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transmitted down a single fiber, a lot of equipment is required for each fiber. Electrical repeaters are also limited in bandwidth and modulation format. In contrast, an optical amplifier can amplify all of the wavelengths in a single device and works for all modulation formats. An amplifier does not provide the regeneration ability of a repeater, but loss, rather than distortion is generally the limiting factor in the design of an optical communications system.
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of the optical signal by converting it to an electrical signal, processing that electrical signal and then retransmitting an optical signal. Such repeaters are known as optical-electrical-optical (OEO) due to the conversion of the signal. These repeaters are also called regenerators for the same
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An alternative method of regeneration is through all-optical regenerators without the additional requirement to convert back and forth between optical and electronic signals. Non-linear optical fibers allow the use of frequency shifting and frequency generation effects for regeneration. The key
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Due to the high data rates that can be achieved with optical systems, OEO repeaters are expensive to implement as electronics to handle those high data rates are expensive and difficult to construct. Also, since one repeater is required for each wavelength, and many tens of wavelengths may be
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system to regenerate an optical signal. Such repeaters are used to extend the reach of optical communications links by overcoming loss due to
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advantage of all-optical regeneration is the power efficiency provided by the device and simpler integration into an optical network.
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108:(WDM) system. Note that this class of device is sometimes called "Optical Amplifier Repeater".
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Ramaswami, Sivarajan, Optical
Networks: A Practical Perspective, 2nd Ed. 2002, Academic Press
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Cost efficiency has led to OEO repeaters being largely replaced in long-haul systems by
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3R : in addition to reamplification and reshaping, retiming of data pulse is done.
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2R : in addition to reamplification, pulse reshaping is carried out. E.g.:
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Optical regenerations are classified into 3 categories by the 3 R's scheme.
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R : reamplification of the data pulse alone is carried out.
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Device used to extend the reach of optical communications links
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Cisco part reference for an optical amplifier repeater
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of the optical fiber. Some repeaters also correct for
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30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
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112:Electronic vs optical regeneration
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106:Wavelength Division Multiplexing
41:optical communications repeater
60:Classification of regenerators
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161:Fiber-optic communications
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83:All-optical regenerators
18:3R (optical regenerator)
73:Mamyshev 2R regenerator
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