1739:
1526:
1518:
2337:
Derchang Kau; Tang, Stephen; Karpov, Ilya V.; Dodge, Rick; Klehn, Brett; Kalb, Johannes A.; Strand, Jonathan; Diaz, Aleshandre; Leung, Nelson; Wu, Jack; Sean Lee; Langtry, Tim; Kuo-Wei Chang; Papagianni, Christina; Jinwook Lee; Hirst, Jeremy; Erra, Swetha; Flores, Eddie; Righos, Nick; Castro, Hernan;
1809:
Intel distinguishes between "Intel Optane Memory" and "Intel Optane SSDs". As a memory component, Optane requires specific chipset and CPU support. As an ordinary SSD, Optane is broadly compatible with a very wide range of systems, and its main requirements are much like any other SSD – ability to be
1770:
described the Optane 900p in
December 2017 as being like a "mythical creature" that must be seen to be believed, and which doubled the speed of the best previous consumer devices. ServeTheHome concluded in 2017 that in read, write and mixed tests, Optane SSDs were consistently around 2.5Ă— as fast as
2484:
products will be available in 2016, in both standard SSD (PCIe) form factors for everything from
Ultrabooks to servers, and in a DIMM form factor for Xeon systems for even greater bandwidth and lower latencies. As expected, Intel will be providing storage controllers optimized for the 3D XPoint
1795:
Intel responded at the time that its ability to supply Intel Optane products would not be affected. However, Intel had already discontinued its consumer line of Optane products in
January 2021,. In July 2022, Intel announced the winding down of the Optane division, effectively discontinuing the
1742:
Optane 900p sequential mixed read-write performance, compared to a wide range of well reputed consumer SSDs. The graph shows how traditional SSD's performance drops sharply to around 500–700 MB/s for all but nearly-pure read and write tasks, whereas the 3D XPoint device is unaffected and
1671:
According to reverse engineering firm TechInsights, 3D XPoint uses germanium-antimony-tellurium (GST) with low silicon content as the data storage material which is accessed by ovonic threshold switches (OTSes) made of ternary phased selenium-germanium-silicon with arsenic doping.
1659:
have been noted, but 3D XPoint uses different storage physics. Specifically, transistors are replaced by threshold switches as selectors in the memory cells. 3D XPoint developers indicate that it is based on changes in resistance of the bulk material. Intel CEO
1753:
Despite the initial lukewarm reception when first released, 3D XPoint – particularly in the form of Intel's Optane range – has been highly acclaimed and widely recommended for tasks where its specific features are of value, with reviewers such as
2095:
1836:
standalone format. When Optane is used as an ordinary SSD (in any of these formats), its compatibility requirements are the same as for any traditional SSD. Therefore, compatibility depends only upon whether the
1775:
noted that consumer Optane-based SSDs were similar in performance to the best non-3D-XPoint SSDs for large transfers, with both being "blown away" by the large transfer performance of enterprise Optane SSDs.
1711:
LLC (an Intel-Micron joint venture) made small quantities of 128 Gbit chips in 2015. They stack two 64 Gbit planes. In early 2016 mass production of the chips was expected in 12 to 18 months.
1738:
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SSD drives (QuantX X100) which maintained compatibility with NVMe capable systems. Native support as an acceleration device is not supported (although tiered storage can be used).
1607:
are designed with inbuilt support for 3D XPoint, which allows it to be used as a caching or acceleration disk, and it is also fast enough to be used as non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) or
1664:
responded to ongoing questions on the XPoint material that the switching was based on "bulk material properties". Intel has stated that 3D XPoint does not use a phase-change or
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1867:(non volatile main memory) or for certain kinds of caching or accelerating roles, but unlike general SSD roles, this requires newer hardware, since the chipset and
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1568:, in conjunction with a stackable cross-grid data access array, using a phenomenon known as Ovonic Threshold Switch (OTS). Initial prices are less than
2302:
An Intel spokesperson categorically denied that it was a phase-change memory process or a memristor technology. Spin-transfer torque was also dismissed
4675:
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The Optane with cross-point architecture is constructed through layering a storage element and a selector known as the ovonic threshold switch (OTS).
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3D XPoint has been the most widely produced standalone memory based on other than charge storage, whereas other alternative memories, like ReRAM or
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1985:"The switching mechanism is via changes in resistance of the bulk material," was all Intel would add in response to questions sent via email.
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brand) estimated the memory to be sold for about half the price of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), but four to five times the price of
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2449:
2450:"Micron reveals marketing details about 3D XPoint memory QuantX: Intel, Micron may have made a mistake announcing 3D XPoint a year ago"
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materials for both selector and storage parts of the memory cell that are faster and more stable than traditional PCM materials like
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1946:
993:
936:
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throughput with 9 microsecond latency. This low latency significantly increases IOPS at low queue depths for random operations. At
1587:. Although the first generations of 3D XPoint were not especially large or fast, 3D XPoint was used to create some of the fastest
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2386:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240902193350/https://files.futurememorystorage.com/proceedings/2017/20170808_FR12_Choe.pdf
2247:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240902193350/https://files.futurememorystorage.com/proceedings/2017/20170808_FR12_Choe.pdf
1569:
705:
630:
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1784:
On March 16, 2021, Micron announced that it would cease development of 3D XPoint in order to develop products based on
4814:
4645:
4570:
3563:
3534:
3526:
3484:
3472:
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https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-manufacturers/286317-can-threshold-switches-replace-transistors-in-the-memory-cell/
662:
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3441:
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2723:
2619:
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2315:
1730:(SSDs). On March 19, 2017, Intel announced their first product: a PCIe card available in the second half of 2017.
4715:
4705:
4318:
3211:
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2374:
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As a non-volatile memory, 3D XPoint has a number of features that distinguish it from other currently available
5012:
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3234:
1366:
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838:
124:
1525:
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can support NVMe and similar SSDs. Optane SSDs are therefore compatible with a wide range of older and newer
5017:
4515:
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306:
141:
119:
99:
52:
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plugged into the hardware, operating system, BIOS/UEFI and driver support for NVMe, and adequate cooling.
1603:
used to enhance traditional SSDs are not needed to obtain high performance. In addition, chipsets such as
1234:
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concluding in August 2018 that for low-latency workloads, 3D XPoint was producing 500,000 4K sustained
2128:
1726:(PCIe) 140 GB development boards showing 2.4–3× improvement in benchmarks compared to PCIe NAND flash
1714:
In early 2016, IM Flash announced that the first generation of solid-state drives would achieve 95000
1651:
3D XPoint has been stated to use electrical resistance and to be bit addressable. Similarities to the
4982:
4655:
3672:
2184:
2028:
1785:
1676:
1580:
1433:
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1080:
1040:
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266:
129:
109:
92:
87:
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2277:
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/can-threshold-switches-replace-transistors-memory-cell-frederick-chen
2096:"Intel and Micron Jointly Unveil Disruptive, Game-Changing 3D XPoint Memory, 1000x Faster than NAND"
4951:
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1339:
1030:
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3DXP cell stack consists of a thick PCM, an ovonic threshold switch (OTS), and multiple electrodes
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3013:
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Development of 3D XPoint began around 2012. Intel and Micron had developed other non-volatile
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186:
171:
67:
57:
4786:
3703:
3676:
2412:
2260:"Intel, Micron reveal Xpoint, a new memory architecture that could outclass DDR4 and NAND"
1560:. It was announced in July 2015 and was available on the open market under the brand name
1344:
1171:
1158:
849:
844:
700:
567:
521:
381:
301:
231:
201:
176:
62:
33:
546:
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2032:
1648:. According to patents a variety of materials can be used as the chalcogenide material.
4987:
4851:
4475:
4243:
3907:
3058:
2992:
2942:
2116:
Intel's Rob Crooke explained, 'You could put the cost somewhere between NAND and DRAM.'
1788:(CXL), due to a lack of demand. The Lehi fab was never fully utilized, and was sold to
1661:
1636:
of Micron said 3D XPoint architecture differs from previous offerings of PCM, and uses
1463:
1381:
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1224:
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551:
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1743:
consistently produces around 2200–2400 MB/s throughput in the same test. Credit:
5006:
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4540:
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4470:
3870:
3860:
3819:
3556:
2501:
2166:
2148:
2020:
2001:
1976:
1766:
latencies, and that at present "there is currently nothing that comes close", while
1469:
1096:
1091:
1060:
815:
725:
541:
531:
526:
506:
341:
331:
211:
196:
2787:"Intel to Wind Down Optane Memory Business - 3D XPoint Storage Tech Reaches Its End"
4910:
4680:
4592:
4530:
4460:
4438:
4433:
4123:
3809:
3460:
3123:
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1199:
1183:
1075:
871:
866:
826:
788:
471:
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346:
281:
236:
221:
2863:"Micron X100 NVMe SSD (3D XPoint) Unveiled | StorageReview.com - Storage Reviews"
4977:
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3865:
3832:
3827:
3814:
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3767:
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3513:
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1723:
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1427:
861:
556:
396:
336:
241:
2339:
2040:
1564:(Intel) from April 2017 to July 2022. Bit storage is based on a change of bulk
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4263:
4178:
4173:
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4153:
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4143:
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3619:
3604:
3544:
3093:
2923:
2375:
https://www.eetimes.com/intel-numonyx-claim-phase-change-memory-milestone/?_ga
2351:
1704:
1070:
896:
650:
416:
411:
286:
151:
77:
2743:"Micron to Sell 3D XPoint Memory Fab and Cease Further Development (Updated)"
1595:. As the memory is inherently fast, and byte-addressable, techniques such as
4807:
4620:
4328:
4313:
4273:
4106:
4101:
4096:
3990:
3985:
3892:
3887:
3401:
3158:
3008:
1772:
1691:
brand for storage products based on 3D XPoint technology. Micron (using the
1665:
1457:
1422:
1259:
1188:
1086:
948:
645:
588:
356:
276:
2058:
2294:"Just ONE THOUSAND times BETTER than FLASH! Intel, Micron's amazing claim"
4946:
4520:
4480:
4323:
3902:
3551:
3413:
3138:
2998:
1386:
1329:
1264:
1219:
1204:
974:
943:
916:
891:
749:
635:
361:
271:
166:
161:
17:
1771:
the best Intel datacentre SSDs which had preceded them, the P3700 NVMe.
4355:
4253:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4034:
3955:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3914:
3614:
3609:
3148:
3143:
3033:
1923:
1850:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1229:
1131:
1126:
1106:
911:
886:
876:
667:
1517:
4900:
4895:
4278:
4044:
3897:
3882:
3591:
3423:
3018:
2986:
2980:
1864:
1641:
1279:
1239:
1121:
1010:
808:
351:
1817:: Optane devices can be used as the storage element of an ordinary
4956:
4905:
4830:
4685:
3842:
3378:
3177:
3153:
2965:
2673:"The Intel Optane Memory (SSD) Preview: 32GB of Kaby Lake Caching"
1737:
1645:
1584:
1553:
1524:
1516:
1214:
1151:
1146:
1141:
803:
760:
754:
640:
620:
605:
1947:"Intel Launches Optane Memory M.2 Cache SSDs for Consumer Market"
1871:
must be designed to work specifically with Optane in those roles.
4525:
4190:
4007:
3877:
3855:
3651:
3193:
2077:
How
Selector-Only Memory Emerged as the Leading Solution for CXL
1759:
1715:
1679:, have so far only been widely developed on embedded platforms.
1668:
technology, although this is disputed by independent reviewers.
1612:
1209:
496:
146:
4750:
3207:
2938:
2838:"System Requirements for an Intel Optane SSD 900P Series Drive"
2543:"Intel's first Optane SSD: 375 GB that you can also use as RAM"
3784:
3736:
3523:
3198:
2647:"Intel Optane: Hands-on Real World Benchmark and Test Results"
1854:
1833:
1822:
1588:
1534:
1249:
1136:
906:
2476:"Intel Announces Optane Storage Brand For 3D XPoint Products"
2432:"Intel Announces Optane Storage Brand For 3D XPoint Products"
2398:"Patent Search Supports View 3D XPoint Based on Phase-Change"
2220:"Patent Search Supports View 3D XPoint Based on Phase-Change"
2185:"Patent Search Supports View 3D XPoint Based on Phase-Change"
2761:"Intel quietly kills its face-melting Optane desktop SSDs"
4566:
List of Intel graphics processing units (2013 or earlier)
2520:"Intel's 140 GB Optane 3D Xpoint PCIe SSD Spotted at IDF"
2934:
2569:"Intel's first hyper-fast 3D drive is meant for servers"
2813:"Intel Optane Memory: Before You Buy, Key Requirements"
2344:
2009 IEEE International
Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM)
2698:"Micron Will Stop Making 3D XPoint Memory This Year"
2167:"Intel, Numonyx claim phase-change memory milestone"
4965:
4929:
4878:
4869:
4839:
4823:
4794:
4785:
4498:
4447:
4426:
4419:
4378:
4291:
4231:
4043:
3841:
3783:
3734:
3701:
3671:
3664:
3590:
3583:
3522:
3422:
3377:
3368:
3241:
3041:
3027:
2972:
2021:"Chalcogenide Ovonic Threshold Switching Selector"
2620:"Intel Optane SSD 900P 256GB Performance Testing"
4696:Intel International Science and Engineering Fair
4406:Intel Corporation Inc. v CPM United Kingdom Ltd
4762:
3219:
2950:
2724:"Micron Abandons 3D XPoint Memory Technology"
2340:"A stackable cross point Phase Change Memory"
2149:"Intel, Micron Launch "Bulk-Switching" ReRAM"
1977:"Intel, Micron Launch "Bulk-Switching" ReRAM"
1644:. But today, it is thought of as a subset of
1498:
8:
2741:updated, Paul Alcorn last (March 16, 2021).
1926:presented 64 Gb stackable PCM chips in 2009.
4396:Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
4386:Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.
2800:Why Intel killed its Optane memory business
1861:As a memory or on-board acceleration device
4875:
4791:
4769:
4755:
4747:
4423:
3668:
3587:
3374:
3226:
3212:
3204:
3064:Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
2957:
2943:
2935:
1505:
1491:
29:
4676:List of mergers and acquisitions by Intel
2316:"How 3D XPoint Phase-Change Memory Works"
2048:
4666:List of semiconductor fabrication plants
2027:, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 81,
1857:(including non-Intel chipsets and CPUs).
4391:High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation
4304:Process–architecture–optimization model
2234:"Interconnection for memory electrodes"
1938:
1915:
1591:available as of 2019, with small-write
771:
566:
32:
2495:
2493:
2002:"Intel's Krzanich: CEO Q&A at IDF"
1552:(NVM) technology developed jointly by
3109:Intel Display Power Saving Technology
2142:
2140:
2138:
1995:
1993:
1970:
1968:
1863:: Optane devices can also be used as
1780:Sale of Lehi fab, and discontinuation
1762:for both reads and writes, with 3–15
1046:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
7:
4411:Silvaco Data Systems v. Intel Corp.
3164:Performance acceleration technology
2594:"Intel Optane SSD DC P4800X Review"
4651:Intel Outstanding Researcher Award
4511:Mac transition to Intel processors
4506:Intel Foundation Achievement Award
2094:Evangelho, Jason (July 28, 2015).
1815:As a standards-based NVMe-PCIe SSD
207:Data validation and reconciliation
25:
5023:Non-volatile random-access memory
4721:Supervisor Mode Access Prevention
4671:List of Intel manufacturing sites
2645:Robinson, Cliff (24 April 2017).
2448:Mearian, Lucas (August 9, 2016).
2411:LaPedus, Mark (August 16, 2018).
2314:Malventano, Allyn (2 June 2017).
1687:In mid-2015, Intel announced the
257:Distributed file system for cloud
27:Discontinued computer memory type
4319:Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics
2541:Bright, Peter (March 19, 2017).
2502:"3D XPoint Steps Into the Light"
2202:"Partnership Puts ReRAM in SSDs"
2129:"Intel Optane SSD P5800X Review"
105:Areal density (computer storage)
4701:Regeneron Science Talent Search
4551:Dynamic video memory technology
3407:P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)
2518:Cutress, Ian (26 August 2016).
2019:Zhao, Zihao (11 January 2024),
1632:(PCM) technologies previously;
924:Programmable metallization cell
3074:Client Initiated Remote Access
3032:4Group Holdings (50% owned by
2474:Smith, Ryan (18 August 2015),
2292:Mellor, Chris (28 July 2015).
2183:Clarke, Peter (31 July 2015),
2165:McGrath, Dylan (28 Oct 2009),
2147:Clarke, Peter (28 July 2015),
1975:Clarke, Peter (28 July 2015),
1653:resistive random-access memory
1521:3D Cross Point 2 layer diagram
487:Persistence (computer science)
1:
4778:Primary computer data storage
4561:List of Intel microprocessors
3184:Stable Image Platform Program
2567:Figas, Jon (March 19, 2017).
2500:Merrick, Rick (14 Jan 2016),
2258:Hruska, Joel (29 July 2015).
1355:Electronic quantum holography
3129:Intel system development kit
2869:. 2019-10-24. Archived from
2413:"Next-Gen Memory Ramping Up"
1570:dynamic random-access memory
706:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
502:Non-RAID drive architectures
4646:Intel Mobile Communications
4571:I/O Acceleration Technology
3114:Intel Modular Server System
3069:Cache Acceleration Software
2802:, The Register, 2022-07-22.
2430:Smith, Ryan (18 Aug 2015),
2338:Spadini, Gianpaolo (2009).
5039:
4711:Single-chip Cloud Computer
3084:Flexible Display Interface
2041:10.1007/s40820-023-01289-x
1796:development of 3D XPoint.
1295:Holographic Versatile Disc
1194:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1066:Magnetic-tape data storage
685:Content-addressable memory
4716:Software Guard Extensions
4706:Simple Firmware Interface
2417:Semiconductor Engineering
2352:10.1109/IEDM.2009.5424263
1722:2016, Intel demonstrated
492:Persistent data structure
387:Digital rights management
1367:DNA digital data storage
1350:Holographic data storage
839:Solid-state hybrid drive
125:Network-attached storage
4516:Intel Architecture Labs
2711:Micron ceases 3D XPoint
1362:5D optical data storage
1179:3D optical data storage
902:Universal Flash Storage
307:Replication (computing)
252:Distributed file system
142:Single-instance storage
120:Direct-attached storage
100:Continuous availability
3402:P6 variant (Pentium M)
3119:Intel Quick Sync Video
3079:Direct Media Interface
2924:"Intel Micron Webcast"
1792:for USD 900 million.
1750:
1538:
1522:
1235:Nintendo optical discs
452:Storage virtualization
322:Information repository
262:Distributed data store
4581:IM Flash Technologies
4576:IA-32 Execution Layer
4556:Intel Extreme Masters
4546:Intel Developer Forum
4401:Intel Corp. v. Hamidi
3134:Intel Upgrade Service
2867:www.storagereview.com
1741:
1720:Intel Developer Forum
1709:IM Flash Technologies
1655:under development by
1572:(DRAM) but more than
1528:
1520:
738:Mellon optical memory
726:Williams–Kilburn tube
442:Locality of reference
247:Clustered file system
73:Memory access pattern
38:computer data storage
4983:Magnetic-core memory
4656:Intel SHA extensions
1880:Micron offered NVMe
1821:(SSD), typically in
1786:Compute Express Link
1677:Magnetoresistive RAM
1548:) is a discontinued
1434:Magnetic-core memory
1081:Digital Data Storage
1041:Quadruplex videotape
482:In-memory processing
372:Information transfer
267:Distributed database
130:Storage area network
110:Block (data storage)
4871:Non-volatile memory
4636:Intel Compute Stick
4631:Intel Cluster Ready
4536:Convera Corporation
2033:2024NML....16...81Z
1630:phase-change memory
1550:non-volatile memory
1546:three-D cross point
1031:Phonograph cylinder
969:Electrochemical RAM
821:Solid-state storage
437:Memory segmentation
135:Block-level storage
4691:Intel PRO/Wireless
4201:Sandy Bridge-based
3370:Microarchitectures
3355:Microarchitectures
3054:Accounts & SSO
3014:Wind River Systems
2767:. January 19, 2021
2106:on August 15, 2016
1894:Intel Turbo Memory
1751:
1728:solid-state drives
1683:Initial production
1539:
1523:
1440:Plated-wire memory
1405:Paper data storage
1051:Magnetic recording
477:In-memory database
462:Memory-mapped file
407:Volume boot record
402:Master boot record
392:Volume (computing)
367:Data communication
292:Data deduplication
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4865:
4864:
4847:Delay-line memory
4744:
4743:
4736:Timeline of Intel
4606:The Beauty Inside
4494:
4493:
4374:
4373:
4287:
4286:
3660:
3659:
3579:
3578:
3189:Virtual 8086 mode
3104:Intel Clear Video
3004:Recon Instruments
2728:www.anandtech.com
2626:. 4 December 2017
2361:978-1-4244-5639-0
1899:NAND flash memory
1819:solid-state drive
1790:Texas Instruments
1701:wafer fabrication
1609:persistent memory
1597:read-modify-write
1558:Micron Technology
1515:
1514:
1112:8 mm video format
1036:Phonograph record
855:Flash Core Module
833:Solid-state drive
732:Delay-line memory
691:Computational RAM
594:Scratchpad memory
432:Disk partitioning
157:Unstructured data
83:Secondary storage
16:(Redirected from
5030:
4876:
4792:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4748:
4731:Intel Tera-Scale
4613:The Power Inside
4424:
4206:Ivy Bridge-based
3797:8/16-bit databus
3669:
3588:
3584:Current products
3375:
3235:Intel processors
3228:
3221:
3214:
3205:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2898:. Archived from
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2346:. pp. 1–4.
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:. PC Perspective
2311:
2305:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2102:. Archived from
2091:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2052:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1927:
1920:
1904:NOR flash memory
1843:operating system
1507:
1500:
1493:
1452:Thin-film memory
1446:Core rope memory
1372:Universal memory
1335:Millipede memory
1325:Racetrack memory
1290:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1102:Linear Tape-Open
1056:Magnetic storage
1024:Analog recording
467:Software entropy
427:Disk aggregation
187:Data degradation
172:Data compression
68:Memory hierarchy
58:Memory coherence
30:
21:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5013:Computer memory
5003:
5002:
5001:
4992:
4961:
4925:
4861:
4835:
4819:
4787:Volatile memory
4781:
4775:
4745:
4740:
4490:
4443:
4415:
4370:
4299:Tick–tock model
4283:
4227:
4216:Broadwell-based
4107:Extreme Edition
4039:
3837:
3779:
3730:
3697:
3656:
3575:
3518:
3418:
3364:
3237:
3232:
3203:
3037:
3023:
2968:
2963:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2722:Tallis, Billy.
2721:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2671:Tallis, Billy.
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2400:. 31 July 2015.
2396:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2275:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2222:. 31 July 2015.
2218:
2217:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2131:. 6 April 2021.
2127:
2126:
2122:
2109:
2107:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2080:, 30 May 2023,
2074:
2073:
2069:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2000:Merrick, Rick,
1999:
1998:
1991:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1953:. 27 March 2017
1945:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1890:
1878:
1807:
1802:
1782:
1736:
1699:. Initially, a
1685:
1626:
1621:
1511:
1482:
1481:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1345:Patterned media
1315:
1307:
1306:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1159:Hard disk drive
1026:
1016:
1015:
996:
985:
984:
939:
929:
928:
850:IBM FlashSystem
845:USB flash drive
784:
767:
766:
721:
713:
712:
701:Dual-ported RAM
579:
562:
561:
522:Cloud computing
382:Copy protection
302:Data redundancy
232:Shared resource
202:Data validation
177:Data corruption
152:Structured data
63:Cache coherence
48:
34:Computer memory
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5036:
5034:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5018:Intel products
5015:
5005:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4988:Twistor memory
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4882:
4880:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4852:Selectron tube
4849:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4798:
4796:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4590:
4587:The Innovators
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Brian Krzanich
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4054:
4052:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4018:NetBurst-based
4015:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3852:
3850:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:32-bit databus
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3806:16-bit databus
3804:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3433:
3431:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Amplify Tablet
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2993:Intel Security
2989:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2918:
2917:External links
2915:
2913:
2912:
2896:www.micron.com
2883:
2854:
2829:
2804:
2792:
2778:
2752:
2747:Tom's Hardware
2733:
2714:
2703:
2689:
2663:
2637:
2624:Tom's Hardware
2611:
2600:. 31 July 2018
2598:Storage review
2585:
2559:
2533:
2510:
2489:
2466:
2454:Computer World
2440:
2422:
2403:
2389:
2378:
2367:
2360:
2329:
2306:
2284:
2269:
2250:
2239:
2225:
2211:
2193:
2175:
2157:
2134:
2120:
2086:
2067:
2011:
1989:
1964:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1858:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1781:
1778:
1768:Tom's Hardware
1756:Storage Review
1746:Tom's Hardware
1735:
1732:
1707:, operated by
1684:
1681:
1662:Brian Krzanich
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1464:Twistor memory
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:Quantum memory
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:In development
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Super Video CD
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
977:
972:
966:
961:
951:
946:
940:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
882:MultiMediaCard
879:
874:
869:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
836:
830:
818:
813:
812:
811:
806:
796:
791:
785:
780:
779:
776:
775:
769:
768:
765:
764:
758:
752:
747:
744:Selectron tube
741:
735:
729:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
682:
677:
672:
671:
670:
660:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
598:
597:
596:
591:
584:Hardware cache
580:
575:
574:
571:
570:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
537:Edge computing
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Grid computing
514:
512:Bank switching
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
457:Virtual memory
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
422:Disk mirroring
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Temporary file
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
327:Knowledge base
324:
319:
317:Storage record
314:
312:Memory refresh
309:
304:
299:
297:Data structure
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
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182:Data cleansing
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55:
49:
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4973:Bubble memory
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4857:Williams tube
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4641:Intel Ireland
4639:
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4629:
4627:
4626:Intel Capital
4624:
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4608:
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4541:Copy Exactly!
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4497:
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4486:Pat Gelsinger
4484:
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4479:
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4474:
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4471:Paul Otellini
4469:
4467:
4466:Craig Barrett
4464:
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4221:Skylake-based
4219:
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4211:Haswell-based
4209:
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4196:Nehalem-based
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3557:Goldmont Plus
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3169:Shooting Star
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2916:
2902:on 2020-07-24
2901:
2897:
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2873:on 2019-12-18
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2208:. 2017-09-27.
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2025:Research Gate
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542:Dew computing
540:
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532:Fog computing
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527:Cloud storage
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507:Memory paging
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69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
39:
35:
31:
19:
4911:Flash memory
4889:
4780:technologies
4681:Intel Museum
4611:
4604:
4597:
4593:Inside Films
4585:
4531:Classmate PC
4461:Andrew Grove
4457:Gordon Moore
4454:Robert Noyce
4439:Robert Noyce
4434:Gordon Moore
3665:Discontinued
3502:Cypress Cove
3461:Sandy Bridge
3124:Intel Reader
3048:
2991:
2979:
2973:Subsidiaries
2931:, 44 minutes
2927:
2904:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2895:
2886:
2875:. Retrieved
2871:the original
2866:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2841:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:
2807:
2795:
2781:
2771:February 15,
2769:. Retrieved
2764:
2755:
2746:
2736:
2727:
2717:
2706:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2623:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2597:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2572:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2547:Ars Technica
2546:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2513:
2505:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2443:
2435:
2425:
2416:
2406:
2392:
2381:
2370:
2343:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2309:
2301:
2298:The Register
2297:
2287:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2242:
2228:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2188:
2178:
2170:
2160:
2152:
2123:
2115:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:the original
2100:Hot Hardware
2099:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2024:
2014:
2005:
1984:
1980:
1955:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1918:
1879:
1860:
1814:
1808:
1794:
1783:
1755:
1752:
1744:
1713:
1703:facility in
1697:flash memory
1692:
1688:
1686:
1674:
1670:
1650:
1638:chalcogenide
1627:
1605:Cascade Lake
1578:
1574:flash memory
1561:
1545:
1544:(pronounced
1541:
1540:
1530:
1417:Punched tape
1411:Punched card
1377:Time crystal
1245:Hyper CD-ROM
1184:Optical disc
1076:Tape library
1011:FeFET memory
992:Early-stage
957:
872:CompactFlash
867:Memory Stick
827:Flash memory
789:Diode matrix
773:Non-volatile
557:Kryder's law
547:Amdahl's law
472:Software rot
447:Logical disk
347:File copying
282:Data storage
237:File sharing
222:Data cluster
4978:Drum memory
4661:Intel Teach
3514:Golden Cove
3509:Willow Cove
3490:Cannon Lake
3099:Intel AZ210
3089:Hella Zippy
2522:. Anandtech
2264:ExtremeTech
2110:January 21,
2008:, p. 2
1957:13 November
1869:motherboard
1832:format, or
1830:PCI Express
1764:microsecond
1724:PCI Express
1634:Mark Durcan
1624:Development
1537:card format
1476:Floppy disk
1428:Drum memory
862:Memory card
829:is used in:
763:(2002–2010)
728:(1946–1947)
552:Moore's law
397:Boot sector
337:Object file
242:File system
53:Memory cell
5007:Categories
4966:Historical
4840:Historical
4379:Litigation
4309:Intel GPUs
4023:Core-based
3787:(external
3675:oriented (
3545:Silvermont
3497:Sunny Cove
3466:Ivy Bridge
3249:Processors
3094:Intel 1103
2906:2019-12-18
2877:2019-12-18
1934:References
1922:Intel and
1705:Lehi, Utah
1566:resistance
1399:Historical
1071:Tape drive
897:SmartMedia
720:Historical
417:Disk image
412:Disk array
287:Data store
88:MOS memory
78:Memory map
4890:3D XPoint
4808:DDR SDRAM
4621:Intel ADX
4361:Codenames
4274:StrongARM
4112:Dual-Core
4085:Dual-Core
3996:Dual-Core
3966:OverDrive
3915:A100/A110
3908:OverDrive
3702:pre-x86 (
3569:Gracemont
3478:Broadwell
3159:Omni-Path
3049:3D XPoint
3009:Virtutech
2677:Anandtech
2578:March 31,
2573:En Gadget
2552:March 31,
2526:26 August
2480:Anandtech
2459:March 31,
2436:AnandTech
1951:AnandTech
1773:AnandTech
1734:Reception
1666:memristor
1615:package.
1542:3D XPoint
1458:Disk pack
1423:Plugboard
1260:DVD-Video
1189:LaserDisc
1087:Videotape
958:3D XPoint
949:Memristor
589:CPU cache
357:Core dump
277:Data bank
227:Directory
18:3D Xpoint
4521:ASCI Red
4481:Bob Swan
4427:Founders
4366:Larrabee
4244:iAPX 432
4179:11th gen
4174:10th gen
4013:P6-based
3903:RapidCAD
3645:14th gen
3640:13th gen
3635:12th gen
3630:11th gen
3625:10th gen
3552:Goldmont
3540:Saltwell
3454:Westmere
3414:NetBurst
3360:Chipsets
3139:Intel740
3042:Products
2999:Mobileye
2847:15 April
2822:15 April
2682:15 April
2656:15 April
2630:15 April
2604:15 April
2506:EE Times
2279:also at
2206:EE Times
2189:EE Times
2171:EE Times
2153:EE Times
2059:38206440
2050:10784450
2006:EE Times
1981:EE Times
1888:See also
1851:chipsets
1839:hardware
1387:UltraRAM
1265:DVD card
1220:Video CD
1205:CD Video
975:Nano-RAM
944:Memistor
917:XQD card
892:SIM card
750:Dekatron
636:XDR DRAM
631:EDO DRAM
568:Volatile
362:Hex dump
272:Database
167:Metadata
162:Big data
4879:Current
4795:Current
4499:Related
4356:Stratix
4292:Related
4254:Itanium
4169:9th gen
4164:8th gen
4159:7th gen
4154:6th gen
4149:5th gen
4144:4th gen
4139:3rd gen
4134:2nd gen
4129:1st gen
4092:Pentium
4075:Celeron
4035:Tolapai
3956:Pentium
3939:(1998)
3937:Celeron
3828:80387DX
3820:80387SX
3615:Pentium
3610:Celeron
3564:Tremont
3535:Bonnell
3485:Skylake
3473:Haswell
3449:Nehalem
3348:Itanium
3264:Pentium
3259:Celeron
3149:IXP1200
3144:InTru3D
3034:Vantiva
2928:YouTube
2765:PCWorld
2029:Bibcode
1924:Numonyx
1847:drivers
1619:History
1601:caching
1593:latency
1472:(~1970)
1466:(~1968)
1448:(1960s)
1285:Blu-ray
1275:MiniDVD
1270:DVD-RAM
1230:Mini CD
1172:Optical
1132:U-matic
1127:MicroMV
1107:Betamax
971:(ECRAM)
912:MicroP2
887:SD card
877:PC Card
668:1T-SRAM
626:QDRSRAM
217:Storage
47:General
4930:Future
4901:EEPROM
4824:Future
4806:e.g.,
4726:Tarari
4599:Inside
4420:People
4279:XScale
4049:64-bit
4045:x86-64
3950:(2004)
3847:32-bit
3810:80C187
3803:(1980)
3776:(1982)
3770:(1982)
3764:(1982)
3758:(1979)
3752:(1978)
3741:16-bit
3735:Early
3727:(1977)
3721:(1974)
3715:(1972)
3694:(1974)
3688:(1971)
3596:64-bit
3592:x86-64
3442:Penryn
3428:64-bit
3424:x86-64
3383:32-bit
3019:Xircom
2987:Altera
2981:3Dlabs
2892:"X100"
2485:memory
2358:
2322:8 June
2057:
2047:
1876:Micron
1865:NVDIMM
1693:QuantX
1689:Optane
1562:Optane
1531:Optane
1529:Intel
1478:(1971)
1460:(1962)
1454:(1962)
1442:(1957)
1436:(1949)
1430:(1932)
1419:(1725)
1413:(1725)
1407:(1725)
1280:HD DVD
1240:CD-ROM
1196:(CDDA)
1122:MiniDV
841:(SSHD)
823:(SSS)
809:EEPROM
757:(2009)
746:(1952)
740:(1951)
734:(1947)
352:Backup
4957:SONOS
4937:FeRAM
4906:EPROM
4896:EAROM
4831:Z-RAM
4686:OnCue
4351:PIIXs
4232:Other
4030:Quark
3843:IA-32
3833:80487
3815:80287
3774:80286
3768:80188
3762:80186
3704:8-bit
3677:4-bit
3379:IA-32
3343:Quark
3242:Lists
3178:X25-M
3154:OFono
2966:Intel
2842:Intel
2817:Intel
1910:Notes
1805:Intel
1646:ReRAM
1611:in a
1585:NVRAM
1554:Intel
1340:ECRAM
1320:CBRAM
1255:DVD+R
1215:CD-RW
1152:D-VHS
1147:VHS-C
1142:S-VHS
1083:(DDS)
1006:ReRAM
1001:FeRAM
994:NVRAM
980:CBRAM
937:NVRAM
835:(SSD)
804:EPROM
761:Z-RAM
755:T-RAM
687:(CAM)
675:ReRAM
641:RDRAM
621:LPDDR
616:SGRAM
611:SDRAM
606:eDRAM
40:types
4952:PRAM
4947:NRAM
4942:MRAM
4916:PROM
4886:RRAM
4815:SRAM
4802:DRAM
4526:BiiN
4448:CEOs
4346:ICHs
4341:SCHs
4336:PCHs
4269:i960
4264:i860
4259:RISC
4249:EPIC
4239:CISC
4191:Xeon
4119:Core
4058:Atom
4008:Xeon
4003:Core
3920:Atom
3878:i486
3856:i386
3849:x86)
3801:8087
3789:FPUs
3756:8088
3750:8086
3725:8085
3719:8080
3713:8008
3692:4040
3686:4004
3652:Xeon
3620:Core
3605:Atom
3437:Core
3385:x86)
3338:Xeon
3301:Core
3254:Atom
3194:WiDi
3174:SSDs
2849:2019
2824:2019
2773:2021
2684:2019
2658:2019
2632:2019
2606:2019
2580:2017
2554:2017
2528:2016
2461:2017
2356:ISBN
2324:2017
2112:2016
2055:PMID
1959:2017
1855:CPUs
1853:and
1845:and
1827:NVMe
1760:IOPS
1716:IOPS
1613:DIMM
1599:and
1589:SSDs
1583:and
1556:and
1330:NRAM
1302:WORM
1210:CD-R
964:MRAM
799:PROM
794:MROM
696:VRAM
680:QRAM
663:SRAM
651:GDDR
601:DRAM
497:RAID
147:Data
36:and
4921:ROM
4329:Arc
4314:GMA
4063:SoC
3981:III
3971:Pro
3930:SoC
3893:DX4
3888:DX2
3866:376
3785:x87
3737:x86
3673:BCD
3527:ULV
3524:x86
3279:III
3269:Pro
3199:x86
2348:doi
2045:PMC
2037:doi
1882:AIC
1834:U.2
1823:M.2
1642:GST
1581:RAM
1535:M.2
1533:in
1250:DVD
1137:VHS
954:PCM
907:SxS
782:ROM
656:HBM
646:DDR
577:RAM
5009::
4888:(
4324:Xe
4068:CE
3976:II
3925:CE
3898:SL
3883:SX
3871:EX
3861:SX
3397:P6
3392:P5
3326:i9
3321:i7
3316:i5
3311:i3
3274:II
2926:,
2894:.
2865:.
2840:.
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2649:.
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2004:,
1992:^
1983:,
1979:,
1967:^
1949:.
1841:,
1576:.
1200:CD
1117:DV
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4124:2
4102:D
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4080:D
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