965:. Some Liberal (Ahrar) political leaders were arrested and British pressure resulted in their freedom. A government investigation later cleared Qemali of any wrongdoing. Sultan Abdul Hamid was deserted by most of his advisors. The parliament discussed the question as to whether he would be permitted to remain on the throne or be deposed or even be executed. Putting the Sultan to death was considered unwise as such a step might rouse a fanatical response and plunge the Empire into civil war. On the other hand, there were those who felt that after all that had happened it was impossible that the parliament could ever again work with the Sultan.
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764:) and established a counter government, declaring the new government in Constantinople as illegal. Within Istanbul, the leadership of the Liberal Party attempted unsuccessfully to maintain control of events and prevent the rebellion from taking an anti-constitutionalist course in support of Abdul Hamid. Conflicts arose within the Islamic clergy, with higher-ranking ulama united in the Society of the Islamic Scholarly Profession opposing the uprising, while some imams (hocas) supported it. From 16 April onward, the ulama publicly denounced the revolt.
525:
exacerbated the poor relationship between the officers and their men, as opponents of the CUP within the military expressed unhappiness with entrusting the empire's leadership to "yesterday's school children", the young CUP officers recently graduated from military academies, at the expense of more experienced officers who had climbed the ranks. The situation worsened when the newly elected parliament announced its intention to retire a significant part of the officer corps, with cuts disproportionately affecting non-commissioned officers.
937:
868:. A delegation was sent to Army headquarters by the Ottoman Parliament that sought to stop it from taking Istanbul through force. The response was negative and the delegation then went to Ayastefanos and made a call for colleagues to unite with them. Both parliamentary chambers convened as a National Assembly (meclis-i umumi-i milli) at the Yachting Club building of Ayastefanos on 23 April and thereafter. Qemali had left the city prior to the Action Army arriving at Constantinople and he fled to
831:
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666:. Hilmi Pasha's government was in a state of confusion, and fearful of the repercussions of ordering remaining loyal troops against the protestors, it sent the Chief of Police instead to hear the crowd's requests. Six demands were prepared by the spokesmen of the mutineering soldiers: the return of Sharia law, the banishment of some CUP parliamentarians from Constantinople, the replacement of
463:
agitated against the secular nature of the new constitution and equality for non-Muslims, arguing that the adoption of
Western technology did not need to be accompanied by a move away from Islamic law. This view was widely held throughout Ottoman society and Islamists may have enjoyed the private support of Abdul Hamid, despite his proclamations in favour of the new constitution.
636:
1062:
430:. The CUP cautiously undertook to restrict the sultan's powers and by early August 1908 it had overseen the transfer of navy and army ministerial appointments away from the sultan to the office of the grand vizier. The sultan's palace staff were reduced and replaced with CUP members who monitored Abdul Hamid's official correspondence. Meanwhile, the interim government of
477:
670:(the CUP President of the Chamber of Deputies), the replacement of some CUP officers and the removal of the Grand Vizier along with the Ministers of War and Navy. By the afternoon the government's authority in the capital had collapsed, and faced with this ultimatum Hilmi Pasha and his cabinet resigned. The Sultan swiftly appointed
541:
troops, who fired into the riotous crowd of
Albanians with machine guns. These events severely damaged morale among the sharpshooters. In February 1909, Grand Vizier Kâmil Pasha moved to weaken the CUP's grip on power by appointing his own candidates as Ministers of War and Navy. In response, the CUP
684:
of the new cabinet went to see the troops at Meydanı, gave them praise and told them that their requests would be fulfilled. The victory was celebrated by the soldiers and religious students. During the revolt, the CUP was targeted in a pogrom with protestors killing 20 people, mainly army officers,
1137:
Under the multi-religious "balancing policies" of the CUP which aimed to achieve "Ottomanisation" by promoting
Ottoman nationalism over ethnic or religious nationalism among the Empire's diverse subjects. These measures stirred some nationalist sentiments among non-Turkish populations, contributing
528:
In late
October, authorities arranged for the transfer of Albanian troops seen as hostile to the new regime out of Istanbul. Many of these soldiers were soon due to be discharged, and upon receiving orders for deployment to Yemen a portion refused and demonstrated for the immediate termination of
351:
The precise nature of events is uncertain; differing interpretations have been offered by historians, ranging from a spontaneous revolt of discontents to a secretly planned and coordinated counter-revolution against the CUP. Most modern studies disregard claims the sultan was actively involved in
948:
There was fierce street fighting in the
European quarter where the guard houses were held by the First Army Corps. There was heavy fire from troops in the Tashkishla barracks against the advancing troops. The barracks had to be shelled and almost destroyed by the artillery located on the heights
1133:
Following the 31 March
Incident, the CUP took measures to suppress the interests of ethnic minorities within Ottoman society. Societies advocating for minority rights, such as the Society of Arab Ottoman Brotherhood, were outlawed, and publications with radical Islamic rhetoric were prohibited.
1040:
of the
British Embassy, of being the hidden hand behind a reactionary religious uprising. The British government had already supported actions against constitutionalists in an attempt to mute the effect of increasing German sympathizers in the Ottoman Empire since the 1880s. According to these
588:
in
English) in November 1908 to spread anti-secularist rhetoric and campaign against the government. Religious conservatives portrayed the restored 1876 constitution as sacrificing Islamic traditions in order to curry favour with Western states and attacked the new general assembly for giving
462:
to the surface. Muslims saw the new government as impotent in the face of pressure from
European powers, while government promises to reclaim the lost territories upset minorities who hoped for greater autonomy or independence. One of the greatest threats came from supporters of Islamism, who
524:
officers began to play an important role within the capital's political and social scene, attending CUP political functions, banquets and theatrical performances. With their officers increasingly absent, discipline within the sharpshooter battalions began to break down. A generational divide
771:, and took immediate countermeasures. They organized public demonstrations in towns across the provinces and sent numerous telegrams to the palace and parliament, successfully convincing a significant portion of the population in Macedonia that the constitution was in danger. The historian
996:. He initially suggested that it would better to ask the Sultan to resign. It was insisted that Nuri Efendi sign the fatwa. However Nuri Efendi continued to refuse. Finally, Mustafa Asim Efendi convinced him and so the fatwa was signed by him and then it was signed by the newly appointed
364:. The temporary loss of power led to radicalisation within the CUP, resulting in an increasing willingness among unionists to utilise violence. Some scholars have argued that the deterioration of ethnic relations and erosion of public institutions during 1908–1909 precipitated the
299:), where they proclaimed the new ministry illegal and attempted to rally secularists and minorities in support of their cause. For a brief period the two rival authorities in Istanbul and San Stefano each claimed to represent the legitimate government. These events triggered the
390:
The educational reforms during Abdul Hamid II's reign (1876–1909) had led to an increased diffusion of liberal political thought from
Western Europe among young Ottoman professionals and military officers. A loosely organised underground movement of reformists known as the
991:
was needed. So, a fatwa drawn up in the form of question and was given to scholars to answer and sign. A scholar by the name of Nuri Efendi was brought to sign the fatwa. Initially, Nuri Efendi was unsure whether three crimes raised in the question were carried out by
1146:
While Germany was perturbed with the deposition of their ally Abdul Hamid, the CUP eventually proved just as willing to stoke pan-Islamism. With military reforms bearing fruit in the army, German arms dealers reassessed the situation. Through the Turkologist
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troops to depose Abdul Hamid, or that Kâmil Pasha had attempted to order them back to Macedonia. As a consequence of these machinations, the battalions became increasingly politicised and, to the frustration of ordinary soldiers, seen as a tool of the CUP.
956:
Under martial law and following the defeat of the rebellion two courts martial sentenced and executed the majority of the rebels which included Dervish Vahdeti. Albanians involved in the counterrevolutionary movement were executed such as Halil Bey from
262:
30–31 Mart 1325), sparked by agitation from Muslim fundamentalists, low morale and officerial mismanagement. The unrest spiralled out of control as religious students and other elements of the city's garrison joined the insurrection, converging on
1122:, whom he considered a traitor due to his family's ties to royal patronage, such as his gains in privileges and key positions in the Ottoman government. Albanians involved in the counterrevolutionary movement were executed such as Halil Bey from
752:
chieftains offered military assistance to the sultan. In response, the Sultan promised to bring back the rule of religion if he were to be reinstated. The situation in Constantinople remained under the control of Dervish Vahdeti for 11 days.
445:
Throughout 1908, as events continued to unfold in Istanbul, the Ottoman Empire lost large portions of its European territory. This was due to both encroachments by foreign powers and the activity of the empire's ethnic minorities:
426:. The CUP, internally divided and lacking an agreed political program, did not take over government; instead it chose to influence the unsteady parliamentary regime from a distance and its Central Committee remained based in
735:
to acknowledge the new government, and Albanians from his hometown supported him, even raiding the arms depot to back the sultan with weapons if needed. Albanian clubs also expressed support for quelling the uprising, while
1113:
being the main messenger saying "the nation has deposed you". Some Muslims expressed dismay that non Muslims had informed the sultan of his deposition. Abdul Hamid was replaced by his younger brother, who took the name
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officers and training regimen into the First Army Corps resulted in less time for soldiers to undertake ablution and prayer, allowing Islamists to present the CUP and its officers as irreligious, even atheistic,
278:
responded ineffectually, and by the afternoon of 13 April its authority in the capital had collapsed. The Sultan accepted Hilmi Pasha's resignation and appointed a new cabinet free from the CUP's influence under
657:
barracks mutinied, locking up their officers and marching onto the streets to call for the reinstatement of Sharia and for the CUP to be disbanded. Religious students joined the mutinying soldiers outside the
949:
above the barracks before the garrison surrendered after several hours fighting and heavy losses. Equally desperate was the defence of the Taksim barracks. The attack on the Taksim barracks was led by
604:
from Macedonia. Although Abdul Hamid refused to provide financial support for the movement and newspaper, figures connected with the palace purportedly supported Vahdeti and one of the sultan's sons,
352:
plotting the uprising, emphasising the CUP's mismanagement of troops in the build up to the mutiny and the role of conservative religious groups. The crisis was an important early moment in the
879:
His Sublime Majesty awaits benevolently the arrival of the so called constitutional army. He has nothing to gain or fear since his Sublimity is for the Constitution and is its supreme guardian.
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returned from their international posts at Ottoman embassies and joined Mahmud Shevket and his military staff prior to reaching Istanbul. The Action Army's troops were transported by train to
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has commented that the CUP was largely successful in its propaganda, and was able to convince a significant portion of the population of Macedonia that the constitution was in peril.
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law would be preserved, responding to the requests of the troops. Kemal briefly became President of the Ottoman National Assembly and led it to recognize a new government by
348:, the military general who had organised and led the Action Army, became the most influential figure in the restored constitutional system until his assassination in 1913.
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assuming the role. The constitution was restored for the third time (after earlier attempts in 1876 and 1908), and both parliamentary chambers convened to depose
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336:), which entered Istanbul on 24 April after failed negotiations. On 27 April, Abdul Hamid, accused by the CUP of complicity in the uprising, was deposed by the
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If it is shown that his country will gain peace by his removal and if it be considered by those who have power that this imam should abdicate or be deposed.
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Discontent among the soldiers was further stirred up by Muslim fundamentalists. Islamists in Istanbul were led by a charismatic mystic from Cyprus called
2671:
744:, offered assistance from his tribe, driven by fears that the Hamidian regime could return, rather than being loyal to the CUP. During the countercoup,
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in Istanbul. The assassination went unsolved but many in the city speculated that the CUP had been responsible. Protests by Islamic conservatives and
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trained in modern military techniques – had played an instrumental role in the 1908 revolution. Upon their arrival in Istanbul, the well-connected
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also played a lesser role. The crisis ended after eleven days, when troops loyal to the CUP restored order in Istanbul and deposed Abdul Hamid.
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458:. These losses dampened the popular elation that had followed the re-establishment of parliament, while open political debate brought existing
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Zürcher, E. J. (1996). "The Ides of April. A Fundamentalist uprising in Istanbul in 1909?". In van Dijk, Cees; de Groot, Alexander H. (eds.).
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from Salonika to Istanbul in response to increased political tension in the city and concerns over the loyalty of its regular garrison, the
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Zürcher, Erik Jan (2017). "31 Mart: A Fundamentalist Uprising in Istanbul in April 1909?". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (eds.).
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231:), it is sometimes referred to as an attempted countercoup or counterrevolution. It consisted of a general uprising against the CUP within
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903:(Pasiner). Finally, at the moment when the conflict showed signs of extending to the public, the Salonikan troops entered Istanbul.
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1109:. Four CUP members composed of one Armenian, one Jew and two Muslim Albanians went to inform the sultan of his dethronement, with
823:. The eleventh Reserve (Redif) Division based in Selanik composed the advance guard of the Action Army and the chief of staff was
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On 27 April the Assembly held a meeting behind closed doors under the presidency of Said Pasha. In order to remove the Sultan, a
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orchestrated a confidence vote against his cabinet, forcing him to resign. On 14 February 1909, the CUP's preferred candidate,
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battalion were sent to suppress the protests by force and a second riot among Albanian troops in March was again put down by
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12–13 April 1909), thus named after 31 March where March is the equivalent to Rumi month Mart. Occurring soon after the 1908
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minorities and Christians within the empire greater influence, issues which resonated with soldiers who had recently been
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612:; its agitation for the restoration of Sharia gained widespread support, including from soldiers stationed in the city.
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The crisis began with a mutiny among elite Macedonian troops of the Istanbul garrison on the night of 12–13 April 1909 (
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If after killing imprisoning and exiling his subjects unjustly, he swears to amend his ways and then perjures himself.
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A Greek lithograph celebrating "freedom, equality, brotherhood" among Ottoman subjects following the 1908 revolution
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819:). The force numbered 20,000–25,000 regular troops, reinforced with volunteer units, mostly Albanians led by Major
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In October 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress arranged for the transfer of three seasoned sharpshooter (
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723:, an Ahrar deputy, managed to gather some parliamentarians and officially announced that the constitution and
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The Sultan remained in the Yildiz and had frequent conferences with Grand Vizier Tewfik Pasha who announced:
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Butt, Ahsan I. (2017). "The Ottoman Empire's Escalation from Reforms to the Armenian Genocide, 1908–1915".
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Early on the morning of 24 April the Action Army began to occupy Istanbul, with the operation directed by
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resumed, and a large loan was procured for further modernization projects for arms and barracks. Kaiser
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provinces which compelled the sultan to restore the constitution of 1876, in what became known as the
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From 15 April the CUP began preparations for a military operation against the rebels. It appealed to
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ultimately did not mind the fall of his friend Abdul Hamid and the entrenchment of the Young Turks.
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held during November and December. Abdul Hamid opened the new parliamentary session on 17 December.
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Ahmad, Feroz; Şenses, Bülent Şenses (2007). "Hareket Ordusu". In Fleet, Kate; et al. (eds.).
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608:, was a member of the Mohammedan Union. The society held its first mass rally on 3 April at the
546:, was appointed the new grand vizier. Rumours spread within the city that the CUP would use the
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to regain power and form a new government. As a result of this incident, the position of the
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1004:, legalising it. The fatwa complete with the answer was now read to the assembled members:
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district of Istanbul as a memorial to the 74 soldiers killed in action during this event.
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The Ottoman Endgame: War, revolution, and the making of the modern Middle East, 1908–1923
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and rescinding press censorship powers, permitting free political campaigning ahead of a
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students over the killings led to unrest among soldiers in the city's main barracks.
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2333:"Revisiting Netwrosk and Narratives: Enver Pasha's Pan-Islamic and Pan-Turkic Quest"
1987:"From Bloodless Revolution to Bloody Counterrevolution: The Adana Massacres of 1909"
801:(modern Thessaloniki) to quell the uprising. With support from the commander of the
356:, setting a pattern of political instability which continued with military coups in
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The uprising was suppressed and the former government restored when elements of the
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864:). It was secretly agreed there that Abdul Hamid would be deposed for his brother
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Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1922
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Then the Assembly unanimously voted that Sultan Abdul Hamid should be deposed.
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and Hademköy, and then to Ayastefanos (also referred to as San Stefano; modern
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barracks; by four o'clock of the afternoon the remaining rebels surrendered.
929:. There was little meaningful resistance, with the exception of Tașkışla and
760:, an Edirne deputy and CUP leader, escaped with 100 deputies to Ayastefanos (
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The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
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403:, a secret society of intellectuals which had forced Abdul Hamid to enact a
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organised by local officials and Islamic clerics in which 20,000 to 25,000
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Subversives and Mavericks in the Muslim Mediterranean: A Subaltern History
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1935:"Osmanlı demokrasisi kitap yırttı diye padişahı bile tahtından indirmişti"
979:, was among the volunteer troops who took action to suppress the rebellion
809:, Mahmud Shevket combined the armies to create a strike force called the "
767:
The CUP managed to retain its influence in the provinces, particularly in
578:, also known as the Mohammedan Union Party, and set up a newspaper called
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carried out a series of democratic and administrative reforms, abolishing
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The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918
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Negotiations continued for six days. The negotiators were Rear Admiral
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619:, a prominent opposition journalist, was shot and killed as he crossed
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sympathetic to the CUP formed an impromptu military force known as the
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953:. After a short battle they gained control of the palace on 27 April.
695:. Protestors also burned a few CUP offices such as those belonging to
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Turkey : the awakening of Turkey, the Turkish revolution of 1908
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Secession and Security: Explaining State Strategy against Separatists
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The pro-absolutist population joining the rebellion of the military.
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Swenson, Victor R. (1970). "The Military Rising in Istanbul 1909".
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1049:) branch, which had outmatched the British-sympathizing Monastir (
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If an imam of the Muslims tampers with and burns the sacred books.
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490:, in the days preceding the mutiny acted as a catalyst for unrest.
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Wasti, S. Tanvir (1996b). "The Last Chroniclers of the Mabeyn".
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sources, this countercoup was directed specifically against the
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and political reform. These demands were partly inspired by the
200:. The incident broke out during the night of 30–31 Mart 1325 in
129:
Hunter battalions revolting against their officers in Istanbul.
123:
4717:
3590:
2766:
2485:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1065:
Esad Hayreddin Bey, one of the soldiers killed during the event
2762:
1962:. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press. pp. 125–162.
2103:
The Kemalists: Islamic Revival and the Fate of Secular Turkey
2042:(2007). "Abdülhamid II". In Fleet, Kate; et al. (eds.).
975:(2nd from left), who would later become the 3rd President of
414:
In July 1908, a secret revolutionary organisation called the
2572:
2126:
Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
2149:. Norwood, M.A.: J. B. Millet – via Internet Archive.
1126:
which caused indignation among the conservative Muslims of
2407:
Wasti, S. Tanvir (1996). "Halil Menteşe: The Quadrumvir".
1395:
1393:
1089:, Aram Efendi and Colonel Galip Bey (Pasiner), April 1909.
1014:
If he causes civil war and bloodshed among his own people.
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1547:
1545:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1410:
1408:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1138:
to a national identity that resisted conservative Islam.
283:. Most CUP members fled the city for their power base in
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1226:
1224:
2200:
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 2
1914:"Askerin siyasete yerleşmesi 31 Mart isyanıyla başladı"
1854:
1852:
1018:
Is it lawful that one of these alternatives be adopted.
961:
which caused indignation among conservative Muslims of
940:
The execution of the countercoup rebels in the journal
647:
Early on the morning of 13 April, troops of the fourth
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
685:
and two parliamentarians mistaken for Ahmet Rıza and
2391:. In The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (ed.).
984:
4953:
4919:
4847:
4814:
4751:
4543:
4070:
3974:
3753:
3681:
3633:
3317:
3276:
3224:
3199:
3163:
3102:
3060:
2929:
2800:
2664:
2627:
2606:
2585:
2520:
719:lacked enough members for a parliamentary session.
251:, although liberal opponents of the CUP within the
1032:Some writers have accused the British, led by Sir
1081:. Left to right: Rear Admiral Arif Hikmet Pasha,
83:The rebellion was suppressed by the Action Army.
1006:
877:
34:
4729:
3602:
2778:
2497:
2162:(in Turkish). TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi
1254:
814:
707:After the failed countercoup, members of the
648:
594:
547:
536:
530:
519:
509:
495:
331:
8:
2180:. New York, New York: Penguin Random House.
1093:The failure of the counter-coup allowed the
484:, editor-in-chief of the anti-CUP newspaper
2335:. In Moreau, Odile; Schaar, Stuart (eds.).
27:1909 political crisis in the Ottoman Empire
4736:
4722:
4714:
3609:
3595:
3587:
2785:
2771:
2763:
2504:
2490:
2482:
2091:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
689:(Yalçin), the editor of the CUP newspaper
418:(CUP) led an insurrection in the empire's
395:emerged to press for the restoration of a
46:Deputies of the parliament in Thessaloniki
40:
31:
2300:
2231:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2202:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2128:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2069:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199676071.001.0001
2002:
1020:The answer is "Olur" (it is permissible).
643:following the suppression of the uprising
3176:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
1894:
1858:
1743:
1551:
1512:
1426:
1372:
1290:
1242:
1230:
967:
529:their contracts. Troops from the fourth
514:officers – graduates of the prestigious
2295:. Leiden: Leiden CNWS. pp. 64–76.
1800:
1767:
1731:
1708:
1687:
1663:
1630:
1618:
1591:
1568:
1536:
1500:
1457:
1445:
1414:
1343:
1215:
1196:
1118:. The sultan directed his anger toward
756:After being driven out of the capital,
593:. Attempts by the CUP to introduce new
303:, a month-long series of anti-Armenian
247:influence of the CUP and supporters of
2084:
1985:Der Matossian, Bedross (August 2011).
1882:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1779:
1755:
1675:
1642:
1488:
1326:
711:(CUP) either went into hiding or fled
220:and ended the absolute rule of Sultan
5019:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire
4932:Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven
4668:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
1870:
7:
5034:Military coups in the Ottoman Empire
1524:
1476:
1399:
1384:
1355:
1314:
1302:
1278:
1266:
1203:
216:(CUP) had successfully restored the
192:) was a political crisis within the
3304:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
3207:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
2375:– via Brill Reference Online.
2220:– via ACLS Humanities E-Book.
2054:– via Brill Reference Online.
591:fighting separatists in the Balkans
4380:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867
4348:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854
3654:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
448:Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina
354:empire's process of disintegration
267:to demand the re-establishment of
25:
2808:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
1912:Bardakçı, Murat (16 April 2007).
1142:Impact on international relations
4987:
3617:
2746:
2745:
2100:Kaylan, Muammer (8 April 2005).
1010:If he appropriates public money.
271:. The CUP-aligned government of
2373:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30322
2248:Journal of Contemporary History
2228:The Albanian National Awakening
2081:– via Oxford Scholarship.
1991:Genocide Studies and Prevention
1095:Committee of Union and Progress
731:. He urged his constituency in
709:Committee of Union and Progress
563:, who may have belonged to the
416:Committee of Union and Progress
226:
214:Committee of Union and Progress
136:Opponents of Union and Progress
111:Committee of Union and Progress
5014:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
4500:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
4484:1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion
3294:Bulgarians deportation program
2865:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
2052:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0101
1933:Bardakçı, Murat (7 May 2008).
1028:Allegations of foreign support
452:Bulgaria declared independence
1:
4596:Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)
3787:Expeditions against the Druze
3726:Expeditions against the Druze
3145:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
2614:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2339:. University of Texas Press.
287:(modern Thessaloniki), while
4776:1730 Patrona Halil rebellion
4364:Mount Lebanon civil conflict
3803:Expedition against the Druze
3795:Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt
3774:Expedition against the Druze
3766:Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion
3237:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
2553:Yıldız assassination attempt
2532:Senate of the Ottoman Empire
2528:Ottoman constitution of 1876
1941:(in Turkish). Archived from
1176:
779:Formation of the Action Army
291:and some fellow MPs fled to
3232:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
985:
5050:
5029:1909 in the Ottoman Empire
4954:Other incidents and trials
4938:Operation Cage Action Plan
3646:Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion
3251:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
2260:10.1177/002200947000500410
2063:(First ed.). Oxford.
844:In short time CUP members
782:
606:Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin
567:. Vahdeti established the
375:
196:in April 1909, during the
4983:
4644:Raid on the Sublime Porte
4420:1878 Macedonian rebellion
4196:Priest Jovica's Rebellion
4148:Greek War of Independence
4100:Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion
4051:Koča's frontier rebellion
3742:Kalender Çelebi rebellion
3571:
3412:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
3215:
3091:
2918:
2851:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
2740:
2569:
2558:Second Constitutional Era
2458:10.1080/00263209608701102
2421:10.1080/00263209608701120
1460:, pp. 172, 174, 176.
1179:) was erected in 1911 in
662:, before marching to the
569:Society for Islamic Unity
198:Second Constitutional Era
142:
100:
50:
39:
4909:military asylum incident
4745:Military coups in Turkey
4396:Bulgarian April uprising
4308:Uprising of Dervish Cara
4156:Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt
4116:Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion
3702:Nur Ali Halife rebellion
3186:Treaty of Constantinople
3078:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
2619:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
2543:First Constitutional Era
2393:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2020:Gawrych, George (2006).
516:Ottoman Military College
409:First Constitutional Era
4904:international reactions
4628:Albanian revolt of 1912
4612:Albanian revolt of 1910
4204:Second Mašići Rebellion
4124:Second Serbian Uprising
4059:Tripolitanian civil war
4027:Patrona Halil Rebellion
3947:Second Tarnovo Uprising
3256:Balkans campaign of WWI
2905:Albanian revolt of 1912
2751:Category:Abdul Hamid II
2367:(3rd ed.). Brill.
2331:Yılmaz, Șuhnaz (2016).
2225:Skendi, Stavro (1967).
2176:McMeekin, Sean (2016).
2059:Gingeras, Ryan (2016).
2046:(3rd ed.). Brill.
1002:Mehmed Ziyâeddin Efendi
639:Tashkishla barracks at
397:constitutional monarchy
4961:Nine Officers Incident
4588:Hauran Druze Rebellion
4436:Kresna–Razlog Uprising
4404:Razlovtsi insurrection
4260:Belogradchik Rebellion
4092:First Serbian Uprising
4003:The Great Insurrection
3859:First Tarnovo Uprising
3710:Nasir al-Din rebellion
3662:Skanderbeg's rebellion
3530:Crown Prince Alexander
3508:Crown Prince Ferdinand
3471:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
3299:Massacres of Civilians
3289:Massacres of Albanians
3242:Sarajevo Assassination
3171:Greek–Serbian Alliance
3164:Diplomacy and politics
3061:Diplomacy and politics
2885:Bulgarian Independence
2598:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
2578:
2446:Middle Eastern Studies
2409:Middle Eastern Studies
2365:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2154:Küçük, Cevdet (1988).
2143:Knight, E. F. (1910).
2044:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1978:10.7591/j.ctt1w0d9w9.9
1153:Berlin-Baghdad railway
1090:
1066:
1022:
980:
945:
922:
881:
841:
815:
664:parliamentary building
653:regiment based at the
649:
644:
595:
548:
537:
531:
520:
510:
496:
491:
387:
332:
189:
143:Commanders and leaders
4766:1622 janissary revolt
4556:Young Turk Revolution
4212:Syrian Peasant Revolt
3734:Baba Zünnun Rebellion
3556:Other Balkan states:
3397:Eleftherios Venizelos
3073:Albanian Independence
2875:Young Turk Revolution
2576:
2024:. London: IB Tauris.
1083:Emanuel Karasu Efendi
1072:
1064:
971:
939:
914:
889:Emanuel Karasu Efendi
833:
638:
479:
424:Young Turk Revolution
385:
378:Young Turk Revolution
376:Further information:
239:groups, particularly
210:Young Turk Revolution
4524:Mesopotamia uprising
4388:Herzegovina Uprising
4332:Herzegovina Uprising
4252:Berkovitsa Rebellion
4220:Tripolitanian revolt
3939:Druze power struggle
3782:Revolts of 1565–1572
3407:Pavlos Kountouriotis
2586:Associated buildings
2381:Yapp, Malcolm Edward
2106:. Prometheus Books.
1151:, financing for the
1057:Aftermath and legacy
907:Rebellion suppressed
791:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
500:) battalions of the
405:liberal constitution
346:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
149:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
4676:Uprising in Karbala
4652:Euphrates rebellion
4572:Al-Bejat Revolution
4132:Wallachian Uprising
4019:Uprising in Vučitrn
3963:Karposh's rebellion
3955:Chiprovtsi uprising
3670:Buçuktepe rebellion
3434:Crown Prince Danilo
3284:Carnegie Commission
3181:Treaty of Bucharest
2870:Macedonian Struggle
2846:Serbo-Bulgarian War
2537:Chamber of Deputies
2160:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
2004:10.3138/gsp.6.2.152
1939:Hürriyet Daily News
1633:, pp. 200–202.
1527:, pp. 279–280.
1402:, pp. 278–279.
1387:, pp. 276–277.
1358:, pp. 274–276.
1305:, pp. 266–267.
1169:Monument of Liberty
1111:Essad Pasha Toptani
1087:Essad Pasha Toptani
1036:(1865–1939), Chief
837:forces marching on
825:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
803:Ottoman Second Army
793:, commander of the
717:Chamber of Deputies
715:. As a result, the
678:Marshal Ethem Pasha
660:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
544:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
508:. The Third Army's
456:Greece seized Crete
276:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
4816:Republic of Turkey
4620:Malissori uprising
4564:Hamawand rebellion
4228:Posavina Rebellion
4108:Jančić's Rebellion
3931:Abaza Hasan Revolt
3915:Atmeydanı Incident
3867:Thessaly Rebellion
3513:Alexandru Averescu
3481:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
3402:Panagiotis Danglis
3309:Places burned down
2835:Congress of Berlin
2579:
2548:Hamidian massacres
2122:Kieser, Hans-Lukas
2040:Georgeon, François
1822:, p. 364–365.
1255:Der Matossian 2011
1103:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
1091:
1075:Ottoman Parliament
1073:Delegation of the
1067:
1034:Gerald Fitzmaurice
981:
946:
923:
893:Esad Pasha Toptani
842:
795:Ottoman Third Army
672:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
645:
492:
388:
281:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
5001:
5000:
4944:Sledgehammer plan
4711:
4710:
4700:Koçgiri rebellion
4692:Uprising in Hilla
4580:31 March Incident
4412:Kumanovo Uprising
4188:Shkodër Rebellion
3835:Uprising in Banat
3827:Celali rebellions
3718:Celali rebellions
3694:Şahkulu Rebellion
3584:
3583:
3491:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
3370:Stiliyan Kovachev
3095:Second Balkan War
3068:London Conference
2900:Italo-Turkish War
2890:31 March Incident
2760:
2759:
2645:(adoptive mother)
2563:31 March Incident
2385:Shaw, Stanford J.
2346:978-1-4773-1093-9
2217:978-0-521-29166-8
2196:Shaw, Stanford J.
2135:978-0-691-15762-7
2113:978-1-61592-897-2
2078:978-0-19-967607-1
2031:978-1-84511-287-5
1969:978-1-5017-1394-1
1690:, pp. 69–70.
1429:, pp. 35–36.
1293:, pp. 32–33.
927:Ali Pasha Kolonja
901:Colonel Galip Bey
885:Arif Hikmet Pasha
674:as grand vizier.
436:the secret police
407:during the brief
366:Armenian genocide
340:and his brother,
338:National Assembly
235:, largely led by
182:31 March incident
178:
177:
155:Mustafa Kemal Bey
96:
95:
35:31 March incident
16:(Redirected from
5041:
4992:
4991:
4969:
4885:
4873:
4796:1909 countercoup
4738:
4731:
4724:
4715:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4548:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4460:Ulcinj rebellion
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4172:Bilmez Rebellion
4168:
4164:Bosnian uprising
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4075:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4011:Karamanli revolt
4007:
3999:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3899:Abaza rebellions
3895:
3887:
3879:
3875:Mamluk Rebellion
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3819:Beylerbeyi Event
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3778:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3638:
3621:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3550:Božidar Janković
3545:Stepa Stepanović
3417:Viktor Dousmanis
3266:Macedonian front
3261:Serbian campaign
3191:Treaty of Athens
3140:Southern Dobruja
3083:Treaty of London
2922:First Balkan War
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2749:
2748:
2637:Tirimüjgan Kadın
2580:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2440:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2389:"Ottoman Empire"
2376:
2350:
2327:
2306:
2304:
2287:
2242:
2221:
2191:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2150:
2139:
2117:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2055:
2035:
2016:
2006:
1981:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1804:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1712:
1706:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1595:
1589:
1572:
1566:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1177:Abide-i Hürriyet
990:
918:forces entering
821:Ahmed Niyazi Bey
818:
773:Erik-Jan Zürcher
740:, leader of the
703:Political crisis
652:
598:
577:
551:
540:
534:
523:
513:
506:First Army Corps
502:Third Army Corps
499:
440:general election
335:
230:
229: 1876–1909
228:
159:Ahmed Niyazi Bey
52:
51:
44:
32:
21:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4986:
4979:
4963:
4949:
4915:
4879:
4867:
4843:
4839:1997 memorandum
4829:1971 memorandum
4810:
4791:1908 revolution
4781:1807–1808 coups
4747:
4742:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4660:Bitlis uprising
4654:
4646:
4638:
4636:Savior Officers
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4532:Bitlis uprising
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4452:Thessaly Revolt
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4324:Albanian Revolt
4318:
4316:Albanian Revolt
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4284:Diber Rebellion
4278:
4270:
4268:Vlora Rebellion
4262:
4254:
4246:
4244:Pirot Rebellion
4238:
4236:Livno Rebellion
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4073:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3995:Naousa uprising
3989:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3907:Druze rebellion
3901:
3893:
3891:Druze rebellion
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3811:Cairo Rebellion
3805:
3797:
3789:
3776:
3768:
3756:
3755:Transformation
3749:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3636:
3629:
3615:
3585:
3580:
3567:
3365:Radko Dimitriev
3355:Vasil Kutinchev
3313:
3272:
3220:
3211:
3195:
3159:
3110:Kilkis–Lachanas
3098:
3087:
3056:
2925:
2914:
2841:Eastern Rumelia
2796:
2791:
2761:
2756:
2736:
2660:
2623:
2602:
2581:
2571:
2567:
2516:
2510:
2480:
2443:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2379:
2362:
2358:
2356:Further reading
2353:
2347:
2330:
2324:
2309:
2293:State and Islam
2290:
2245:
2239:
2224:
2218:
2194:
2188:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2156:"ABDÜLHAMİD II"
2153:
2142:
2136:
2120:
2114:
2099:
2083:
2079:
2058:
2038:
2032:
2019:
1984:
1970:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1945:on 25 July 2019
1932:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1807:
1799:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1715:
1707:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1598:
1590:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1173:Ottoman Turkish
1165:
1144:
1059:
1030:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
998:Shaykh al-Islam
909:
787:
781:
750:Kosovo Albanian
705:
633:
571:
474:
469:
467:Military revolt
380:
374:
344:, made sultan.
265:Ayasofya Square
243:opposed to the
225:
212:, in which the
174:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
122:
118:
113:
109:
74:
58:13 April 1909 (
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5047:
5045:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4971:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4886:
4874:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4753:Ottoman Empire
4749:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4552:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4516:Theriso revolt
4513:
4508:Shoubak revolt
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4356:Doljani Revolt
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3983:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3923:Çınar Incident
3920:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3779:
3771:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3690:
3688:
3683:Classical Age
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3642:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3627:Ottoman Empire
3616:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Radomir Putnik
3532:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Ali Rıza Pasha
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3446:Ottoman Empire
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3375:Georgi Todorov
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3052:Second Çatalca
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Bosnian Crisis
2877:
2872:
2867:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:Annexation of
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:Abdul Hamid II
2570:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:Abdul Hamid II
2511:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2441:
2404:
2377:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2328:
2322:
2316:. I.B.Tauris.
2307:
2288:
2254:(4): 171–184.
2243:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2208:2027/heb.01919
2192:
2186:
2172:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2118:
2112:
2097:
2077:
2056:
2036:
2030:
2017:
1997:(2): 152–173.
1982:
1968:
1955:
1930:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1887:
1885:, p. 351.
1875:
1863:
1848:
1846:, p. 350.
1836:
1834:, p. 348.
1824:
1805:
1803:, p. 203.
1784:
1782:, p. 342.
1772:
1770:, p. 179.
1760:
1758:, p. 144.
1748:
1736:
1734:, p. 202.
1713:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1666:, p. 168.
1647:
1645:, p. 364.
1635:
1623:
1621:, p. 167.
1596:
1594:, p. 201.
1573:
1556:
1541:
1539:, p. 175.
1529:
1517:
1505:
1503:, p. 176.
1493:
1481:
1479:, p. 280.
1462:
1450:
1448:, p. 174.
1431:
1419:
1417:, p. 173.
1404:
1389:
1377:
1360:
1348:
1346:, p. 166.
1331:
1319:
1317:, p. 274.
1307:
1295:
1283:
1281:, p. 133.
1271:
1269:, p. 255.
1259:
1257:, p. 152.
1247:
1235:
1220:
1218:, p. 171.
1208:
1206:, p. 282.
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1164:
1161:
1143:
1140:
1107:Abdul Hamid II
1101:changed, with
1079:Abdul Hamid II
1058:
1055:
1029:
1026:
994:Abdul Hamid II
908:
905:
816:Hareket Ordusu
783:Main article:
780:
777:
738:Prenk Bib Doda
729:Abdul Hamid II
713:Constantinople
704:
701:
632:
629:
565:Bektashi Order
561:Derviş Vahdeti
480:The murder of
473:
470:
468:
465:
401:Young Ottomans
373:
370:
333:Hareket Ordusu
301:Adana massacre
222:Abdul Hamid II
194:Ottoman Empire
190:31 Mart Vakası
176:
175:
172:Abdul Hamid II
169:
152:Hüseyin Hüsnü
145:
144:
140:
139:
138:
137:
134:
126:
103:
102:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
88:Abdul Hamid II
80:
76:
75:
70:
68:
64:
63:
56:
48:
47:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:31 Mart Vakası
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5046:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
4996:
4995:
4994:Turkey Portal
4990:
4982:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:Alleged plans
4918:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:Coup attempts
4846:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4542:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4492:Cretan Revolt
4490:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4476:Cretan Revolt
4474:
4469:
4468:Brsjak Revolt
4466:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4444:Epirus Revolt
4442:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4428:Cretan Revolt
4426:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4372:Cretan Revolt
4370:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4340:Epirus Revolt
4338:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4300:Niš Rebellion
4298:
4293:
4292:Cretan Revolt
4290:
4285:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4180:Laz rebellion
4178:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4140:Niš Rebellion
4138:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4069:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4035:Serb Uprising
4033:
4028:
4025:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3883:Epirus revolt
3881:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3851:Serb Uprising
3849:
3844:
3843:Himara Revolt
3841:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3752:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3680:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Petar Bojović
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3439:Janko Vukotić
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Constantine I
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:Nikola Ivanov
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:First Çatalca
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Pente Pigadia
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2910:Balkan League
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2753:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2732:Saliha Naciye
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:Perestu Kadın
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Yıldız Palace
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:(3): 92–105.
2414:
2410:
2405:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2323:9781786720214
2319:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2238:9781400847761
2234:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2187:9781594205323
2183:
2179:
2173:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1897:, p. 57.
1896:
1895:McMeekin 2016
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:Bardakçı 2008
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:Bardakçı 2007
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:, p. 70.
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1678:, p. 72.
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:, p. 69.
1570:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:, p. 37.
1553:
1552:Gingeras 2016
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1515:, p. 35.
1514:
1513:Gingeras 2016
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1491:, p. 74.
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:Gingeras 2016
1423:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:Georgeon 2007
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1329:, p. 66.
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:Gingeras 2016
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1245:, p. 38.
1244:
1243:Gingeras 2016
1239:
1236:
1233:, p. 36.
1232:
1231:Gingeras 2016
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Essad Toptani
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:'s Salonica (
1044:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
988:
978:
977:Modern Turkey
974:
970:
966:
964:
960:
954:
952:
943:
942:Resimli Kitap
938:
934:
932:
928:
921:
917:
913:
906:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
876:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
758:Mehmed Talaat
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
693:
688:
687:Hüseyin Cahit
683:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
651:
642:
637:
630:
628:
626:
622:
621:Galata Bridge
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
597:
592:
587:
583:
582:
575:
570:
566:
562:
559:
554:
550:
545:
539:
533:
526:
522:
517:
512:
507:
503:
498:
489:
488:
483:
478:
471:
466:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
411:(1876–1878).
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
384:
379:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
329:
325:
320:
319:were killed.
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Mehmed Talaat
286:
282:
277:
274:
270:
266:
261:
256:
254:
253:Liberty Party
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:Rumi calendar
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
173:
170:
168:
167:Mustafa Ismet
164:
160:
156:
150:
147:
146:
141:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
125:
121:
120:Dashnak Party
116:
112:
108:
105:
104:
99:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
78:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
62:31 Mart 1325)
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4985:
4974:E-memorandum
4889:2016 attempt
4877:1971 attempt
4865:1969 attempt
4860:1963 attempt
4855:1962 attempt
4771:Edirne Event
4604:Karak revolt
4545:Dissolution
4276:Druze revolt
4085:in Belgrade
4043:Orlov Revolt
3987:Edirne event
3902:(1624, 1627)
3562:Ismail Kemal
3345:Mihail Savov
3340:Stoyan Danev
3318:Participants
3217:
3135:Kresna Gorge
3093:
2962:Kirk Kilisse
2920:
2856:Cretan State
2744:
2722:Fatma Pesend
2697:Mezidimestan
2649:Abdulmejid I
2521:Major events
2449:
2445:
2412:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:
2364:
2336:
2312:
2292:
2251:
2247:
2227:
2199:
2177:
2164:. Retrieved
2159:
2145:
2125:
2102:
2060:
2043:
2021:
1994:
1990:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1938:
1922:. Retrieved
1920:(in Turkish)
1917:
1904:Bibliography
1890:
1878:
1866:
1839:
1827:
1801:Zürcher 2017
1775:
1768:Gawrych 2006
1763:
1751:
1739:
1732:Zürcher 2017
1709:Zürcher 1996
1688:Zürcher 1996
1683:
1671:
1664:Gawrych 2006
1638:
1631:Zürcher 2017
1626:
1619:Gawrych 2006
1592:Zürcher 2017
1569:Zürcher 1996
1537:Swenson 1970
1532:
1520:
1508:
1501:Swenson 1970
1496:
1484:
1458:Swenson 1970
1453:
1446:Swenson 1970
1422:
1415:Swenson 1970
1380:
1351:
1344:Gawrych 2006
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1216:Swenson 1970
1211:
1199:
1166:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1099:Grand Vizier
1092:
1047:Thessaloniki
1031:
1023:
1007:
982:
955:
947:
941:
924:
882:
878:
874:
843:
788:
766:
755:
748:and several
746:Isa Boletini
721:Ismail Kemal
706:
696:
690:
682:War Minister
676:
646:
615:On 6 April,
614:
610:Hagia Sophia
585:
579:
555:
527:
493:
485:
444:
413:
389:
350:
324:Ottoman Army
321:
273:Grand Vizier
257:
245:secularising
218:Constitution
181:
179:
128:
115:Supported by
114:
101:Belligerents
90:was deposed.
82:
29:
5024:Enver Pasha
4970:(1957–1958)
4964: [
4899:media purge
4880: [
4868: [
4684:Arab Revolt
4547:(1908–1922)
4223:(1835–1858)
4074:(1789–1908)
4062:(1793–1795)
3978:(1700–1789)
3976:Old Regime
3942:(1658–1667)
3934:(1658–1659)
3830:(1590–1610)
3790:(1574–1576)
3757:(1550–1700)
3729:(1523–1524)
3685:(1453–1550)
3637:(1299–1453)
3456:Nazim Pasha
3350:Ivan Fichev
3335:Ivan Geshov
3330:Ferdinand I
3246:World War I
2972:Lule Burgas
2937:Sarantaporo
2794:Balkan Wars
2452:(2): 1–29.
1924:28 December
1883:Knight 1910
1844:Knight 1910
1832:Knight 1910
1820:Skendi 1967
1780:Knight 1910
1756:Yılmaz 2016
1676:Kieser 2018
1643:Skendi 1967
1489:Kaylan 2005
1375:, para. 12.
1327:Kieser 2018
1149:Ernst Jäckh
973:Celâl Bayar
916:Action Army
897:Aram Efendi
891:(Carasso),
850:Hafız Hakkı
846:Fethi Okyar
835:Action Army
811:Action Army
785:Action Army
617:Hasan Fehmi
602:free masons
572: [
482:Hasan Fehmi
432:Kâmil Pasha
393:Young Turks
328:Action Army
293:San Stefano
237:reactionary
163:Enver Pasha
107:Action Army
5008:Categories
3623:Rebellions
3466:Esad Pasha
3461:Zeki Pasha
3429:Nicholas I
3424:Montenegro
3277:Atrocities
3120:Bregalnica
2982:Adrianople
2895:Goudi coup
2801:Background
2677:Bedrifelek
1871:Küçük 1988
1187:References
1157:Wilhelm II
1077:to Sultan
1053:) Branch.
668:Ahmed Rıza
655:Tashkishla
372:Background
249:absolutism
4834:1980 coup
4824:1960 coup
4806:1913 coup
4801:1912 coup
4786:1876 coup
4761:1512 coup
4687:(1916–18)
4671:(1914–18)
4567:(1908–10)
4495:(1897–98)
4487:(1896–97)
4479:(1896–97)
4471:(1880–81)
4439:(1878–79)
4391:(1875–77)
4383:(1866–67)
4375:(1866–69)
4335:(1852–62)
4311:(1843–44)
4287:(1838–39)
4215:(1834-35)
4183:(1832–34)
4175:(1832–33)
4167:(1831–33)
4151:(1821–29)
4127:(1815-17)
4095:(1804–13)
4087:(1801–04)
4038:(1737–39)
4006:(1707–11)
3854:(1596–97)
3769:(1564–65)
3665:(1443–68)
3657:(1404–18)
3649:(1416–20)
3486:Enver Bey
3225:Aftermath
3130:Kalimanci
3125:Knjaževac
2942:Kardzhali
2818:Bulgarian
2702:Emsalinur
2692:Dilpesend
2655:Abdülaziz
2512:Reign of
2466:0026-3206
2429:0026-3206
2302:1887/2513
2284:162348476
2268:0022-0094
2087:cite book
2013:1911-0359
1525:Shaw 1976
1477:Shaw 1976
1400:Shaw 1976
1385:Shaw 1976
1356:Shaw 1976
1315:Shaw 1976
1303:Shaw 1976
1279:Butt 2017
1267:Shaw 1976
1204:Shaw 1976
1192:Citations
951:Enver Bey
854:Enver Bey
797:based in
769:Macedonia
460:cleavages
317:Assyrians
309:Armenians
241:Islamists
4072:Decline
3576:Category
3451:Mehmed V
3387:George I
3325:Bulgaria
3012:Merhamli
3007:Kaliakra
2997:Monastir
2957:Kumanovo
2952:Sorovich
2813:Albanian
2717:Peyveste
2682:Nurefsun
2672:Nazikeda
2651:(father)
2639:(mother)
2387:(2005).
2198:(1976).
2124:(2018).
1163:Memorial
1116:Mehmed V
1038:Dragoman
920:Istanbul
862:Yeşilköy
839:Bakırköy
762:Yeşilköy
625:seminary
596:mektepli
521:mektepli
511:mektepli
487:Serbestî
428:Salonika
342:Mehmed V
297:Yeşilköy
295:(modern
285:Salonika
233:Istanbul
72:Istanbul
67:Location
4946:(2010s)
3625:in the
3558:Albania
3525:Peter I
3503:Carol I
3498:Romania
3218:General
3103:Battles
3027:Korytsa
3017:Driskos
2977:Yenidje
2967:Scutari
2930:Battles
2828:Serbian
2707:Müşfika
2657:(uncle)
2474:4283809
2437:4283809
2166:25 July
1949:25 July
1128:Shkodër
963:Shkodër
858:Çatalca
799:Selanik
742:Mirdita
586:Volcano
472:Prelude
305:pogroms
186:Turkish
4976:(2007)
4940:(2009)
4934:(2004)
4894:purges
4703:(1921)
4695:(1916)
4679:(1915)
4663:(1914)
4655:(1913)
4647:(1913)
4639:(1912)
4631:(1912)
4623:(1911)
4615:(1910)
4607:(1910)
4599:(1910)
4591:(1909)
4583:(1909)
4575:(1909)
4559:(1908)
4535:(1907)
4527:(1906)
4519:(1905)
4511:(1905)
4503:(1903)
4463:(1878)
4455:(1878)
4447:(1878)
4431:(1878)
4423:(1878)
4415:(1878)
4407:(1876)
4399:(1876)
4367:(1860)
4359:(1858)
4351:(1854)
4343:(1854)
4327:(1847)
4319:(1845)
4303:(1841)
4295:(1841)
4279:(1838)
4271:(1836)
4263:(1836)
4255:(1836)
4247:(1836)
4239:(1836)
4231:(1836)
4207:(1834)
4199:(1834)
4191:(1833)
4159:(1830)
4143:(1821)
4135:(1821)
4119:(1814)
4111:(1809)
4103:(1807)
4083:Dahije
4054:(1788)
4046:(1770)
4030:(1730)
4022:(1717)
4014:(1711)
3998:(1705)
3990:(1703)
3966:(1689)
3958:(1688)
3950:(1686)
3926:(1656)
3918:(1648)
3910:(1642)
3894:(1623)
3886:(1611)
3878:(1609)
3870:(1600)
3862:(1598)
3846:(1596)
3838:(1594)
3822:(1589)
3814:(1586)
3806:(1585)
3798:(1585)
3777:(1565)
3745:(1527)
3737:(1526)
3721:(1519)
3713:(1518)
3705:(1512)
3697:(1511)
3673:(1446)
3520:Serbia
3382:Greece
3115:Doiran
3047:Bizani
3042:Şarköy
3037:Bulair
3032:Lemnos
2992:Himara
2987:Prilep
2863:&
2727:Behice
2712:Sazkar
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