determine the shape and size of the triangle and give the location of the laser dot corner of the triangle. In most cases a laser stripe, instead of a single laser dot, is swept across the object to speed up the acquisition process. The use of

1271: 832:

data capture by the integration of these different types of information. Afterwards virtual reality city models are generated in the project by texture processing, e.g. by mapping of terrestrial images. The project demonstrated the feasibility of rapid acquisition of 3D urban GIS. Ground plans proved are another very important source of information for 3D building reconstruction. Compared to results of automatic procedures, these ground plans proved more reliable since they contain aggregated information which has been made explicit by human interpretation. For this reason, ground plans, can considerably reduce costs in a reconstruction project. An example of existing ground plan data usable in building reconstruction is the

1656:

present, laser triangulation scanners, structured light and contact scanning are the predominant technologies employed for industrial purposes, with contact scanning remaining the slowest, but overall most accurate option. Nevertheless, 3D scanning technology offers distinct advantages compared to traditional touch probe measurements. White-light or laser scanners accurately digitize objects all around, capturing fine details and freeform surfaces without reference points or spray. The entire surface is covered at record speed without the risk of damaging the part. Graphic comparison charts illustrate geometric deviations of full object level, providing deeper insights into potential causes.

1476:

New Orleans Museum of Art in 2003. The Virtual Monticello exhibit simulated a window looking into Jefferson's Library. The exhibit consisted of a rear projection display on a wall and a pair of stereo glasses for the viewer. The glasses, combined with polarised projectors, provided a 3D effect. Position tracking hardware on the glasses allowed the display to adapt as the viewer moves around, creating the illusion that the display is actually a hole in the wall looking into Jefferson's Library. The Jefferson's Cabinet exhibit was a barrier stereogram (essentially a non-active hologram that appears different from different angles) of Jefferson's Cabinet.

203: 815:

DSM. Based on general knowledge about buildings, geometric characteristics such as size, height and shape information are then used to separate the buildings from other objects. The extracted building outlines are then simplified using an orthogonal algorithm to obtain better cartographic quality. Watershed analysis can be conducted to extract the ridgelines of building roofs. The ridgelines as well as slope information are used to classify the buildings per type. The buildings are then reconstructed using three parametric building models (flat, gabled, hipped).

1128:

scrutiny of multiple images are reconstructed in space. The density insufficiency and the inevitable holes in the stereo data should then be filled in by using information from multiple images. The idea is thus to first construct small surface patches from stereo points, then to progressively propagate only reliable patches in their neighborhood from images into the whole surface using a best-first strategy. The problem thus reduces to searching for an optimal local surface patch going through a given set of stereo points from images.

1001: 432:

be calculated based on an average and therefore will put the point in the wrong place. When using a high resolution scan on an object the chances of the beam hitting an edge are increased and the resulting data will show noise just behind the edges of the object. Scanners with a smaller beam width will help to solve this problem but will be limited by range as the beam width will increase over distance. Software can also help by determining that the first object to be hit by the laser beam should cancel out the second.

1648:(computer-aided design) data. The problem is that the same degree of automation is also required for quality assurance. It is, for example, a very complex task to assemble a modern car, since it consists of many parts that must fit together at the very end of the production line. The optimal performance of this process is guaranteed by quality assurance systems. Especially the geometry of the metal parts must be checked in order to assure that they have the correct dimensions, fit together and finally work reliably. 824:

proven to be fast and accurate methods for building height extraction. The building extraction task is needed to determine building locations, ground elevation, orientations, building size, rooftop heights, etc. Most buildings are described to sufficient details in terms of general polyhedra, i.e., their boundaries can be represented by a set of planar surfaces and straight lines. Further processing such as expressing building footprints as polygons is used for data storing in GIS databases.

828:

process generates a half-meter resolution model with a bird's-eye view of the entire area, containing terrain profile and building tops. Ground-based modeling process results in a detailed model of the building facades. Using the DSM obtained from airborne laser scans, they localize the acquisition vehicle and register the ground-based facades to the airborne model by means of Monte Carlo localization (MCL). Finally, the two models are merged with different resolutions to obtain a 3D model.

31: 480:) measures the distance to the surface. Data is collected in relation to an internal coordinate system and therefore to collect data where the scanner is in motion the position of the scanner must be determined. The position can be determined by the scanner using reference features on the surface being scanned (typically adhesive reflective tabs, but natural features have been also used in research work) or by using an external tracking method. External tracking often takes the form of a 836:, which provides information on the distribution of property, including the borders of all agricultural areas and the ground plans of existing buildings. Additionally information as street names and the usage of buildings (e.g. garage, residential building, office block, industrial building, church) is provided in the form of text symbols. At the moment the Digital Cadastral map is built up as a database covering an area, mainly composed by digitizing preexisting maps or plans. 712: 675: 396: 1112:. The process involves the manual digitizing of a number of points necessary for automatically reconstructing the 3D objects. Each reconstructed object is validated by superimposition of its wire frame graphics in the stereo model. The topologically structured 3D data is stored in a database and are also used for visualization of the objects. Notable software used for 3D data acquisition using 2D images include e.g. 5144: 1038:: Where different structures have similar threshold/greyscale values, it can become impossible to separate them simply by adjusting volume rendering parameters. The solution is called segmentation, a manual or automatic procedure that can remove the unwanted structures from the image. Image segmentation software usually allows export of the segmented structures in CAD or STL format for further manipulation. 961:

concentric with the hole in the centre of the drum. This knowledge would drive the sequence and method of creating the CAD model; a designer with an awareness of this relationship would not design the lug bolts referenced to the outside diameter, but instead, to the center. A modeler creating a CAD model will want to include both Shape and design intent in the complete CAD model.

1032:: Different parts of an object usually have different threshold values or greyscale densities. From this, a 3-dimensional model can be constructed and displayed on screen. Multiple models can be constructed from various thresholds, allowing different colours to represent each component of the object. Volume rendering is usually only used for visualisation of the scanned object. 551:

another scanner has been developed. Different patterns can be applied to this system, and the frame rate for capturing and data processing achieves 120 frames per second. It can also scan isolated surfaces, for example two moving hands. By utilising the binary defocusing technique, speed breakthroughs have been made that could reach hundreds to thousands of frames per second.

255: 1044:: When using 3D image data for computational analysis (e.g. CFD and FEA), simply segmenting the data and meshing from CAD can become time-consuming, and virtually intractable for the complex topologies typical of image data. The solution is called image-based meshing, an automated process of generating an accurate and realistic geometrical description of the scan data. 1455:, the Prigioni and the four statues in The Medici Chapel. The scans produced a data point density of one sample per 0.25 mm, detailed enough to see Michelangelo's chisel marks. These detailed scans produced a large amount of data (up to 32 gigabytes) and processing the data from his scans took 5 months. Approximately in the same period a research group from 942:

layout. These patches have the advantage of being lighter and more manipulable when exported to CAD. Surface models are somewhat editable, but only in a sculptural sense of pushing and pulling to deform the surface. This representation lends itself well to modelling organic and artistic shapes. Providers of surface modellers include Rapidform,

911:(i.e., machining), but are generally "heavy" ( i.e., very large data sets), and are relatively un-editable in this form. Reconstruction to polygonal model involves finding and connecting adjacent points with straight lines in order to create a continuous surface. Many applications, both free and nonfree, are available for this purpose (e.g. 1124:

into the photogrammetry process applying a hybrid modeling scheme. Buildings are decomposed into a set of simple primitives that are reconstructed individually and are then combined by Boolean operators. The internal data structure of both the primitives and the compound building models are based on the boundary representation methods

1262:. In cases where a real-world equivalent of a model exists, it is much faster to scan the real-world object than to manually create a model using 3D modeling software. Frequently, artists sculpt physical models of what they want and scan them into digital form rather than directly creating digital models on a computer. 380:

rotating the range finder itself, or by using a system of rotating mirrors. The latter method is commonly used because mirrors are much lighter and can thus be rotated much faster and with greater accuracy. Typical time-of-flight 3D laser scanners can measure the distance of 10,000~100,000 points every second.

855:) are also possible, and cost around €25,000. Systems that use still cameras with balloons are even cheaper (around €2,500), but require additional manual processing. As the manual processing takes around one month of labor for every day of taking pictures, this is still an expensive solution in the long run. 225:

CMMs are the most accurate form of 3D measurement achieving micron precision. The greatest advantage of a CMM after accuracy is that it can be run in autonomous (CNC) mode or as a manual probing system. The disadvantage of CMMs is that their upfront cost and the technical knowledge required to operate them.

1005:

on the outside of the skull. A black box encloses the slices to provide the black background. Since these are simply 2D images stacked up, when viewed on edge the slices disappear since they have effectively zero thickness. Each DICOM scan represents about 5 mm of material averaged into a thin slice.

1647:

The digitalisation of real-world objects is of vital importance in various application domains. This method is especially applied in industrial quality assurance to measure the geometric dimension accuracy. Industrial processes such as assembly are complex, highly automated and typically based on CAD

1123:

A method for semi-automatic building extraction together with a concept for storing building models alongside terrain and other topographic data in a topographical information system has been developed by Franz Rottensteiner. His approach was based on the integration of building parameter estimations

831:

Using an airborne laser altimeter, Haala, Brenner and Anders combined height data with the existing ground plans of buildings. The ground plans of buildings had already been acquired either in analog form by maps and plans or digitally in a 2D GIS. The project was done in order to enable an automatic

814:

data and high-resolution images is also a possibility. Again, this approach allows modelling without physically moving towards the location or object. From airborne lidar data, digital surface model (DSM) can be generated and then the objects higher than the ground are automatically detected from the

546:

The advantage of structured-light 3D scanners is speed and precision. Instead of scanning one point at a time, structured light scanners scan multiple points or the entire field of view at once. Scanning an entire field of view in a fraction of a second reduces or eliminates the problem of distortion

379:

The laser range finder only detects the distance of one point in its direction of view. Thus, the scanner scans its entire field of view one point at a time by changing the range finder's direction of view to scan different points. The view direction of the laser range finder can be changed either by

1387:

The environment at a place of interest can be captured and converted into a 3D model. This model can then be explored by the public, either through a VR interface or a traditional "2D" interface. This allows the user to explore locations which are inconvenient for travel. A group of history students

858:

Obtaining satellite images is also an expensive endeavor. High resolution stereo images (0.5 m resolution) cost around €11,000. Image satellites include Quikbird, Ikonos. High resolution monoscopic images cost around €5,500. Somewhat lower resolution images (e.g. from the CORONA satellite; with

827:

Using laser scans and images taken from ground level and a bird's-eye perspective, Fruh and Zakhor present an approach to automatically create textured 3D city models. This approach involves registering and merging the detailed facade models with a complementary airborne model. The airborne modeling

722:

provides reliable information about 3D shapes of physical objects based on analysis of photographic images. The resulting 3D data is typically provided as a 3D point cloud, 3D mesh or 3D points. Modern photogrammetry software applications automatically analyze a large number of digital images for 3D

584:

is another medical imaging technique that provides much greater contrast between the different soft tissues of the body than computed tomography (CT) does, making it especially useful in neurological (brain), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and oncological (cancer) imaging. These techniques produce

442:

Short-range laser scanners can not usually encompass a depth of field more than 1 meter. When scanning in one position for any length of time slight movement can occur in the scanner position due to changes in temperature. If the scanner is set on a tripod and there is strong sunlight on one side of

228:

Articulated Arms which generally have multiple segments with polar sensors on each joint. As per the CMM, as the articulated arm moves around the part sensors record their position and the location of the end of the arm is calculated using complex math and the wrist rotation angle and hinge angle of

1655:

The process of comparing 3D data against a CAD model is referred to as CAD-Compare, and can be a useful technique for applications such as determining wear patterns on moulds and tooling, determining accuracy of final build, analysing gap and flush, or analysing highly complex sculpted surfaces. At

1475:

In 2002, David Luebke, et al. scanned Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. A commercial time of flight laser scanner, the DeltaSphere 3000, was used. The scanner data was later combined with colour data from digital photographs to create the Virtual Monticello, and the Jefferson's Cabinet exhibits in the

1089:

3D data acquisition and object reconstruction can be performed using stereo image pairs. Stereo photogrammetry or photogrammetry based on a block of overlapped images is the primary approach for 3D mapping and object reconstruction using 2D images. Close-range photogrammetry has also matured to the

1004:

3D reconstruction of the brain and eyeballs from CT scanned DICOM images. In this image, areas with the density of bone or air were made transparent, and the slices stacked up in an approximate free-space alignment. The outer ring of material around the brain are the soft tissues of skin and muscle

941:

surface patches to model the shape. These might be NURBS, TSplines or other curved representations of curved topology. Using NURBS, the spherical shape becomes a true mathematical sphere. Some applications offer patch layout by hand but the best in class offer both automated patch layout and manual

435:

At a rate of 10,000 sample points per second, low resolution scans can take less than a second, but high resolution scans, requiring millions of samples, can take minutes for some time-of-flight scanners. The problem this creates is distortion from motion. Since each point is sampled at a different

431:

Time-of-flight scanners' accuracy can be lost when the laser hits the edge of an object because the information that is sent back to the scanner is from two different locations for one laser pulse. The coordinate relative to the scanner's position for a point that has hit the edge of an object will

823:

Lidar and other terrestrial laser scanning technology offers the fastest, automated way to collect height or distance information. lidar or laser for height measurement of buildings is becoming very promising. Commercial applications of both airborne lidar and ground laser scanning technology have

625:

Passive 3D imaging solutions do not emit any kind of radiation themselves, but instead rely on detecting reflected ambient radiation. Most solutions of this type detect visible light because it is a readily available ambient radiation. Other types of radiation, such as infrared could also be used.

406:

based 3D laser scanners are also active scanners that use laser light to probe the environment. With respect to time-of-flight 3D laser scanner the triangulation laser shines a laser on the subject and exploits a camera to look for the location of the laser dot. Depending on how far away the laser

1651:

Within highly automated processes, the resulting geometric measures are transferred to machines that manufacture the desired objects. Due to mechanical uncertainties and abrasions, the result may differ from its digital nominal. In order to automatically capture and evaluate these deviations, the

1548:

In 2005, Gabriele Guidi, et al. scanned the "Plastico di Roma antica", a model of Rome created in the last century. Neither the triangulation method, nor the time of flight method satisfied the requirements of this project because the item to be scanned was both large and contained small details.

1127:

Multiple images are used in Zhang's approach to surface reconstruction from multiple images. A central idea is to explore the integration of both 3D stereo data and 2D calibrated images. This approach is motivated by the fact that only robust and accurate feature points that survived the geometry

224:

which traditionally have 3 perpendicular moving axis with a touch probe mounted on the Z axis. As the touch probe moves around the part, sensors on each axis record the position to generate XYZ coordinates. Modern CMMs are 5 axis systems, with the two extra axes provided by pivoting sensor heads.

193:

There are a variety of technologies for digitally acquiring the shape of a 3D object. The techniques work with most or all sensor types including optical, acoustic, laser scanning, radar, thermal, and seismic. 3D-scan technologies can be split in 2 categories: contact and non-contact. Non-contact

960:

These CAD models describe not simply the envelope or shape of the object, but CAD models also embody the "design intent" (i.e., critical features and their relationship to other features). An example of design intent not evident in the shape alone might be a brake drum's lug bolts, which must be

1676:

After the data has been collected, the acquired (and sometimes already processed) data from images or sensors needs to be reconstructed. This may be done in the same program or in some cases, the 3D data needs to be exported and imported into another program for further refining, and/or to add

550:

A real-time scanner using digital fringe projection and phase-shifting technique (certain kinds of structured light methods) was developed, to capture, reconstruct, and render high-density details of dynamically deformable objects (such as facial expressions) at 40 frames per second. Recently,

1134:

New measurement techniques are also employed to obtain measurements of and between objects from single images by using the projection, or the shadow as well as their combination. This technology is gaining attention given its fast processing time, and far lower cost than stereo measurements.

419:

Time-of-flight range finders are capable of operating over long distances on the order of kilometres. These scanners are thus suitable for scanning large structures like buildings or geographic features. A disadvantage is that, due to the high speed of light, measuring the round-trip time is

633:

systems usually employ two video cameras, slightly apart, looking at the same scene. By analysing the slight differences between the images seen by each camera, it is possible to determine the distance at each point in the images. This method is based on the same principles driving human

1549:

They found though, that a modulated light scanner was able to provide both the ability to scan an object the size of the model and the accuracy that was needed. The modulated light scanner was supplemented by a triangulation scanner which was used to scan some parts of the model.

167:, a 3D scanner collects distance information about surfaces within its field of view. The "picture" produced by a 3D scanner describes the distance to a surface at each point in the picture. This allows the three dimensional position of each point in the picture to be identified. 1062:

technology. Several areas of application exist that mainly differ in the power of the lasers that are used, and in the results of the scanning process. Low laser power is used when the scanned surface doesn't have to be influenced, e.g. when it only has to be digitised.

956:: From an engineering/manufacturing perspective, the ultimate representation of a digitised shape is the editable, parametric CAD model. In CAD, the sphere is described by parametric features which are easily edited by changing a value (e.g., centre point and radius). 262:

scanner may be used to scan buildings, rock formations, etc., to produce a 3D model. The lidar can aim its laser beam in a wide range: its head rotates horizontally, a mirror flips vertically. The laser beam is used to measure the distance to the first object on its

1367:

Land or buildings can be scanned into a 3D model, which allows buyers to tour and inspect the property remotely, anywhere, without having to be present at the property. There is already at least one company providing 3D-scanned virtual real estate tours. A typical

1628:), in order to produce a restoration digitally using CAD software and ultimately produce the final restoration using a CAM technology (such as a CNC milling machine, or 3D printer). The chairside systems are designed to facilitate the 3D scanning of a preparation 436:

time, any motion in the subject or the scanner will distort the collected data. Thus, it is usually necessary to mount both the subject and the scanner on stable platforms and minimise vibration. Using these scanners to scan objects in motion is very difficult.

723:

reconstruction, however manual interaction may be required if the software cannot automatically determine the 3D positions of the camera in the images which is an essential step in the reconstruction pipeline. Various software packages are available including

4669:

Gurses, Muhammet Enes; Gungor, Abuzer; Hanalioglu, Sahin; Yaltirik, Cumhur Kaan; Postuk, Hasan Cagri; Berker, Mustafa; Türe, Uğur (December 2021). "Qlone®: A Simple Method to Create 360-Degree Photogrammetry-Based 3-Dimensional Model of Cadaveric Specimens".

1936:

Wand, Michael; Adams, Bart; Ovsjanikov, Maksim; Berner, Alexander; Bokeloh, Martin; Jenke, Philipp; Guibas, Leonidas; Seidel, Hans-Peter; Schilling, Andreas (April 2009). "Efficient reconstruction of nonrigid shape and motion from real-time 3D scanner data".

1071:

laser scanning are methods to get information about the scanned surface. Another low-power application uses structured light projection systems for solar cell flatness metrology, enabling stress calculation throughout in excess of 2000 wafers per hour.

563:

pattern. A camera detects the reflected light and the amount the pattern is shifted by determines the distance the light travelled. Modulated light also allows the scanner to ignore light from sources other than a laser, so there is no interference.

170:

In some situations, a single scan will not produce a complete model of the subject. Multiple scans, from different directions are usually helpful to obtain information about all sides of the subject. These scans have to be brought into a common

4598:

Iwanaga, Joe; Terada, Satoshi; Kim, Hee-Jin; Tabira, Yoko; Arakawa, Takamitsu; Watanabe, Koichi; Dumont, Aaron S.; Tubbs, R. Shane (September 2021). "Easy three-dimensional scanning technology for anatomy education using a free cellphone app".

271:. The laser range finder finds the distance of a surface by timing the round-trip time of a pulse of light. A laser is used to emit a pulse of light and the amount of time before the reflected light is seen by a detector is measured. Since the 463:

to determine the distance to the measured surface. The main advantage with conoscopic holography is that only a single ray-path is needed for measuring, thus giving an opportunity to measure for instance the depth of a finely drilled hole.

443:

the scanner then that side of the tripod will expand and slowly distort the scan data from one side to another. Some laser scanners have level compensators built into them to counteract any movement of the scanner during the scan process.

906:

models: In a polygonal representation of a shape, a curved surface is modeled as many small faceted flat surfaces (think of a sphere modeled as a disco ball). Polygon models—also called Mesh models, are useful for visualisation, for some

1090:

level where cameras or digital cameras can be used to capture the close-look images of objects, e.g., buildings, and reconstruct them using the very same theory as the aerial photogrammetry. An example of software which could do this is

423:

Triangulation range finders, on the other hand, have a range of usually limited to a few meters for reasonably sized devices, but their accuracy is relatively high. The accuracy of triangulation range finders is on the order of tens of

1396:

There have been many research projects undertaken via the scanning of historical sites and artifacts both for documentation and analysis purposes. The resulting models can be used for a variety of different analytical approaches.

972:). Others use the scan data to create an editable and verifiable feature based model that is imported into CAD with full feature tree intact, yielding a complete, native CAD model, capturing both shape and design intent (e.g. 1024:

scanners do not produce point clouds but a set of 2D slices (each termed a "tomogram") which are then 'stacked together' to produce a 3D representation. There are several ways to do this depending on the output required:

646:

systems usually use a single camera, but take multiple images under varying lighting conditions. These techniques attempt to invert the image formation model in order to recover the surface orientation at each

41:

is the process of analyzing a real-world object or environment to collect three dimensional data of its shape and possibly its appearance (e.g. color). The collected data can then be used to construct digital

1358:

is usually used only to determine simple dimensions of a highly prismatic model. These data points are then processed to create a usable digital model, usually using specialized reverse engineering software.

976:, Rapidform). For instance, the market offers various plug-ins for established CAD-programs, such as SolidWorks. Xtract3D, DezignWorks and Geomagic for SolidWorks allow manipulating a 3D scan directly inside 241:

Active scanners emit some kind of radiation or light and detect its reflection or radiation passing through object in order to probe an object or environment. Possible types of emissions used include light,

772:

can be used to generate 3D point clouds or meshes of live objects such as people or pets by synchronizing multiple cameras to photograph a subject from multiple perspectives at the same time for 3D object

3118:

W. J. Walecki; F. Szondy; M. M. Hilali (2008). "Fast in-line surface topography metrology enabling stress calculation for solar cell manufacturing allowing throughput in excess of 2000 wafers per hour".

1540:(Kings) of Uganda. A fire on March 16, 2010, burned down much of the Muzibu Azaala Mpanga structure, and reconstruction work is likely to lean heavily upon the dataset produced by the 3D scan mission. 1854:

Izadi, Shahram; Davison, Andrew; Fitzgibbon, Andrew; Kim, David; Hilliges, Otmar; Molyneaux, David; Newcombe, Richard; Kohli, Pushmeet; Shotton, Jamie; Hodges, Steve; Freeman, Dustin (2011). "Kinect

539:

Structured-light scanning is still a very active area of research with many research papers published each year. Perfect maps have also been proven useful as structured light patterns that solve the

4085:

Scopigno, R.; Cignoni, P.; Pietroni, N.; Callieri, M.; Dellepiane, M. (January 2017). "Digital Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage: A Survey: Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage".

3861: 1496:

acquired cuneiform tablets with a laser triangulation scanner using a regular grid pattern having a resolution of 0.025 mm (0.00098 in). With the use of high-resolution 3D-scanners by the

1354:

surfaces, or ideally for mechanical components, a CAD solid model. A 3D scanner can be used to digitise free-form or gradually changing shaped components as well as prismatic geometries whereas a

472:

Hand-held laser scanners create a 3D image through the triangulation mechanism described above: a laser dot or line is projected onto an object from a hand-held device and a sensor (typically a

1652:

manufactured part must be digitised as well. For this purpose, 3D scanners are applied to generate point samples from the object's surface which are finally compared against the nominal data.

532:

Structured-light 3D scanners project a pattern of light on the subject and look at the deformation of the pattern on the subject. The pattern is projected onto the subject using either an

455:

system, a laser beam is projected onto the surface and then the immediate reflection along the same ray-path are put through a conoscopic crystal and projected onto a CCD. The result is a

4512:

Gabriele Guidi; Laura Micoli; Michele Russo; Bernard Frischer; Monica De Simone; Alessandro Spinetti; Luca Carosso (13–16 June 2005). "3D digitisation of a large model of imperial Rome".

1075:

The laser power used for laser scanning equipment in industrial applications is typically less than 1W. The power level is usually on the order of 200 mW or less but sometimes more.

1188:

Establishing a bench mark of pre-existing shape/state in order to detect structural changes resulting from exposure to extreme loadings such as earthquake, vessel/truck impact or fire.

845:

Terrestrial laser scan devices (pulse or phase devices) + processing software generally start at a price of €150,000. Some less precise devices (as the Trimble VX) cost around €75,000.

350: 84:

Collected 3D data is useful for a wide variety of applications. These devices are used extensively by the entertainment industry in the production of movies and video games, including

4226:

Marc Levoy; Kari Pulli; Brian Curless; Szymon Rusinkiewicz; David Koller; Lucas Pereira; Matt Ginzton; Sean Anderson; James Davis; Jeremy Ginsberg; Jonathan Shade; Duane Fulk (2000).

536:

or other stable light source. A camera, offset slightly from the pattern projector, looks at the shape of the pattern and calculates the distance of every point in the field of view.

3016: 1677:

additional data. Such additional data could be GPS-location data. After the reconstruction, the data might be directly implemented into a local (GIS) map or a worldwide map such as

1300:

3D scanners are evolving for the use of cameras to represent 3D objects in an accurate manner. Companies are emerging since 2010 that create 3D portraits of people (3D figurines or

3834:

Lamine Mahdjoubi; Cletus Moobela; Richard Laing (December 2013). "Providing real-estate services through the integration of 3D laser scanning and building information modelling".

715:

Images taken from multiple perspectives such as a fixed camera array can be taken of a subject for a photogrammetric reconstruction pipeline to generate a 3D mesh or point cloud.

229:

each joint. While not usually as accurate as CMMs, articulated arms still achieve high accuracy and are cheaper and slightly easier to use. They do not usually have CNC options.

1467:

acquiring both geometric and colour details. The digital model, result of the Stanford scanning campaign, was thoroughly used in the 2004 subsequent restoration of the statue.

964:

Vendors offer different approaches to getting to the parametric CAD model. Some export the NURBS surfaces and leave it to the CAD designer to complete the model in CAD (e.g.,

3581:, Matthias Dorn et al., Proceedings of the ICMIT 2003, the second International Conference on Mechatronics and Information Technology, pp. 600- 604, Jecheon, Korea, Dec. 2003 2251:

Contributions to the 3D city modeling : 3D polyhedral building model reconstruction from aerial images and 3D facade modeling from terrestrial 3D point cloud and images

1289: 2347: 1346:

of a mechanical component requires a precise digital model of the objects to be reproduced. Rather than a set of points a precise digital model can be represented by a

1693:

Several software packages are used in which the acquired (and sometimes already processed) data from images or sensors is imported. Notable software packages include:

185:, and then merged to create a complete 3D model. This whole process, going from the single range map to the whole model, is usually known as the 3D scanning pipeline. 4427:

Mara, Hubert; Bogacz, Bartosz (2019). "Breaking the Code on Broken Tablets: The Learning Challenge for Annotated Cuneiform Script in Normalized 2D and 3D Datasets".

1131:

Multi-spectral images are also used for 3D building detection. The first and last pulse data and the normalized difference vegetation index are used in the process.

580:(CT) is a medical imaging method which generates a three-dimensional image of the inside of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images, similarly 4498: 3795: 2192: 1577:

notable for the breadth of types of 3D objects they are attempting to scan. These include small objects such as insects and flowers, to human sized objects such as

4350:

Mara, Hubert; Krömker, Susanne; Jakob, Stefan; Breuckmann, Bernd (2010). "GigaMesh and Gilgamesh 3D Multiscale Integral Invariant Cuneiform Character Extraction".

1270: 1620:

Many chairside dental CAD/CAM systems and dental laboratory CAD/CAM systems use 3D scanner technologies to capture the 3D surface of a dental preparation (either

163:, and like cameras, they can only collect information about surfaces that are not obscured. While a camera collects colour information about surfaces within its 370: 312: 292: 3960:

Cignoni, Paolo; Scopigno, Roberto (18 June 2008). "Sampled 3D models for CH applications: A viable and enabling new medium or just a technological exercise?".

2522: 1561:

aims to use 3D laser scanning to create a high quality 3D image library of artefacts and enable digital travelling exhibitions of fragile Egyptian artefacts,

267:

The time-of-flight 3D laser scanner is an active scanner that uses laser light to probe the subject. At the heart of this type of scanner is a time-of-flight

194:

solutions can be further divided into two main categories, active and passive. There are a variety of technologies that fall under each of these categories.

3706: 514:

surfaces. Hand-held laser scanners can combine this data with passive, visible-light sensors — which capture surface textures and colors — to build (or "

2602:

Strobl, K. H.; Mair, E.; Bodenmuller, T.; Kielhofer, S.; Sepp, W.; Suppa, M.; Burschka, D.; Hirzinger, G. (2009). "The self-referenced DLR 3D-modeler".

613:

and MRI are also used in other fields for acquiring a digital representation of an object and its interior, such as non destructive materials testing,

53:

can be based on many different technologies, each with its own limitations, advantages and costs. Many limitations in the kind of objects that can be

57:

are still present. For example, optical technology may encounter many difficulties with dark, shiny, reflective or transparent objects. For example,

3936: 5104: 3574: 58: 3472: 2976: 4469: 2413:

Franca, J.G.D.M.; Gazziro, M.A.; Ide, A.N.; Saito, J.H. (2005). "A 3D scanning system based on laser triangulation and variable field of view".

439:

Recently, there has been research on compensating for distortion from small amounts of vibration and distortions due to motion and/or rotation.

214:

Contact 3D scanners work by physically probing (touching) the part and recording the position of the sensor as the probe moves around the part.

4642:竹下, 俊治 (19 March 2021). "生物の形態観察における3Dスキャンアプリの活用" [Utilization of 3D scanning application for morphological observation of organisms]. 3332: 1671: 294:

is known, the round-trip time determines the travel distance of the light, which is twice the distance between the scanner and the surface. If

3251: 2909: 1589:

in Indonesia. Also of note the data from these scans is being made available to the public for free and downloadable in several data formats.

4810: 4444: 4367: 4326: 4257: 3689: 3656: 3411: 2667: 2619: 2430: 2389: 2299: 1999: 1558: 859:

a 2 m resolution) cost around €1,000 per 2 images. Note that Google Earth images are too low in resolution to make an accurate 3D model.

744: 653:

techniques use outlines created from a sequence of photographs around a three-dimensional object against a well contrasted background. These

152:

of geometric samples on the surface of the subject. These points can then be used to extrapolate the shape of the subject (a process called

4751: 3023: 1536:, using a Leica HDS 4500, produced detailed architectural models of Muzibu Azaala Mpanga, the main building at the complex and tomb of the 2372:

Cui, Yan; Schuon, Sebastian; Chan, Derek; Thrun, Sebastian; Theobalt, Christian (2010). "3D shape scanning with a time-of-flight camera".

883:

produced by 3D scanners and 3D imaging can be used directly for measurement and visualisation in the architecture and construction world.

559:

Modulated light 3D scanners shine a continually changing light at the subject. Usually the light source simply cycles its amplitude in a

4309:

Kumar, S.; Snyder, D.; Duncan, D.; Cohen, J.; Cooper, J. (2003). "Digital preservation of ancient Cuneiform tablets using 3D-scanning".

3363: 156:). If colour information is collected at each point, then the colours or textures on the surface of the subject can also be determined. 1569:

in Liverpool has also produced 3D laser scans on commission, including portable object and in situ scans of archaeological sites. The

4201: 3165: 4521: 4047: 3448: 2463: 1875: 755: 3682:

Geographic Information Systems: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

3396:

Semi-automatic extraction of buildings based on hybrid adjustment using 3D surface models and management of building data in a TIS

1565:

has investigated the use of 3D laser scanning for a wide range of applications to gain archaeological and condition data, and the

980:. Still other CAD applications are robust enough to manipulate limited points or polygon models within the CAD environment (e.g., 661:

approximation of the object. With these approaches some concavities of an object (like the interior of a bowl) cannot be detected.

4843: 3190: 2700:

Morano, R.A.; Ozturk, C.; Conn, R.; Dubin, S.; Zietz, S.; Nissano, J. (March 1998). "Structured light using pseudorandom codes".

1504:

began to visualize and extract cuneiform characters from 3D-models. It was used to process ca. 2.000 3D-digitized tablets of the

2351: 1035: 403: 202: 5013: 1315:

3D laser scanning is used by the law enforcement agencies around the world. 3D models are used for on-site documentation of:

606: 3545:

Larsson, Sören; Kjellander, J.A.P. (2006). "Motion control and data capturing for laser scanning with an industrial robot".

1412:

for being performed on precious or delicate cultural heritage artifacts. In an example of a typical application scenario, a

3153: 1372: 5203: 5198: 1750: 1464: 1192: 1108:

A semi-automatic method for acquiring 3D topologically structured data from 2D aerial stereo images has been presented by

626:

Passive methods can be very cheap, because in most cases they do not need particular hardware but simple digital cameras.

511: 2322: 1566: 1355: 908: 221: 207: 5069: 3820: 3736: 1830: 1512:

to create an Open Access benchmark dataset and an annotated collection of 3D-models of tablets freely available under

1501: 912: 527: 62: 2456:

2nd International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualisation, and Transmission, 3DPVT 2004, Thessaloniki, Greece

4873: 2530: 2454:

François Blais; Michel Picard; Guy Godin (6–9 September 2004). "Accurate 3D acquisition of freely moving objects".

1712: 1533: 934: 833: 581: 4793:

Zlatanova, Sisi (2008). "Working Group II — Acquisition — Position Paper: Data collection and 3D reconstruction".

3503: 2479:

Goel, Salil; Lohani, Bharat (January 2014). "A Motion Correction Technique for Laser Scanning of Moving Objects".

499:

attached to the scanner which are seen by the camera(s) through filters providing resilience to ambient lighting.

233:

Both modern CMMs and Articulated Arms can also be fitted with non-contact laser scanners instead of touch probes.

3680:

Men, Hao; Pochiraju, Kishore (2012). "Algorithms for 3D Map Segment Registration". In Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (ed.).

1009: 477: 3862:"Matterport Surpasses 70 Million Global Visits and Celebrates Explosive Growth of 3D and Virtual Reality Spaces" 3048: 5193: 3714: 3215: 317: 1388:

at Vancouver iTech Preparatory Middle School created a Virtual Museum by 3D Scanning more than 100 artifacts.

1000: 4046:

Magnani, Matthew; Douglass, Matthew; Schroder, Whittaker; Reeves, Jonathan; Braun, David R. (October 2020).

1899:

Moeslund, Thomas B.; Granum, Erik (1 March 2001). "A Survey of Computer Vision-Based Human Motion Capture".

1605:. It gradually supplants tedious plaster cast. CAD/CAM software are then used to design and manufacture the 1582: 1570: 1068: 503: 78: 2276: 1231:

Creating cost savings by allowing as-built design services, for example in automotive manufacturing plants,

484:(to provide the sensor position) with integrated camera (to determine the orientation of the scanner) or a 5043: 4863: 4514:

5th international conference on 3-D digital imaging and modeling : 3DIM 2005, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2255: 2107: 1946: 1908: 1825: 1505: 1259: 1247: 1013: 784: 610: 540: 489: 420:

difficult and so the accuracy of the distance measurement is relatively low, on the order of millimetres.

243: 4931: 4739: 4159: 3004: 2951: 1770: 1497: 1149: 1021: 801:

to collect images of buildings, structures and terrain for 3D reconstruction into a point cloud or mesh.

507: 473: 384: 70: 4122:"Can an Inexpensive Phone App Compare to Other Methods when It Comes to 3D Digitization of Ship Models" 3571: 3074: 30: 3479: 3364:"Performance evaluation of a system for semi-automatic building extraction using adaptable primitives" 2984: 2727:

Huang, Peisen S. (1 December 2006). "High-resolution, real-time three-dimensional shape measurement".

2553: 2077:"CyArk 500 Challenge Gains Momentum in Preserving Cultural Heritage with Artec 3D Scanning Technology" 728: 5188: 5183: 5168: 5038: 4921: 4909: 4836: 4477: 4133: 3604: 2873: 2824: 2775: 2736: 2568: 2488: 1800: 1682: 1452: 1102: 496: 3339: 2260: 1951: 5208: 5089: 5008: 4948: 4868: 3260: 2913: 2112: 1913: 1448: 1440: 1343: 1041: 635: 614: 577: 456: 117: 97: 3908:

Daniel A. Guttentag (October 2010). "Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism".

5178: 4781: 4624: 4492: 4450: 4332: 4311:

Fourth International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, 2003. 3DIM 2003. Proceedings

4151: 4126:

The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

4102: 4067: 4028: 3977: 3662: 3454: 3136: 2673: 2625: 2504: 2436: 2395: 2125: 2005: 1964: 1881: 1860:

Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology - UIST '11

1805: 794: 642: 460: 268: 181: 4758: 2057: 352:. The accuracy of a time-of-flight 3D laser scanner depends on how precisely we can measure the 4720: 4146: 4121: 762:

to capture images of objects for 3D reconstruction. Subjects include smaller objects such as a

5109: 4983: 4958: 4806: 4687: 4616: 4517: 4440: 4363: 4322: 4253: 3685: 3652: 3444: 3407: 2891: 2842: 2793: 2690:

Trost, D. (1999). U.S. Patent No. 5,957,915. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

2663: 2615: 2584: 2459: 2426: 2385: 2295: 2186: 1995: 1871: 1790: 1785: 1760: 1665: 1537: 1425: 869: 711: 172: 153: 105: 89: 3370: 2168: 1416:

model was digitally acquired using a 3D scanner and the produced 3D data was processed using

5173: 5119: 5084: 5064: 5033: 4798: 4679: 4651: 4608: 4557: 4432: 4410: 4388: 4355: 4314: 4141: 4094: 4059: 4018: 4008: 3969: 3917: 3843: 3644: 3612: 3554: 3436: 3399: 3128: 2881: 2832: 2783: 2762:

Liu, Kai; Wang, Yongchang; Lau, Daniel L.; Hao, Qi; Hassebrook, Laurence G. (1 March 2010).

2744: 2709: 2655: 2607: 2576: 2496: 2418: 2377: 2287: 2117: 2076: 2036: 1987: 1956: 1918: 1863: 1697: 1635:

Creation of 3D models for anatomy and biology education and cadaver models for educational

1562: 1029: 590: 515: 3572:

Landmark detection by a rotary laser scanner for autonomous robot navigation in sewer pipes

1120:, and ENSAIS Engineering College TIPHON (Traitement d'Image et PHOtogrammétrie Numérique). 1094: 5147: 5028: 5018: 4829: 3578: 3169: 2095: 1614: 1460: 1376: 1161: 953: 780: 485: 383:

Time-of-flight devices are also available in a 2D configuration. This is referred to as a

125: 101: 85: 4385:

HeiCuBeDa Hilprecht – Heidelberg Cuneiform Benchmark Dataset for the Hilprecht Collection

4235:

Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques

3633: 2143: 1982:

Biswas, K. K.; Basu, Saurav Kumar (2011). "Gesture recognition using Microsoft Kinect®".

547:

from motion. Some existing systems are capable of scanning moving objects in real-time.

4137: 3761: 3608: 3132: 2877: 2828: 2779: 2740: 2572: 2492: 159:

3D scanners share several traits with cameras. Like most cameras, they have a cone-like

5124: 5114: 5074: 5023: 4941: 4894: 4878: 4553: 4538: 2862:"Superfast multifrequency phase-shifting technique with optimal pulse width modulation" 1820: 1810: 1578: 1117: 1109: 1084: 1054: 896: 852: 736: 732: 719: 706: 594: 355: 297: 277: 272: 93: 3997:"After the Revolution: A Review of 3D Modelling as a Tool for Stone Artefact Analysis" 3194: 674: 5162: 5079: 5059: 5000: 4926: 4628: 4454: 4177: 4155: 4071: 4032: 3886: 3458: 3140: 1815: 1795: 798: 533: 481: 408: 164: 160: 4359: 4106: 3981: 3785:

Curless, B., & Seitz, S. (2000). 3D Photography. Course Notes for SIGGRAPH 2000.

2508: 2440: 2129: 395: 34:

Making a 3D-model of a Viking belt buckle using a hand held VIUscan 3D laser scanner

5099: 4968: 4963: 4904: 4227: 3666: 2677: 2629: 2399: 2009: 1968: 1885: 1780: 1728: 1722: 1678: 1636: 1529: 1405: 1404:

technologies allows the replication of real objects without the use of traditional

1347: 903: 724: 145: 141: 129: 54: 43: 4336: 3921: 3847: 2644: 2230: 4802: 4387:, heiDATA – institutional repository for research data of Heidelberg University, 4163: 3796:"Códigos QR y realidad aumentada: la evolución de las cartas en los restaurantes" 2058:"3D Scanning and 3D Printing Allow for Production of Lifelike Facial Prosthetics" 2041: 2024: 5129: 4990: 4973: 4953: 4707:

Model-based Analysis and Evaluation of Point Sets from Optical 3D Laser Scanners

4577: 4414: 3558: 2374:

2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

2249: 1835: 1755: 1439:

In 1999, two different research groups started scanning Michelangelo's statues.

1401: 1369: 880: 658: 425: 149: 121: 113: 74: 1991: 4978: 3648: 3632:

Bewley, Alex; Shekhar, Rajiv; Leonard, Sam; Upcroft, Ben; Lever, Paul (2011).

3524: 3428: 2659: 2611: 2500: 2422: 2381: 2326: 1702: 1610: 1444: 1255: 977: 920: 759: 654: 560: 373: 4436: 3440: 5094: 4936: 4916: 4899: 4407:

HeiCu3Da Hilprecht – Heidelberg Cuneiform 3D Database - Hilprecht Collection

4318: 3973: 3403: 3005:

Semi-Automatic building extraction from LIDAR Data and High-Resolution Image

2121: 1960: 1867: 1775: 1765: 1602: 1598: 1586: 1491: 1485: 1409: 1301: 1294: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1196: 1113: 779:

can be used to capture the interior of buildings or enclosed spaces using a

740: 506:, with processing this can be converted into a triangulated mesh and then a 452: 254: 109: 4691: 4620: 4392: 4288: 4248:

Roberto Scopigno; Susanna Bracci; Falletti, Franca; Mauro Matteini (2004).

4048:"The Digital Revolution to Come: Photogrammetry in Archaeological Practice" 3740: 3433:

Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision

3104: 2895: 2846: 2797: 2588: 1922: 17: 4683: 4429:

2019 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)

3429:"Flexible camera calibration by viewing a plane from unknown orientations" 2206: 399:

Principle of a laser triangulation sensor. Two object positions are shown.

4562: 2886: 2861: 2837: 2812: 2788: 2763: 2645:"Image-based pose estimation for 3-D modeling in rapid, hand-held motion" 2580: 1984:

The 5th International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Applications

1733: 1606: 1421: 1413: 1098: 1064: 973: 969: 965: 947: 943: 937:: The next level of sophistication in modeling involves using a quilt of 928: 924: 493: 4274: 4063: 3593:"Heritage Recording and 3D Modeling with Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning" 2604:

2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems

3239: 1717: 1632:

and produce the restoration (such as a Crown, Onlay, Inlay or Veneer).

1417: 1379:

would consist of dollhouse view, inside view, as well as a floor plan.

985: 916: 4098: 4023: 3937:"Virtual reality translates into real history for iTech Prep students" 3617: 3592: 3333:"3D data acquisition and modeling in a Topographic Information System" 2748: 2713: 2207:"3D scanning technologies - what is 3D scanning and how does it work?" 4797:. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. pp. 425–428. 4612: 4013: 3996: 3052: 2291: 1738: 1707: 1307:

An augmented reality menu for the Madrid restaurant chain 80 Degrees

1091: 763: 3308: 2764:"Dual-frequency pattern scheme for high-speed 3-D shape measurement" 1285:

miniature park from 2D pictures taken at its Fantasitron photo booth

4655: 3398:. Inst. für Photogrammetrie u. Fernerkundung d. Techn. Univ. Wien. 3219: 2811:

Zhang, Song; Van Der Weide, Daniel; Oliver, James (26 April 2010).

502:

Data is collected by a computer and recorded as data points within

4852: 4473: 1525: 1513: 1351: 1288: 1251: 1203: 1059: 999: 989: 981: 892: 811: 710: 586: 394: 259: 253: 201: 66: 29: 3017:

1Automated Building Extraction and Reconstruction from LIDAR Data

2277:"On Cross-Spectral Stereo Matching using Dense Gradient Features" 2025:"SLAM-driven robotic mapping and registration of 3D point clouds" 1148:

3D scanning technology has been used to scan space rocks for the

27:

Scanning of an object or environment to collect data on its shape

4578:"3D Body Scanner for Body Scanning in Medicine Field | Scantech" 4273:

David Luebke; Christopher Lutz; Rui Wang; Cliff Woolley (2002).

4228:"The Digital Michelangelo Project: 3D Scanning of Large Statues" 1509: 1488:

tablets were acquired in Germany in 2000. In 2003 the so-called

1234:"Bringing the plant to the engineers" with web shared scans, and 593:, manipulated or converted to traditional 3D surface by mean of 4825: 4409:, heidICON – Die Heidelberger Objekt- und Multimediadatenbank, 1431:

Creation of 3D models for Museums and Archaeological artifacts

1428:

machine to create a real resin replica of the original object.

1058:

describes the general method to sample or scan a surface using

851:

Systems using regular still cameras mounted on RC helicopters (

3073:

Haala, Norbert; Brenner, Claus; Anders, Karl-Heinrich (1998).

2702:

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

1456: 1225:

Updating old CD scans with those from more current technology,

1222:

Coordinating product design using parts from multiple sources,

1167:

As-built drawings of bridges, industrial plants, and monuments

1017: 669: 376:(approx.) is the time taken for light to travel 1 millimetre. 4516:. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 565–572. 3641:

2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation

2652:

2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation

1597:

3D scanners are used to capture the 3D shape of a patient in

891:

Most applications, however, use instead polygonal 3D models,

2927: 1164:: e.g. a laser scanner may function as the "eye" of a robot. 4250:

Exploring David. Diagnostic Tests and State of Conservation

2813:"Superfast phase-shifting method for 3-D shape measurement" 2458:. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 422–9. 2275:

Pinggera, P.; Breckon, T.P.; Bischof, H. (September 2012).

4202:"Scholarship in 3D: 3D scanning and printing at ASOR 2018" 3284: 3240:

3D data acquisition and object reconstruction using photos

1219:

Increasing accuracy working with complex parts and shapes,

895:

surface models, or editable feature-based CAD models (aka

4821: 1451:

to scan Michelangelo's statues in Florence, notably the

617:, or studying biological and paleontological specimens. 488:

solution using 3 or more cameras providing the complete

2643:

Strobl, Klaus H.; Mair, Elmar; Hirzinger, Gerd (2011).

2144:"Matter and Form - 3D Scanning Hardware & Software" 686: 88:. Other common applications of this technology include 2415:

IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2005

1500:

for tablet acquisition in 2009 the development of the

321: 2023:

Kim, Pileun; Chen, Jingdao; Cho, Yong K. (May 2018).

358: 320: 300: 280: 2523:"Understanding Technology: How Do 3D Scanners Work?" 2169:"What is 3D Scanning? - Scanning Basics and Devices" 1574: 543:

and allow for error detection and error correction.

5052: 4999: 4887: 3634:"Real-time volume estimation of a dragline payload" 3075:"3D Urban GIS from Laser Altimeter and 2D Map Data" 2552:Sirat, Gabriel; Psaltis, Demetri (1 January 1985). 1447:used a custom laser triangulation scanner built by 1258:and leisure purposes. They are heavily utilized in 140:The purpose of a 3D scanner is usually to create a 4289:"Tontafeln 3D, Hetitologie Portal, Mainz, Germany" 3253:3D Object Reconstruction From Aerial Stereo Images 364: 344: 314:is the round-trip time, then distance is equal to 306: 286: 3473:"Multi-spectral images for 3D building detection" 1581:'s Flight Suit to room sized objects such as the 1097:5. This software has now been replaced by Vexcel 329: 325: 217:There are two main types of contact 3D scanners: 4352:Vast: International Symposium on Virtual Reality 2952:"What Camera Should You Use for Photogrammetry?" 4001:Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 848:Terrestrial lidar systems cost around €300,000. 797:acquired by satellite, commercial aircraft or 4837: 2098:(2002). "The 3D Model Acquisition Pipeline". 73:3D Scanners can be used to construct digital 8: 492:of the scanner. Both techniques tend to use 4497:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2191:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1156:Construction industry and civil engineering 754:typically uses a handheld camera such as a 666:Photogrammetric non-contact passive methods 4844: 4830: 4822: 4546:Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies 4147:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W10-107-2019 3962:Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 2860:Wang, Yajun; Zhang, Song (14 March 2011). 2481:IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 1643:Quality assurance and industrial metrology 1408:techniques, that in many cases can be too 919:, PointCab, kubit PointCloud for AutoCAD, 4561: 4145: 4022: 4012: 3616: 3504:"Science of tele-robotic rock collection" 3094:Ghent University, Department of Geography 2885: 2836: 2787: 2259: 2111: 2040: 1950: 1912: 1528:3D scanning project at Uganda's historic 766:, vehicles, sculptures, rocks, and shoes. 657:are extruded and intersected to form the 411:to measure distances dates to antiquity. 357: 345:{\displaystyle \textstyle c\!\cdot \!t/2} 333: 319: 299: 279: 3684:. Vol. I. IGI Global. p. 502. 1281:using gypsum-based printing, created by 1269: 810:Semi-automatic building extraction from 5105:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator 2910:"Sussex Computer Vision: TEACH VISION5" 2284:Proc. British Machine Vision Conference 1901:Computer Vision and Image Understanding 1846: 1202:Subsurface laser scanning in mines and 59:industrial computed tomography scanning 4490: 4470:"Royal Kasubi Tombs Destroyed in Fire" 3711:Subsurface Laser Scanning Case Studies 2184: 1672:3D reconstruction from multiple images 1101:. Another similar software program is 4795:Advances in 3D Geoinformation Systems 1559:Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology 806:Acquisition from acquired sensor data 745:comparison of photogrammetry software 587:discrete 3D volumetric representation 7: 4539:"Imaging Techniques in Conservation" 3022:(Report). p. 11. Archived from 1400:The combined use of 3D scanning and 923:, imagemodel, PolyWorks, Rapidform, 222:Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) 175:, a process that is usually called 4782:3D data implementation to GIS maps 3995:Wyatt-Spratt, Simon (2022-11-04). 3427:Zhang, Zhengyou (September 1999). 3082:Institute for Photogrammetry (IFP) 2348:"Optical and laser remote sensing" 605:Although most common in medicine, 25: 3935:Gillespie, Katie (May 11, 2018). 3435:. Vol. 1. pp. 666–673. 3105:"Glossary of 3d technology terms" 1557:The 3D Encounters Project at the 1228:Replacing missing or older parts, 1170:Documentation of historical sites 5143: 5142: 1250:to create digital 3D models for 819:Acquisition from on-site sensors 673: 595:isosurface extraction algorithms 3737:"Forensics & Public Safety" 3707:"Case Study: Old Mine Workings" 3547:Robotics and Autonomous Systems 5014:Amplified spontaneous emission 4752:"Implementing data to GIS map" 4120:Lewis, M.; Oswald, C. (2019). 3591:Remondino, Fabio (June 2011). 2075:O'Neal, Bridget (2015-02-19). 1725:(microscopy applications only) 1463:and F. Bernardini scanned the 1293:Fantasitron 3D photo booth at 607:industrial computed tomography 144:. This 3D model consists of a 1: 4740:Timeline of 3D Laser Scanners 3922:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.003 3848:10.1016/j.compind.2013.09.003 3713:. Liam Murphy. Archived from 3394:Rottensteiner, Franz (2001). 3133:10.1088/0957-0233/19/2/025302 2323:"Seismic 3D data acquisition" 1751:3D computer graphics software 1193:geographic information system 1173:Site modelling and lay outing 512:non-uniform rational B-spline 4803:10.1007/978-3-540-72135-2_24 4252:. Gruppo Editoriale Giunti. 3049:"Terrestrial laser scanning" 2042:10.1016/j.autcon.2018.01.009 1939:ACM Transactions on Graphics 1567:National Conservation Centre 1356:coordinate measuring machine 1246:3D scanners are used by the 208:coordinate measuring machine 63:structured-light 3D scanners 5070:Chirped pulse amplification 4415:10.11588/heidicon.hilprecht 4405:Mara, Hubert (2019-06-07), 4383:Mara, Hubert (2019-06-07), 4360:10.2312/VAST/VAST10/131-138 3821:"Crime Scene Documentation" 3762:"The Future of 3D Modeling" 3559:10.1016/j.robot.2006.02.002 2056:Scott, Clare (2018-04-19). 1831:Structured-light 3D scanner 1502:GigaMesh Software Framework 1325:Bloodstain pattern analysis 528:Structured-light 3D scanner 5225: 4874:List of laser applications 4721:"3D scanning technologies" 4705:Christian Teutsch (2007). 4537:Payne, Emma Marie (2012). 2029:Automation in Construction 1992:10.1109/ICARA.2011.6144864 1713:Leica Photogrammetry Suite 1669: 1663: 1585:to historic sites such as 1534:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1350:, a set of flat or curved 1082: 867: 752:Close range photogrammetry 704: 582:magnetic resonance imaging 525: 5138: 4859: 3649:10.1109/ICRA.2011.5979898 3313:www.capturingreality.com/ 2660:10.1109/ICRA.2011.5979944 2612:10.1109/IROS.2009.5354708 2501:10.1109/LGRS.2013.2253444 2423:10.1109/ICIP.2005.1529778 2382:10.1109/CVPR.2010.5540082 2286:. pp. 526.1–526.12. 1544:"Plastico di Roma antica" 1277:in 1:20 scale printed by 777:Wide angle photogrammetry 478:position sensitive device 4468:Scott Cedarleaf (2010). 4437:10.1109/ICDAR.2019.00032 3802:(in Spanish). 2021-02-07 3441:10.1109/ICCV.1999.791289 3259:(Thesis). Archived from 2977:"3D Scanning and Design" 2248:Hammoudi, Karim (2011). 1420:. The resulting digital 468:Hand-held laser scanners 415:Strengths and weaknesses 210:(CMM) with scanning head 4319:10.1109/IM.2003.1240266 4206:The Digital Orientalist 4087:Computer Graphics Forum 3974:10.1145/1367080.1367082 3506:. European Space Agency 2928:"Geodetic Systems, Inc" 2554:"Conoscopic holography" 2122:10.1111/1467-8659.00574 2100:Computer Graphics Forum 1961:10.1145/1516522.1516526 1868:10.1145/2047196.2047270 1571:Smithsonian Institution 1484:The first 3D models of 1334:Plane crashes, and more 1328:Accident reconstruction 996:From a set of 2D slices 760:fixed focal length lens 504:three-dimensional space 132:of cultural artifacts. 4864:List of laser articles 4672:Operative Neurosurgery 4178:"Submit your artefact" 3643:. pp. 1571–1576. 2654:. pp. 2593–2600. 2376:. pp. 1173–1180. 1923:10.1006/cviu.2000.0897 1383:Virtual/remote tourism 1297: 1286: 1260:virtual cinematography 1248:entertainment industry 1209:Forensic documentation 1006: 950:, Maya, T Splines etc. 716: 541:correspondence problem 490:six degrees of freedom 400: 366: 346: 308: 288: 264: 211: 35: 4275:"Scanning Monticello" 4182:www.imaginedmuseum.uk 3836:Computers in Industry 3166:"3D data acquisition" 2231:"what is 3d scanning" 1771:Angle-sensitive pixel 1660:Object reconstruction 1573:has a project called 1498:Heidelberg University 1292: 1273: 1150:European Space Agency 1003: 834:Digital Cadastral map 791:Aerial photogrammetry 714: 589:that can be directly 568:Volumetric techniques 508:computer-aided design 497:light-emitting diodes 474:charge-coupled device 447:Conoscopic holography 398: 385:time-of-flight camera 367: 347: 309: 289: 257: 205: 33: 5204:3D computer graphics 5199:3D graphics software 5039:Population inversion 4563:10.5334/jcms.1021201 4476:Blog. Archived from 4431:. pp. 148–153. 4393:10.11588/data/IE8CCN 4313:. pp. 326–333. 3029:on 14 September 2020 2981:Gentle Giant Studios 2887:10.1364/OE.19.005149 2838:10.1364/OE.18.009684 2789:10.1364/OE.18.005229 2581:10.1364/OL.10.000004 1986:. pp. 100–103. 1801:Image reconstruction 1583:Gunboat Philadelphia 1506:Hilprecht Collection 1443:with a group led by 1237:Saving travel costs. 1103:Microsoft Photosynth 518:") a full 3D model. 356: 318: 298: 278: 128:/inspection and the 5090:Laser beam profiler 5009:Active laser medium 4949:Free-electron laser 4869:List of laser types 4684:10.1093/ons/opab355 4237:. pp. 131–144. 4138:2019ISPAr4210..107L 4064:10.1017/aaq.2020.59 3609:2011RemS....3.1104R 3285:"Agisoft Metashape" 2878:2011OExpr..19.5149W 2829:2010OExpr..18.9684Z 2780:2010OExpr..18.5229L 2741:2006OptEn..45l3601Z 2729:Optical Engineering 2573:1985OptL...10....4S 2493:2014IGRSL..11..225G 2094:Fausto Bernardini, 1441:Stanford University 1344:Reverse engineering 1339:Reverse engineering 1322:Bullet trajectories 1182:Payload monitoring 1042:Image-based meshing 636:stereoscopic vision 621:Non-contact passive 615:reverse engineering 578:Computed tomography 457:diffraction pattern 118:reverse engineering 98:gesture recognition 79:destructive testing 4052:American Antiquity 3910:Tourism Management 3577:2011-07-17 at the 3121:Meas. Sci. Technol 2606:. pp. 21–28. 2533:on 8 December 2020 2527:Virtual Technology 2417:. pp. I-425. 2096:Holly E. Rushmeier 1806:Light-field camera 1375:2017-04-27 at the 1298: 1287: 1036:Image segmentation 1007: 717: 685:. You can help by 461:frequency analyzed 401: 362: 342: 341: 304: 284: 269:laser range finder 265: 237:Non-contact active 212: 36: 5156: 5155: 5110:Optical amplifier 4959:Solid-state laser 4812:978-3-540-72134-5 4446:978-1-7281-3014-9 4369:978-3-905674-29-3 4328:978-0-7695-1991-3 4259:978-88-09-03325-2 4099:10.1111/cgf.12781 3887:"The VR Glossary" 3691:978-1-4666-2039-1 3658:978-1-61284-386-5 3618:10.3390/rs3061104 3413:978-3-9500791-3-5 3191:"Vexcel GeoSynth" 2749:10.1117/1.2402128 2714:10.1109/34.667888 2669:978-1-61284-386-5 2621:978-1-4244-3803-7 2432:978-0-7803-9134-5 2391:978-1-4244-6984-0 2301:978-1-901725-46-9 2148:matterandform.net 2001:978-1-4577-0330-0 1791:Full body scanner 1786:Epipolar geometry 1761:3D reconstruction 1666:3D reconstruction 1480:Cuneiform tablets 1465:Pietà of Florence 1426:rapid prototyping 1392:Cultural heritage 1144:Space experiments 1114:Agisoft Metashape 875:From point clouds 870:3D reconstruction 783:camera such as a 741:Agisoft Metashape 703: 702: 365:{\displaystyle t} 307:{\displaystyle t} 287:{\displaystyle c} 106:industrial design 90:augmented reality 16:(Redirected from 5216: 5146: 5145: 5120:Optical isolator 5085:Injection seeder 5065:Beam homogenizer 5044:Ultrashort pulse 5034:Lasing threshold 4846: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4790: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4763: 4757:. Archived from 4756: 4748: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4678:(6): E488–E493. 4666: 4660: 4659: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4613:10.1002/ca.23753 4601:Clinical Anatomy 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4149: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4026: 4016: 4014:10.5334/jcaa.103 3992: 3986: 3985: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3889:. 29 August 2016 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3739:. Archived from 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3638: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3603:(6): 1104–1138. 3588: 3582: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3478:. Archived from 3477: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3404:20.500.12708/373 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3369:. Archived from 3368: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3338:. Archived from 3337: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3309:"RealityCapture" 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3218:. Archived from 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3193:. Archived from 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3168:. Archived from 3162: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3107:. 23 April 2018. 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3051:. Archived from 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2983:. Archived from 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2932:www.geodetic.com 2924: 2918: 2917: 2912:. Archived from 2906: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2872:(6): 5149–5155. 2857: 2851: 2850: 2840: 2823:(9): 9684–9689. 2808: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2774:(5): 5229–5244. 2759: 2753: 2752: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2558: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2529:. Archived from 2519: 2513: 2512: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2350:. Archived from 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2325:. Archived from 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2292:10.5244/C.26.103 2281: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2115: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2020: 2014: 2013: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1954: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1916: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1851: 1723:MountainsMap SEM 1575:Smithsonian X 3D 1563:English Heritage 1185:Freeway redesign 1179:Quantity surveys 1079:From photographs 1049:From laser scans 1030:Volume rendering 954:Solid CAD models 729:Geodetic Systems 698: 695: 677: 670: 522:Structured light 516:reverse engineer 510:model, often as 371: 369: 368: 363: 351: 349: 348: 343: 337: 313: 311: 310: 305: 293: 291: 290: 285: 173:reference system 21: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5194:Computer vision 5159: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5134: 5048: 5029:Laser linewidth 5019:Continuous wave 4995: 4888:Types of lasers 4883: 4855: 4850: 4820: 4813: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4776: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4646:(in Japanese). 4641: 4640: 4636: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4447: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4329: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4045: 4044: 4040: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3968:(1): 2:1–2:23. 3959: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3659: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3579:Wayback Machine 3570: 3566: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3451: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3289:www.agisoft.com 3283: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3058: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2934: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2670: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2622: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2433: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2392: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2261:10.1.1.472.8586 2247: 2246: 2242: 2235:laserdesign.com 2229: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2002: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1952:10.1.1.230.1675 1935: 1934: 1930: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1878: 1862:. p. 559. 1853: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1747: 1691: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1645: 1615:dental implants 1595: 1593:Medical CAD/CAM 1555: 1546: 1522: 1482: 1473: 1437: 1406:plaster casting 1394: 1385: 1377:Wayback Machine 1365: 1341: 1313: 1311:Law enforcement 1268: 1244: 1216: 1176:Quality control 1162:Robotic control 1158: 1146: 1141: 1087: 1081: 1051: 998: 889: 877: 872: 866: 842: 821: 808: 781:wide angle lens 773:reconstruction. 764:building facade 709: 699: 693: 690: 683:needs expansion 668: 623: 611:microtomography 603: 575: 570: 557: 555:Modulated light 530: 524: 486:photogrammetric 470: 449: 417: 393: 354: 353: 316: 315: 296: 295: 276: 275: 252: 239: 200: 191: 138: 126:quality control 102:robotic mapping 86:virtual reality 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5125:Output coupler 5122: 5117: 5115:Optical cavity 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5075:Gain-switching 5072: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5024:Laser ablation 5021: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4922:Carbon dioxide 4914: 4913: 4912: 4910:Liquid-crystal 4907: 4897: 4895:Chemical laser 4891: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4879:Laser acronyms 4876: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4785: 4774: 4743: 4732: 4712: 4697: 4661: 4656:10.15027/50609 4634: 4607:(6): 910–918. 4590: 4569: 4554:Ubiquity Press 4529: 4522: 4504: 4460: 4445: 4419: 4397: 4375: 4368: 4342: 4327: 4301: 4280: 4265: 4258: 4240: 4218: 4193: 4169: 4112: 4077: 4058:(4): 737–760. 4038: 4007:(1): 215–237. 3987: 3952: 3927: 3916:(5): 637–651. 3900: 3878: 3853: 3826: 3812: 3787: 3778: 3753: 3728: 3705:Murphy, Liam. 3697: 3690: 3672: 3657: 3624: 3597:Remote Sensing 3583: 3564: 3553:(6): 453–460. 3537: 3526:Scanning rocks 3516: 3495: 3464: 3449: 3419: 3412: 3386: 3355: 3324: 3300: 3276: 3243: 3232: 3207: 3182: 3157: 3146: 3110: 3096: 3087: 3065: 3040: 3008: 2997: 2968: 2943: 2919: 2916:on 2008-09-20. 2901: 2866:Optics Express 2852: 2817:Optics Express 2803: 2768:Optics Express 2754: 2735:(12): 123601. 2719: 2708:(3): 322–327. 2692: 2683: 2668: 2635: 2620: 2594: 2561:Optics Letters 2544: 2514: 2487:(1): 225–228. 2471: 2464: 2446: 2431: 2405: 2390: 2364: 2339: 2314: 2300: 2267: 2240: 2222: 2198: 2159: 2135: 2113:10.1.1.94.7486 2106:(2): 149–172. 2086: 2067: 2048: 2015: 2000: 1974: 1928: 1914:10.1.1.108.203 1907:(3): 231–268. 1891: 1876: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1821:Remote sensing 1818: 1813: 1811:Photogrammetry 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1690: 1687: 1664:Main article: 1661: 1658: 1644: 1641: 1594: 1591: 1579:Amelia Earhart 1554: 1553:Other projects 1551: 1545: 1542: 1521: 1518: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1436: 1433: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1364: 1361: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1312: 1309: 1267: 1266:3D photography 1264: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1215: 1214:Design process 1212: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1200: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1157: 1154: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1118:RealityCapture 1110:Sisi Zlatanova 1085:Photogrammetry 1080: 1077: 1055:Laser scanning 1050: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1033: 997: 994: 958: 957: 951: 935:Surface models 932: 888: 885: 876: 873: 868:Main article: 865: 864:Reconstruction 862: 861: 860: 856: 853:Photogrammetry 849: 846: 841: 838: 820: 817: 807: 804: 803: 802: 788: 774: 767: 737:RealityCapture 733:Autodesk ReCap 720:Photogrammetry 707:Photogrammetry 705:Main article: 701: 700: 680: 678: 667: 664: 663: 662: 648: 639: 622: 619: 602: 599: 574: 571: 569: 566: 556: 553: 526:Main article: 523: 520: 469: 466: 459:, that can be 448: 445: 416: 413: 392: 389: 361: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 303: 283: 273:speed of light 251: 250:Time-of-flight 248: 238: 235: 231: 230: 226: 199: 196: 190: 187: 154:reconstruction 137: 134: 94:motion capture 71:Time Of Flight 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5221: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5080:Gaussian beam 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060:Beam expander 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5001:Laser physics 4998: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4778: 4775: 4764:on 2003-05-06 4760: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4709:(PhD thesis). 4708: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4591: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4523:0-7695-2327-7 4519: 4515: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4480:on 2010-03-30 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3953: 3942: 3941:The Columbian 3938: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3801: 3800:La Vanguardia 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3743:on 2013-05-22 3742: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3717:on 2012-04-18 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3517: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3485:on 2011-07-06 3481: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3450:0-7695-0164-8 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3376:on 2007-12-20 3372: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3345:on 2011-07-19 3341: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3266:on 2011-07-24 3262: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3222:on 2017-02-05 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3197:on 2009-10-04 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3172:on 2006-10-18 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3127:(2): 025302. 3126: 3122: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3055:on 2009-05-11 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2987:on 2020-03-22 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2545: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2465:0-7695-2223-8 2461: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2354:on 2009-09-03 2353: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2329:on 2016-03-03 2328: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1877:9781450307161 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1816:Range imaging 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1796:Image scanner 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1640: 1639:simulations. 1638: 1637:neurosurgical 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424:was fed to a 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1389: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1242:Entertainment 1241: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1086: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1048: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014:industrial CT 1011: 1002: 995: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 968:, Imageware, 967: 962: 955: 952: 949: 945: 940: 936: 933: 930: 927:, Imageware, 926: 922: 921:Reconstructor 918: 914: 910: 905: 902: 901: 900: 898: 894: 886: 884: 882: 874: 871: 863: 857: 854: 850: 847: 844: 843: 839: 837: 835: 829: 825: 818: 816: 813: 805: 800: 796: 795:aerial images 792: 789: 786: 782: 778: 775: 771: 770:Camera Arrays 768: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750: 749: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 713: 708: 697: 688: 684: 681:This section 679: 676: 672: 671: 665: 660: 656: 652: 649: 645: 644: 640: 637: 632: 629: 628: 627: 620: 618: 616: 612: 608: 600: 598: 596: 592: 588: 583: 579: 572: 567: 565: 562: 554: 552: 548: 544: 542: 537: 535: 534:LCD projector 529: 521: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 495: 491: 487: 483: 482:laser tracker 479: 475: 467: 465: 462: 458: 454: 446: 444: 440: 437: 433: 429: 427: 421: 414: 412: 410: 409:triangulation 405: 404:Triangulation 397: 391:Triangulation 390: 388: 386: 381: 377: 375: 359: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 301: 281: 274: 270: 261: 256: 249: 247: 245: 236: 234: 227: 223: 220: 219: 218: 215: 209: 204: 197: 195: 188: 186: 184: 183: 178: 174: 168: 166: 165:field of view 162: 161:field of view 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 136:Functionality 135: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 47: 45: 40: 32: 19: 5100:Mode locking 5053:Laser optics 4794: 4788: 4777: 4766:. Retrieved 4759:the original 4746: 4735: 4724:. Retrieved 4715: 4706: 4700: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4582:. Retrieved 4580:. 2020-08-27 4572: 4549: 4545: 4532: 4513: 4507: 4482:. Retrieved 4478:the original 4463: 4428: 4422: 4406: 4400: 4384: 4378: 4351: 4345: 4310: 4304: 4293:. Retrieved 4283: 4268: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4221: 4210:. Retrieved 4208:. 2018-12-03 4205: 4196: 4185:. Retrieved 4181: 4172: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3944:. Retrieved 3940: 3930: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3891:. Retrieved 3881: 3869:. Retrieved 3866:Market Watch 3865: 3856: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3815: 3804:. Retrieved 3799: 3790: 3781: 3770:. Retrieved 3768:. 2017-05-28 3765: 3756: 3745:. Retrieved 3741:the original 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3715:the original 3710: 3700: 3681: 3675: 3640: 3627: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3567: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3530:, retrieved 3525: 3519: 3508:. Retrieved 3498: 3487:. Retrieved 3480:the original 3467: 3432: 3422: 3395: 3389: 3378:. Retrieved 3371:the original 3358: 3347:. Retrieved 3340:the original 3327: 3316:. Retrieved 3312: 3303: 3292:. Retrieved 3288: 3279: 3268:. Retrieved 3261:the original 3252: 3246: 3235: 3224:. Retrieved 3220:the original 3216:"Photosynth" 3210: 3199:. Retrieved 3195:the original 3185: 3174:. Retrieved 3170:the original 3160: 3154:Vexcel FotoG 3149: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3068: 3057:. Retrieved 3053:the original 3043: 3031:. Retrieved 3024:the original 3011: 3000: 2989:. Retrieved 2985:the original 2980: 2971: 2960:. Retrieved 2958:. 2019-07-15 2955: 2946: 2935:. Retrieved 2931: 2922: 2914:the original 2904: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2686: 2651: 2638: 2603: 2597: 2564: 2560: 2547: 2535:. Retrieved 2531:the original 2526: 2517: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2455: 2449: 2414: 2408: 2373: 2367: 2356:. Retrieved 2352:the original 2342: 2331:. Retrieved 2327:the original 2317: 2305:. Retrieved 2283: 2270: 2250: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2214:. Retrieved 2210: 2201: 2176:. Retrieved 2172: 2162: 2151:. Retrieved 2147: 2138: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2080: 2070: 2061: 2051: 2032: 2028: 2018: 1983: 1977: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1781:Digitization 1729:PhotoModeler 1692: 1679:Google Earth 1675: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1596: 1556: 1547: 1530:Kasubi Tombs 1523: 1520:Kasubi Tombs 1489: 1483: 1474: 1461:H. Rushmeier 1438: 1435:Michelangelo 1430: 1399: 1395: 1386: 1370:virtual tour 1366: 1348:polygon mesh 1342: 1319:Crime scenes 1314: 1306: 1299: 1245: 1191:Create GIS ( 1147: 1139:Applications 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1107: 1088: 1074: 1053: 1052: 1008: 963: 959: 938: 904:Polygon mesh 897:solid models 890: 881:point clouds 878: 830: 826: 822: 809: 790: 776: 769: 751: 725:PhotoModeler 718: 691: 687:adding to it 682: 650: 641: 631:Stereoscopic 630: 624: 604: 576: 558: 549: 545: 538: 531: 501: 471: 450: 441: 438: 434: 430: 422: 418: 402: 382: 378: 266: 240: 232: 216: 213: 192: 182:registration 180: 176: 169: 158: 146:polygon mesh 139: 130:digitization 83: 50: 48: 38: 37: 5189:Measurement 5184:Cartography 5169:3D scanners 5130:Q-switching 4991:X-ray laser 4984:Ti-sapphire 4954:Laser diode 4932:Helium–neon 4291:(in German) 4132:: 107–111. 4093:(1): 6–21. 3871:19 December 3842:(9): 1272. 3033:9 September 2081:3DPrint.com 2062:3DPrint.com 1945:(2): 1–15. 1836:Thingiverse 1756:3D printing 1402:3D printing 1363:Real estate 1256:video games 1195:) maps and 887:From models 659:visual hull 655:silhouettes 643:Photometric 426:micrometers 374:picoseconds 150:point cloud 122:prototyping 114:prosthetics 39:3D scanning 18:3-D scanner 5209:3D imaging 5163:Categories 4768:2009-09-09 4726:2016-09-15 4584:2023-11-15 4484:2010-04-22 4295:2019-06-23 4212:2021-11-23 4187:2021-11-23 4164:2585423206 4024:2123/30230 3946:2021-12-09 3806:2021-11-23 3772:2017-05-28 3766:GarageFarm 3747:2012-01-11 3721:11 January 3532:2021-12-08 3510:2020-01-03 3489:2009-09-09 3380:2009-09-09 3349:2009-09-09 3318:2017-03-13 3294:2017-03-13 3270:2009-09-09 3226:2021-01-24 3201:2009-10-31 3176:2009-09-09 3059:2009-09-09 2991:2020-03-22 2962:2020-03-22 2937:2020-03-22 2567:(1): 4–6. 2537:8 November 2358:2009-09-09 2333:2021-01-24 2254:(Thesis). 2216:2020-04-01 2178:2020-04-01 2153:2020-04-01 1842:References 1826:Replicator 1703:3DF Zephyr 1683:Apple Maps 1670:See also: 1611:prosthesis 1516:licenses. 1471:Monticello 1445:Marc Levoy 1083:See also: 978:SolidWorks 785:360 camera 694:March 2020 651:Silhouette 601:Industrial 591:visualised 561:sinusoidal 453:conoscopic 372:time: 3.3 246:or x-ray. 244:ultrasound 189:Technology 77:, without 51:3D scanner 5179:Surveying 5095:M squared 4917:Gas laser 4900:Dye laser 4644:学校教育実践学研究 4629:234497497 4556:: 17–29. 4493:cite news 4455:211026941 4156:146021711 4072:225390638 4033:253353315 3459:206769306 3141:121768537 2256:CiteSeerX 2108:CiteSeerX 2035:: 38–48. 1947:CiteSeerX 1909:CiteSeerX 1776:Depth map 1766:3D selfie 1603:dentistry 1599:orthotics 1587:Liang Bua 1492:Hammurabi 1486:cuneiform 1459:, led by 1449:Cyberware 1302:3D selfie 1295:Madurodam 1283:Madurodam 1279:Shapeways 1275:3D selfie 1197:geomatics 799:UAV drone 327:⋅ 177:alignment 110:orthotics 75:3D models 55:digitised 44:3D models 5148:Category 4942:Nitrogen 4692:34662905 4621:33984162 4160:ProQuest 4107:26690232 3982:16510261 3893:26 April 3575:Archived 2896:21445150 2847:20588818 2798:20389536 2589:19724327 2509:20531808 2441:17914887 2187:cite web 2130:15779281 1745:See also 1734:SketchUp 1689:Software 1626:in vitro 1607:orthosis 1490:Digital 1422:3D model 1414:gargoyle 1410:invasive 1373:Archived 1331:Bombings 1099:GeoSynth 1065:Confocal 1022:micro-CT 974:Geomagic 970:Rhino 3D 966:Geomagic 948:Rhino 3D 944:Geomagic 929:Rhino 3D 925:Geomagic 913:GigaMesh 494:infrared 142:3D model 5174:Geodesy 4927:Excimer 4134:Bibcode 3667:8147627 3605:Bibcode 2874:Bibcode 2825:Bibcode 2776:Bibcode 2737:Bibcode 2678:2921156 2630:3576337 2569:Bibcode 2489:Bibcode 2400:2084943 2307:8 March 2010:8464855 1969:9881027 1886:3345516 1718:MeshLab 1630:in vivo 1622:in vivo 1538:Kabakas 1524:A 2009 1494:project 1418:MeshLab 986:AutoCAD 917:MeshLab 758:with a 573:Medical 198:Contact 4969:Nd:YAG 4964:Er:YAG 4905:Bubble 4853:Lasers 4809: 4690: 4627: 4619: 4520: 4453: 4443: 4366: 4337:676588 4335: 4325: 4256: 4162: 4154: 4105: 4070: 4031: 3980: 3688: 3665: 3655: 3457: 3447: 3410: 3139: 2894: 2845: 2796: 2676: 2666: 2628: 2618: 2587: 2507: 2462: 2439: 2429: 2398: 2388: 2298: 2258: 2211:Aniwaa 2167:OR3D. 2128: 2110: 2008: 1998: 1967: 1949: 1911: 1884: 1874: 1856:Fusion 1739:tomviz 1708:Canoma 1252:movies 1206:voids. 1092:Vexcel 939:curved 931:etc.). 647:pixel. 4974:Raman 4762:(PDF) 4755:(PDF) 4625:S2CID 4552:(2). 4542:(PDF) 4474:CyArk 4451:S2CID 4333:S2CID 4231:(PDF) 4152:S2CID 4103:S2CID 4068:S2CID 4029:S2CID 3978:S2CID 3663:S2CID 3637:(PDF) 3483:(PDF) 3476:(PDF) 3455:S2CID 3374:(PDF) 3367:(PDF) 3343:(PDF) 3336:(PDF) 3264:(PDF) 3257:(PDF) 3137:S2CID 3078:(PDF) 3027:(PDF) 3020:(PDF) 2956:80.lv 2674:S2CID 2648:(PDF) 2626:S2CID 2557:(PDF) 2505:S2CID 2437:S2CID 2396:S2CID 2280:(PDF) 2126:S2CID 2006:S2CID 1965:S2CID 1882:S2CID 1698:Qlone 1526:CyArk 1514:CC BY 1453:David 1352:NURBS 1204:karst 1095:FotoG 1060:laser 1020:, or 990:Revit 982:CATIA 893:NURBS 812:lidar 793:uses 743:(see 451:In a 263:path. 260:lidar 258:This 67:LiDAR 4979:Ruby 4807:ISBN 4688:PMID 4617:PMID 4518:ISBN 4499:link 4441:ISBN 4364:ISBN 4323:ISBN 4254:ISBN 4130:4210 3895:2017 3873:2016 3723:2012 3686:ISBN 3653:ISBN 3445:ISBN 3408:ISBN 3035:2019 2892:PMID 2843:PMID 2794:PMID 2664:ISBN 2616:ISBN 2585:PMID 2539:2020 2460:ISBN 2427:ISBN 2386:ISBN 2309:2024 2296:ISBN 2193:link 2173:OR3D 1996:ISBN 1872:ISBN 1601:and 1532:, a 1510:Jena 879:The 840:Cost 756:DSLR 739:and 120:and 112:and 69:and 4937:Ion 4799:doi 4680:doi 4652:doi 4609:doi 4558:doi 4433:doi 4411:doi 4389:doi 4356:doi 4315:doi 4142:doi 4095:doi 4060:doi 4019:hdl 4009:doi 3970:doi 3918:doi 3844:doi 3645:doi 3613:doi 3555:doi 3437:doi 3400:hdl 3129:doi 2882:doi 2833:doi 2784:doi 2745:doi 2710:doi 2656:doi 2608:doi 2577:doi 2497:doi 2419:doi 2378:doi 2288:doi 2118:doi 2037:doi 1988:doi 1957:doi 1919:doi 1864:doi 1858:". 1681:or 1624:or 1613:or 1508:in 1457:IBM 1304:). 1067:or 1018:MRI 992:). 909:CAM 899:). 747:). 689:. 476:or 179:or 148:or 5165:: 4805:. 4686:. 4676:21 4674:. 4650:. 4648:27 4623:. 4615:. 4605:34 4603:. 4550:10 4548:. 4544:. 4495:}} 4491:{{ 4472:. 4449:. 4439:. 4362:. 4354:. 4331:. 4321:. 4233:. 4204:. 4180:. 4158:. 4150:. 4140:. 4128:. 4124:. 4101:. 4091:36 4089:. 4066:. 4056:85 4054:. 4050:. 4027:. 4017:. 4003:. 3999:. 3976:. 3964:. 3939:. 3914:31 3912:. 3864:. 3840:64 3838:. 3798:. 3764:. 3709:. 3661:. 3651:. 3639:. 3611:. 3599:. 3595:. 3551:54 3549:. 3453:. 3443:. 3431:. 3406:. 3311:. 3287:. 3135:. 3125:19 3123:. 3080:. 2979:. 2954:. 2930:. 2890:. 2880:. 2870:19 2868:. 2864:. 2841:. 2831:. 2821:18 2819:. 2815:. 2792:. 2782:. 2772:18 2770:. 2766:. 2743:. 2733:45 2731:. 2706:20 2704:. 2672:. 2662:. 2650:. 2624:. 2614:. 2583:. 2575:. 2565:10 2563:. 2559:. 2525:. 2503:. 2495:. 2485:11 2483:. 2435:. 2425:. 2394:. 2384:. 2294:. 2282:. 2233:. 2209:. 2189:}} 2185:{{ 2171:. 2146:. 2124:. 2116:. 2104:21 2102:. 2079:. 2060:. 2033:89 2031:. 2027:. 2004:. 1994:. 1963:. 1955:. 1943:28 1941:. 1917:. 1905:81 1903:. 1880:. 1870:. 1685:. 1617:. 1609:, 1254:, 1152:. 1116:, 1105:. 1069:3D 1016:, 1012:, 1010:CT 988:, 984:, 946:, 915:, 735:, 731:, 727:, 609:, 597:. 585:a 428:. 387:. 206:A 124:, 116:, 108:, 104:, 100:, 96:, 92:, 81:. 65:, 61:, 49:A 46:. 4845:e 4838:t 4831:v 4815:. 4801:: 4771:. 4729:. 4694:. 4682:: 4658:. 4654:: 4631:. 4611:: 4587:. 4566:. 4560:: 4526:. 4501:) 4487:. 4457:. 4435:: 4413:: 4391:: 4372:. 4358:: 4339:. 4317:: 4298:. 4277:. 4262:. 4215:. 4190:. 4166:. 4144:: 4136:: 4109:. 4097:: 4074:. 4062:: 4035:. 4021:: 4011:: 4005:5 3984:. 3972:: 3966:1 3949:. 3924:. 3920:: 3897:. 3875:. 3850:. 3846:: 3823:. 3809:. 3775:. 3750:. 3725:. 3694:. 3669:. 3647:: 3621:. 3615:: 3607:: 3601:3 3561:. 3557:: 3513:. 3492:. 3461:. 3439:: 3416:. 3402:: 3383:. 3352:. 3321:. 3297:. 3273:. 3229:. 3204:. 3179:. 3143:. 3131:: 3084:. 3062:. 3037:. 2994:. 2965:. 2940:. 2898:. 2884:: 2876:: 2849:. 2835:: 2827:: 2800:. 2786:: 2778:: 2751:. 2747:: 2739:: 2716:. 2712:: 2680:. 2658:: 2632:. 2610:: 2591:. 2579:: 2571:: 2541:. 2511:. 2499:: 2491:: 2468:. 2443:. 2421:: 2402:. 2380:: 2361:. 2336:. 2311:. 2290:: 2264:. 2237:. 2219:. 2195:) 2181:. 2156:. 2132:. 2120:: 2083:. 2064:. 2045:. 2039:: 2012:. 1990:: 1971:. 1959:: 1925:. 1921:: 1888:. 1866:: 1199:. 787:. 696:) 692:( 638:. 360:t 339:2 335:/ 331:t 323:c 302:t 282:c 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index