954:. Some Liberal (Ahrar) political leaders were arrested and British pressure resulted in their freedom. A government investigation later cleared Qemali of any wrongdoing. Sultan Abdul Hamid was deserted by most of his advisors. The parliament discussed the question as to whether he would be permitted to remain on the throne or be deposed or even be executed. Putting the Sultan to death was considered unwise as such a step might rouse a fanatical response and plunge the Empire into civil war. On the other hand, there were those who felt that after all that had happened it was impossible that the parliament could ever again work with the Sultan.
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31:
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753:) and established a counter government, declaring the new government in Constantinople as illegal. Within Istanbul, the leadership of the Liberal Party attempted unsuccessfully to maintain control of events and prevent the rebellion from taking an anti-constitutionalist course in support of Abdul Hamid. Conflicts arose within the Islamic clergy, with higher-ranking ulama united in the Society of the Islamic Scholarly Profession opposing the uprising, while some imams (hocas) supported it. From 16 April onward, the ulama publicly denounced the revolt.
514:
exacerbated the poor relationship between the officers and their men, as opponents of the CUP within the military expressed unhappiness with entrusting the empire's leadership to "yesterday's school children", the young CUP officers recently graduated from military academies, at the expense of more experienced officers who had climbed the ranks. The situation worsened when the newly elected parliament announced its intention to retire a significant part of the officer corps, with cuts disproportionately affecting non-commissioned officers.
926:
857:. A delegation was sent to Army headquarters by the Ottoman Parliament that sought to stop it from taking Istanbul through force. The response was negative and the delegation then went to Ayastefanos and made a call for colleagues to unite with them. Both parliamentary chambers convened as a National Assembly (meclis-i umumi-i milli) at the Yachting Club building of Ayastefanos on 23 April and thereafter. Qemali had left the city prior to the Action Army arriving at Constantinople and he fled to
820:
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655:. Hilmi Pasha's government was in a state of confusion, and fearful of the repercussions of ordering remaining loyal troops against the protestors, it sent the Chief of Police instead to hear the crowd's requests. Six demands were prepared by the spokesmen of the mutineering soldiers: the return of Sharia law, the banishment of some CUP parliamentarians from Constantinople, the replacement of
452:
agitated against the secular nature of the new constitution and equality for non-Muslims, arguing that the adoption of
Western technology did not need to be accompanied by a move away from Islamic law. This view was widely held throughout Ottoman society and Islamists may have enjoyed the private support of Abdul Hamid, despite his proclamations in favour of the new constitution.
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419:. The CUP cautiously undertook to restrict the sultan's powers and by early August 1908 it had overseen the transfer of navy and army ministerial appointments away from the sultan to the office of the grand vizier. The sultan's palace staff were reduced and replaced with CUP members who monitored Abdul Hamid's official correspondence. Meanwhile, the interim government of
466:
659:(the CUP President of the Chamber of Deputies), the replacement of some CUP officers and the removal of the Grand Vizier along with the Ministers of War and Navy. By the afternoon the government's authority in the capital had collapsed, and faced with this ultimatum Hilmi Pasha and his cabinet resigned. The Sultan swiftly appointed
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troops, who fired into the riotous crowd of
Albanians with machine guns. These events severely damaged morale among the sharpshooters. In February 1909, Grand Vizier Kâmil Pasha moved to weaken the CUP's grip on power by appointing his own candidates as Ministers of War and Navy. In response, the CUP
673:
of the new cabinet went to see the troops at Meydanı, gave them praise and told them that their requests would be fulfilled. The victory was celebrated by the soldiers and religious students. During the revolt, the CUP was targeted in a pogrom with protestors killing 20 people, mainly army officers,
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Under the multi-religious "balancing policies" of the CUP which aimed to achieve "Ottomanisation" by promoting
Ottoman nationalism over ethnic or religious nationalism among the Empire's diverse subjects. These measures stirred some nationalist sentiments among non-Turkish populations, contributing
517:
In late
October, authorities arranged for the transfer of Albanian troops seen as hostile to the new regime out of Istanbul. Many of these soldiers were soon due to be discharged, and upon receiving orders for deployment to Yemen a portion refused and demonstrated for the immediate termination of
340:
The precise nature of events is uncertain; differing interpretations have been offered by historians, ranging from a spontaneous revolt of discontents to a secretly planned and coordinated counter-revolution against the CUP. Most modern studies disregard claims the sultan was actively involved in
937:
There was fierce street fighting in the
European quarter where the guard houses were held by the First Army Corps. There was heavy fire from troops in the Tashkishla barracks against the advancing troops. The barracks had to be shelled and almost destroyed by the artillery located on the heights
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Following the 31 March
Incident, the CUP took measures to suppress the interests of ethnic minorities within Ottoman society. Societies advocating for minority rights, such as the Society of Arab Ottoman Brotherhood, were outlawed, and publications with radical Islamic rhetoric were prohibited.
1029:
of the
British Embassy, of being the hidden hand behind a reactionary religious uprising. The British government had already supported actions against constitutionalists in an attempt to mute the effect of increasing German sympathizers in the Ottoman Empire since the 1880s. According to these
577:
in
English) in November 1908 to spread anti-secularist rhetoric and campaign against the government. Religious conservatives portrayed the restored 1876 constitution as sacrificing Islamic traditions in order to curry favour with Western states and attacked the new general assembly for giving
451:
to the surface. Muslims saw the new government as impotent in the face of pressure from
European powers, while government promises to reclaim the lost territories upset minorities who hoped for greater autonomy or independence. One of the greatest threats came from supporters of Islamism, who
513:
officers began to play an important role within the capital's political and social scene, attending CUP political functions, banquets and theatrical performances. With their officers increasingly absent, discipline within the sharpshooter battalions began to break down. A generational divide
760:, and took immediate countermeasures. They organized public demonstrations in towns across the provinces and sent numerous telegrams to the palace and parliament, successfully convincing a significant portion of the population in Macedonia that the constitution was in danger. The historian
985:. He initially suggested that it would better to ask the Sultan to resign. It was insisted that Nuri Efendi sign the fatwa. However Nuri Efendi continued to refuse. Finally, Mustafa Asim Efendi convinced him and so the fatwa was signed by him and then it was signed by the newly appointed
353:. The temporary loss of power led to radicalisation within the CUP, resulting in an increasing willingness among unionists to utilise violence. Some scholars have argued that the deterioration of ethnic relations and erosion of public institutions during 1908–1909 precipitated the
288:), where they proclaimed the new ministry illegal and attempted to rally secularists and minorities in support of their cause. For a brief period the two rival authorities in Istanbul and San Stefano each claimed to represent the legitimate government. These events triggered the
379:
The educational reforms during Abdul Hamid II's reign (1876–1909) had led to an increased diffusion of liberal political thought from
Western Europe among young Ottoman professionals and military officers. A loosely organised underground movement of reformists known as the
980:
was needed. So, a fatwa drawn up in the form of question and was given to scholars to answer and sign. A scholar by the name of Nuri Efendi was brought to sign the fatwa. Initially, Nuri Efendi was unsure whether three crimes raised in the question were carried out by
1135:
While Germany was perturbed with the deposition of their ally Abdul Hamid, the CUP eventually proved just as willing to stoke pan-Islamism. With military reforms bearing fruit in the army, German arms dealers reassessed the situation. Through the Turkologist
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troops to depose Abdul Hamid, or that Kâmil Pasha had attempted to order them back to Macedonia. As a consequence of these machinations, the battalions became increasingly politicised and, to the frustration of ordinary soldiers, seen as a tool of the CUP.
945:
Under martial law and following the defeat of the rebellion two courts martial sentenced and executed the majority of the rebels which included Dervish Vahdeti. Albanians involved in the counterrevolutionary movement were executed such as Halil Bey from
251:
30–31 Mart 1325), sparked by agitation from Muslim fundamentalists, low morale and officerial mismanagement. The unrest spiralled out of control as religious students and other elements of the city's garrison joined the insurrection, converging on
1111:, whom he considered a traitor due to his family's ties to royal patronage, such as his gains in privileges and key positions in the Ottoman government. Albanians involved in the counterrevolutionary movement were executed such as Halil Bey from
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chieftains offered military assistance to the sultan. In response, the Sultan promised to bring back the rule of religion if he were to be reinstated. The situation in Constantinople remained under the control of Dervish Vahdeti for 11 days.
434:
Throughout 1908, as events continued to unfold in Istanbul, the Ottoman Empire lost large portions of its European territory. This was due to both encroachments by foreign powers and the activity of the empire's ethnic minorities:
415:. The CUP, internally divided and lacking an agreed political program, did not take over government; instead it chose to influence the unsteady parliamentary regime from a distance and its Central Committee remained based in
724:
to acknowledge the new government, and Albanians from his hometown supported him, even raiding the arms depot to back the sultan with weapons if needed. Albanian clubs also expressed support for quelling the uprising, while
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being the main messenger saying "the nation has deposed you". Some Muslims expressed dismay that non Muslims had informed the sultan of his deposition. Abdul Hamid was replaced by his younger brother, who took the name
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588:
officers and training regimen into the First Army Corps resulted in less time for soldiers to undertake ablution and prayer, allowing Islamists to present the CUP and its officers as irreligious, even atheistic,
267:
responded ineffectually, and by the afternoon of 13 April its authority in the capital had collapsed. The Sultan accepted Hilmi Pasha's resignation and appointed a new cabinet free from the CUP's influence under
646:
barracks mutinied, locking up their officers and marching onto the streets to call for the reinstatement of Sharia and for the CUP to be disbanded. Religious students joined the mutinying soldiers outside the
938:
above the barracks before the garrison surrendered after several hours fighting and heavy losses. Equally desperate was the defence of the Taksim barracks. The attack on the Taksim barracks was led by
593:
from Macedonia. Although Abdul Hamid refused to provide financial support for the movement and newspaper, figures connected with the palace purportedly supported Vahdeti and one of the sultan's sons,
341:
plotting the uprising, emphasising the CUP's mismanagement of troops in the build up to the mutiny and the role of conservative religious groups. The crisis was an important early moment in the
868:
His Sublime Majesty awaits benevolently the arrival of the so called constitutional army. He has nothing to gain or fear since his Sublimity is for the Constitution and is its supreme guardian.
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returned from their international posts at Ottoman embassies and joined Mahmud Shevket and his military staff prior to reaching Istanbul. The Action Army's troops were transported by train to
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has commented that the CUP was largely successful in its propaganda, and was able to convince a significant portion of the population of Macedonia that the constitution was in peril.
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law would be preserved, responding to the requests of the troops. Kemal briefly became President of the Ottoman National Assembly and led it to recognize a new government by
337:, the military general who had organised and led the Action Army, became the most influential figure in the restored constitutional system until his assassination in 1913.
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assuming the role. The constitution was restored for the third time (after earlier attempts in 1876 and 1908), and both parliamentary chambers convened to depose
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325:), which entered Istanbul on 24 April after failed negotiations. On 27 April, Abdul Hamid, accused by the CUP of complicity in the uprising, was deposed by the
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If it is shown that his country will gain peace by his removal and if it be considered by those who have power that this imam should abdicate or be deposed.
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Discontent among the soldiers was further stirred up by Muslim fundamentalists. Islamists in Istanbul were led by a charismatic mystic from Cyprus called
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733:, offered assistance from his tribe, driven by fears that the Hamidian regime could return, rather than being loyal to the CUP. During the countercoup,
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in Istanbul. The assassination went unsolved but many in the city speculated that the CUP had been responsible. Protests by Islamic conservatives and
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trained in modern military techniques – had played an instrumental role in the 1908 revolution. Upon their arrival in Istanbul, the well-connected
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also played a lesser role. The crisis ended after eleven days, when troops loyal to the CUP restored order in Istanbul and deposed Abdul Hamid.
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447:. These losses dampened the popular elation that had followed the re-establishment of parliament, while open political debate brought existing
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Zürcher, E. J. (1996). "The Ides of April. A Fundamentalist uprising in Istanbul in 1909?". In van Dijk, Cees; de Groot, Alexander H. (eds.).
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from Salonika to Istanbul in response to increased political tension in the city and concerns over the loyalty of its regular garrison, the
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Zürcher, Erik Jan (2017). "31 Mart: A Fundamentalist Uprising in Istanbul in April 1909?". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (eds.).
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220:), it is sometimes referred to as an attempted countercoup or counterrevolution. It consisted of a general uprising against the CUP within
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892:(Pasiner). Finally, at the moment when the conflict showed signs of extending to the public, the Salonikan troops entered Istanbul.
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1098:. Four CUP members composed of one Armenian, one Jew and two Muslim Albanians went to inform the sultan of his dethronement, with
812:. The eleventh Reserve (Redif) Division based in Selanik composed the advance guard of the Action Army and the chief of staff was
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On 27 April the Assembly held a meeting behind closed doors under the presidency of Said Pasha. In order to remove the Sultan, a
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orchestrated a confidence vote against his cabinet, forcing him to resign. On 14 February 1909, the CUP's preferred candidate,
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battalion were sent to suppress the protests by force and a second riot among Albanian troops in March was again put down by
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12–13 April 1909), thus named after 31 March where March is the equivalent to Rumi month Mart. Occurring soon after the 1908
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minorities and Christians within the empire greater influence, issues which resonated with soldiers who had recently been
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601:; its agitation for the restoration of Sharia gained widespread support, including from soldiers stationed in the city.
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The crisis began with a mutiny among elite Macedonian troops of the Istanbul garrison on the night of 12–13 April 1909 (
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If after killing imprisoning and exiling his subjects unjustly, he swears to amend his ways and then perjures himself.
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A Greek lithograph celebrating "freedom, equality, brotherhood" among Ottoman subjects following the 1908 revolution
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808:). The force numbered 20,000–25,000 regular troops, reinforced with volunteer units, mostly Albanians led by Major
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In October 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress arranged for the transfer of three seasoned sharpshooter (
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712:, an Ahrar deputy, managed to gather some parliamentarians and officially announced that the constitution and
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The Sultan remained in the Yildiz and had frequent conferences with Grand Vizier Tewfik Pasha who announced:
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Butt, Ahsan I. (2017). "The Ottoman Empire's Escalation from Reforms to the Armenian Genocide, 1908–1915".
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Early on the morning of 24 April the Action Army began to occupy Istanbul, with the operation directed by
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resumed, and a large loan was procured for further modernization projects for arms and barracks. Kaiser
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provinces which compelled the sultan to restore the constitution of 1876, in what became known as the
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From 15 April the CUP began preparations for a military operation against the rebels. It appealed to
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ultimately did not mind the fall of his friend Abdul Hamid and the entrenchment of the Young Turks.
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held during November and December. Abdul Hamid opened the new parliamentary session on 17 December.
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Ahmad, Feroz; Şenses, Bülent Şenses (2007). "Hareket Ordusu". In Fleet, Kate; et al. (eds.).
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597:, was a member of the Mohammedan Union. The society held its first mass rally on 3 April at the
535:, was appointed the new grand vizier. Rumours spread within the city that the CUP would use the
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to regain power and form a new government. As a result of this incident, the position of the
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993:, legalising it. The fatwa complete with the answer was now read to the assembled members:
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district of Istanbul as a memorial to the 74 soldiers killed in action during this event.
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The Ottoman Endgame: War, revolution, and the making of the modern Middle East, 1908–1923
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and rescinding press censorship powers, permitting free political campaigning ahead of a
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students over the killings led to unrest among soldiers in the city's main barracks.
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2322:"Revisiting Netwrosk and Narratives: Enver Pasha's Pan-Islamic and Pan-Turkic Quest"
1976:"From Bloodless Revolution to Bloody Counterrevolution: The Adana Massacres of 1909"
790:(modern Thessaloniki) to quell the uprising. With support from the commander of the
345:, setting a pattern of political instability which continued with military coups in
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The uprising was suppressed and the former government restored when elements of the
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853:). It was secretly agreed there that Abdul Hamid would be deposed for his brother
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Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1922
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Then the Assembly unanimously voted that Sultan Abdul Hamid should be deposed.
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and Hademköy, and then to Ayastefanos (also referred to as San Stefano; modern
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barracks; by four o'clock of the afternoon the remaining rebels surrendered.
918:. There was little meaningful resistance, with the exception of Tașkışla and
749:, an Edirne deputy and CUP leader, escaped with 100 deputies to Ayastefanos (
4754:
2011:
The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
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842:
392:, a secret society of intellectuals which had forced Abdul Hamid to enact a
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organised by local officials and Islamic clerics in which 20,000 to 25,000
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Subversives and Mavericks in the Muslim Mediterranean: A Subaltern History
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1924:"Osmanlı demokrasisi kitap yırttı diye padişahı bile tahtından indirmişti"
968:, was among the volunteer troops who took action to suppress the rebellion
798:, Mahmud Shevket combined the armies to create a strike force called the "
756:
The CUP managed to retain its influence in the provinces, particularly in
567:, also known as the Mohammedan Union Party, and set up a newspaper called
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carried out a series of democratic and administrative reforms, abolishing
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The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918
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Negotiations continued for six days. The negotiators were Rear Admiral
730:
608:, a prominent opposition journalist, was shot and killed as he crossed
408:
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sympathetic to the CUP formed an impromptu military force known as the
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942:. After a short battle they gained control of the palace on 27 April.
684:. Protestors also burned a few CUP offices such as those belonging to
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Turkey : the awakening of Turkey, the Turkish revolution of 1908
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Secession and Security: Explaining State Strategy against Separatists
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The pro-absolutist population joining the rebellion of the military.
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Swenson, Victor R. (1970). "The Military Rising in Istanbul 1909".
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1038:) branch, which had outmatched the British-sympathizing Monastir (
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If an imam of the Muslims tampers with and burns the sacred books.
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479:, in the days preceding the mutiny acted as a catalyst for unrest.
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Wasti, S. Tanvir (1996b). "The Last Chroniclers of the Mabeyn".
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sources, this countercoup was directed specifically against the
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and political reform. These demands were partly inspired by the
189:. The incident broke out during the night of 30–31 Mart 1325 in
118:
Hunter battalions revolting against their officers in Istanbul.
112:
4706:
3579:
2755:
2474:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1054:
Esad Hayreddin Bey, one of the soldiers killed during the event
2751:
1951:. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press. pp. 125–162.
2092:
The Kemalists: Islamic Revival and the Fate of Secular Turkey
2031:(2007). "Abdülhamid II". In Fleet, Kate; et al. (eds.).
964:(2nd from left), who would later become the 3rd President of
403:
In July 1908, a secret revolutionary organisation called the
2561:
2115:
Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
2138:. Norwood, M.A.: J. B. Millet – via Internet Archive.
1115:
which caused indignation among the conservative Muslims of
2396:
Wasti, S. Tanvir (1996). "Halil Menteşe: The Quadrumvir".
1384:
1382:
1078:, Aram Efendi and Colonel Galip Bey (Pasiner), April 1909.
1003:
If he causes civil war and bloodshed among his own people.
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1536:
1534:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1399:
1397:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1127:
to a national identity that resisted conservative Islam.
272:. Most CUP members fled the city for their power base in
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1215:
1213:
2189:
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 2
1903:"Askerin siyasete yerleşmesi 31 Mart isyanıyla başladı"
1843:
1841:
1007:
Is it lawful that one of these alternatives be adopted.
950:
which caused indignation among conservative Muslims of
929:
The execution of the countercoup rebels in the journal
636:
Early on the morning of 13 April, troops of the fourth
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
674:
and two parliamentarians mistaken for Ahmet Rıza and
2380:. In The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (ed.).
973:
4942:
4908:
4836:
4803:
4740:
4532:
4059:
3963:
3742:
3670:
3622:
3306:
3265:
3213:
3188:
3152:
3091:
3049:
2918:
2789:
2653:
2616:
2595:
2574:
2509:
708:lacked enough members for a parliamentary session.
240:, although liberal opponents of the CUP within the
1021:Some writers have accused the British, led by Sir
1070:. Left to right: Rear Admiral Arif Hikmet Pasha,
72:The rebellion was suppressed by the Action Army.
995:
866:
23:
4718:
3591:
2767:
2486:
2151:(in Turkish). TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi
1243:
803:
696:After the failed countercoup, members of the
637:
583:
536:
525:
519:
508:
498:
484:
320:
8:
2169:. New York, New York: Penguin Random House.
1082:The failure of the counter-coup allowed the
473:, editor-in-chief of the anti-CUP newspaper
2324:. In Moreau, Odile; Schaar, Stuart (eds.).
16:1909 political crisis in the Ottoman Empire
4725:
4711:
4703:
3598:
3584:
3576:
2774:
2760:
2752:
2493:
2479:
2471:
2080:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
678:(Yalçin), the editor of the CUP newspaper
407:(CUP) led an insurrection in the empire's
384:emerged to press for the restoration of a
35:Deputies of the parliament in Thessaloniki
29:
20:
2289:
2220:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2191:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2117:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2058:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199676071.001.0001
1991:
1009:The answer is "Olur" (it is permissible).
632:following the suppression of the uprising
3165:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
1883:
1847:
1732:
1540:
1501:
1415:
1361:
1279:
1231:
1219:
956:
518:their contracts. Troops from the fourth
503:officers – graduates of the prestigious
2284:. Leiden: Leiden CNWS. pp. 64–76.
1789:
1756:
1720:
1697:
1676:
1652:
1619:
1607:
1580:
1557:
1525:
1489:
1446:
1434:
1403:
1332:
1204:
1185:
1107:. The sultan directed his anger toward
745:After being driven out of the capital,
582:. Attempts by the CUP to introduce new
292:, a month-long series of anti-Armenian
236:influence of the CUP and supporters of
2073:
1974:Der Matossian, Bedross (August 2011).
1871:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1768:
1744:
1664:
1631:
1477:
1315:
700:(CUP) either went into hiding or fled
209:and ended the absolute rule of Sultan
5008:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire
4921:Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven
4657:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
1859:
7:
5023:Military coups in the Ottoman Empire
1513:
1465:
1388:
1373:
1344:
1303:
1291:
1267:
1255:
1192:
205:(CUP) had successfully restored the
181:) was a political crisis within the
3293:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
3196:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
2364:– via Brill Reference Online.
2209:– via ACLS Humanities E-Book.
2043:– via Brill Reference Online.
580:fighting separatists in the Balkans
4369:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867
4337:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854
3643:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
437:Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina
343:empire's process of disintegration
256:to demand the re-establishment of
14:
2797:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
1901:Bardakçı, Murat (16 April 2007).
1131:Impact on international relations
4976:
3606:
2735:
2734:
2089:Kaylan, Muammer (8 April 2005).
999:If he appropriates public money.
260:. The CUP-aligned government of
2362:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30322
2237:Journal of Contemporary History
2217:The Albanian National Awakening
2070:– via Oxford Scholarship.
1980:Genocide Studies and Prevention
1084:Committee of Union and Progress
720:. He urged his constituency in
698:Committee of Union and Progress
552:, who may have belonged to the
405:Committee of Union and Progress
215:
203:Committee of Union and Progress
125:Opponents of Union and Progress
100:Committee of Union and Progress
5003:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
4489:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
4473:1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion
3283:Bulgarians deportation program
2854:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
2041:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0101
1922:Bardakçı, Murat (7 May 2008).
1017:Allegations of foreign support
441:Bulgaria declared independence
1:
4585:Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)
3776:Expeditions against the Druze
3715:Expeditions against the Druze
3134:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
2603:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2328:. University of Texas Press.
276:(modern Thessaloniki), while
4765:1730 Patrona Halil rebellion
4353:Mount Lebanon civil conflict
3792:Expedition against the Druze
3784:Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt
3763:Expedition against the Druze
3755:Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion
3226:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
2542:Yıldız assassination attempt
2521:Senate of the Ottoman Empire
2517:Ottoman constitution of 1876
1930:(in Turkish). Archived from
1165:
768:Formation of the Action Army
280:and some fellow MPs fled to
3221:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
974:
5039:
5018:1909 in the Ottoman Empire
4943:Other incidents and trials
4927:Operation Cage Action Plan
3635:Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion
3240:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
2249:10.1177/002200947000500410
2052:(First ed.). Oxford.
833:In short time CUP members
771:
595:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin
556:. Vahdeti established the
364:
185:in April 1909, during the
4972:
4633:Raid on the Sublime Porte
4409:1878 Macedonian rebellion
4185:Priest Jovica's Rebellion
4137:Greek War of Independence
4089:Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion
4040:Koča's frontier rebellion
3731:Kalender Çelebi rebellion
3560:
3401:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
3204:
3080:
2907:
2840:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
2729:
2558:
2547:Second Constitutional Era
2447:10.1080/00263209608701102
2410:10.1080/00263209608701120
1449:, pp. 172, 174, 176.
1168:) was erected in 1911 in
651:, before marching to the
558:Society for Islamic Unity
187:Second Constitutional Era
131:
89:
39:
28:
4898:military asylum incident
4734:Military coups in Turkey
4385:Bulgarian April uprising
4297:Uprising of Dervish Cara
4145:Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt
4105:Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion
3691:Nur Ali Halife rebellion
3175:Treaty of Constantinople
3067:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
2608:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
2532:First Constitutional Era
2382:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2009:Gawrych, George (2006).
505:Ottoman Military College
398:First Constitutional Era
4893:international reactions
4617:Albanian revolt of 1912
4601:Albanian revolt of 1910
4193:Second Mašići Rebellion
4113:Second Serbian Uprising
4048:Tripolitanian civil war
4016:Patrona Halil Rebellion
3936:Second Tarnovo Uprising
3245:Balkans campaign of WWI
2894:Albanian revolt of 1912
2740:Category:Abdul Hamid II
2356:(3rd ed.). Brill.
2320:Yılmaz, Șuhnaz (2016).
2214:Skendi, Stavro (1967).
2165:McMeekin, Sean (2016).
2048:Gingeras, Ryan (2016).
2035:(3rd ed.). Brill.
991:Mehmed Ziyâeddin Efendi
628:Tashkishla barracks at
386:constitutional monarchy
4950:Nine Officers Incident
4577:Hauran Druze Rebellion
4425:Kresna–Razlog Uprising
4393:Razlovtsi insurrection
4249:Belogradchik Rebellion
4081:First Serbian Uprising
3992:The Great Insurrection
3848:First Tarnovo Uprising
3699:Nasir al-Din rebellion
3651:Skanderbeg's rebellion
3519:Crown Prince Alexander
3497:Crown Prince Ferdinand
3460:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
3288:Massacres of Civilians
3278:Massacres of Albanians
3231:Sarajevo Assassination
3160:Greek–Serbian Alliance
3153:Diplomacy and politics
3050:Diplomacy and politics
2874:Bulgarian Independence
2587:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
2567:
2435:Middle Eastern Studies
2398:Middle Eastern Studies
2354:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2143:Küçük, Cevdet (1988).
2132:Knight, E. F. (1910).
2033:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1967:10.7591/j.ctt1w0d9w9.9
1142:Berlin-Baghdad railway
1079:
1055:
1011:
969:
934:
911:
870:
830:
804:
653:parliamentary building
642:regiment based at the
638:
633:
584:
537:
526:
520:
509:
499:
485:
480:
376:
321:
178:
132:Commanders and leaders
4755:1622 janissary revolt
4545:Young Turk Revolution
4201:Syrian Peasant Revolt
3723:Baba Zünnun Rebellion
3545:Other Balkan states:
3386:Eleftherios Venizelos
3062:Albanian Independence
2864:Young Turk Revolution
2565:
2013:. London: IB Tauris.
1072:Emanuel Karasu Efendi
1061:
1053:
960:
928:
903:
878:Emanuel Karasu Efendi
822:
627:
468:
413:Young Turk Revolution
374:
367:Young Turk Revolution
365:Further information:
228:groups, particularly
199:Young Turk Revolution
4513:Mesopotamia uprising
4377:Herzegovina Uprising
4321:Herzegovina Uprising
4241:Berkovitsa Rebellion
4209:Tripolitanian revolt
3928:Druze power struggle
3771:Revolts of 1565–1572
3396:Pavlos Kountouriotis
2575:Associated buildings
2370:Yapp, Malcolm Edward
2095:. Prometheus Books.
1140:, financing for the
1046:Aftermath and legacy
896:Rebellion suppressed
780:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
489:) battalions of the
394:liberal constitution
335:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
138:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
4665:Uprising in Karbala
4641:Euphrates rebellion
4561:Al-Bejat Revolution
4121:Wallachian Uprising
4008:Uprising in Vučitrn
3952:Karposh's rebellion
3944:Chiprovtsi uprising
3659:Buçuktepe rebellion
3423:Crown Prince Danilo
3273:Carnegie Commission
3170:Treaty of Bucharest
2859:Macedonian Struggle
2835:Serbo-Bulgarian War
2526:Chamber of Deputies
2149:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
1993:10.3138/gsp.6.2.152
1928:Hürriyet Daily News
1622:, pp. 200–202.
1516:, pp. 279–280.
1391:, pp. 278–279.
1376:, pp. 276–277.
1347:, pp. 274–276.
1294:, pp. 266–267.
1158:Monument of Liberty
1100:Essad Pasha Toptani
1076:Essad Pasha Toptani
1025:(1865–1939), Chief
826:forces marching on
814:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
792:Ottoman Second Army
782:, commander of the
706:Chamber of Deputies
704:. As a result, the
667:Marshal Ethem Pasha
649:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
533:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
497:. The Third Army's
445:Greece seized Crete
265:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
4805:Republic of Turkey
4609:Malissori uprising
4553:Hamawand rebellion
4217:Posavina Rebellion
4097:Jančić's Rebellion
3920:Abaza Hasan Revolt
3904:Atmeydanı Incident
3856:Thessaly Rebellion
3502:Alexandru Averescu
3470:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
3391:Panagiotis Danglis
3298:Places burned down
2824:Congress of Berlin
2568:
2537:Hamidian massacres
2111:Kieser, Hans-Lukas
2029:Georgeon, François
1811:, p. 364–365.
1244:Der Matossian 2011
1092:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
1080:
1064:Ottoman Parliament
1062:Delegation of the
1056:
1023:Gerald Fitzmaurice
970:
935:
912:
882:Esad Pasha Toptani
831:
784:Ottoman Third Army
661:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
634:
481:
377:
270:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
4990:
4989:
4933:Sledgehammer plan
4700:
4699:
4689:Koçgiri rebellion
4681:Uprising in Hilla
4569:31 March Incident
4401:Kumanovo Uprising
4177:Shkodër Rebellion
3824:Uprising in Banat
3816:Celali rebellions
3707:Celali rebellions
3683:Şahkulu Rebellion
3573:
3572:
3480:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
3359:Stiliyan Kovachev
3084:Second Balkan War
3057:London Conference
2889:Italo-Turkish War
2879:31 March Incident
2749:
2748:
2634:(adoptive mother)
2552:31 March Incident
2374:Shaw, Stanford J.
2335:978-1-4773-1093-9
2206:978-0-521-29166-8
2185:Shaw, Stanford J.
2124:978-0-691-15762-7
2102:978-1-61592-897-2
2067:978-0-19-967607-1
2020:978-1-84511-287-5
1958:978-1-5017-1394-1
1679:, pp. 69–70.
1418:, pp. 35–36.
1282:, pp. 32–33.
916:Ali Pasha Kolonja
890:Colonel Galip Bey
874:Arif Hikmet Pasha
663:as grand vizier.
425:the secret police
396:during the brief
355:Armenian genocide
329:and his brother,
327:National Assembly
224:, largely led by
171:31 March incident
167:
166:
144:Mustafa Kemal Bey
85:
84:
24:31 March incident
5030:
4981:
4980:
4958:
4874:
4862:
4785:1909 countercoup
4727:
4720:
4713:
4704:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4449:Ulcinj rebellion
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4161:Bilmez Rebellion
4157:
4153:Bosnian uprising
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4064:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
4000:Karamanli revolt
3996:
3988:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3888:Abaza rebellions
3884:
3876:
3868:
3864:Mamluk Rebellion
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3808:Beylerbeyi Event
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3767:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3627:
3610:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3539:Božidar Janković
3534:Stepa Stepanović
3406:Viktor Dousmanis
3255:Macedonian front
3250:Serbian campaign
3180:Treaty of Athens
3129:Southern Dobruja
3072:Treaty of London
2911:First Balkan War
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2738:
2737:
2626:Tirimüjgan Kadın
2569:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2466:
2429:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2378:"Ottoman Empire"
2365:
2339:
2316:
2295:
2293:
2276:
2231:
2210:
2180:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2139:
2128:
2106:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2044:
2024:
2005:
1995:
1970:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1793:
1787:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1701:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1584:
1578:
1561:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1166:Abide-i Hürriyet
979:
907:forces entering
810:Ahmed Niyazi Bey
807:
762:Erik-Jan Zürcher
729:, leader of the
692:Political crisis
641:
587:
566:
540:
529:
523:
512:
502:
495:First Army Corps
491:Third Army Corps
488:
429:general election
324:
219:
218: 1876–1909
217:
148:Ahmed Niyazi Bey
41:
40:
33:
21:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5027:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4975:
4968:
4952:
4938:
4904:
4868:
4856:
4832:
4828:1997 memorandum
4818:1971 memorandum
4799:
4780:1908 revolution
4770:1807–1808 coups
4736:
4731:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4649:Bitlis uprising
4643:
4635:
4627:
4625:Savior Officers
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4535:
4528:
4523:
4521:Bitlis uprising
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4441:Thessaly Revolt
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4313:Albanian Revolt
4307:
4305:Albanian Revolt
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4273:Diber Rebellion
4267:
4259:
4257:Vlora Rebellion
4251:
4243:
4235:
4233:Pirot Rebellion
4227:
4225:Livno Rebellion
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3984:Naousa uprising
3978:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3896:Druze rebellion
3890:
3882:
3880:Druze rebellion
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3800:Cairo Rebellion
3794:
3786:
3778:
3765:
3757:
3745:
3744:Transformation
3738:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3625:
3618:
3604:
3574:
3569:
3556:
3354:Radko Dimitriev
3344:Vasil Kutinchev
3302:
3261:
3209:
3200:
3184:
3148:
3099:Kilkis–Lachanas
3087:
3076:
3045:
2914:
2903:
2830:Eastern Rumelia
2785:
2780:
2750:
2745:
2725:
2649:
2612:
2591:
2570:
2560:
2556:
2505:
2499:
2469:
2432:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2368:
2351:
2347:
2345:Further reading
2342:
2336:
2319:
2313:
2298:
2282:State and Islam
2279:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2183:
2177:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2145:"ABDÜLHAMİD II"
2142:
2131:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2088:
2072:
2068:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2008:
1973:
1959:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1934:on 25 July 2019
1921:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1796:
1788:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1704:
1696:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1587:
1579:
1564:
1556:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1162:Ottoman Turkish
1154:
1133:
1048:
1019:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
987:Shaykh al-Islam
898:
776:
770:
739:Kosovo Albanian
694:
622:
560:
463:
458:
456:Military revolt
369:
363:
333:, made sultan.
254:Ayasofya Square
232:opposed to the
214:
201:, in which the
163:
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:
111:
107:
102:
98:
63:
47:13 April 1909 (
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5036:
5034:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4960:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4742:Ottoman Empire
4738:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4541:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4505:Theriso revolt
4502:
4497:Shoubak revolt
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4345:Doljani Revolt
4342:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3912:Çınar Incident
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3768:
3760:
3751:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3679:
3677:
3672:Classical Age
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3616:Ottoman Empire
3605:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Radomir Putnik
3521:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Ali Rıza Pasha
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3435:Ottoman Empire
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3364:Georgi Todorov
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3041:Second Çatalca
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Bosnian Crisis
2866:
2861:
2856:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:Annexation of
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:Abdul Hamid II
2559:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:Abdul Hamid II
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2430:
2393:
2366:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2317:
2311:
2305:. I.B.Tauris.
2296:
2277:
2243:(4): 171–184.
2232:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2197:2027/heb.01919
2181:
2175:
2161:
2140:
2129:
2123:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2066:
2045:
2025:
2019:
2006:
1986:(2): 152–173.
1971:
1957:
1944:
1919:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1874:, p. 351.
1864:
1852:
1837:
1835:, p. 350.
1825:
1823:, p. 348.
1813:
1794:
1792:, p. 203.
1773:
1771:, p. 342.
1761:
1759:, p. 179.
1749:
1747:, p. 144.
1737:
1725:
1723:, p. 202.
1702:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1655:, p. 168.
1636:
1634:, p. 364.
1624:
1612:
1610:, p. 167.
1585:
1583:, p. 201.
1562:
1545:
1530:
1528:, p. 175.
1518:
1506:
1494:
1492:, p. 176.
1482:
1470:
1468:, p. 280.
1451:
1439:
1437:, p. 174.
1420:
1408:
1406:, p. 173.
1393:
1378:
1366:
1349:
1337:
1335:, p. 166.
1320:
1308:
1306:, p. 274.
1296:
1284:
1272:
1270:, p. 133.
1260:
1258:, p. 255.
1248:
1246:, p. 152.
1236:
1224:
1209:
1207:, p. 171.
1197:
1195:, p. 282.
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1153:
1150:
1132:
1129:
1096:Abdul Hamid II
1090:changed, with
1068:Abdul Hamid II
1047:
1044:
1018:
1015:
983:Abdul Hamid II
897:
894:
805:Hareket Ordusu
772:Main article:
769:
766:
727:Prenk Bib Doda
718:Abdul Hamid II
702:Constantinople
693:
690:
621:
618:
554:Bektashi Order
550:Derviş Vahdeti
469:The murder of
462:
459:
457:
454:
390:Young Ottomans
362:
359:
322:Hareket Ordusu
290:Adana massacre
211:Abdul Hamid II
183:Ottoman Empire
179:31 Mart Vakası
165:
164:
161:Abdul Hamid II
158:
141:Hüseyin Hüsnü
134:
133:
129:
128:
127:
126:
123:
115:
92:
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
77:Abdul Hamid II
69:
65:
64:
59:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5035:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4985:
4984:
4983:Turkey Portal
4979:
4971:
4964:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:Alleged plans
4907:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:Coup attempts
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4663:
4658:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4531:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4495:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4481:Cretan Revolt
4479:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4465:Cretan Revolt
4463:
4458:
4457:Brsjak Revolt
4455:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4433:Epirus Revolt
4431:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4417:Cretan Revolt
4415:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4361:Cretan Revolt
4359:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4329:Epirus Revolt
4327:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4311:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4289:Niš Rebellion
4287:
4282:
4281:Cretan Revolt
4279:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4169:Laz rebellion
4167:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4129:Niš Rebellion
4127:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4058:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4024:Serb Uprising
4022:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3872:Epirus revolt
3870:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3840:Serb Uprising
3838:
3833:
3832:Himara Revolt
3830:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Petar Bojović
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3428:Janko Vukotić
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Constantine I
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Nikola Ivanov
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:First Çatalca
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Pente Pigadia
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2899:Balkan League
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2721:Saliha Naciye
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2632:Perestu Kadın
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Yıldız Palace
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:(3): 92–105.
2403:
2399:
2394:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2312:9781786720214
2308:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2227:9781400847761
2223:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2176:9781594205323
2172:
2168:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1886:, p. 57.
1885:
1884:McMeekin 2016
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:Bardakçı 2008
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:Bardakçı 2007
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:, p. 70.
1699:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1667:, p. 72.
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:, p. 69.
1559:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:, p. 37.
1542:
1541:Gingeras 2016
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1504:, p. 35.
1503:
1502:Gingeras 2016
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1480:, p. 74.
1479:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:Gingeras 2016
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:Georgeon 2007
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:, p. 66.
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:Gingeras 2016
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1234:, p. 38.
1233:
1232:Gingeras 2016
1228:
1225:
1222:, p. 36.
1221:
1220:Gingeras 2016
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Essad Toptani
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:'s Salonica (
1033:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1010:
994:
992:
988:
984:
978:
977:
967:
966:Modern Turkey
963:
959:
955:
953:
949:
943:
941:
932:
931:Resimli Kitap
927:
923:
921:
917:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
865:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
825:
821:
817:
815:
811:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
775:
767:
765:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
747:Mehmed Talaat
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
691:
689:
687:
683:
682:
677:
676:Hüseyin Cahit
672:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
640:
631:
626:
619:
617:
615:
611:
610:Galata Bridge
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
586:
581:
576:
572:
571:
564:
559:
555:
551:
548:
543:
539:
534:
528:
522:
515:
511:
506:
501:
496:
492:
487:
478:
477:
472:
467:
460:
455:
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
400:(1876–1878).
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
373:
368:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
318:
314:
309:
308:were killed.
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:Mehmed Talaat
275:
271:
266:
263:
259:
255:
250:
245:
243:
242:Liberty Party
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:Rumi calendar
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
159:
157:
156:Mustafa Ismet
153:
149:
145:
139:
136:
135:
130:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
114:
110:
109:Dashnak Party
105:
101:
97:
94:
93:
88:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
67:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:
51:31 Mart 1325)
50:
46:
43:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4974:
4963:E-memorandum
4878:2016 attempt
4866:1971 attempt
4854:1969 attempt
4849:1963 attempt
4844:1962 attempt
4760:Edirne Event
4593:Karak revolt
4534:Dissolution
4265:Druze revolt
4074:in Belgrade
4032:Orlov Revolt
3976:Edirne event
3891:(1624, 1627)
3551:Ismail Kemal
3334:Mihail Savov
3329:Stoyan Danev
3307:Participants
3206:
3124:Kresna Gorge
3082:
2951:Kirk Kilisse
2909:
2845:Cretan State
2733:
2711:Fatma Pesend
2686:Mezidimestan
2638:Abdulmejid I
2510:Major events
2438:
2434:
2401:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2381:
2353:
2325:
2301:
2281:
2240:
2236:
2216:
2188:
2166:
2153:. Retrieved
2148:
2134:
2114:
2091:
2049:
2032:
2010:
1983:
1979:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1927:
1911:. Retrieved
1909:(in Turkish)
1906:
1893:Bibliography
1879:
1867:
1855:
1828:
1816:
1790:Zürcher 2017
1764:
1757:Gawrych 2006
1752:
1740:
1728:
1721:Zürcher 2017
1698:Zürcher 1996
1677:Zürcher 1996
1672:
1660:
1653:Gawrych 2006
1627:
1620:Zürcher 2017
1615:
1608:Gawrych 2006
1581:Zürcher 2017
1558:Zürcher 1996
1526:Swenson 1970
1521:
1509:
1497:
1490:Swenson 1970
1485:
1473:
1447:Swenson 1970
1442:
1435:Swenson 1970
1411:
1404:Swenson 1970
1369:
1340:
1333:Gawrych 2006
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1205:Swenson 1970
1200:
1188:
1155:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1088:Grand Vizier
1081:
1036:Thessaloniki
1020:
1012:
996:
971:
944:
936:
930:
913:
871:
867:
863:
832:
777:
755:
744:
737:and several
735:Isa Boletini
710:Ismail Kemal
695:
685:
679:
671:War Minister
665:
635:
604:On 6 April,
603:
599:Hagia Sophia
574:
568:
544:
516:
482:
474:
433:
402:
378:
339:
313:Ottoman Army
310:
262:Grand Vizier
246:
234:secularising
207:Constitution
170:
168:
117:
104:Supported by
103:
90:Belligerents
79:was deposed.
71:
18:
5013:Enver Pasha
4959:(1957–1958)
4953: [
4888:media purge
4869: [
4857: [
4673:Arab Revolt
4536:(1908–1922)
4212:(1835–1858)
4063:(1789–1908)
4051:(1793–1795)
3967:(1700–1789)
3965:Old Regime
3931:(1658–1667)
3923:(1658–1659)
3819:(1590–1610)
3779:(1574–1576)
3746:(1550–1700)
3718:(1523–1524)
3674:(1453–1550)
3626:(1299–1453)
3445:Nazim Pasha
3339:Ivan Fichev
3324:Ivan Geshov
3319:Ferdinand I
3235:World War I
2961:Lule Burgas
2926:Sarantaporo
2783:Balkan Wars
2441:(2): 1–29.
1913:28 December
1872:Knight 1910
1833:Knight 1910
1821:Knight 1910
1809:Skendi 1967
1769:Knight 1910
1745:Yılmaz 2016
1665:Kieser 2018
1632:Skendi 1967
1478:Kaylan 2005
1364:, para. 12.
1316:Kieser 2018
1138:Ernst Jäckh
962:Celâl Bayar
905:Action Army
886:Aram Efendi
880:(Carasso),
839:Hafız Hakkı
835:Fethi Okyar
824:Action Army
800:Action Army
774:Action Army
606:Hasan Fehmi
591:free masons
561: [
471:Hasan Fehmi
421:Kâmil Pasha
382:Young Turks
317:Action Army
282:San Stefano
226:reactionary
152:Enver Pasha
96:Action Army
4997:Categories
3612:Rebellions
3455:Esad Pasha
3450:Zeki Pasha
3418:Nicholas I
3413:Montenegro
3266:Atrocities
3109:Bregalnica
2971:Adrianople
2884:Goudi coup
2790:Background
2666:Bedrifelek
1860:Küçük 1988
1176:References
1146:Wilhelm II
1066:to Sultan
1042:) Branch.
657:Ahmed Rıza
644:Tashkishla
361:Background
238:absolutism
4823:1980 coup
4813:1960 coup
4795:1913 coup
4790:1912 coup
4775:1876 coup
4750:1512 coup
4676:(1916–18)
4660:(1914–18)
4556:(1908–10)
4484:(1897–98)
4476:(1896–97)
4468:(1896–97)
4460:(1880–81)
4428:(1878–79)
4380:(1875–77)
4372:(1866–67)
4364:(1866–69)
4324:(1852–62)
4300:(1843–44)
4276:(1838–39)
4204:(1834-35)
4172:(1832–34)
4164:(1832–33)
4156:(1831–33)
4140:(1821–29)
4116:(1815-17)
4084:(1804–13)
4076:(1801–04)
4027:(1737–39)
3995:(1707–11)
3843:(1596–97)
3758:(1564–65)
3654:(1443–68)
3646:(1404–18)
3638:(1416–20)
3475:Enver Bey
3214:Aftermath
3119:Kalimanci
3114:Knjaževac
2931:Kardzhali
2807:Bulgarian
2691:Emsalinur
2681:Dilpesend
2644:Abdülaziz
2501:Reign of
2455:0026-3206
2418:0026-3206
2291:1887/2513
2273:162348476
2257:0022-0094
2076:cite book
2002:1911-0359
1514:Shaw 1976
1466:Shaw 1976
1389:Shaw 1976
1374:Shaw 1976
1345:Shaw 1976
1304:Shaw 1976
1292:Shaw 1976
1268:Butt 2017
1256:Shaw 1976
1193:Shaw 1976
1181:Citations
940:Enver Bey
843:Enver Bey
786:based in
758:Macedonia
449:cleavages
306:Assyrians
298:Armenians
230:Islamists
4061:Decline
3565:Category
3440:Mehmed V
3376:George I
3314:Bulgaria
3001:Merhamli
2996:Kaliakra
2986:Monastir
2946:Kumanovo
2941:Sorovich
2802:Albanian
2706:Peyveste
2671:Nurefsun
2661:Nazikeda
2640:(father)
2628:(mother)
2376:(2005).
2187:(1976).
2113:(2018).
1152:Memorial
1105:Mehmed V
1027:Dragoman
909:Istanbul
851:Yeşilköy
828:Bakırköy
751:Yeşilköy
614:seminary
585:mektepli
510:mektepli
500:mektepli
476:Serbestî
417:Salonika
331:Mehmed V
286:Yeşilköy
284:(modern
274:Salonika
222:Istanbul
61:Istanbul
56:Location
4935:(2010s)
3614:in the
3547:Albania
3514:Peter I
3492:Carol I
3487:Romania
3207:General
3092:Battles
3016:Korytsa
3006:Driskos
2966:Yenidje
2956:Scutari
2919:Battles
2817:Serbian
2696:Müşfika
2646:(uncle)
2463:4283809
2426:4283809
2155:25 July
1938:25 July
1117:Shkodër
952:Shkodër
847:Çatalca
788:Selanik
731:Mirdita
575:Volcano
461:Prelude
294:pogroms
175:Turkish
4965:(2007)
4929:(2009)
4923:(2004)
4883:purges
4692:(1921)
4684:(1916)
4668:(1915)
4652:(1914)
4644:(1913)
4636:(1913)
4628:(1912)
4620:(1912)
4612:(1911)
4604:(1910)
4596:(1910)
4588:(1910)
4580:(1909)
4572:(1909)
4564:(1909)
4548:(1908)
4524:(1907)
4516:(1906)
4508:(1905)
4500:(1905)
4492:(1903)
4452:(1878)
4444:(1878)
4436:(1878)
4420:(1878)
4412:(1878)
4404:(1878)
4396:(1876)
4388:(1876)
4356:(1860)
4348:(1858)
4340:(1854)
4332:(1854)
4316:(1847)
4308:(1845)
4292:(1841)
4284:(1841)
4268:(1838)
4260:(1836)
4252:(1836)
4244:(1836)
4236:(1836)
4228:(1836)
4220:(1836)
4196:(1834)
4188:(1834)
4180:(1833)
4148:(1830)
4132:(1821)
4124:(1821)
4108:(1814)
4100:(1809)
4092:(1807)
4072:Dahije
4043:(1788)
4035:(1770)
4019:(1730)
4011:(1717)
4003:(1711)
3987:(1705)
3979:(1703)
3955:(1689)
3947:(1688)
3939:(1686)
3915:(1656)
3907:(1648)
3899:(1642)
3883:(1623)
3875:(1611)
3867:(1609)
3859:(1600)
3851:(1598)
3835:(1596)
3827:(1594)
3811:(1589)
3803:(1586)
3795:(1585)
3787:(1585)
3766:(1565)
3734:(1527)
3726:(1526)
3710:(1519)
3702:(1518)
3694:(1512)
3686:(1511)
3662:(1446)
3509:Serbia
3371:Greece
3104:Doiran
3036:Bizani
3031:Şarköy
3026:Bulair
3021:Lemnos
2981:Himara
2976:Prilep
2852:&
2716:Behice
2701:Sazkar
2618:Family
2461:
2453:
2424:
2416:
2387:21 May
2332:
2309:
2271:
2265:259871
2263:
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