2058:). On certain motherboards, AMD's IGPs can use dedicated sideport memory: a separate fixed block of high performance memory that is dedicated for use by the GPU. As of early 2007 computers with integrated graphics account for about 90% of all PC shipments. They are less costly to implement than dedicated graphics processing, but tend to be less capable. Historically, integrated processing was considered unfit for 3D games or graphically intensive programs but could run less intensive programs such as Adobe Flash. Examples of such IGPs would be offerings from SiS and VIA circa 2004. However, modern integrated graphics processors such as
897:
901:
889:
239:
45:
869:, the deal which was signed in 1995 was not announced publicly until 1998. In the intervening period, Microsoft worked closely with SGI to port OpenGL to Windows NT. In that era OpenGL had no standard driver model for competing hardware accelerators to compete on the basis of support for higher level 3D texturing and lighting functionality. In 1994 Microsoft announced DirectX 1.0 and support for gaming in the forthcoming Windows '95 consumer OS, in '95
2012:
568:
499:
1384:. Performance is also affected by the number of streaming multiprocessors (SM) for NVidia GPUs, or compute units (CU) for AMD GPUs, or Xe cores for Intel discrete GPUs, which describe the number of core on-silicon processor units within the GPU chip that perform the core calculations, typically working in parallel with other SM/CUs on the GPU. GPU performance is typically measured in floating point operations per second (
2004:
865:, the dominant CGI movie production tool used for early CGI movie hits like Jurassic Park, Terminator 2 and Titanic. With that deal came a strategic relationship with SGI and a commercial license of SGI's OpenGL libraries enabling Microsoft to port the API to the Windows NT OS but not to the upcoming release of Windows '95. Although it was little known at the time, SGI had contracted with Microsoft to
581:
1397:
555:
305:
436:
2157:. This turns the massive computational power of a modern graphics accelerator's shader pipeline into general-purpose computing power. In certain applications requiring massive vector operations, this can yield several orders of magnitude higher performance than a conventional CPU. The two largest discrete (see "
2265:(CPU), but often lack a powerful graphics processor, and instead have a less powerful but more energy-efficient on-board graphics chip. On-board graphics chips are often not powerful enough for playing video games, or for other graphically intensive tasks, such as editing video or 3D animation/rendering.
2313:
Graphics processing units (GPU) have continued to increase in energy usage, while CPUs designers have recently focused on improving performance per watt. High performance GPUs may draw large amount of power, therefore intelligent techniques are required to manage GPU power consumption. Measures like
1204:
line and with contemporary
Pentiums and Celerons. This resulted in a large nominal market share, as the majority of computers with an Intel CPU also featured this embedded graphics processor. These generally lagged behind discrete processors in performance. Intel re-entered the discrete GPU market in
1143:
GPUs from AMD are fabricated by a 14 nm process. Their release resulted in a substantial increase in the performance per watt of AMD video cards. AMD also released the Vega GPU series for the high end market as a competitor to Nvidia's high end Pascal cards, also featuring HBM2 like the Titan V.
1031:
was the precursor to what is now called a compute shader (e.g. CUDA, OpenCL, DirectCompute) and actually abused the hardware to a degree by treating the data passed to algorithms as texture maps and executing algorithms by drawing a triangle or quad with an appropriate pixel shader. This entails some
947:
were not general purpose and could not execute arbitrary pixel code. Vertices and pixels were processed by different units which had their own resources, with pixel shaders having tighter constraints (because they execute at higher frequencies than vertices). Pixel shading engines were actually more
2226:
to run on the GPU's stream processors. This makes it possible for C programs to take advantage of a GPU's ability to operate on large buffers in parallel, while still using the CPU when appropriate. CUDA was the first API to allow CPU-based applications to directly access the resources of a GPU for
1076:
cards were released in 2010, and in 2011 AMD released its 6000M Series discrete GPUs for mobile devices. The Kepler line of graphics cards by Nvidia were released in 2012 and were used in the Nvidia's 600 and 700 series cards. A feature in this GPU microarchitecture included GPU boost, a technology
1982:
by AMD allow multiple GPUs to draw images simultaneously for a single screen, increasing the processing power available for graphics. These technologies, however, are increasingly uncommon; most games do not fully use multiple GPUs, as most users cannot afford them. Multiple GPUs are still used on
883:
to become more powerful general purpose processors as support for hardware accelerated texture mapping, lighting, Z-buffering and compute created the modern GPU. During this period the same
Microsoft team responsible for Direct3D and OpenGL driver standardization introduced their own Microsoft 3D
2264:
An external GPU is a graphics processor located outside of the housing of the computer, similar to a large external hard drive. External graphics processors are sometimes used with laptop computers. Laptops might have a substantial amount of RAM and a sufficiently powerful central processing unit
2255:
architecture. However, substantial acceleration can also be obtained by not compiling the programs, and instead transferring them to the GPU, to be interpreted there. Acceleration can then be obtained by either interpreting multiple programs simultaneously, simultaneously running multiple example
873:
and the Direct3D driver model for the acceleration of consumer 3D graphics. The Direct3D driver model shipped with DirectX 2.0 in 1996. It included standards and specifications for 3D chip makers to compete to support 3D texture, lighting and Z-buffering. ATI, which was later to be acquired by
2295:
Official vendor support for external GPUs has gained traction. A milestone was Apple's decision to support external GPUs with MacOS High Sierra 10.13.4. Several major hardware vendors (HP, Razer) released
Thunderbolt 3 eGPU enclosures. This support fuels eGPU implementations by enthusiasts.
2093:
On systems with "Unified Memory
Architecture" (UMA), including modern AMD processors with integrated graphics, modern Intel processors with integrated graphics, Apple processors, the PS5 and Xbox Series (among others), the CPU cores and the GPU block share the same pool of RAM and memory address
878:
in 1996 to aggressively embracing support for Direct3D. In this era
Microsoft merged their internal Direct3D and OpenGL teams and worked closely with SGI to unify driver standards for both industrial and consumer 3D graphics hardware accelerators. Microsoft ran annual events for 3D chip makers
2073:
Since GPU computations are memory-intensive, integrated processing may compete with the CPU for relatively slow system RAM, as it has minimal or no dedicated video memory. IGPs use system memory with bandwidth up to a current maximum of 128 GB/s, whereas a discrete graphics card may have a
2321:
With modern GPUs, energy usage is an important constraint on the maximum computational capabilities that can be achieved. GPU designs are usually highly scalable, allowing the manufacturer to put multiple chips on the same video card, or to use multiple video cards that work in parallel. Peak
1939:
dedicated GPUs are removable. Dedicated GPUs for portable computers are most commonly interfaced through a non-standard and often proprietary slot due to size and weight constraints. Such ports may still be considered PCIe or AGP in terms of their logical host interface, even if they are not
1132:. Tensor cores are designed for deep learning, while high-bandwidth memory is on-die, stacked, lower-clocked memory that offers an extremely wide memory bus. To emphasize that the Titan V is not a gaming card, Nvidia removed the "GeForce GTX" suffix it adds to consumer gaming cards.
822:
with the earlier-generation chips for ease of implementation and minimal cost. Initially, 3D graphics were possible only with discrete boards dedicated to accelerating 3D functions (and lacking 2D graphical user interface (GUI) acceleration entirely) such as the
3154:
3398:"Mitsubishi's 3DPro/2mp Chipset Sets New Records for Fastest 3D Graphics Accelerator for Windows NT Systems; 3DPro/2mp grabs Viewperf performance lead; other high-end benchmark tests clearly show that 3DPro's performance outdistances all Windows NT competitors"
1051:
that allows for the development of code for both GPUs and CPUs with an emphasis on portability. OpenCL solutions are supported by Intel, AMD, Nvidia, and ARM, and according to a report in 2011 by Evans Data, OpenCL had become the second most popular HPC tool.
2094:
space. This allows the system to dynamically allocate memory between the CPU cores and the GPU block based on memory needs (without needing a large static split of the RAM) and thanks to zero copy transfers, removes the need for either copying data over a
654:
3D graphics became increasingly common in arcade, computer, and console games, which led to increasing public demand for hardware-accelerated 3D graphics. Early examples of mass-market 3D graphics hardware can be found in arcade system boards such as the
2322:
performance of any system is essentially limited by the amount of power it can draw and the amount of heat it can dissipate. Consequently, performance per watt of a GPU design translates directly into peak performance of a system that uses that design.
1162:, its RDNA 2 graphics cards with support for hardware-accelerated ray tracing. The product series, launched in late 2020, consisted of the RX 6800, RX 6800 XT, and RX 6900 XT. The RX 6700 XT, which is based on Navi 22, was launched in early 2021.
913:(also known as NV10) was the first consumer-level card with hardware-accelerated T&L; While the OpenGL API provided software support for texture mapping and lighting the first 3D hardware acceleration for these features arrived with the first
1239:
since they have significant FLOPS performance increases, using 4Ă—4 matrix multiplication and division, resulting in hardware performance up to 128 TFLOPS in some applications. These tensor cores are expected to appear in consumer cards, as well.
415:
with its own simple instruction set, that was capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam (e.g. for per-scanline palette switches, sprite multiplexing, and hardware windowing), or driving the blitter. In 1986,
935:. Each pixel could now be processed by a short program that could include additional image textures as inputs, and each geometric vertex could likewise be processed by a short program before it was projected onto the screen. Used in the
3919:
2117:
Hybrid graphics cards are somewhat more expensive than integrated graphics, but much less expensive than dedicated graphics cards. They share memory with the system and have a small dedicated memory cache, to make up for the high
875:
1312:
capabilities (usually with a VGA compatibility mode). Newer cards such as AMD/ATI HD5000–HD7000 lack dedicated 2D acceleration; it is emulated by 3D hardware. GPUs were initially used to accelerate the memory-intensive work of
2337:
In 2013, 438.3 million GPUs were shipped globally and the forecast for 2014 was 414.2 million. However, by the third quarter of 2022, shipments of integrated GPUs totaled around 75.5 million units, down 19% year-over-year.
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879:
called "Meltdowns" to test their 3D hardware and drivers to work both with Direct3D and OpenGL. It was during this period of strong
Microsoft influence over 3D standards that 3D accelerator cards moved beyond being simple
2250:
on the host PC and transfer the executable to the GPU to be run. Typically a performance advantage is only obtained by running the single active program simultaneously on many example problems in parallel, using the GPU's
2122:
of the system RAM. Technologies within PCI Express make this possible. While these solutions are sometimes advertised as having as much as 768 MB of RAM, this refers to how much can be shared with the system memory.
1447:
are offloaded to the GPU hardware, is commonly referred to as "GPU accelerated video decoding", "GPU assisted video decoding", "GPU hardware accelerated video decoding", or "GPU hardware assisted video decoding".
1187:
in the late 1990s, but produced lackluster 3D accelerators compared to the competition at the time. Rather than attempting to compete with the high-end manufacturers Nvidia and ATI/AMD, they began integrating
1123:
of cards are of this generation of graphics cards. They are made using the 16 nm manufacturing process which improves upon previous microarchitectures. Nvidia released one non-consumer card under the new
2976:
846:
and
Fujitsu on a "Thriller Conspiracy" project which combined a Fujitsu FXG-1 Pinolite geometry processor with a Vérité V2200 core to create a graphics card with a full T&L engine years before Nvidia's
4999:
5284:
3397:
3915:
2471:
1388:); GPUs in the 2010s and 2020s typically deliver performance measured in teraflops (TFLOPS). This is an estimated performance measure, as other factors can affect the actual display rate.
1111:
in Taiwan using the 28 nm process. Compared to the 40 nm technology from the past, this manufacturing process allowed a 20 percent boost in performance while drawing less power.
471:, released in 1987, used a custom graphics chipset with a 65,536 color palette and hardware support for sprites, scrolling, and multiple playfields. It served as a development machine for
424:, the first fully programmable graphics processor. It could run general-purpose code, but it had a graphics-oriented instruction set. During 1990–1992, this chip became the basis of the
1920:
that is dedicated to the GPU rather than relying on the computer’s main system memory. This RAM is usually specially selected for the expected serial workload of the graphics card (see
4134:
2177:
distributed computing project for protein folding calculations. In certain circumstances, the GPU calculates forty times faster than the CPUs traditionally used by such applications.
2199:
GPU-based high performance computers play a significant role in large-scale modelling. Three of the ten most powerful supercomputers in the world take advantage of GPU acceleration.
6426:
6288:
1995:
workloads and for simulations, and in AI to expedite training, as is the case with Nvidia's lineup of DGX workstations and servers, Tesla GPUs, and Intel's Ponte
Vecchio GPUs.
3427:
943:, which used a custom vector unit for hardware accelerated vertex processing (commonly referred to as VU0/VU1). The earliest incarnations of shader execution engines used in
734:
solution for use in home computers in 1995; the
Fujitsu Pinolite, the first 3D geometry processor for personal computers, released in 1997. The first hardware T&L GPU on
2292:
port. Those ports are only available on certain notebook systems. eGPU enclosures include their own power supply (PSU), because powerful GPUs can consume hundreds of watts.
5028:
2318:
per watt can help identify more efficient GPUs. However that may not adequately incorporate efficiency in typical use, where much time is spent doing less demanding tasks.
352:, and laid the foundations for the emerging PC graphics market. It was used in a number of graphics cards and was licensed for clones such as the Intel 82720, the first of
5641:
6706:
1931:
Dedicated GPUs are not necessarily removable, nor does it necessarily interface with the motherboard in a standard fashion. The term "dedicated" refers to the fact that
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akin to a highly customizable function block and did not really "run" a program. Many of these disparities between vertex and pixel shading were not addressed until the
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1959:(AGP). They can usually be replaced or upgraded with relative ease, assuming the motherboard is capable of supporting the upgrade. A few graphics cards still use
4104:
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architecture, the Titan V. Changes from the Titan XP, Pascal's high-end card, include an increase in the number of CUDA cores, the addition of tensor cores, and
4992:
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between physically separate RAM pools or copying between separate address spaces on a single physical pool of RAM, allowing more efficient transfer of data.
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as an indication of the performance increase it promised. The 86C911 spawned a variety of imitators: by 1995, all major PC graphics chip makers had added
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and described a programmable processing unit working independently from the CPU that was responsible for graphics manipulation and output. In 1994,
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Several factors of GPU construction affect the performance of the card for real-time rendering, such as the size of the connector pathways in the
1184:
834:. However, as manufacturing technology continued to progress, video, 2D GUI acceleration, and 3D functionality were all integrated into one chip.
527:
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353:
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have high system requirements; manufacturers recommended the GTX 970 and the R9 290X or better at the time of their release. Cards based on the
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math, and were quickly becoming as flexible as CPUs, yet orders of magnitude faster for image-array operations. Pixel shading is often used for
5634:
4706:
3844:
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2715:
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2042:(UMA) use a portion of a computer's system RAM rather than dedicated graphics memory. IGPs can be integrated onto a motherboard as part of its
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Hybrid GPUs compete with integrated graphics in the low-end desktop and notebook markets. The most common implementations of this are ATI's
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was introduced in the early '90s by SGI as a professional graphics API, with proprietary hardware support for 3D rasterization. In 1994
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GPU to provide increased functionality to cars' navigation and entertainment systems. Advances in GPU technology in cars helped advance
707:
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In 2018, Nvidia launched the RTX 20 series GPUs that added ray-tracing cores to GPUs, improving their performance on lighting effects.
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surpassed expensive general-purpose graphics coprocessors in
Windows performance, and such coprocessors faded from the PC market.
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Raina, Rajat; Madhavan, Anand; Ng, Andrew Y. (2009-06-14). "Large-scale deep unsupervised learning using graphics processors".
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The company announced that the successor to the RDNA microarchitecture would be incremental (aka a refresh). AMD unveiled the
146:
for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor.
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acceleration evolved. As manufacturing capabilities improved, so did the level of integration of graphics chips. Additional
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problems, or combinations of both. A modern GPU can simultaneously interpret hundreds of thousands of very small programs.
1963:(PCI) slots, but their bandwidth is so limited that they are generally used only when a PCIe or AGP slot is not available.
6520:
4160:
3241:
2977:"Famous Graphics Chips: TI TMS34010 and VRAM. The first programmable graphics processor chip | IEEE Computer Society"
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are involved where they are not needed (nor are triangle manipulations even a concern—except to invoke the pixel shader).
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series, which competed with the then-current GeForce 30 series and Radeon 6000 series cards at competitive prices.
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microarchitecture with incremental improvements and different GPU configurations in each system's implementation.
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for Linux-based and UNIX-like operating systems. All except XvMC are capable of decoding videos encoded with
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4286:"Microsoft Drops More Xbox Series X Tech Specs: Zen 2 + RDNA 2, 12 TFLOPs GPU, HDMI 2.1, & a Custom SSD"
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1971:
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GPUs are making computational inroads against the CPU, and a subfield of research, dubbed GPU computing or
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or character modes and where the memory is stored (so there did not need to be a contiguous frame buffer).
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1984:
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4941:"Xbit Labs: Roundup of 7 Contemporary Integrated Graphics Chipsets for Socket 478 and Socket A Platforms"
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that adjusts the clock-speed of a video card to increase or decrease it according to its power draw. The
1043:
platform, first introduced in 2007, was the earliest widely adopted programming model for GPU computing.
855:
was one of the first consumer-facing GPU integrated 3D processing unit and 2D processing unit on a chip.
818:. These chips were essentially previous-generation 2D accelerators with 3D features bolted on. Many were
6616:
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3527:, Kruger and Westermann, International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 2005
851:; This card, designed to reduce the load placed upon the system's CPU, never made it to market. NVIDIA
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1967:
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730:, which worked on the Sega Model 2 arcade system, began working on integrating T&L into a single
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computer, released in 1989, had support for a 16,777,216 color palette. In 1988, the first dedicated
376:
293:
143:
31:
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4392:
3967:"AMD RX 480, 470 & 460 Polaris GPUs To Deliver The 'Most Revolutionary Jump In Performance' Yet"
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were the market share leaders, with 49.4%, 27.8%, and 20.6% market share respectively. In addition,
1200:
laptop processor in 2009, continuing in 2010 with desktop processors in the first generation of the
332:
chip. This enabled the design of low-cost, high-performance video graphics cards such as those from
6633:
6325:
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5245:. In Proceedings of the CVPR Workshop on Computer Vision on GPU, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, June 2008.
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1987:), on workstations to accelerate video (processing multiple videos at once) and 3D rendering, for
1349:
which can manipulate vertices and textures with many of the same operations that are supported by
403:
mode. It was used in a number of graphics cards and terminals during the late 1980s. In 1985, the
96:. After their initial design, GPUs were found to be useful for non-graphic calculations involving
44:
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61:
4105:"AMD Announces Ryzen 'Zen 3' and Radeon 'RDNA2' Presentations for October: A New Journey Begins"
4057:"AMD's next-generation Zen 3 CPUs and Radeon RX 6000 'Big Navi' GPU will be revealed next month"
3701:
2328:, sometimes their performance is measured in terms also applied to CPUs, such as FLOPS per watt.
4720:
4707:"Nvidia SLI and AMD CrossFire is dead – but should we mourn multi-GPU gaming? | TechRadar"
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866:
522:(VGA) display standard in 1987, with a maximum resolution of 640Ă—480 pixels. In November 1988,
6540:
6487:
6308:
6107:
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5870:
5549:
5539:
4461:
4019:
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3568:
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3117:
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2504:– the video decoding bit-stream technology from ATI to support hardware (GPU) decode with DXVA
2365:
2146:
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Most GPUs are designed for a specific use, real-time 3D graphics, or other mass calculations:
1464:
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561:
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1151:(GCN) microarchitecture/instruction set. Dubbed RDNA, the first product featuring it was the
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6535:
6463:
6320:
6293:
6228:
6206:
6170:
6102:
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Barron, E. T.; Glorioso, R. M. (September 1973). "A micro controlled peripheral processor".
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2169:, are pursuing this approach with an array of applications. Both Nvidia and AMD teamed with
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4135:"AMD unveils three Radeon 6000 graphics cards with ray tracing and RTX-beating performance"
3916:"Nvidia's monstrous Pascal GPU is packed with cutting-edge tech and 15 billion transistors"
3205:
980:, which adds texture to make an object look shiny, dull, rough, or even round or extruded.
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2011:
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2214:. Furthermore, each GPU vendor introduced its own API which only works with their cards:
987:
and new generic stream processing units, GPUs became more generalized computing devices.
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498:
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CUDA by Example: An Introduction to General-Purpose GPU Programming, Portable Documents
3563:
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line, manufactured on the same process. Nvidia's 28 nm chips were manufactured by
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have used specialized graphics circuits since the 1970s. In early video game hardware,
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Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning – ICML '09
870:
336:. It became the best-known GPU until the mid-1980s. It was the first fully integrated
6670:
6153:
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1979:
1932:
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These operations also have applications in video editing, encoding, and transcoding.
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In the PC world, notable failed attempts for low-cost 3D graphics chips included the
773:
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38:
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used in their graphics chips to accelerate video decoding on hardware GPU with DXVA.
1624:
An earlier GPU may support one or more 2D graphics API for 2D acceleration, such as
874:
AMD, began development on the first Direct3D GPU's. Nvidia, quickly pivoted from a
842:
chipsets were among the first to do this well. In 1997, Rendition collaborated with
6160:
5735:
5713:
5708:
4803:
4490:
4397:
4161:"AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT 'Navi 22 GPU' Custom Models Reportedly Boost Up To 2.95 GHz"
2535:
2530:
2174:
2003:
1878:
1863:
1794:
1734:
1377:
1354:
1289:
1235:. Specialized processing cores on some modern workstation's GPUs are dedicated for
977:
926:
735:
690:-based Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator in 1993 were capable of hardware T&L (
664:
656:
632:
278:
267:
162:
93:
81:
4015:"AMD to Introduce New Next-Gen RDNA GPUs in 2020, Not a Typical 'Refresh' of Navi"
3942:"Nvidia RTX 2070, RTX 2080, RTX 2080 Ti GPUs revealed: specs, price, release date"
3865:
3511:
3353:
694:) years before appearing in consumer graphics cards. Another early example is the
5533:
3598:
2925:
2086:
can mitigate this deficiency. Older integrated graphics chipsets lacked hardware
1740:
In personal computers, there are two main forms of GPUs. Each has many synonyms:
1308:. In addition to the 3D hardware, today's GPUs include basic 2D acceleration and
6330:
6148:
6023:
5823:
5762:
5051:"AMD Outlines HSA Roadmap: Unified Memory for CPU/GPU in 2013, HSA GPUs in 2014"
2575:
2570:
2277:
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2230:
Since 2005 there has been interest in using the performance offered by GPUs for
2227:
more general purpose computing without the limitations of using a graphics API.
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Therefore, it is desirable to attach a GPU to some external bus of a notebook.
1928:
GPUs were called "DIS" systems as opposed to "UMA" systems (see next section).
17:
6438:
6218:
6186:
6143:
6033:
5798:
5730:
5553:
5176:
4692:
4337:"AMD's Navi 7nm GPU Architecture to Reportedly Feature Dedicated AI Circuitry"
3629:"OpenCL – The open standard for parallel programming of heterogeneous systems"
2423:
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4597:"AMD Rolls Out 5 nm ASIC-based Accelerator for the Interactive Streaming Era"
3121:
1538:
Video decoding processes that can be accelerated by modern GPU hardware are:
6570:
6249:
5808:
5686:
5177:"Stanford Lecture: Scalable Parallel Programming with CUDA on Manycore GPUs"
4262:
4109:
4088:
3993:"AMD Announces Next-Generation Leadership Products at Computex 2019 Keynote"
3493:
3112:
2476:
2375:
2007:
The position of an integrated GPU in a northbridge/southbridge system layout
1852:
1809:
1653:
1396:
1381:
1206:
1193:
931:
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288:
by setting a bit on a display list instruction. ANTIC also supported smooth
285:
271:
171:
5619:
5603:
5312:
5242:
5125:
4967:"Does dual-channel memory make difference on integrated video performance?"
3572:
2284:
1, 2, or 3 port (PCIe Ă—4, up to 10, 20, or 40 Gbit/s respectively), a
2019:
motherboard with integrated graphics, which has HDMI, VGA and DVI-out ports
5154:
4840:"V-Ray for Nuke – Ray Traced Rendering for Compositors | Chaos Group"
4506:
4456:
4448:
Conference record of the 6th annual workshop on Microprogramming – MICRO 6
1248:
Many companies have produced GPUs under a number of brand names. In 2009,
1223:
In the 2020s, GPUs have been increasingly used for calculations involving
6575:
6513:
6196:
5681:
4795:
4546:
4521:"NVIDIA Launches the World's First Graphics Processing Unit: GeForce 256"
3525:"Linear algebra operators for GPU implementation of numerical algorithms"
2188:. They are generally suited to high-throughput computations that exhibit
2067:
1401:
1362:
1330:
1326:
1273:
1096:
965:
852:
808:
695:
687:
574:
480:
448:
440:
421:
411:
for bitmap manipulation, line drawing, and area fill. It also included a
370:
6348:
5608:
3539:"ABC-SysBio—approximate Bayesian computation in Python with GPU support"
3041:"Hardcore Gaming 101: Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier"
2272:
is the only bus used for this purpose. The port may be, for example, an
395:
graphics processor for personal computers. The ARTC could display up to
6090:
5957:
5902:
5818:
5803:
5767:
5698:
5181:
4839:
4311:"NVIDIA Volta Unveiled: GV100 GPU and Tesla V100 Accelerator Announced"
2850:
Hopgood, F. Robert A.; Hubbold, Roger J.; Duce, David A., eds. (1986).
2289:
2051:
1789:
1690:
1641:
1277:
824:
788:
727:
584:
554:
408:
388:
381:
212:
5299:"Best External Graphics Card 2020 (EGPU) [The Complete Guide]"
5076:"Getting the Most from OpenCL™ 1.2: How to Increase Performance by..."
4084:"AMD Teases Radeon RX 6000 Card Performance Numbers: Aiming For 3080?"
2906:
451:
graphics system was released. It was one of the first video cards for
304:
6480:
5987:
5977:
5863:
5858:
5788:
5742:
5725:
5703:
4037:"AMD to reveal next-gen Big Navi RDNA 2 graphics cards on October 28"
3702:"School's in session – Nvidia's driverless system learns by watching"
3354:"Fujitsu Develops World's First Three Dimensional Geometry Processor"
2615:
2515:
2490:
2315:
2211:
2207:
2166:
2016:
1975:
1799:
1730:
1698:
1657:
1649:
1488:
1484:
1455:
on the card, offloading the central processing unit. The most common
1439:. This hardware-accelerated video decoding, in which portions of the
1269:
1265:
1253:
1174:
1044:
905:
858:
812:
770:
472:
468:
224:
5479:"GPU Q3'22 biggest quarter-to-quarter drop since the 2009 recession"
4199:"AMD to Launch Mid-Range RDNA 2 Desktop Graphics in First Half 2021"
435:
37:
For an expansion card that contains a graphics processing unit, see
5025:"Integrated Graphics Solutions for Graphics-Intensive Applications"
4993:"Integrated Graphics Solutions for Graphics-Intensive Applications"
4227:"Sony PS5 Gets A Full Teardown Detailing Its RDNA 2 Guts And Glory"
3376:"The Nintendo 64 is one of the greatest gaming devices of all time"
2990:
1935:
have RAM that is dedicated to the card's use, not to the fact that
6213:
6095:
6080:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6028:
5224:"A SIMD interpreter for Genetic Programming on GPU Graphics Cards"
4796:"FAQ | GPU-accelerated 3D rendering software | Redshift"
3628:
2545:
2325:
2142:
2132:
1992:
1520:
1472:
1468:
1395:
1385:
1180:
1065:
1028:
992:
871:
Microsoft announced the acquisition of UK based Rendermorphics Ltd
803:
579:
566:
553:
543:
497:
492:
434:
404:
303:
263:
243:
237:
208:
166:
2790:
888:. Details of this era are documented extensively in the books: "
266:, a video processor which interpreted instructions describing a "
6085:
6075:
5853:
5405:
4816:"Exploring Performance with Autodesk's Arnold Renderer GPU Beta"
4622:
3424:"VGA Legacy MKIII – Diamond Fire GL 4000 (Mitsubishi 3DPro/2mp)"
3234:"System 16 – Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator Hardware (Namco)"
2882:"Famous Graphics Chips: NEC ÎĽPD7220 Graphics Display Controller"
2783:"What are the 6502, ANTIC, CTIA/GTIA, POKEY, and FREDDIE chips?"
2252:
2219:
2193:
1943:
Graphics cards with dedicated GPUs typically interface with the
1726:
1678:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1428:
1108:
1061:
1040:
944:
936:
828:
780:
625:
392:
337:
275:
232:
220:
6352:
5623:
4735:"Hardware Selection and Configuration Guide DaVinci Resolve 15"
1705:
as "the world's first GPU". It was presented as a "single-chip
4421:
CL-GD5446 64-bit VisualMedia Accelerator Preliminary Data Book
3890:
2162:
1988:
1456:
1413:
1405:
1196:
for the Pentium III, and later into CPUs. They began with the
766:
523:
512:
349:
203:
backgrounds. The Galaxian hardware was widely used during the
4760:"Recommended System: Recommended Systems for DaVinci Resolve"
2578:– includes built-in support for CUDA and OpenCL GPU execution
1380:
frequency, and the number and size of various on-chip memory
3445:"Is it Time to Rename the GPU? | IEEE Computer Society"
1523:, while XvMC is only capable of decoding MPEG-1 and MPEG-2.
5151:"Top500 List – June 2012 | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites"
2280:
port (PCIe Ă—1, up to 5 or 2.5 Gbit/s respectively), a
925:
Nvidia was first to produce a chip capable of programmable
624:(APIs) arrived for a variety of tasks, such as Microsoft's
4574:"ATi Takes Over 3D Technology Leadership With Radeon 9700"
3321:"3D-CG System with Video Texturing for Personal Computers"
1408:
2.1 which enables it to decode AVC and VC-1 video formats.
968:
9.0 accelerator, pixel and vertex shaders could implement
3781:"Xbox One vs. PlayStation 4: Which game console is best?"
2472:
List of discrete and integrated graphics processing units
4180:"AMD CEO keynote scheduled for CES 2020 on 12th January"
2553:, the X11 equivalent of DXVA for MPEG-2, H.264, and VC-1
1528:
dedicated hardware video decoding and encoding solutions
4918:"AnandTech – μATX Part 2: Intel G33 Performance Review"
2158:
2082:
bandwidth can limit the performance of the GPU, though
1745:
1640:
A GPU can support one or more 3D graphics API, such as
1173:
were released in 2020; they both use GPUs based on the
4648:"Nvidia Optimus documentation for Linux device driver"
2753:"Atari 2600 Teardown: What?s Inside Your Old Console?"
348:) graphics display processor for PCs, supported up to
1427:
playback, and many GPUs made since 2000 also support
867:
transition from Unix to the forthcoming Windows NT OS
407:
was released with a custom graphics chip including a
3837:"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited"
2070:) can handle 2D graphics or low-stress 3D graphics.
1940:
physically interchangeable with their counterparts.
757:, a GPU capable of transformation and lighting, for
609:
acceleration support to their chips. Fixed-function
487:
graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the
27:
Specialized electronic circuit; graphics accelerator
6604:
6551:
6501:
6414:
6386:
6237:
6179:
6131:
6011:
5950:
5836:
5781:
5664:
5657:
5361:"Alienware Graphics Amplifier | Dell United States"
2716:"mame/galaxian.c at master č·Ż mamedev/mame č·Ż GitHub"
2694:"mame/galaxian.c at master č·Ż mamedev/mame č·Ż GitHub"
2654:"mame/mw8080bw.c at master č·Ż mamedev/mame č·Ż GitHub"
1192:GPUs into motherboard chipsets, beginning with the
1103:. Nvidia's Kepler line of GPUs was followed by the
1099:were released in 2013; they both use GPUs based on
104:. Other non-graphical uses include the training of
5313:"Use an external graphics processor with your Mac"
5100:"Stanford University tailors Folding@home to GPUs"
2546:VDPAU (Video Decode and Presentation API for Unix)
2127:Stream processing and general purpose GPUs (GPGPU)
2074:bandwidth of more than 1000 GB/s between its
1673:In the 1970s, the term "GPU" originally stood for
1345:. Recent developments in GPUs include support for
1300:Modern GPUs have traditionally used most of their
5277:"How to make an external laptop graphics adaptor"
4772:"GPU Accelerated Rendering and Hardware Encoding"
3727:"AMD Radeon HD 6000M series – don't call it ATI!"
2638:"mame/8080bw.c at master č·Ż mamedev/mame č·Ż GitHub"
2589:– open-source, distributed deep learning for Java
1586:, more commonly known as slice-level acceleration
999:, has found applications in fields as diverse as
5604:GPU Caps Viewer – Video card information utility
4848:"System Requirements | Nuke | Foundry"
4671:"Crossfire and SLI market is just 300.000 units"
4491:"Core standard graphic package for the VGI 3400"
2559:– the X11 equivalent for MPEG-2 video codec only
2143:general purpose graphics processing unit (GPGPU)
1534:Video decoding processes that can be accelerated
939:console, this chip competed with the one in the
4878:"Evolution of Intel Graphics: I740 to Iris Pro"
4258:"Sony reveals full PS5 hardware specifications"
3085:"System 16 – Taito Air System Hardware (Taito)"
1800:Radeon HD, R5, R7, R9, RX, Vega and Navi series
4864:"What about multi-GPU support? – Folding@home"
3597:Sanders, Jason; Kandrot, Edward (2010-07-19).
3206:"The History of the Modern Graphics Processor"
3063:"System 16 – Namco System 21 Hardware (Namco)"
955:In October 2002, with the introduction of the
683:. Arcade systems such as the Sega Model 2 and
6364:
5635:
4367:"Matrox Graphics – Products – Graphics Cards"
3677:"NVIDIA Tegra Inside Every Audi 2010 Vehicle"
2930:. Wayne State University Press. p. 185.
1268:produces GPUs. Modern smartphones use mostly
1147:In 2019, AMD released the successor to their
1119:microarchitecture were released in 2016. The
8:
5504:"Graphics chips market is showing some life"
2670:"Arcade/SpaceInvaders – Computer Archeology"
1711:transform, lighting, triangle setup/clipping
246:microprocessor on an Atari 130XE motherboard
3652:"AMD helps OpenCL gain ground in HPC space"
2868:Perhaps the best known one is the NEC 7220.
1875:Artificial Intelligence training and Cloud
1392:GPU accelerated video decoding and encoding
1064:to power their cars' dashboards, using the
6371:
6357:
6349:
5661:
5642:
5628:
5620:
5241:V. Garcia and E. Debreuve and M. Barlaud.
4788:"V-Ray Next Multi-GPU Performance Scaling"
3274:"System 16 – Sega Model 2 Hardware (Sega)"
2927:Before the Crash: Early Video Game History
2222:from Nvidia. These allow functions called
30:"GPU" redirects here. For other uses, see
5535:The History of the GPU – New Developments
4455:
3562:
2066:(HD, UHD, Iris, Iris Pro, Iris Plus, and
1610:Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding
1231:on enormous datasets that are needed for
538:as a successor to VGA. Super VGA enabled
443:Micro Channel adapter, with memory add-on
384:chips for operating on 16-color bitmaps.
270:"—the way the scan lines map to specific
6707:Application-specific integrated circuits
5243:Fast k nearest neighbor search using GPU
3116:. Vol. 10, no. 46. p. 3.
2462:List of Nvidia graphics processing units
2286:USB4 port with Thunderbolt compatibility
2010:
2002:
1757:
1548:Inverse discrete cosine transform (iDCT)
964:(also known as R300), the world's first
356:. The Williams Electronics arcade games
254:in 1977 used a video shifter called the
126:List of home computers by video hardware
43:
4035:Garreffa, Anthony (September 9, 2020).
2608:"Why Do Dedicated Game Consoles Exist?"
2598:
2467:List of Intel graphics processing units
2242:in particular. Most approaches compile
1606:Context-adaptive variable-length coding
1459:for GPU accelerated video decoding are
1400:The ATI HD5470 GPU (above, with copper
528:Video Electronics Standards Association
426:Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture
391:released ARTC HD63484, the first major
380:, all released in 1982, contain custom
324:graphics display processor as a single
191:arcade system in 1979 used specialized
5337:"OMEN Accelerator | HP® Official Site"
3439:
3437:
3157:from the original on November 22, 2017
3106:Brownstein, Mark (November 14, 1988).
2444:GPU Vector Processor internal features
1412:Most GPUs made since 1995 support the
795:video game console, released in 1994.
601:, which its designers named after the
5609:OpenGPU-GPU Architecture (In Chinese)
4804:"OctaneRender 2020™ Preview is here!"
3817:from the original on October 11, 2016
3460:"Bump Mapping Using CG (3rd Edition)"
2551:X-Video Bitstream Acceleration (XvBA)
2521:DirectX Video Acceleration (DxVA) API
2457:List of AMD graphics processing units
2324:Since GPUs may also be used for some
2307:Performance per watt § GPU efficiency
2234:in general, and for accelerating the
2180:GPGPUs can be used for many types of
2173:to create a GPU-based client for the
72:, being present either as a discrete
7:
5510:from the original on August 26, 2014
5379:"Razer Core X – Thunderbolt™ 3 eGPU"
4256:Gartenberg, Chaim (March 18, 2020).
2024:Integrated graphics processing units
1924:). Sometimes systems with dedicated
1733:features dual VPU’s, each using the
983:With the introduction of the Nvidia
669:fifth-generation video game consoles
5968:Input–output memory management unit
5098:Murph, Darren (29 September 2006).
4055:Lyles, Taylor (September 9, 2020).
3756:"Nvidia GeForce GTX 680 2GB Review"
3018:. Old-computers.com. Archived from
2953:"GPU History: Hitachi ARTC HD63484"
2732:"MAME – src/mame/drivers/galdrvr.c"
2606:Hague, James (September 10, 2013).
2202:GPUs support API extensions to the
1999:Integrated graphics processing unit
1914:Dedicated graphics processing units
1047:is an open standard defined by the
915:Direct3D accelerated consumer GPU's
153:circuit helped the CPU animate the
5196:"Fast genetic programming on GPUs"
4965:Coelho, Rafael (18 January 2016).
4527:from the original on 12 April 2016
4391:Hruska, Joel (February 10, 2021).
3212:from the original on 29 March 2016
3191:from the original on 11 April 2017
2827:Wiegers, Karl E. (December 1985).
2763:from the original on July 14, 2015
2159:Dedicated graphics processing unit
1903:Dedicated graphics processing unit
1562:modified discrete cosine transform
892:" v.1 and v.2 by Russel Demaria, "
622:application programming interfaces
320:was the first implementation of a
25:
6449:Hardware random number generation
5404:Box, â–ş Suggestions (2016-11-25).
4721:"NVIDIA FFmpeg Transcoding Guide"
4553:from the original on 8 April 2016
4435:– via The Datasheet Archive
4197:Cutress, Ian (January 12, 2021).
3675:Teglet, Traian (8 January 2010).
3108:"NEC Forms Video Standards Group"
2489:– the bit-stream technology from
2192:to exploit the wide vector width
1961:Peripheral Component Interconnect
692:transform, clipping, and lighting
354:Intel's graphics processing units
5287:from the original on 2017-06-26.
5189:from the original on 2016-10-11.
4928:from the original on 2008-05-31.
4824:"GPU Rendering – Blender Manual"
4547:"Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)"
4335:Hill, Brandon (11 August 2017).
4178:Tyson, Mark (December 3, 2020).
3940:Sarkar, Samit (20 August 2018).
3866:"Building a PC for the HTC Vive"
3639:from the original on 2011-08-09.
3617:from the original on 2017-04-12.
3430:from the original on 2015-11-18.
3364:from the original on 2014-09-12.
3296:"3D Graphics Processor Chip Set"
3284:from the original on 2010-12-21.
3256:"MAME – src/mame/video/model2.c"
3244:from the original on 2014-09-12.
3095:from the original on 2015-03-16.
3073:from the original on 2015-05-18.
3051:from the original on 2011-01-13.
2913:from the original on 2015-12-22.
2853:Advances in Computer Graphics II
2839:from the original on 2006-02-16.
2816:from the original on 2016-03-04.
2305:This section is an excerpt from
1713:, and rendering engines". Rival
1681:used the term (now standing for
1555:3:2 and 2:2 pull-down correction
1374:semiconductor device fabrication
997:general purpose computing on GPU
530:(VESA) to develop and promote a
205:golden age of arcade video games
5569:NVIDIA – What is GPU computing?
5230:from the original on 2008-06-09
5202:from the original on 2008-06-09
5132:from the original on 2007-10-27
5106:from the original on 2007-10-12
5031:from the original on 2012-01-07
5005:from the original on 2007-11-28
4650:. freedesktop. 13 November 2023
4373:from the original on 2014-02-05
4225:Funk, Ben (December 12, 2020).
4133:Judd, Will (October 28, 2020).
3973:from the original on 2016-08-01
3922:from the original on 2016-07-31
3897:from the original on 2016-02-24
3872:from the original on 2016-07-29
3847:from the original on 2016-08-10
3762:from the original on 2016-09-11
3737:from the original on 2016-10-11
3708:from the original on 2016-05-01
3683:from the original on 2016-10-04
3603:. Addison-Wesley Professional.
2997:from the original on 2014-09-03
2951:Anderson, Marian (2018-10-07).
2880:Anderson, Marian (2018-07-18).
2806:"Atari Display List Interrupts"
2804:Wiegers, Karl E. (April 1984).
2612:Programming in the 21st Century
2541:Video Acceleration API (VA API)
2060:AMD Accelerated Processing Unit
1612:) and perfect pixel positioning
1060:In 2010, Nvidia partnered with
1032:overheads since units like the
726:to accelerate transformations.
340:(very large-scale integration)
5532:Peddie, Jon (1 January 2023).
5457:"Video card power consumption"
5431:"Video Card Power Consumption"
4572:Pabst, Thomas (18 July 2002).
4495:ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
4159:Mujtaba, Hassan (2020-11-30).
2924:Wolf, Mark J. P. (June 2012).
2036:integrated graphics processors
1767:integrated graphics processors
1697:. The term was popularized by
1584:Variable-length decoding (VLD)
1304:to do calculations related to
1227:problems, such as training of
526:announced its creation of the
505:section on the motherboard in
1:
5583:– A Graphics Hardware History
5506:. TG Daily. August 20, 2014.
4619:"Help Me Choose: Video Cards"
4427:, Cirrus Logic, November 1996
4393:"How Do Graphics Cards Work?"
3555:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq278
2206:programming language such as
2090:, but newer ones include it.
1451:Recent graphics cards decode
1101:AMD's Radeon HD 7850 and 7790
779:The term "GPU" was coined by
749:, released in 1996. In 1997,
650:In the early- and mid-1990s,
334:Number Nine Visual Technology
199:, multi-colored sprites, and
6727:Electronic design automation
5258:"eGPU candidate system list"
5175:Nickolls, John (July 2008).
5153:. Top500.org. Archived from
4669:Abazovic, F. (3 July 2015).
4549:. Nvidia. 16 December 2009.
3810:. NVIDIA Corporation. 2012.
3488:. Dl.acm.org. pp. 1–8.
2040:unified memory architectures
1543:Motion compensation (mocomp)
863:Microsoft acquired Softimage
540:graphics display resolutions
256:Television Interface Adaptor
207:, by game companies such as
5429:Atwood, Jeff (2006-08-18).
4489:Levine, Ken (August 1978).
3537:Liepe; et al. (2010).
2557:X-Video Motion Compensation
2502:UVD (Unified Video Decoder)
2326:general purpose computation
1771:unified memory architecture
783:in reference to the 32-bit
157:graphics for various 1970s
6743:
4595:Child, J. (6 April 2023).
4523:. Nvidia. 31 August 1999.
3650:Handy, Alex (2011-09-28).
2304:
2130:
2102:Hybrid graphics processing
1906:
1701:in 1999, who marketed the
1493:MPEG-4 ASP (MPEG-4 Part 2)
1365:, and very high-precision
1216:
1171:Xbox Series X and Series S
704:on-cartridge graphics chip
130:Sprite (computer graphics)
119:
36:
29:
6677:Graphics processing units
6444:Digital signal processing
5222:Langdon, W.; Banzhaf, W.
5194:Harding, S.; Banzhaf, W.
4892:"GA-890GPA-UD3H overview"
4740:. BlackMagic Design. 2018
3187:: 128. 23 February 1993.
2856:. Springer. p. 169.
2582:Molecular modeling on GPU
2196:architecture of the GPU.
2064:Intel Graphics Technology
2032:shared graphics solutions
1957:Accelerated Graphics Port
1890:Automated/Driverless car
1763:shared graphics solutions
1515:/ OpenDivX (DivX 4), and
1329:calculations such as the
1325:were added to accelerate
1190:Intel Graphics Technology
904:" by David Kushner. The
900:" by Dean Takahashi and "
616:Throughout the 1990s, 2D
536:computer display standard
342:metal–oxide–semiconductor
6396:Universal Turing machine
5998:Video display controller
5651:Graphics processing unit
3153:(20): 62. May 18, 1992.
2751:Springmann, Alessondra.
2429:Video display controller
2232:evolutionary computation
2161:" above) GPU designers,
2048:die (integrated circuit)
2046:chipset, or on the same
1983:supercomputers (like in
1725:with the release of the
1683:graphics processing unit
1282:Imagination Technologies
1113:Virtual reality headsets
1079:Kepler microarchitecture
479:arcade board. Fujitsu's
296:independent of the CPU.
122:Video display controller
66:digital image processing
54:graphics processing unit
6702:Artificial intelligence
6454:Artificial intelligence
5406:"Build Guides by users"
3494:10.1145/1553374.1553486
3177:"What the numbers mean"
3016:"museum ~ Sharp X68000"
2391:Physics processing unit
2182:embarrassingly parallel
1675:graphics processor unit
1296:Computational functions
1225:embarrassingly parallel
1070:self-driving technology
894:Renegades of the Empire
326:large-scale integration
98:embarrassingly parallel
64:initially designed for
6697:OpenCL compute devices
6476:Custom hardware attack
6113:Shared graphics memory
5614:ARM Mali GPUs Overview
5126:"Folding@Home – GPGPU"
3891:"VIVE Ready Computers"
2829:"Atari Fine Scrolling"
2674:computerarcheology.com
2413:Vision processing unit
2397:Tensor processing unit
2145:as a modified form of
2141:It is common to use a
2088:transform and lighting
2020:
2008:
1719:visual processing unit
1685:) in reference to the
1604:Bitstream processing (
1573:Intra-frame prediction
1467:operating systems and
1409:
1185:entered the GPU market
588:
577:
564:
509:
444:
313:
284:could be triggered on
247:
100:problems due to their
49:
6712:Hardware acceleration
6406:Distributed computing
6380:Hardware acceleration
6299:Hardware acceleration
6003:Video processing unit
4507:10.1145/965139.807405
4457:10.1145/800203.806247
3045:hardcoregaming101.net
2957:IEEE Computer Society
2907:"Blitter Information"
2886:IEEE Computer Society
2014:
2006:
1966:Technologies such as
1453:high-definition video
1445:video post-processing
1399:
1361:techniques to reduce
1233:large language models
1198:Intel Atom 'Pineview'
1160:Radeon RX 6000 series
1153:Radeon RX 5000 series
1074:Radeon HD 6000 series
896:" by Mike Drummond, "
876:failed deal with Sega
641:hardware acceleration
583:
570:
557:
501:
438:
307:
260:Atari 8-bit computers
241:
110:cryptocurrency mining
47:
6509:High-level synthesis
6224:Performance per watt
5993:Texture mapping unit
5942:Unified shader model
4693:"Is Multi-GPU Dead?"
4450:. pp. 122–128.
4237:on December 12, 2020
2403:Ray-tracing hardware
2349:Texture mapping unit
2084:multi-channel memory
1968:Scan-Line Interleave
1347:programmable shaders
1306:3D computer graphics
950:Unified Shader Model
776:, released in 1997.
722:. Some systems used
611:Windows accelerators
524:NEC Home Electronics
520:Video Graphics Array
350:1024Ă—1024 resolution
294:horizontal scrolling
140:Arcade system boards
32:GPU (disambiguation)
6717:Digital electronics
6634:Digital electronics
6586:In-memory computing
6566:Transport triggered
6166:Integrated graphics
5538:. Springer Nature.
5483:Jon Peddie Research
5437:on 8 September 2008
5262:Tech-Inferno Forums
5049:Shimpi, Anand Lal.
4939:Tscheblockov, Tim.
3990:AMD press release:
2757:The Washington Post
2260:External GPU (eGPU)
2240:genetic programming
2171:Stanford University
2078:and GPU core. This
2050:with the CPU (like
2028:integrated graphics
1884:AMD Radeon Instinct
1758:Integrated graphics
1433:motion compensation
1431:primitives such as
1404:attached) features
884:chip design called
747:Reality Coprocessor
739:video game consoles
461:electronic hardware
430:Windows accelerator
60:) is a specialized
48:Components of a GPU
6644:Hardware emulation
6612:Programmable logic
6401:Parallel computing
6316:Parallel computing
6192:Display resolution
5973:Render output unit
5963:Geometry processor
5588:2022-03-31 at the
5023:Sanford, Bradley.
4991:Sanford, Bradley.
4880:. 4 February 2017.
3262:on 4 January 2013.
2979:. 10 January 2019.
2738:on 3 January 2014.
2434:Video game console
2408:Software rendering
2386:Manycore processor
2381:GPU virtualization
2361:Brute force attack
2355:Render output unit
2021:
2009:
1860:Cloud Workstation
1778:Usage-specific GPU
1746:Dedicated graphics
1526:There are several
1499:(H.264 / DivX 6),
1410:
1343:coordinate systems
1149:Graphics Core Next
1085:28 nm process
635:, and their later
589:
578:
565:
546:, a 36% increase.
510:
453:IBM PC compatibles
445:
330:integrated circuit
314:
248:
159:arcade video games
102:parallel structure
86:personal computers
68:and to accelerate
62:electronic circuit
50:
6722:Electronic design
6687:Graphics hardware
6664:
6663:
6541:Network on a chip
6346:
6345:
6161:External graphics
6144:Discrete graphics
6108:Memory controller
5871:Graphics pipeline
5832:
5831:
5545:978-3-03-114047-1
5055:www.anandtech.com
4790:. 20 August 2019.
4709:. 24 August 2019.
4695:. 7 January 2018.
4347:on 17 August 2018
3805:"Kepler TM GK110"
3549:(14): 1797–1799.
3143:"S3 Video Boards"
2527:operating-system.
2525:Microsoft Windows
2366:Computer hardware
2300:Energy efficiency
2137:Stream processing
2056:Intel HD Graphics
1751:discrete graphics
1717:coined the term "
1589:Spatial-temporal
1569:deblocking filter
1465:Microsoft Windows
1421:hardware overlays
1321:polygons. Later,
1121:GeForce 10 series
1081:was manufactured
1021:3D reconstruction
459:2D primitives in
418:Texas Instruments
322:personal computer
193:graphics hardware
70:computer graphics
16:(Redirected from
6734:
6656:Embedded systems
6536:System on a chip
6373:
6366:
6359:
6350:
6321:Vector processor
6304:Image processing
6294:Graphics library
6229:Transistor count
6171:System on a chip
6103:Memory bandwidth
5983:Stream processor
5662:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5621:
5557:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5463:. Archived from
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5433:. Archived from
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5301:. 16 March 2020.
5295:
5289:
5288:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5254:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5219:
5213:
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5208:
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5190:
5172:
5166:
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5112:
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5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5004:
4997:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4971:Hardware Secrets
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4943:. Archived from
4936:
4930:
4929:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4894:. Archived from
4888:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4843:
4836:
4830:
4827:
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4799:
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4784:
4778:
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4756:
4750:
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4747:
4745:
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4731:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4625:. Archived from
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4576:. Tom's Hardware
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4459:
4443:
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4436:
4434:
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4426:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4343:. Archived from
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4233:. Archived from
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4156:
4150:
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4130:
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4119:
4118:
4100:
4098:
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4080:
4074:
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4069:
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4031:
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4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3918:. 5 April 2016.
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3575:. Archived from
3566:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3462:. Archived from
3458:Dreijer, Søren.
3455:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3400:. Archived from
3394:
3388:
3387:
3382:. Archived from
3372:
3366:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3326:. Archived from
3325:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3301:. Archived from
3300:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3258:. Archived from
3252:
3246:
3245:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3204:Singer, Graham.
3200:
3198:
3196:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3081:
3075:
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3037:
3031:
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3028:
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3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2987:
2981:
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2973:
2967:
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2915:
2914:
2902:
2896:
2895:
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2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2789:. Archived from
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2734:. Archived from
2727:
2722:. Archived from
2712:
2706:
2705:
2700:. Archived from
2690:
2684:
2681:
2676:. Archived from
2665:
2660:. Archived from
2649:
2644:. Archived from
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2614:. Archived from
2603:
2487:Nvidia PureVideo
2419:Vector processor
2371:Computer monitor
2316:3DMark2006 score
2190:data-parallelism
2184:tasks including
2151:vector processor
2147:stream processor
1790:GeForce GTX, RTX
1715:ATI Technologies
1709:with integrated
1636:3D graphics APIs
1620:2D graphics APIs
1601:source detection
1553:Inverse telecine
1423:, important for
1324:
1155:of video cards.
1087:
1009:image processing
1001:machine learning
985:GeForce 8 series
898:Opening the Xbox
769:used it for its
629:graphics library
21:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6692:Virtual reality
6667:
6666:
6665:
6660:
6651:Logic synthesis
6600:
6547:
6502:Implementations
6497:
6410:
6382:
6377:
6347:
6342:
6233:
6175:
6127:
6007:
5946:
5937:Tiled rendering
5828:
5777:
5748:InfiniteReality
5653:
5648:
5618:
5590:Wayback Machine
5564:
5546:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5438:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5369:
5367:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5345:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5321:
5319:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5264:. 15 July 2013.
5256:
5255:
5251:
5233:
5231:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5205:
5203:
5193:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5135:
5133:
5124:Houston, Mike.
5123:
5122:
5118:
5109:
5107:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5083:
5081:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5034:
5032:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5008:
5006:
5002:
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4990:
4989:
4985:
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4959:
4950:
4948:
4938:
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4910:
4901:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4822:
4818:. 8 April 2019.
4814:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4770:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
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4733:
4732:
4728:
4723:. 24 July 2019.
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3452:
3447:. 17 July 2018.
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2631:
2621:
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2605:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2567:
2562:
2511:
2453:
2448:
2344:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2310:
2302:
2262:
2224:compute kernels
2155:compute kernels
2139:
2131:Main articles:
2129:
2104:
2096:bus (computing)
2001:
1947:by means of an
1911:
1905:
1780:
1731:AMD Alveo MA35D
1671:
1666:
1638:
1622:
1536:
1394:
1341:into different
1322:
1315:texture mapping
1298:
1246:
1229:neural networks
1221:
1215:
1082:
1058:
1005:oil exploration
923:
902:Masters of Doom
710:games, notably
661:Namco System 22
643:of 2D games in
595:introduced the
552:
515:introduced its
489:Namco System 21
302:
195:that supported
137:
132:
118:
106:neural networks
76:or embedded on
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:3D acceleration
15:
12:
11:
5:
6740:
6738:
6730:
6729:
6724:
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6709:
6704:
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6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6669:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6639:Virtualization
6636:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6614:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6591:Systolic array
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6557:
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6549:
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6546:
6545:
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6516:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6471:Machine vision
6468:
6467:
6466:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6435:
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6429:
6418:
6416:
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6168:
6163:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6118:Texture memory
6115:
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6099:
6098:
6093:
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6078:
6068:
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5907:
5906:
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5895:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5846:
5844:Compute kernel
5840:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
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5755:
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5706:
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5684:
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5639:
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5624:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5580:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5562:External links
5560:
5559:
5558:
5544:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5495:
5470:
5467:on 2011-09-04.
5448:
5421:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5352:
5328:
5304:
5290:
5267:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5167:
5142:
5116:
5090:
5074:Lake, Adam T.
5066:
5041:
5015:
4983:
4957:
4931:
4908:
4883:
4869:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4820:
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4800:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4751:
4726:
4712:
4698:
4684:
4661:
4639:
4610:
4599:. EETech Media
4587:
4564:
4538:
4512:
4501:(3): 298–300.
4481:
4466:
4438:
4411:
4383:
4369:. Matrox.com.
4358:
4327:
4301:
4276:
4248:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4194:
4151:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4052:
4020:Tom's Hardware
4006:
3983:
3969:. 2016-01-16.
3958:
3932:
3907:
3882:
3868:. 2016-06-16.
3857:
3828:
3796:
3772:
3747:
3718:
3704:. 2016-04-30.
3693:
3667:
3642:
3620:
3609:
3589:
3543:Bioinformatics
3529:
3517:
3502:
3476:
3450:
3433:
3414:
3389:
3386:on 2015-11-18.
3367:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3287:
3265:
3247:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3168:
3134:
3098:
3076:
3054:
3032:
3007:
2982:
2968:
2943:
2937:978-0814337226
2936:
2916:
2905:Riddle, Sean.
2897:
2872:
2862:
2842:
2819:
2796:
2793:on 2016-03-05.
2774:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2726:on 2014-11-21.
2707:
2704:on 2014-11-21.
2685:
2683:
2682:
2680:on 2014-09-13.
2666:
2664:on 2014-11-21.
2648:on 2014-11-21.
2629:
2618:on May 4, 2015
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:Deeplearning4j
2584:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:AI accelerator
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2261:
2258:
2238:evaluation in
2218:from AMD, and
2128:
2125:
2103:
2100:
2000:
1997:
1978:by Nvidia and
1949:expansion slot
1933:graphics cards
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1869:AMD FireStream
1866:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1848:AMD Radeon Pro
1845:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1754:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1637:
1634:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1593:and automatic
1587:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1535:
1532:
1441:video decoding
1393:
1390:
1297:
1294:
1245:
1242:
1219:AI accelerator
1214:
1211:
1205:2022 with its
1057:
1054:
1034:scan converter
1013:linear algebra
974:floating point
922:
919:
820:pin-compatible
639:interface for
551:
548:
542:up to 800Ă—600
457:fixed-function
301:
298:
189:Namco Galaxian
184:Space Invaders
151:barrel shifter
149:A specialized
136:
133:
117:
114:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6739:
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6654:
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6615:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6581:Heterogeneous
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6553:Architectures
6550:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
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6519:
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6407:
6404:
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6399:
6397:
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6374:
6369:
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6360:
6355:
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6339:
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6300:
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6097:
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6092:
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5908:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5898:Rasterisation
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5888:HDR rendering
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
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5862:
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5857:
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5841:
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5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:Apple silicon
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5773:Apple silicon
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
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5707:
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5700:
5697:
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5688:
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5683:
5680:
5678:
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5663:
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5656:
5652:
5645:
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5633:
5631:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:How GPUs work
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5422:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5397:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5318:
5317:Apple Support
5314:
5308:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5215:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5171:
5168:
5157:on 2014-01-13
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5117:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5091:
5080:
5077:
5070:
5067:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5042:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5016:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4984:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4958:
4947:on 2007-05-26
4946:
4942:
4935:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4922:anandtech.com
4919:
4912:
4909:
4898:on 2015-04-15
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4879:
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4859:
4856:
4849:
4845:
4844:
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4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:Puget Systems
4761:
4755:
4752:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4629:on 2016-09-09
4628:
4624:
4620:
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4598:
4591:
4588:
4575:
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4552:
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4516:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4467:9781450377836
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4387:
4384:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4328:
4316:
4312:
4309:Smith, Ryan.
4305:
4302:
4291:
4287:
4284:Smith, Ryan.
4280:
4277:
4265:
4264:
4259:
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4111:
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4102:
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4091:
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4079:
4076:
4066:September 10,
4062:
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3668:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3610:9780132180139
3606:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3590:
3579:on 2015-11-05
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3503:9781605585161
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3466:on 2010-01-20
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3404:on 2018-11-15
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3333:on 2014-09-06
3329:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3308:on 2016-10-11
3304:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
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3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3022:on 2015-02-19
3021:
3017:
3011:
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2863:9783540169109
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2271:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2248:tree programs
2245:
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2228:
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2113:
2110:and Nvidia's
2109:
2101:
2099:
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2081:
2077:
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2069:
2065:
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2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1996:
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1986:
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1859:
1854:
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1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Nvidia Quadro
1831:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:Cloud Gaming
1815:
1811:
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1806:
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1729:in 2002. The
1728:
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1588:
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1430:
1426:
1425:digital video
1422:
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1391:
1389:
1387:
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1375:
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1360:
1359:interpolation
1356:
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1328:
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1267:
1263:
1259:
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1251:
1244:GPU companies
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:deep learning
1234:
1230:
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1208:
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1050:
1049:Khronos Group
1046:
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1025:stock options
1022:
1018:
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1006:
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938:
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787:(designed by
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774:graphics card
772:
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753:released the
752:
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715:
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705:
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594:
587:2000 AGP card
586:
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470:
466:
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458:
455:to implement
454:
450:
447:In 1987, the
442:
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433:
431:
427:
423:
420:released the
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:4K resolution
394:
390:
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383:
379:
378:
373:
372:
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366:
361:
360:
359:Robotron 2084
355:
351:
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287:
283:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
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253:
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240:
236:
235:, and Taito.
234:
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39:graphics card
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6596:Neuromorphic
6459:Cryptography
6421:
6415:Applications
6326:Video coding
5927:Tessellation
5837:Architecture
5650:
5575:
5534:
5512:. Retrieved
5498:
5487:. Retrieved
5485:. 2022-11-20
5482:
5473:
5465:the original
5460:
5451:
5439:. Retrieved
5435:the original
5424:
5413:. Retrieved
5409:
5399:
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5382:
5368:. Retrieved
5364:
5355:
5344:. Retrieved
5340:
5331:
5320:. Retrieved
5316:
5307:
5293:
5280:
5275:Mohr, Neil.
5270:
5261:
5252:
5232:. Retrieved
5217:
5204:. Retrieved
5180:
5170:
5159:. Retrieved
5155:the original
5145:
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5119:
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5093:
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5078:
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5058:. Retrieved
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4945:the original
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4896:the original
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4729:
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4664:
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4642:
4631:. Retrieved
4627:the original
4613:
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4590:
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4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4515:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4447:
4441:
4429:, retrieved
4420:
4414:
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4398:Extreme Tech
4396:
4386:
4375:. Retrieved
4361:
4349:. Retrieved
4345:the original
4340:
4330:
4318:. Retrieved
4314:
4304:
4293:. Retrieved
4289:
4279:
4267:. Retrieved
4261:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:the original
4231:Hot Hardware
4230:
4220:
4206:. Retrieved
4202:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:
4168:. Retrieved
4164:
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4138:
4128:
4115:. Retrieved
4113:. 2020-09-09
4108:
4094:. Retrieved
4092:. 2020-10-08
4087:
4078:
4064:. Retrieved
4060:
4046:September 9,
4044:. Retrieved
4040:
4025:. Retrieved
4023:. 2020-01-29
4018:
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3986:
3975:. Retrieved
3961:
3951:11 September
3949:. Retrieved
3945:
3935:
3924:. Retrieved
3910:
3899:. Retrieved
3885:
3874:. Retrieved
3860:
3849:. Retrieved
3841:www.tsmc.com
3840:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3799:
3788:. Retrieved
3784:
3775:
3764:. Retrieved
3750:
3739:. Retrieved
3730:
3721:
3710:. Retrieved
3696:
3685:. Retrieved
3670:
3659:. Retrieved
3655:
3645:
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3592:
3581:. Retrieved
3577:the original
3546:
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3479:
3468:. Retrieved
3464:the original
3453:
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3406:. Retrieved
3402:the original
3392:
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3379:
3370:
3357:
3348:
3335:. Retrieved
3328:the original
3310:. Retrieved
3303:the original
3290:
3278:system16.com
3277:
3268:
3260:the original
3250:
3238:system16.com
3237:
3228:
3214:. Retrieved
3208:. Techspot.
3193:. Retrieved
3184:
3180:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3150:
3146:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3111:
3101:
3089:system16.com
3088:
3079:
3067:system16.com
3066:
3057:
3044:
3035:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:the original
3010:
2999:. Retrieved
2985:
2971:
2960:. Retrieved
2956:
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2900:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:
2875:
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2852:
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2832:
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2791:the original
2786:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2746:
2736:the original
2724:the original
2719:
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2702:the original
2697:
2688:
2678:the original
2673:
2662:the original
2657:
2646:the original
2641:
2632:
2622:November 11,
2620:. Retrieved
2616:the original
2611:
2601:
2565:Applications
2536:Vulkan (API)
2531:Mantle (API)
2336:
2320:
2312:
2294:
2267:
2263:
2229:
2201:
2198:
2179:
2175:Folding@home
2140:
2116:
2105:
2092:
2072:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
1965:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1879:Nvidia Tesla
1864:Nvidia Tesla
1829:Workstation
1795:Nvidia Titan
1781:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:also called
1756:
1750:
1749:also called
1744:
1739:
1735:5 nm process
1722:
1718:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1639:
1623:
1615:
1578:quantization
1537:
1525:
1450:
1443:process and
1411:
1378:clock signal
1371:
1367:color spaces
1355:oversampling
1299:
1247:
1222:
1179:
1164:
1157:
1146:
1134:
1090:
1059:
1038:
996:
982:
978:bump mapping
972:and lengthy
959:
954:
930:
924:
908:
857:
839:
831:
815:
802:
797:
778:
759:workstations
717:
711:
671:such as the
665:Sega Model 2
657:Sega Model 1
649:
615:
610:
596:
590:
511:
495:Air System.
485:polygonal 3D
446:
386:
375:
369:
363:
357:
315:
279:machine code
268:display list
249:
187:(1978). The
182:
181:(1976), and
176:
170:
148:
138:
90:workstations
78:motherboards
57:
53:
51:
6309:Compression
6180:Performance
6132:Form factor
6024:Framebuffer
5988:Tensor unit
5978:Shader unit
5910:Ray-tracing
5849:Fabrication
5824:Intel 2700G
5758:3dfx Voodoo
5753:NEC µPD7220
5578:book series
5341:www8.hp.com
4916:Key, Gary.
4677:24 December
4654:24 December
4603:24 December
4341:HotHardware
4144:October 28,
3785:ExtremeTech
3633:khronos.org
3358:fujitsu.com
3181:PC Magazine
2835:(67): 110.
2812:(47): 161.
2576:Mathematica
2571:GPU cluster
2282:Thunderbolt
2274:ExpressCard
2270:PCI Express
2216:AMD APP SDK
2186:ray tracing
2153:), running
2108:HyperMemory
2044:northbridge
1953:PCI Express
1945:motherboard
1843:AMD FirePro
1820:Nvidia GRID
1727:Radeon 9700
1703:GeForce 256
1687:PlayStation
1669:Terminology
1599:progressive
1417:color space
1335:translation
1310:framebuffer
1302:transistors
961:Radeon 9700
910:GeForce 256
881:rasterizers
849:GeForce 256
793:PlayStation
771:FireGL 4000
743:Nintendo 64
681:Nintendo 64
677:PlayStation
647:and later.
633:Windows 3.x
603:Porsche 911
593:S3 Graphics
572:S3 Graphics
562:ET4000/W32p
517:proprietary
413:coprocessor
318:NEC ÎĽPD7220
282:subroutines
262:(1979) had
155:framebuffer
6671:Categories
6627:chronology
6488:Networking
6219:Frame rate
6187:Clock rate
6149:Clustering
5951:Components
5731:Radeon Pro
5554:1356877844
5514:August 22,
5489:2023-06-06
5415:2018-12-11
5388:2018-12-11
5370:2018-12-11
5346:2018-12-11
5322:2018-12-11
5234:2008-05-01
5206:2008-05-01
5161:2014-01-21
5136:2007-10-04
5110:2007-10-04
5084:2024-01-08
5060:2024-01-08
5035:2007-09-02
5009:2007-09-02
4951:2007-06-03
4902:2015-04-15
4673:. fudzilla
4633:2016-09-17
4431:30 January
4377:2014-01-21
4295:2020-03-19
4269:January 3,
4241:January 3,
4208:January 4,
4189:2020-12-03
4170:2020-12-03
4117:2020-10-25
4096:2020-10-25
4027:2020-02-08
3999:October 5,
3977:2016-08-03
3926:2016-08-03
3901:2021-07-30
3876:2016-08-03
3851:2016-08-03
3790:2019-05-13
3766:2016-08-03
3741:2016-08-03
3712:2016-08-03
3687:2016-08-03
3661:2023-06-04
3583:2010-10-15
3470:2007-05-30
3408:2022-02-18
3337:2016-08-08
3312:2016-08-08
3026:2015-01-28
3001:2014-09-12
2962:2023-10-17
2891:2023-10-17
2787:Atari8.com
2594:References
2516:OpenGL API
2424:Video card
2112:TurboCache
2080:memory bus
2038:(IGP), or
1955:(PCIe) or
1909:Video card
1907:See also:
1838:Nvidia RTX
1824:Radeon Sky
1805:Radeon VII
1769:(IGP), or
1693:-designed
1689:console's
1630:DirectDraw
1497:MPEG-4 AVC
1280:GPUs from
1272:GPUs from
1217:See also:
1202:Intel Core
1141:Polaris 10
1137:Polaris 11
1017:statistics
765:desktops;
763:Windows NT
751:Mitsubishi
667:, and the
645:Windows 95
637:DirectDraw
559:Tseng Labs
401:monochrome
286:scan lines
252:Atari 2600
229:Nichibutsu
227:, Midway,
169:, such as
120:See also:
74:video card
6617:Processor
6571:Multicore
6250:Scrolling
6154:Switching
5809:VideoCore
5461:Xbit Labs
5281:TechRadar
4976:4 January
4351:16 August
4320:16 August
4315:AnandTech
4290:AnandTech
4263:The Verge
4203:AnandTech
4139:Eurogamer
4110:AnandTech
4089:AnandTech
4061:The Verge
4041:TweakTown
3821:August 3,
3147:InfoWorld
3122:0199-6649
3113:InfoWorld
2477:Intel GMA
2376:GPU cache
1980:CrossFire
1970:by 3dfx,
1853:Intel Arc
1810:Intel Arc
1737:in 2023.
1707:processor
1664:GPU forms
1654:OpenGL ES
1595:interlace
1327:geometric
1319:rendering
1286:Mali GPUs
1194:Intel 810
1039:Nvidia's
1027:pricing.
932:GeForce 3
890:Game of X
836:Rendition
791:) in the
755:3Dpro/2MP
652:real-time
598:S3 86C911
591:In 1991,
532:Super VGA
507:IBM PS/55
477:CP System
428:("TIGA")
387:In 1984,
272:bitmapped
197:RGB color
172:Gun Fight
6576:Manycore
6561:Dataflow
6514:C to HDL
6197:Fillrate
5876:Geometry
5736:Instinct
5586:Archived
5576:GPU Gems
5508:Archived
5441:26 March
5285:Archived
5228:Archived
5200:Archived
5187:Archived
5130:Archived
5104:Archived
5029:Archived
5000:Archived
4926:Archived
4580:29 March
4557:29 March
4551:Archived
4531:28 March
4525:Archived
4476:36942876
4404:July 17,
4371:Archived
4165:Wccftech
3971:Archived
3920:Archived
3895:Archived
3893:. Vive.
3870:Archived
3845:Archived
3812:Archived
3760:Archived
3735:Archived
3706:Archived
3681:Archived
3656:SD Times
3637:Archived
3615:Archived
3573:20591907
3428:Archived
3362:Archived
3282:Archived
3242:Archived
3216:29 March
3210:Archived
3195:29 March
3189:Archived
3161:July 13,
3155:Archived
3093:Archived
3071:Archived
3049:Archived
2995:Archived
2991:"X68000"
2911:Archived
2837:Archived
2833:Compute!
2814:Archived
2810:Compute!
2767:July 14,
2761:Archived
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2451:Hardware
2342:See also
2288:, or an
2026:(IGPU),
1951:such as
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1895:Drive PX
1695:Sony GPU
1576:Inverse
1567:In-loop
1560:Inverse
1402:heatpipe
1363:aliasing
1339:vertices
1331:rotation
1274:Qualcomm
1097:Xbox One
1072:. AMD's
989:Parallel
966:Direct3D
886:Talisman
853:RIVA 128
844:Hercules
827:and the
816:Mystique
809:ATI Rage
785:Sony GPU
741:was the
719:Star Fox
698:chip, a
696:Super FX
481:FM Towns
449:IBM 8514
441:IBM 8514
422:TMS34010
399:when in
371:Sinistar
290:vertical
178:Sea Wolf
175:(1975),
6605:Related
6432:DirectX
6277:Texture
6207:Texel/s
6202:Pixel/s
6139:IP core
6091:HBM-PIM
5958:Blitter
5932:T&L
5903:Shading
5819:Imageon
5814:Vivante
5804:PowerVR
5768:Glaze3D
5699:GeForce
5665:Desktop
5526:Sources
5410:eGPU.io
5182:YouTube
3946:Polygon
3564:2894518
3422:Vlask.
3127:May 27,
2290:OCuLink
2236:fitness
2120:latency
2052:AMD APU
1893:Nvidia
1786:Gaming
1691:Toshiba
1642:DirectX
1564:(iMDCT)
1278:PowerVR
1105:Maxwell
1083:on the
970:looping
927:shading
825:PowerVR
789:Toshiba
728:Fujitsu
702:-based
585:Voodoo3
534:(SVGA)
432:cards.
409:blitter
389:Hitachi
382:blitter
377:Bubbles
310:ÎĽPD7220
217:Gremlin
213:Centuri
201:tilemap
116:History
6622:design
6481:scrypt
6388:Theory
6255:Sprite
6214:FLOP/s
6012:Memory
5881:Vertex
5864:MOSFET
5859:FinFET
5789:Adreno
5782:Mobile
5743:Matrox
5726:Radeon
5704:Quadro
5694:Nvidia
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2698:GitHub
2658:GitHub
2642:GitHub
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2244:linear
2212:OpenMP
2208:OpenCL
2167:Nvidia
2149:(or a
2017:ASRock
1985:Summit
1976:NVLink
1773:(UMA).
1699:Nvidia
1658:Vulkan
1650:OpenGL
1521:codecs
1489:MPEG-2
1485:MPEG-1
1479:, and
1382:caches
1376:, the
1284:, and
1270:Adreno
1266:Matrox
1256:, and
1254:Nvidia
1183:first
1175:RDNA 2
1117:Pascal
1045:OpenCL
1023:, and
929:: the
906:Nvidia
859:OpenGL
840:Verite
832:Voodoo
813:Matrox
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679:, and
673:Saturn
663:, and
550:1990s
544:pixels
473:Capcom
469:X68000
374:, and
328:(LSI)
242:Atari
225:Konami
163:Midway
128:, and
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6682:GPGPU
6439:Audio
6427:GPGPU
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6289:GPGPU
6096:HBM3E
6081:HBM2E
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6059:GDDR6
6054:GDDR5
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5672:Intel
5383:Razer
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5003:(PDF)
4996:(PDF)
4738:(PDF)
4472:S2CID
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4184:HEXUS
3995:. AMD
3815:(PDF)
3808:(PDF)
3508:S2CID
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3331:(PDF)
3324:(PDF)
3306:(PDF)
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1029:GPGPU
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575:ViRGE
493:Taito
465:Sharp
405:Amiga
365:Joust
300:1980s
264:ANTIC
244:ANTIC
209:Namco
167:Taito
161:from
135:1970s
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6526:ASIC
6521:FPGA
6493:Data
6338:VLIW
6284:ASIC
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6238:Misc
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6076:HBM2
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5365:Dell
4978:2019
4808:Otoy
4746:2022
4679:2023
4656:2023
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4605:2023
4582:2016
4559:2016
4533:2016
4462:ISBN
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4406:2021
4353:2018
4322:2018
4271:2021
4243:2021
4210:2021
4146:2020
4068:2020
4048:2020
4001:2019
3953:2019
3823:2016
3731:CNET
3605:ISBN
3569:PMID
3498:ISBN
3218:2016
3197:2016
3163:2015
3129:2016
3118:ISSN
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2858:ISBN
2769:2015
2624:2015
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