5th millennium BC - Knowledge (XXG)

1374:(founded possibly as early as 4395 cal BC via Ubaid urbanisation and influence). The region around Susa in the southwest of modern Iran, is located right next to lower Mesopotamia, which exercised a powerful influence on Uruk and its neighbours from the 5th millennium. Susa I (4000 - 3700 BC) saw the beginning of monumental architecture on the site, with the construction of a 'High Terrace'. Susa alongside its allies is invaded and destroyed in c. 4200 BC. The city of 1363:. However the early half of the 5th millennium, the Chogha Mish main monumental building was destroyed and along with it its power declined. This became known as the 'Burnt Building'. This destruction of Chogha Mish also coincided with the abandonment of some other sites on the eastern part of the Susiana plain. The settlements of the subsequent period shifted more to the west, especially with the founding and rise of the city of 1036:, suggesting a requirement for astrological, scientific, astronomical, or economical (trade) archives. This provides the earliest known example of copper smelting in the Old World, imperial-like social stratification with communal spaces, and large scale trade networks where its distinctive figurines reach as far as Western Europe. The culture ends with abandonment and conflicts circa 4200 BC. 945: 1583:(or Djeitun) had housed settlements and had culturally united Southern Turkmenistan to Afghanistan, existing for over 2000 years already at the turn of the millennium until 4600 BC. Increasing aridity in the late Neolithic i.e., Chagylly Depe, internationally farmers increasingly grew the kinds of crops that are typically associated with irrigation in an arid environment, such as 1321:(founded circa 5000 BC), experiences a rapid increase in dominance, establishing itself beyond merely a regional power circa 4500 BC with the Eanna quarter or district first constructed. Uruk in its climb for dominance would go on to construct the Anu Ziggurat circa 4000 BC. It is these centuries of careful development which gave Uruk its legendary dominance later in the 1744:

cultures of North Asia are distinguished from the preceding Mesolithic cultures and are far more visible as a result of the introduction of pottery from Southwards. The Afanasevan population was a mix of people descended from a mother culture of Indo Europeans in central Russia, and from people who migrated back c. 3700–3300 BCE across the

3723:"The team also dated features consistent with the planting, digging, and tethering of plants and localized drainage systems to 10,000 years ago. Mounds constructed to plant water-intolerant plants such as bananas, sugarcane, and yams are dated to about 6,500 years ago." "Was Papua New Guinea an Early Agriculture Pioneer?" By John Roach, for 1088:, the highest being 20.60 metres (67.6 ft) tall and over 330 tons and served as a site of pilgrimage and inspiration. The complex construction of such megaliths all over Europe are representative of the power of the social elite, religious clergy, direct communication over vast distances of land, and large labour forces. 2814:, increases economic growth and agricultural yield when undertaken, thus making this process vital for civilization. This is representative of economic specialisation. Settlements grow all over Peru, significant technological advancements are achieved. Evidence of architectural classes, labour force and 3759:

Matsumura, H.; Hung, H. C.; Higham, C.; Zhang, C.; Yamagata, M.; Nguyen, L. C.; Li, Z.; Fan, X. C.; Simanjuntak, T.; Oktaviana, A. A.; He, J. N.; Chen, C. Y.; Pan, C. K.; He, G.; Sun, G. P.; Huang, W. J.; Li, X. W.; Wei, X. T.; Domett, K.; Halcrow, S.; Nguyen, K. D.; Trinh, H. H.; Bui, C. H.; Nguyen,

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a very large polity with transregional power with city walls, and a Tell Brak expansion beyond the mound to form a lower town. By the late 5th millennium BC, Tell Brak reached the size of c. 55 hectares. The remains of a monumental building alongside other large scale projects erected with two meters

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migrants, originating ultimately from Taiwan, arrived in Melanesia, circa 4000 BC. They settled mostly along the north coast of New Guinea and on the islands to its north and east. When they arrived, they came into contact with the much more ancient indigenous Papuan-speaking peoples. These earliest

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during the Ubaid period the site extended out to an area of about 12 hectares (about 30 acres). Twelve neolithic clay tokens, the precursor to Proto-cuneiform, were found in the Ubaid levels of the site. The city was the major power at least in the first half of the 5th millennium. It would go on to

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spanned the years [5000 BCE - 4000 BCE) (c. 7 ka to c. 6 ka), that is, inclusive of 5000 BCE but exclusive of 4000 BCE. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological

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Cultures of Mesoamerica advance their cultivation of maize further with an introduction of maize (corn) into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia in this millennia sometimes via highways. Meanwhile, Peruvian cultures continue to advance cultivation of beans and squash circa 4000 BC. Forest clearing

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More complex structures followed during a second intensive wave onwards from 4500 BC. With alignments with Sirius, Arcturus, Alpha Centauri, and the Belt of Orion. This suggests a great academic pursuit to investigate astronomical observations, cosmology and mathematics. Fifth millennium alignments

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did not have any agricultural introduction or even pastoralism in Siberia during the central European Neolithic. Its cultures is characterized by characteristic stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin via trade despite West Eurasian genetics. However, the neolithic

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experiences sporadic but controlled growth of socially stratified settlements, with communal areas, segregation of classes per quarters and complex social stratification. Increased conflict between democratic councils, large scale chiefdoms, royalties, polities and imperial-like aspirations. Large

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lasts until 4550 BC. Its cultural links with Anatolia suggest that it was the result of settlement by people from Anatolia, unlike the neighbouring cultures, which appear descended from earlier Neolithic settlement. Such migrations represent strong communication systems between large stretches of

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Some estimates using the controversial method of glottochronology suggest an approximate splitting date of the Proto-Otomanguean languages at c. 4400 BC. This makes the Oto-Manguean family the language family of the Americas with the deepest time depth, as well as the oldest language family with

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is said to have a portion of its depictions dating to around 4,000 BC, which show battle scenes or skirmishes between the people in the local area. The art also includes animals and other ceremonial meanings. These scenes have been dated to up to 10,000 years old and down to 6,000 years old when

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Carter, R., & Philip, G. (2010). Deconstructing the Ubaid. In R.A. Carter & G. Philip (Eds.), Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and integration in the Late Prehistoric societies of the Middle East. (SAOC, 63) (pp. 1–22). Chicago, IL: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

1102:, which used painted pottery with Asiatic influences, superseded the first phase starting around 4500 BC. This was followed by a third wave which used stroke-ornamented ware. These elements of imports and artistic licensing represent complex cultural developments. Alongside this, the infamous 2779:

The Amazon rainforest with earlier sourced agricultural polities, experiences migrations and colonisation of these now more advanced agriculturalist chiefdoms with their permanent settlements. Conflicts with native tribes in more remote regions would have arose. Rather than being a pristine

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Around the time of the 5th Millennium BC, there was a proliferation of stone tool, plant processing and landscape modification technologies. Elaborate fish and eel traps involving channels up to three kilometres long were in use in western Victoria from about 6,500 years ago. Semi-permanent

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or Pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers in India, and farmers, from the Iranian Plateau, sharing deep ancestry with "Neolithic Iranian farmers" and other West Eurasians, and indigenous South Asian hunter-gatherers (also known as "Ancestral Ancient South Asians" AASI), distantly related to the

2204:. This is simultaneous with cultural diffusions via the Sahara (African Humid Period). A second wave of intensive construction occurred around 4800 BC where stone circles were aligned with the summer solstice, near the beginning of the rainy season emphasising a virtue of fertility. 1270:- Ubaid 4: Late Ubaid style ceramics, circa 4700 - 4200 BC. Maritime trade via the Persian Gulf peaks, connecting to Southern Iranian ports and polities. Obsidian trade is most notable with extraction and transportation to industrial style worskhops over a 170 km distance, see 2951:

in the sixteenth century. This Julian Period lasts 7,980 years until the year 3268 (current era) in the next millennium. It is a useful device for date conversions between different calendars. The date of origin has the integer value of zero in the Julian Day Count: i.e., in the

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Kayser, Manfred; Brauer, Silke; Cordaux, Richard; Casto, Amanda; Lao, Oscar; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Moyse-Faurie, Claire; Rutledge, Robb B.; Schiefenhoevel, Wulf; Gil, David; Lin, Alice A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Oefner, Peter J.; Trent, Ronald J.; Stoneking, Mark (November 2006).

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Some of the earliest known villages appear along sea coasts, specifically the Chiapas and Caribbean coasts.It is likely that the abundant sea and lagoon resources could easily support long-term, via sea travel and year-round settlements, leading people to settle first in these

1617:, bead production, use of the potter's wheel, wax making, mathematics, geometry, medicine and in advancement of economic specialisations. Glazed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed alongside direct trade from polities as far as present-day 2841:

holds large scale sedentary structures and coastal adaptation with inheritance of agricultural practices from millennia before alongside newly maize production. Experiences a sudden collapse (circa 4600 BC) resulting in a 1000-year gap within the local archaeological record.

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It was formerly thought that proto-Bantu originated somewhere in the border region between Nigeria and Cameroon. However, new research revealed that was more likely the original area of Proto-Southern Bantoid, before it spread southwards into Cameroon long before Proto-Bantu

1968:. Trade and intercourse between the separated lands of Australia and Indonesia continued across the newly formed Torres Strait, whose 150 km-wide channel remained readily navigable with the chain of Torres Strait Islands and reefs affording intermediary stopping points. 2234:

forms circa 4000 BC. Cultural distinctions between the two are first observed, however Aramatian influence begins to expand throughout Upper and Middle Egypt, with trade routes of cedar from Byblos to gold and obsidian imported from Nubia representing complex social

1637:, these cultures are described as Neolithic even though farming is absent). These nomadic societies who had animal husbandry had pottery via cultural diffusion and trade of the previous millennia from Lake Baikal in Siberia and from Europe. From there spread via the 4765: 1470:

of Egypt and also seems to have affinities (e.g., the distinctive churns, or "bird vases") with early Minoan culture in Crete. Cypriot affinities are not seen, with Cyprus experiencing newcomers circa 4500 BC who arrived and introduced a new Neolithic era. This

1891:(Yellow River) basin and endured for some 2,000 years. It is believed that pigs were first domesticated there. Pottery was fired in kilns dug into the ground and then painted. Millet was cultivated. A type-site settlement for the Yangshao was established 4234: 2798:

was farmed here, as early as 4700 BCE, representing networks of trade and agricultural selective breeding, spanning over millennia. Peoples living in complex sedentary structures, along the coast of northern Peru were already eating corn by that

2761:, and through their interrelated expansion Northwards, intensive maize production and permanent settlements are formed distinguishing them from tribes and other polities. Potentially they carried with them major constituent groups of the proto- 1839:

Megaliths in South Asia are dated before 3000 BC, with recent findings dated back to 5000 BC in southern India. Cultures within central India had metallurgy, trade, payment of dues (possibly taxes or contributions to religious ceremonies) and

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was used for selective clothes, representative of higher classes and economic specialisation. Priest-like roles dedicated to astronomical study and observational seasonal change in relation to Peruvian society's reliance on agriculture were

2726:, which dates between 5500 and 3500BC appearing to have been a sea resource collection and processing site. While it seems Cerro de las Conchas was only occupied seasonally, it seems likely that inland base camps were occupied year-round. 3150: 1621:

for lapis lazuli. Mehrgarh Periods II and III are also contemporaneous with an expansion of the settled populations of the borderlands at the western edge of South Asia, including the establishment of settlements like Rana Ghundai,

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Increasing rapid migrations from Iran, with various waves bringing advanced metallurgy and other innovations, but it is thought that the newcomers soon blended with the Jeitun farmers. A large portion of these peoples settled in

1227:. Obsidian, cedar, advancement of the potters wheel circa 4500 BC, silver, cattle and copper trade routes for over a millennia are strengthened as a result of these expansions, between Anatolia, Iran, the Caucasus and South Iraq. 1856:

These results suggest that the European-related ancestry in Indian populations might be much older and more complex than anticipated, and might originate from the first wave of agriculturists millennia before the 5th Millennium

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Anthony, D.W. (2007). "Pontic-Caspian Mesolithic and Early Neolithic societies at the time of the Black Sea Flood: a small audience and small effects". In Yanko-Hombach, V.; Gilbert, A.A.; Panin, N.; Dolukhanov, P. M. (eds.).

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where from 4700 BC these canals drew and transported water from springs in the Andes mountains region for immense agriculture. Use of the canals ended circa 4500 BC, representing periodic social declines and conflict between

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is traded across North and Eastern Africa by the various cultures. These pieces are some of the oldest examples of pottery, made by Eurasian descended hunter-fisher-gatherers in a tradition that lasted. 5000 years since the

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experiences new phase of sedentarism from prior nomadic lifestyles (circa 5000 BC). During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture, see

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had done so. Regardless, both show admixture, along with other Austronesian populations outside of Taiwan, indicating varying degrees of intermarriage between the incoming Neolithic Austronesian settlers and the preexisting

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of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago, representing an early phase of colonisation. These Polynesian polities did not adopt nor intermarry on a large with the Australo-Melanesians like the Austronesians in

1607:, was a bridgeway between East and West, with considerable Chinese and Iranian influence in the use of its stamp seals in the great trade routes. Lapis Lazuli was imported from mining Kingdoms in Afghanistan to workshops. 1057:

of Greece where increasing population densities are most notable. Over 400 years, Dimini imperially expands, later absorbing Sesklo culture completely before the final invasion and destruction of Sesklo ca. 4400 BC. The

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from Danubian and Caucasus civilizations to Indo-European steppe cultures with social stratification and royal chiefs of their own. Considerable Danubian influence on Central European polities and cultures must also be

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In the Caucasus: Settlements of the 5th millennium BC in North Caucasus attest to a material culture that was related to contemporaneous archaeological complexes in the northern and western Black Sea region like the

2776:, the Tairona, located in present-day Colombia also began to shift towards long term permanent settlements with agriculture. This shift for these two groups, gives them population advantages over other groups. 2045:

as early as the late 5th millennium BC. Immense population densities, and urbanised cultures in Taiwan and China made these early explorers and group explore what was beyond the frontier, Eastwards of coastal

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with Eurasian genotype. Eurasian migrations continue onwards in some places from the rapid migrations of the previous millennia into the Sahara, representing a time of great social and economic opportunity.

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Sea levels had become relatively stabilized by the time of 4500 BC around the coastlines of Australia. This occurred after several thousands of years of sea level rising, due to glaciers melting after the

2098:, which is a set of islands off the Northeast portion of Tasmania, had been inhabited since at least 33,000 BC, but the Aboriginal Tasmanians stopped living there permanently around the time of 4,000 BC. 2362:

East Between 7500 BCE and 3500 BCE, amid the Green Sahara, undomesticated central Saharan flora were farmed, stored, and cooked, and domesticated animals (e.g., Barbary sheep) were milked and managed in

1267:. The appearance of these ceramics received different dates depending on the particular sites, which have a wide geographical distribution portraying widespread trade systems and social stratification. 1190:

originating from the Mesolithic continues to be experimented upon and further alongside mathematics which is developed across all of Europe by various polities continuously through the 5th millennium.

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Stone points for spears and distinct stone point technology have been found dating from 5–7 thousand years ago in Australia. Many of the early stone point technologies are specifically found in the

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style ceramics was produced. This period also saw the development of extensive canal networks near major settlements. New highly developed irrigation systems, which seems to have developed first at

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In the East:Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern Sahara, tumuli with megalithic monuments developed as early as 4700 BC in the Saharan region of Niger with complex theological work and

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By 4000 BCE, the Tibeto-Burmese cultures had reached Nepal either directly across the Himalayas from Tibet or via Myanmar and north-east India or both. This is representative of conflicts with the

1514:(c. 4300 - 4000BC). These polities were immense economically, and pioneered copper metallurgy and trade. Constant immigration from Ubadians and from Uruk herself did play economic factors as well. 1831:

based on geographical location, however the language itself is known to have largely been native to central India as well. This melting pot of cultures peaked from the 5th millennium BC into the

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scale stone masonry for public use, and organised seal estampage of international importance are associated characteristics of the era. P. Amiet sees as a 'proto-royal figure,' i.e., potentially

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has close trade relations with the Mediterranean Neolithic communities of southern France, the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian peninsula and Sicily and is a major participant of the silver trade.

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Diffusion of African Humid Period religions, and cultural traits Eastwards to Egypt via political, social and economical interrelated movements. Southwards migrations result in emergence of the

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event. This knowledge was passed down in oral history among the Aboriginal tribes of Australia as they recalled the drastic sea level rises that ended up swallowing their once lower coastlines.

4679: 1626:, Sarai Kala, Jalilpur, and Ghaligai. The trade hub already been difficult to control due to its scale would then receive high levels of immigration from West Eurasia around 4000 BC to 3800 BC. 2696:. Despite sedentary cultures present within Mexico, typically coastal, nomadic cultures also remain with seasonal occupation, but agriculture yearly and store pits for meats i.e., El Gigante, 4051:

Friedlaender, Jonathan S.; Friedlaender, Françoise R.; Reed, Floyd A.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Kidd, Judith R.; Chambers, Geoffrey K.; Lea, Rodney A.; Loo, Jun-Hun; Koki, George (18 January 2008).

977:, is believed to have slowed and become fairly stable. It has been estimated that there were around forty million people worldwide by 5000 BC, growing to 100 million by the Middle Bronze Age 2688:

is present especially on the Gulf Coast, with the cultures of Mesoamerica, with social stratification present, workshops, stone settlements, paved roads and an extensive obsidian trade, see

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Predynastic Egyptians of the 5th millennium BC pictorially represented geometric designs, with further development of mathematics, alchemy and astronomy within the polities of Egypt, see

2382:, which exstensive trade between the regions and polities. Agriculture is introduced and advanced within West Africa by Eurasian descended populations alongside sub saharan populations. 1403:

which was a major production centre in the important Obsidian trade and thus power. An intensive copper trade, connecting Europe with the East, is represented in Anatolia by sites at

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PANTA RHEI: Studies on the Chronology and Cultural Development of South-Eastern and Central Europe in Earlier Prehistory Presented to Juraj Pavúk on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday

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continue to practice and advance their agricultural system. In the form of ancient irrigation systems in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, are being studied by archaeologists. The

1658:). The people lived in yurts (or gers) – tents made of hides and wood that could be disassembled and transported. Each group had several yurts, each accommodating about five people. 2846:, but within this millennium continues to rapidly spread all over South America further South, reflecting strong trade routes, diffusions of ideas and culture and social networks. 1563:

Central: A millennia after the Iranian farmer cultures had first cemented with ancestry from the Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers and middle east, (circa 6000 BC) in

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thrive with trade routes connecting Egypt to Syria, the Sinai and Red Sea. Both share culturally distinctive "black-top ware". Badarian culture expands Southwards towards future

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During this millennium astronomical and theological work continues to develop. Such examples synonymous with the yearly cycle and gift of maize production is the origins of the

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are invented somewhere in eastern Siberia, spreading south into via trade into Japan and east into North America, where they are ancestral to the sophisticated designs of the

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Native Americans in the northern Great Lakes produce copper tools, ornaments, and utensils traded throughout the Great Plains and Ohio Valley representing a high level of

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Fernandes, V.; Triska, P.; Pereira, J. B.; Alshamali, F.; Rito, T.; Machado, A.; Fajkošová, Z.; Cavadas, B.; Černý, V.; Soares, P.; Richards, M. B.; Pereira, L. (2015).

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experienced repeated flooding alongside the other city states, due to continuous floods of the Euphrates within this era. Ur would later rise to great prominence in the

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Vai, S.; Sarno, S.; Lari, M.; Luiselli, D.; Manzi, G.; Gallinaro, M.; Mataich, S.; Hübner, A.; Modi, A.; Pilli, E.; Tafuri, M. A.; Caramelli, D.; Di Lernia, S. (2019).

3386:Özdoğan, M. (2011). "Submerged sites and drowned topographies along the Anatolian coasts: An overview". In Benjamin, J.; Bonsall, C.; Pickard, C.; Fischer, A. (eds.). 2023:

Examination of mitochondrial DNA lineages shows that they have been evolving in ISEA for longer than previously believed. Ancestors of the Polynesians arrived in the

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Mediterranean trade networks are long forged, with complex economical activities by polities, stretching from the Adriatic to Portugal and parts of North Africa see

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Trade with Levant and external regions on an impressive scale and covering large distances starts to connect Europe with Asia on a more direct scale than before.

1502:, 500 km (310 mi) east of the other two sources. This is indicative of a very large trade circle reaching as far as the Northern Fertile Crescent and 1193:

Alongside megalithic monuments or tomb with high social and astronomical importance to polities of the era, stone circles are erected as far as France, see the

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is founded circa 4000 BC, and alongside Susa begins to separate itself culturally from the West, developing the lands with its newly integrated peoples into a

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collections of wooden huts on mounds also appeared in western Victoria, associated with a more systematic exploitation of new food sources in the wetlands.

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The Tehuacán culture (5000 BC-2300 BC) were likely Proto-Otomanguean speakers that inhabited the area of the Tehuacán valley during the 5th millennium BC.

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Tibetan cultures and settlements have been found mainly "in river valleys in the south and east of the country". Archaeological sites consist of those in

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region. Such migrations including early Uralic Eastern migrations into North Asia from Eurasia, which started and occurred during the mid 5th millennium.

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Scattered nomadic groups maintained herds of sheep, goats, horses, and camels, and conducted annual migrations to find new pastures (a practice known as

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featuring signs of notable conflict during the prior Ubaid expansion. Weapons smithing, copper trade and notable temples built circa 4200 BC are present.

287: 3574: 3289:(Eds.), Maritime interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: The evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-related site in Kuwait (pp. 33–65). Leiden: Brill. 966: 734: 135: 3034:

Cucuteni in der oberen Moldau, Rumanien: die befestigte Siedlung mit bemalter Keramik von der Steinkupferzeit bis in die vollentwickelte Bronzezeit

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with immense population density were an early and independent center of agriculture, with evidence of irrigation going back at least 10,000 years.

1783:. Dravidian having multiple cultural origins and development over millennia can be considered just as influential on an international scale as the 1154:. (4300 BC to 3250 BC), associated with the Windmill Hill culture, increased population density, outcompeting the West Hunter Gatherer populations. 2209:

of stele to bright stars focussed on issues of major practical importance of the era being: cattle, water, death, earth, sun, stars and theology.

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The advanced Mexican agriculturalist culture and polities expanded and developed their agricultural practices for millennia now, alongside their

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Proto-Berber populations migrate Northwards towards Libya resulting in increased population density and diffusion of religion, explained via the

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Clothing alongside social stratification is demonstrable in Peru. 6000-year-old dyed cotton fabric was discovered at the Preceramic site of

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Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (19 August 2014).

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Negroid hunter-gatherers, who created the Round Head rock art, adopted the culture of cattle pastoralism from incoming cattle pastoralists.

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Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda (2010). "New data regarding the chronology of the Pre-Cucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodistea–Erbiceni cultures".

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Bostoen, Koen; Clist, Bernard; Doumenge, Charles; Grollemund, Rebecca; Hombert, Jean-Marie; Muluwa, Joseph Koni; Maley, Jean (2015).

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The 5th millennium has become a start point for calendars and chronologies. The year 4750 BC is the retrospective startpoint for the

2830:. This marks the earliest recorded use of cotton worldwide. Gossypium barbadense and was domesticated by the cultures in the region. 490: 4775: 4689: 4662: 4635: 4184: 3836: 3708: 3545: 3470: 3255: 2865:

circa 4000 bc due to an extensive dry period which would go on to last 2000 years. This may account for racial distinctions between

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by Khoisan hunter-gatherer-herders, in Malawi and Zambia by considerably dark-skinned, occasionally bearded, bow-and-arrow-wielding

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One subclade, now known as R1b1a2 (R-V88), is found only at high frequencies amongst populations native to West Africa, such as the

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in modern Pakistan was the largest urban and trade centre between East, South and West Asia. It pioneered metallurgy for millennia,

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showed stronger cultural connections like similar tool kits and use of red ochre, portrays intimate and centuries-old ties with the

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Trade via seafaring and ports between Western Hunter Gatherers in Ireland and cultures in Neolithic Western Europe (circa 4000 BC) (

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stretches from Sicily and Calabria to the Aeolian Islands representing cultural focus on seafaring and maritime trade at this time.

4958: 1073:. The Lyalovo culture (ca. 5000–3650 BC) has been equated with the Proto-Uralic urheimat alongside cultural relationship with the 3866:

Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014).

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Megalithic constructions continue all over Western Europe, with increasing social stratification and social complexity. See the

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Early 5th millennium BC, cattle herding, animal husbandry and polities within the Sahara continue to thrive, most notably the

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of the northern portion of West Australia. Spear throwers or more specifically developed and used by Australian Aboriginals, '

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Across the Southeastern Woodlands, starting around 4000 BC, people exploited wetland resources, creating large shell middens.

1828: 791: 280: 3112: 2277:, and is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration from Eurasia to Africa of peoples related to the ancestors of the 4579:"Middle to Late Holocene Paleoclimatic Change and the Early Bantu Expansion in the Rain Forests of Western Central Africa" 2689: 2644: 2110: 1543:, circa 5500 BC) throughout Arabia, with adoption and integration but also contributions to these new political features. 1113:

land, political motives and a further indication of the Black Sea trade most notable of the period via seafaring and land.

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colonisations by Austronesian people's will pale in comparison to the later more rapid and expansive waves in the great

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Masson, V. M. (1992). "The Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxiana". In Dani, A. H.; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (eds.).

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Yamaura, Kiyoshi. "The sea mammal hunting cultures of the Okhotsk Sea with special reference to Hokkaido prehistory."

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Cucuteni in upper Moldova, Romania: the fortified settlement with painted pottery from the stone age to the copper age

2788:, development of terra mulata soils for fertility, construction of highways, trade routes and large complex chiefdoms. 2722:

Shell mounds in these areas are highly visible, which likely aided in their identification by scholars. Examples like

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Chinese civilisation advanced in this millennium with the beginnings of three noted cultures from around 5000 BC. The

1434: 515: 190: 3826: 3084:]. Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (in Russian). Vol. 10. Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR. 2943:

Yet another calendar starting date in the 5th millennium is Monday, 1 January 4713 BC, the beginning of the current

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Lauricocha III: 4200 – 2500 BC (Andean preceramic V) begins. Chiefdoms and fish gatherer-hunter societies dominate.

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in the Indian subcontinent (around 3300 BC) inhabited the area before the arrival of other ethnic groups like the

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Neolithic farming guilds and polities maintain a relatively fixed frontier in Northern Central Europe (modern-day

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Tripolye culture) began around 4800 BC. It was centred on modern Moldova and lasted in three defined phases until

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Miller, Naomi F. (1999). "Agricultural development in western Central Asia in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages".

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In modern Turkey: Strong Anatolian polities counteract the balance of power from the Ubaid polities and dwaining

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circa 4100 experiences rapid mass migration and settlement into the Isles. Deforestation on a momentous scale in

273: 1183:), allowing Scandinavian Hunter Gatherer polities to later develop into the Pitted Ware Culture (circa 3500 BC). 2711: 2253: 1824: 1157: 2794:

was a major trading hub in Peru (Paredones and Huaca Prieta) In connection to the trading networks to Mexico,

2639:

with stronger storm patterns result in significant rates of soil erosion. Precursors to the migrations of the

2586:

languages in Siberia. The connection is commonly thought to have been the result of a back-migration of early

2540:

and rapid political emergence via expansion gives us a depiction of the cultural complexity of these cultures.

1522: 5070: 2133:

was in the later phase of the Green Sahara, in the 6th or 5th millennium BC. It was prior to the end of the

2114: 1784: 1732: 1646: 1151: 1147: 1023: 924: 816: 355: 351: 5020:

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

2359:, experience migrations and cultural diffusion across the Sahara Westwards, North and Eastwards themselves. 5218: 3620:

Yang, Xiaoping (2010). "Climate Change and Desertification with Special Reference to the Cases in China".

3592: 2948: 2723: 2397: 2340: 2072: 1702: 1638: 1420: 1091: 1085: 806: 580: 555: 510: 4888:

Wozniak, Marta (2012). "Far from Aram-Nahrin: The Suryoye Diaspora Experience". In Eamer, Allyson (ed.).

1494:

have had their origins traced via elemental analysis to three sources in Southern Anatolia: Hotamis Dağ,

1370:

The south-western part of Iran after 4400 BC restarts urbanisation, with large scale settlements such as

1033: 4278: 2815: 2618: 2537: 2440: 2352: 2348: 2318: 2038: 1841: 1740: 1359:

grew into its maximum size of 17 hectares in the Late Susiana period, and was dominant onwards from the

1070: 347: 3653:

Crawford, Gary W.; Shen, Chen (1998). "The origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia".

3364: 4718: 4512: 4455: 4406: 4347: 3936: 3879: 3851: 3773: 3423: 3337: 3325: 2862: 2660: 2517: 2448: 2401: 2356: 2278: 2134: 2059: 2054: 2024: 1954: 1575:

had resulted in increasing urbanisation and increasing social stratification. Such cultures include:

1187: 1133: 1074: 974: 848: 719: 460: 138: 4652: 4235:"Australia's Ancient Warriors: Changing Depictions of Fighting in the Rock Art of Arnhem Land, N.T." 1964:

Mesolitihic hunter-gatherers continue to dominate most parts of Indonesia. Notable cultures are the

2674: 2640: 2409: 2179: 1975: 1776: 1671:. They are culturally and genetically affiliated with the Indo-European-associated cultures of the 1634: 1347: 1343: 1238:, (5400–4700 BC), a phase limited to the extreme south of Iraq, on what was then the shores of the 1129: 602: 530: 525: 485: 465: 342: 3983:"Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific" 2940:

at either 18:00 on the 22nd (Jewish calendar) or 09:00 on the 23rd (Ussher-Lightfoot-Chronology).

5244: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5063: 4606: 4598: 4424: 4253: 3678: 3439: 3014: 2957: 2909:

later. It has generally been believed that the calendar was based on a heliacal (dawn) rising of

2854: 2762: 2604: 2583: 2267: 2130: 1982: 1780: 1756: 1721: 1630: 1623: 1596: 1511: 1445: 1299: 1246:

to the north. These people pioneered the growing of grains in the extreme conditions of aridity.

1161: 917: 889: 637: 627: 337: 172: 159: 2870: 2400:

between 4000 BCE and 1000 BCE, representative of a priest class with diffused religion from the

1495: 1141: 575: 480: 2389:

importations into sub saharan Africa via Eurasian descended pastoralists with the emergence of

1290:. Of the hundreds of polities and tens of important city states here are a few notable events: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5131: 5028: 4989: 4895: 4771: 4746: 4685: 4658: 4631: 4625: 4481: 4375: 4180: 4092: 4074: 4014: 3962: 3905: 3832: 3807: 3789: 3704: 3670: 3633: 3600: 3541: 3492: 3466: 3251: 3229: 3085: 3041: 3006: 2917: 2898: 2887: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2636: 2502: 2490: 2475: 2333: 2227: 2189: 1922: 1832: 1788: 1709: 1676: 1664: 1614: 1540: 1518: 1463: 1412: 1360: 1350: 1322: 1287: 1173: 1169: 1121: 1032:(5700-4200 BC) continues cultural traits of the prior millennium. It had the earliest form of 970: 894: 687: 652: 597: 440: 371: 241: 237: 227: 223: 219: 213: 203: 56: 46: 3535: 3312: 1981:

existed possibly also in East Asia (in and toward the south of East Asia) at least since the

1633:

is used of late Mesolithic cultures of Central Asia, during the 6th to 5th millennium BC (in

1517:

Such cultural elements change and are replaced, suddenly during the latter first half of the

5014: 4939: 4736: 4726: 4590: 4544: 4520: 4471: 4463: 4414: 4365: 4355: 4245: 4172: 4082: 4064: 4004: 3994: 3952: 3944: 3895: 3887: 3797: 3781: 3696: 3662: 3625: 3431: 3345: 3286: 2998: 2785: 2758: 2595: 2557: 2521: 2282: 2260: 2231: 2217: 2194: 2029: 2002: 1884: 1694:. Archaeologists have found pottery and stone tools, including stone axes, chisels, knives, 1472: 1467: 1438: 1164:

occur westerwards onwards from this upheaval. Danubian civilization and culture such as the

1109: 1099: 1059: 1054: 1029: 854: 801: 702: 692: 682: 677: 667: 662: 657: 570: 495: 435: 428: 423: 413: 398: 327: 2920:, the creation of Earth happened on 22/23 October 4004 BC. This chronology was the work of 4551: 4038: 4009: 3746: 3154: 3093: 2953: 2525: 2468: 2393: 2390: 2371: 2321:

present, potentially interconnected with the theological and astronomical advancements in

2298: 2183: 2149: 1986: 1965: 1878: 1749: 1745: 1683: 1672: 1584: 1392: 1375: 1243: 1220: 1215:

continues into the early 5th millennium, with demographic integration of Ubaid culture by

1117: 821: 712: 617: 560: 455: 408: 361: 332: 1047:

cements itself as mainstream art in Europe, continuing onward from the 6th millennium BC.

811: 4722: 4516: 4459: 4410: 4351: 3940: 3883: 3777: 3427: 3341: 2481:

South: Red finger-painted rock art created between 4000 BC, and 200 AD, to the south of

2297:

of the more ancient, native proto-Berber peoples sometimes intermixed and alongside the

2001:

These people were in the following millennium later, largely displaced by migrations of

5116: 5111: 5106: 4741: 4706: 4476: 4443: 4370: 4335: 4087: 4052: 3957: 3924: 3900: 3867: 3802: 3761: 2575: 2436: 2413: 2386: 2213: 2095: 1914: 1712:

peoples (not to be confused with the language) whose history predates the onset of the

1250: 1040: 707: 697: 672: 642: 612: 607: 540: 520: 500: 475: 450: 403: 262: 256: 4705:

Grollemund, R.; Branford, S.; Bostoen, K.; Meade, A.; Venditti, C.; Pagel, M. (2015).

3349: 2739:

encompassing sedentary populations has been documented to have occurred by c. 4000 BC.

1260:- Ubaid 3: Tell al-Ubaid style ceramics. Traditionally, this ceramic period was dated 5233: 5135: 4610: 4257: 3762:"Craniometrics Reveal "Two Layers" of Prehistoric Human Dispersal in Eastern Eurasia" 3682: 3206: 2969: 2944: 2925: 2460: 2175: 2084: 1752: 1717: 1698:, discs, and arrowheads, alongside engagement in ancestor worship and priest classes. 1695: 1661: 1642: 1499: 1424: 1379: 1194: 1103: 756: 632: 622: 565: 550: 545: 445: 418: 376: 168: 155: 142: 4525: 4500: 4428: 4419: 4394: 3443: 2182:), dates to approximately 4750 BCE—possibly composed of as many as 16,000 residents. 1428: 4207: 4116: 2921: 2906: 2902: 2897:

Another traditional date is 19 July 4241 BC, marking the supposed beginning of the

2827: 2791: 2529: 2509: 2498: 2486: 2351:

cultures in the 5th millennium BC. These cultures although experiencing trade with

2294: 2286: 2239: 2145: 2117:' are believed to have become in widespread use around this time around Australia. 1800: 1736: 1691: 1687: 1655: 1604: 1600: 1588: 1552: 1544: 1533: 1306: 1278: 1239: 1216: 1212: 1063: 907: 761: 647: 386: 209: 151: 4943: 4853:

Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Edited by Philipp Strazny. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn

4707:"Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals" 3515:

Gronenborn, Detlef (2007). "Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe".

1160:(circa 4000 BC). Migrates southwards via the Danube eventually reaching Anatolia. 5018: 4360: 4176: 4069: 3401: 3157:

Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande

1974:

peoples and tribes continue to inhabit and thrive in Melenasia. Individuals with

1852:

populations and the time of divergence between the two predated Steppe migration:

5098: 3629: 3489:

The Black Sea Flood Question: changes in coastline, climate and human settlement

2533: 2513: 2452: 2432: 2367: 2322: 2301:

deeper into the Sahara. Cultural significant elements are complex theology, red

2201: 2102: 2034: 1971: 1796: 1460: 1452:

circa 4400 BC. With concentrated settlements and elites economically focused on

1408: 1356: 1326: 944: 247: 117: 4711:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4467: 4032:"Genome Scans Show Polynesians Have Little Genetic Relationship to Melanesians" 3785: 2670:

evidence an extensive trade system over several millennia across North America.

2101:

Rock art in the Northern Territory of Australia, specifically from the area of

5094: 5086: 4602: 4578: 4249: 3666: 3169:"Mystery of the Varna Gold: What Caused These Ancient Societies to Disappear?" 2831: 2811: 2781: 2375: 2153: 1994: 1816: 1772: 1713: 1476: 1456: 1333: 1254: 1224: 864: 751: 746: 724: 505: 312: 178: 36: 5043: 4078: 3793: 3674: 3010: 2784:, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as 2651:. Despite nomadic lifestyles in hunting seasons continuing early on from the 2431:

migrate with long distanced trade routes and large chiefdoms between Eastern

1314:

thick walls and a basalt threshold reveals a social elite of extreme prowess.

4874: 4731: 4323:. United States of America: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 21–24. 4112:"Hidden in plain sight: Indigenous Australian rock art on Sydney's doorstep" 3999: 3982: 3597:

The Archaeology of China: From the Late Palaeolithic to the Early Bronze Age

3097: 3089: 2874: 2866: 2693: 2611: 2482: 2456: 2290: 2042: 2015:

and later migrations from Central China to Southeastern Asia after adopting

2012: 1978: 1958: 1811: 1618: 1539:

In Arabia: Continuation of Ubaid economical expansion and culture(since the

1416: 1310: 304: 233: 199: 162: 67: 4750: 4654:

Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives

4485: 4379: 4096: 4018: 3966: 3909: 3811: 3045: 2750:, an ingredient vital for urban civilization was brought to South America. 1985:. These represent seafaring, trade routes and migration from Melenasia and 4767:

The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000-Year History of Wealth, Greed, and Endeavor

4041:, Press Release, Temple University, 17 January 2008, accessed 19 July 2015 3925:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" 3868:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" 2989:

Biraben, Jean-Noël (1979). "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes".

2933: 2697: 2667: 2632: 2591: 2306: 1930: 1903: 1888: 1810:

Some Dravidian cultures formed from an admixture event between primarily

1668: 1610: 1564: 1503: 1483: 1400: 1271: 1081: 884: 786: 776: 766: 741: 729: 366: 124: 2374:

spanned from the savanna region to the eastern Saharan region, and from

4984:

Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2013). "Introduction to Positional Astronomy".

4541:

The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies

3948: 3891: 3435: 3018: 2807: 2766: 2736: 2714:, being the first part of the Caribbean to be settled prior to 3500 BC. 2579: 2565: 2421: 2408:

may have also developed in 2000 BCE, as evidenced by depictions of the

2405: 2379: 2016: 1990: 1926: 1907: 1404: 1298:

decline in sovereignty within the 4th millennium. It is here where the

1180: 859: 771: 17: 2710:

Trinidad continues from the 6th to 5th millennium onwards to hold the

1767:

Significant linguistic connections are made with the precursor to the

1395:

who were culturally assimilated around 4800 BC. Such polities include

4444:"Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara" 4304:

Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane (2017). "Pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa".

3326:"Further evidence of abrupt Holocene drowning of the Black Sea shelf" 3188:"World's Oldest Gold Object May Have Just Been Unearthed in Bulgaria" 2910: 2810:

since at least 6000 BC. For the transportation of goods and dung for

2803: 2773: 2755: 2751: 2494: 2274: 2243: 2221: 2157: 2076: 2008: 1849: 1580: 1548: 1521:, and the quality of copper metallurgy declines somewhat, during the 1491: 1453: 1449: 1396: 1066:

and increased cultural connection alongside trade routes to Anatolia.

1050: 3077:

Periodizatsiia tripol'skikh poselenii, iii–ii tysiacheletie do n. e.

3002: 4889: 4848: 4594: 4501:"The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara" 4395:"The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara" 2505:

cultures continue from prior millennia to dominate Southern Africa.

1464:

Jordan's vast and powerful urban polities and Bedouin-like cultures

4930:

Kitchen, K. A. (October 1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt".

4828:. University of California Santa Barbara Department of Linguistics 2929: 2891: 2795: 2747: 2743: 2561: 2444: 2302: 2247: 2047: 1899: 1760: 1675:

despite predating great eastern expansions from the steppe of the

1568: 1487: 1294: 1235: 1219:

alongside invasions by Ubaid polities. One example of violence is

943: 879: 869: 2643:

lived through this climatic shift in tribes and chiefdoms in the

2528:

began to invade and expand into the south and east, engaging the

1823:

These Southern migrations into India contributed to parts of the

2417: 2343:

predate the African neolithic by thousands of years. A unity of

2168: 2005: 1572: 1466:. The Ghassulian culture trades and correlates closely with the 1371: 1364: 1318: 1283: 1106:

thrives, beginning circa 4600 BC to 4200 BC reflecting Kingship.

393: 5059: 2171:

and by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC into eastern Africa.

4651:

Denham, Timothy P.; Iriarte, José; Vrydaghs, Luc (July 2016).

2937: 2802:

Peruvian advances this side of the world, in domestication of

4819:"Otomanguean historical linguistics: Exploring the subgroups" 3226:

Ancient near East V1 (Routledge History of the Ancient World)

1547:

pottery of periods 2 and 3 has been documented at site H3 in

1435:

Prior environmental devastation in the previous two millennia

5055: 2254:

Maghreb transfers from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic stage

2178:, situated at the southwestern edge of the Nile Delta (near 1234:- Ubaid 1, sometimes called Eridu corresponding to the city 1026:, but it left no written texts and its structure is unknown. 3211:. IX Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology. Chieti, Italy. 2857:

was one of the important mountain encampments at the time.

2735:

Significant occupation of the Colombian Caribbean coast by

2655:

these cultures also had settlements with store houses. The

2447:

agriculture in the African Neolithic period, following the

1339: 4803:

Ives, John W. "Dene-Yeniseian, migration and prehistory."

4336:"Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia" 2849:

Lauricocha II: 6000 – 4200 BC (Andean preceramic IV) ends.

1791:. Such influence has been explored, such examples are the 1448:

thrives, immigrating from the North into the whole of the

4140:"Ancient Sea Rise Tale Told Accurately for 10,000 Years" 1775:

language and parts of the Dravidian language to a prior

1475:

replaced the void of the collapse of the 6th millennium

1223:

a key economical hub of pottery manufacture. Another is

3855:, by Sindya N. Bhanoo, Feb. 7, 2011, The New York Times 3749:. Plant Cultures (2004-11-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-29. 3324:

Ballard, R.D.; Coleman, D. F.; Rosenberg, G.D. (2000).

3285:

Carter, R. (2010). Pottery from H3. In R. Carter &

2148:. During this time, sub-Saharan Africa remained in the 4988:(3rd ed.). University Science Books. p. 15. 3273:

Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power

1603:, beginning just before 4000 BC contemporary with the 1231:

Its chronology within the 5th millennium consists of:

4627:

Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic

4208:"Tasmanian Aboriginal History In The Furneaux Region" 2905:. The more likely startpoint is 19 July 2781 BC, one 2890:, marking the traditional date for the foundation of 2439:

millennia before. This expansion of these set of the

2427:

Central to West:Populations and tribes spreading the

4891:

Border Terrains: World Diasporas in the 21st Century

4678:

Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher (19 April 2018).

4624:

Bradshaw, Richard; Fandos-Rius, Juan (27 May 2016).

2666:

Shell ornaments and copper items at Indian Knoll in

2186:

flourishes in Lower Egypt (circa 5000 BC - 4200 BC).

1555:

which bordered the Persian Gulf, a major trade hub.

5130: 5093: 3463:

The dawn of civilization: earliest times to 700 BCE

3365:"Black Sea coastal cultures: Trade and interaction" 2647:, with cultural and trade connections to the early 2079:were created sometime between 5000 BC and 3000 BC. 1961:

continued to be farmed on mass scale since 6000 BC.

1795:, a family that would have pioneered Susa, Central 1249:- Ubaid 2 occurs circa 4800–4500 BC. At that time, 4986:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac 3661:(278). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 858–866. 2459:people's into West, East and North Africa, by the 2404:. Though possibly developed as early as 5000 BCE, 1399:notably having a standing army circa 4300 BC, and 1274:.Southern expansions continue Southwards to Oman. 2684:evidence of tonal contrast in the proto-language. 2520:chiefdoms split off, and expanded Eastwards from 1667:(c. 3500–2500 BCE) inhabit the regions of modern 4894:. Inter-Disciplinary Press, Oxford. p. 78. 4196:– via The University of Western Australia. 2894:, some 2,000 years before it actually happened. 2246:figure existing circa 4100 BC to 3900 BC within 3828:Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia - Google Books 2497:until 19th century CE, and in Transvaal by the 2443:may have been associated with the expansion of 1854: 1528:On the other hand, the millennia long attested 4959:"October 23, 4004 B.C.: Happy Birthday Earth!" 3825:Oxenham, Marc; Tayles, Nancy (20 April 2006). 1242:. This phase, showing clear connection to the 1022:(PIE) existed as the forerunner of all modern 5071: 4168:The past 50,000 years: An archaeological view 3220: 3218: 2598:that were once widespread throughout Eurasia. 1257:(4700–4600 BC) and rapidly spread elsewhere. 925: 281: 8: 4053:"The Genetic Structure of Pacific Islanders" 3622:Changing Climates, Earth Systems and Society 2125:North to latitude 15° North of the Equator: 3853:DNA Sheds New Light on Polynesian Migration 3703:. Yale University Press. pp. 206–209. 3308: 2339:Although constituent groups and genetic of 2174:The earliest-known permanent settlement in 2019:to the rest of Southeast Asia and Oceania. 1844:explored within the linguistics of the era. 5078: 5064: 5056: 4244:(2). Cambridge University Press: 211–248. 3575:"Megalith from 5000 BC found in Telangana" 3040:] (in German). Berlin: W. de Gruyter. 2637:Southwest and notably the Colorado Plateau 2451:and segregation of the Eurasian descended 2129:It is estimated that the beginning of the 1710:Modern Dravidian (Geographically in India) 1069:Uralic languages and cultures continue to 932: 918: 299: 288: 274: 112: 4740: 4730: 4524: 4475: 4418: 4369: 4359: 4086: 4068: 4008: 3998: 3956: 3899: 3801: 3208:Prehistoric Trade Routes In the Black Sea 2474:The final period (4500 - 4000 BC) of the 1053:first arises circa 4800 BC alongside the 4499:Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (2014). 4393:Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (2014). 3459:History of civilizations of Central Asia 2746:and preistlt rites of fertility brought 2449:desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BCE 2062:(also called the "Out of Taiwan" model). 1848:Indian Y-lineages are close to southern 1332:Some other polities of note are firstly 27:Millennium between [5000 BCE - 4000 BCE) 4919:. Librairie Arthéme Fayard. p. 52. 3560: 3503: 3136: 2981: 2913:but that view is now being questioned. 2873:remained in the South, and the rest of 2844:Maize production originates from Mexico 302: 123: 3390:. Oxford, UK: Oxbow. pp. 219–229. 3113:"Telling Tales in Proto-Indo-European" 2329:Dotted wavy line and wavy line pottery 2289:, with migrations continuing into the 1741:Northern and Eastern Siberian cultures 1587:, which became predominant during the 1286:, preceding the 'priest-kings' of the 31: 4545:Igbo Language Roots and (Pre)-History 4306:The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology 3205:Peev, Preslav (24–26 February 2005). 3082:Trypillia settlement periodization... 2463:. This contemporary expansion of the 2071:It is estimated that the distinctive 7: 4764:Meredith, Martin (14 October 2014). 3416:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 1486:found in the Chalcolithic levels at 4319:Cole, Joshua; Symes, Carol (2017). 3740:Sugar cane early origins and spread 3074:Passek, Tatiana Sergeyevna (1949). 2924:, whose basis was the dates in the 2901:, as calculated retrospectively by 2744:Southern intensive trading networks 2659:begins circa 5000 BC alongside the 2256:finishing completely circa 5000 BC. 2037:Australo-Melanesian populations of 1158:First major Indo European migration 4957:Bressan, David (22 October 2013). 3517:Proceedings of the British Academy 2712:Ortoiroid archaeological tradition 1787:from the 5th millennium BC to the 1459:and trade, notably importing from 25: 4567:Newman (1995), Shillington (2005) 2242:circa 4000 BC. Potential time of 1827:, having multiple variants i.e., 1382:cultural and economic revolution. 4238:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4110:Delaney, Brigid (23 July 2015). 3701:The Archaeology of Ancient China 2508:Importantly, circa 4500 BC, the 2493:hunter-gatherers who resided in 2106:painted continuously over time. 1799:, trade and politics within the 1703:Sino-Tibetan language expansions 4526:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003 4420:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003 3987:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3186:Daley, Jason (11 August 2016). 3167:Curry, Andrew (18 April 2016). 2765:. This is where legendary hero 2594:back into Siberia, forming the 1645:of the Eastern Baltic. See the 1168:will survive on until the late 1084:. One most notable site is the 382:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 4875:"Unnatural Histories – Amazon" 4681:Atlas of the World's Languages 4171:. Cambridge University Press. 4010:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-0145-0 3831:. Cambridge University Press. 3599:. Cambridge University Press. 3491:. Springer. pp. 245–370. 1949:The powerful chiefdoms of the 1829:Proto-South Dravidian language 1571:and migrations from southwest 1559:Central Asia (North and South) 1: 4944:10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172 4847:Sicoli, Mark (January 2005). 4805:The Dene-Yeniseian Connection 3534:Krishna P. Bhattarai (2009). 3350:10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00108-0 2960:is 24 November 4714 BC. 2956:; the equivalent date in the 2690:Archaic period in Mesoamerica 2645:Archaic-Early Basketmaker Era 2524:chiefdoms whom in an earlier 2161: 2144:) and the desiccation of the 2138: 1934: 1892: 1769:Proto-Indo European languages 1731:The original homeland of the 1302:were said to have once dwelt. 1261: 1012: 1002: 978: 586:Neolithic Southeastern Europe 4630:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4361:10.1371/journal.pone.0118625 4177:10.1017/CHO9781107445758.005 4165:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue. 4070:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019 3760:K. T.; Reinecke, A. (2019). 3573:P, Pavan (24 October 2016). 1917:began in eastern China with 1551:and in Dosariyah in eastern 1437:may account for the lack of 1092:Long distanced Eastern trade 255:*Relative to year 2000 ( 5042:Suthan, Resat (2009–2014). 3630:10.1007/978-90-481-8716-4_8 2871:hunter-gatherer populations 2818:again is noticeable in the 2769:is said to have once lived. 2635:glacial runoff affects the 2467:preceded the more infamous 737: in the Gulf of Cambay 57:4th millennium BC 52:5th millennium BC 47:6th millennium BC 5261: 5025:Princeton University Press 4917:A History of Ancient Egypt 4543:(1989), 9–10 (cited after 4505:Quaternary Science Reviews 4468:10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1 4399:Quaternary Science Reviews 3786:10.1038/s41598-018-35426-z 2516:of Southern Cameroon, the 2357:Cushitic agrarian cultures 2053:The very earliest wave of 1989:and overall, from Western 1876: 1599:founded circa 4500BC. The 1441:sites in northern Turkey. 1166:Cucuteni-Trypillia culture 1018:, a single dialect called 995:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 827:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic 491:Gumelnița–Karanovo culture 471:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 4250:10.1017/S0959774300001086 3667:10.1017/s0003598x00087494 3400:Vidale, Massimo, (2017). 2754:origins circa 5000 BC in 2167:, herders moved into the 1997:in the 5th millennium BC. 1819:and other East Eurasians. 1793:Elamo-Dravidian languages 1771:(circa 4500 BC), via the 1733:Indo Europeans' ancestors 1011:From about 4500 BC until 104:41st century BC 101:42nd century BC 98:43rd century BC 95:44th century BC 92:45th century BC 89:46th century BC 86:47th century BC 83:48th century BC 80:49th century BC 77:50th century BC 4915:Grimal, Nicolas (1988). 4849:"Oto-Manguean Languages" 3725:National Geographic News 3595:; Chen, Xingcan (2012). 3270:Wittfogel, Karl (1981) " 3228:Routledge (31 Dec 1996) 3111:Powell, Eric A. (2019). 3032:Schmidt, Hubert (1932). 2932:. He estimated that the 2882:Calendars and chronology 2626:Shield Archaic tradition 2073:Aboriginal rock carvings 1913:Also about 5000 BC, the 1825:Proto-Dravidian language 1724:from across the border. 1317:Another major polity is 1305:One major polity of the 261:†Relative to year 1950 ( 4732:10.1073/pnas.1503793112 4285:. Museum of Stone Tools 3540:. Infobase publishing. 3402:Treasures from the Oxus 2863:disappears in Argentina 2293:(circa 5000 BC) to the 1925:was established on the 1785:Indo European languages 1647:History of Central Asia 1530:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 1045:agricultural revolution 1024:Indo-European languages 817:Philippine jade culture 536:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 456:Cardium pottery culture 4144:scientificamerican.com 3363:Hiebert, F.T. (2001). 3246:Roux, Georges (1966). 2949:Joseph Justus Scaliger 2522:Proto-Southern Bantoid 2435:and their homeland of 2060:Austronesian expansion 1865: 1639:Dnieper-Donets culture 1086:Locmariaquer megaliths 1060:Final Neolithic period 949: 807:Jeulmun pottery period 581:Neolithic Transylvania 511:Linear Pottery culture 4965:. Scientific American 4826:linguistics.ucsb.edu/ 4321:Western Civilizations 4283:stonetoolsmuseum.com/ 4146:. Scientific American 4000:10.1093/molbev/msl093 3929:Nature Communications 3872:Nature Communications 2947:, first described by 2816:social stratification 2661:San Dieguito cultures 2619:social stratification 2582:in North America and 2578:languages split into 2538:social stratification 2465:Niger–Congo languages 2441:Niger-Congo languages 2429:Niger–Congo languages 2319:social stratification 2039:Island Southeast Asia 1951:Proto-Papuan polities 1877:Further information: 1842:social stratification 1585:hexaploid bread wheat 1498:, and as far east as 1188:Warren Field calendar 1055:Late Neolithic period 948:World map in 5000 BCE 947: 4583:Current Anthropology 4233:Taçon, Paul (1994). 3624:. pp. 177–187. 3388:Submerged Prehistory 3192:Smithsonian Magazine 3173:Smithsonian Magazine 2724:Cerro de las Conchas 2313:Sub-Saharan Africa: 2279:Proto-Indo-Europeans 2135:African humid period 2025:Bismarck Archipelago 1955:New Guinea Highlands 1929:estuary near modern 1421:Malatya Degirmentepe 1387:Ulterior Middle East 1300:first Kings of Sumer 1075:Comb Ceramic culture 1039:The distribution of 975:Neolithic Revolution 849:Neolithic Revolution 4792:Arctic Anthropology 4723:2015PNAS..11213296G 4717:(43): 13296–13501. 4517:2014QSRv..101...28M 4460:2019NatSR...9.3530V 4411:2014QSRv..101...28M 4352:2015PLoSO..1018625F 4308:. pp. 396–413. 4212:flinders.tas.gov.au 3941:2014NatCo...5.4689L 3884:2014NatCo...5.4689L 3778:2019NatSR...9.1451M 3563:, pp. 307–310. 3428:1999VegHA...8...13M 3342:2000MGeol.170..253B 3139:, pp. 174–182. 2997:(1). JSTOR: 13–25. 2675:Green Corn Ceremony 2641:Ancestral Puebloans 2609:Oronto northeastern 2564:and later European 2410:West African script 2391:complexly organized 2349:socially stratified 2180:Merimde Beni Salama 2160:began drying after 1976:Australo-Melanesian 1919:cultivation of rice 1635:Russian archaeology 1523:Kura–Araxes culture 1265: 5300–4700 BC 1162:Danubian migrations 1130:Stentinello culture 1064:Chalcolithic period 1020:Proto-Indo-European 971:previous millennium 603:Pengtoushan culture 556:Tiszapolgár culture 531:San Ciriaco culture 343:Trihedral Neolithic 263:BP/Before "Present" 4963:History of Geology 4817:Campbell, Eric W. 4807:5 (2010): 324-334. 4550:2019-07-17 at the 4448:Scientific Reports 4214:. Flinders Council 4037:2017-11-10 at the 3949:10.1038/ncomms5689 3892:10.1038/ncomms5689 3766:Scientific Reports 3745:2009-07-06 at the 3436:10.1007/BF02042837 3153:2022-11-01 at the 2958:Gregorian Calendar 2605:Old Copper culture 2572:4000 BC - 2000 BC: 2394:pastoral societies 2268:Sahara pump theory 2131:Pastoral Neolithic 1983:Middle Paleolithic 1862:Mondal et al. 2017 1781:Upper Palaeolithic 1631:Ceramic Mesolithic 1624:Sheri Khan Tarakai 1597:Anau, Turkmenistan 1512:Leyla-Tepe culture 1446:Ghassulian culture 1429:Istanbul Fikirtepe 1419:, Elazig Tepecik, 1071:expand and migrate 1043:from the previous 950: 890:Neolithic religion 735:Marine archaeology 638:Zhaobaogou culture 628:Xinglongwa culture 338:Shepherd Neolithic 321:Neolithic cultures 5240:5th millennium BC 5227: 5226: 5034:978-1-4008-3110-4 5015:Anthony, David W. 4995:978-1-891389-85-6 4932:World Archaeology 4901:978-1-84888-117-4 4770:. PublicAffairs. 4279:"Kimberley Point" 3993:(11): 2234–2244. 3697:Chang, Kwang-chih 3639:978-90-481-8715-7 3606:978-0-521-64310-8 3234:978-0-415-01353-6 2918:Ussher chronology 2916:According to the 2899:Egyptian calendar 2888:Assyrian calendar 2861:Neolithic period 2839:Las Vegas culture 2763:Chibchan language 2653:6th millennium BC 2624:Emergence of the 2596:Yeniseian peoples 2558:Toggling harpoons 2476:Round Head Period 2402:Fertile Cresecent 2334:9th millennium BC 2305:, importation of 1923:Majiabang culture 1887:was based in the 1833:4th millennium BC 1789:1st millennium AD 1677:3rd millennium BC 1665:Afanasevo culture 1541:6th millennium BC 1519:4th Millennium BC 1477:Neolithic culture 1351:3rd millennium BC 1174:3rd millennium BC 1152:Neolithic Britain 1148:Neolithic Britain 1098:A second wave of 1062:arrives with the 954:5th millennium BC 942: 941: 895:Neolithic decline 688:Qujialing culture 653:Majiabang culture 598:Peiligang culture 461:Cernavodă culture 441:Arzachena culture 372:Yarmukian culture 298: 297: 111: 110: 71: 40: 16:(Redirected from 5252: 5219:16th and earlier 5080: 5073: 5066: 5057: 5051: 5038: 5000: 4999: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4823: 4814: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4794:(1998): 321-334. 4788: 4782: 4781: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4734: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4363: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4072: 4048: 4042: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4012: 4002: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3903: 3863: 3857: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3805: 3756: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3411: 3405: 3404:, p. 9, Table 1. 3398: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3336:(3–4): 253–261. 3321: 3315: 3313:Chalcolithic age 3309:Suthan 2009–2014 3306: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3277: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3243: 3237: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3164: 3158: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3029: 3023: 3022: 2986: 2786:forest gardening 2759:Tequendama Falls 2649:Cochise cultures 2631:Around 5000 BC, 2588:American Indians 2261:Tenerian culture 2232:Amratian culture 2228:El Omari culture 2218:Badarian culture 2195:History of Sudan 2166: 2163: 2143: 2140: 2111:Kimberley Region 2030:Island Melanesia 2003:Eastern Eurasian 1939: 1936: 1933:, lasting until 1897: 1894: 1885:Yangshao culture 1863: 1662:Ancestors to the 1649:for more detail. 1611:Mehrgarh culture 1417:Mersin Yumuktepe 1266: 1263: 1110:Hamangia culture 1017: 1014: 1007: 1004: 983: 980: 973:, caused by the 967:world population 934: 927: 920: 875:Circular ditches 855:Animal husbandry 842:Neolithic topics 802:Khiamian culture 798:Other locations 703:Shijiahe culture 693:Longshan culture 683:Majiayao culture 678:Liangzhu culture 668:Dawenkou culture 663:Hongshan culture 658:Yangshao culture 526:Petreşti culture 496:Hamangia culture 486:Gorneşti culture 466:Coțofeni culture 429:Amratian culture 424:Badarian culture 414:El Omari culture 399:Faiyum A culture 367:Tahunian culture 328:Fertile Crescent 300: 290: 283: 276: 250:(2.5 ka–present) 181:(4.2 ka–present) 116:Preceded by the 113: 66: 35: 32: 21: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5126: 5089: 5084: 5054: 5050:. Thracian Ltd. 5041: 5035: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4552:Wayback Machine 4539:Igor Kopytoff, 4538: 4534: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4346:(3): e0118625. 4333: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4039:Wayback Machine 4030: 4026: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3747:Wayback Machine 3738: 3734: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3461:. Vol. 1: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3276:(Vintage Books) 3269: 3265: 3258: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3223: 3216: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3155:Wayback Machine 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3003:10.2307/1531855 2988: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2966: 2954:Julian Calendar 2936:was created by 2884: 2732: 2707: 2657:Cochise culture 2551: 2526:Bantu expansion 2499:Vhangona people 2469:Bantu expansion 2372:Pastoral Period 2345:Eastern Sudanic 2299:Capsian culture 2235:stratification. 2184:Merimde culture 2164: 2141: 2123: 2069: 1987:South-East Asia 1966:Toalean culture 1946: 1937: 1895: 1881: 1879:Neolithic China 1875: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1777:language family 1746:Eurasian Steppe 1684:Nyingchi County 1673:Eurasian Steppe 1605:Namazga culture 1567:and north-west 1561: 1444:In the Levant: 1389: 1264: 1244:Samarra culture 1221:Tell Arpachiyah 1213:Ubaid expansion 1209: 1204: 1142:Ferriter's Cove 1128:Infamously the 1041:Venus figurines 1015: 1005: 990: 981: 963: 938: 901: 900: 899: 843: 835: 834: 833: 822:Capsian culture 736: 713:Neolithic Tibet 618:Dadiwan culture 576:Vučedol culture 561:Usatovo culture 481:Dudești culture 409:Merimde culture 362:Qaraoun culture 333:Heavy Neolithic 322: 294: 253: 196: 191:Blytt–Sernander 148: 127: 107: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5258: 5256: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5052: 5039: 5033: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4976: 4949: 4922: 4907: 4900: 4880: 4866: 4839: 4809: 4796: 4783: 4776: 4756: 4697: 4690: 4670: 4663: 4643: 4636: 4616: 4603:10.1086/681436 4595:10.1086/681436 4589:(3): 354–384. 4569: 4560: 4532: 4491: 4434: 4385: 4326: 4311: 4296: 4270: 4225: 4199: 4185: 4157: 4130: 4102: 4043: 4024: 3972: 3915: 3858: 3844: 3837: 3817: 3751: 3732: 3716: 3709: 3688: 3645: 3638: 3612: 3605: 3584: 3579:Times of India 3565: 3553: 3546: 3526: 3507: 3498:978-9402404654 3497: 3478: 3471: 3449: 3422:(1–2): 13–19. 3406: 3393: 3378: 3355: 3330:Marine Geology 3316: 3301: 3291: 3278: 3263: 3256: 3238: 3214: 3197: 3178: 3159: 3141: 3129: 3103: 3066: 3051: 3024: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2836: 2824: 2800: 2789: 2777: 2772:Alongside the 2770: 2740: 2731: 2728: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2629: 2628:circa 4500 BC. 2622: 2615: 2602: 2599: 2576:Dene-Yeniseian 2569: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2532:tribes of the 2506: 2479: 2472: 2437:Central Africa 2425: 2414:Ikom monoliths 2387:Venus figurine 2383: 2364: 2360: 2337: 2326: 2311: 2310: 2309:and dentistry. 2271: 2264: 2257: 2251: 2236: 2225: 2214:Tasian culture 2206: 2205: 2198: 2187: 2172: 2165: 4000 BC 2142: 3500 BC 2122: 2119: 2096:Furneaux Group 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2051: 1999: 1998: 1969: 1962: 1945: 1942: 1938: 3300 BC 1915:Hemudu culture 1896: 4700 BC 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1859: 1846: 1845: 1821: 1820: 1765: 1764: 1718:Tibeto-Burmans 1707: 1706: 1699: 1696:spindle-whorls 1680: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1627: 1608: 1592: 1581:Jeitun culture 1560: 1557: 1473:Sotira culture 1388: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1368: 1361:6th millennium 1354: 1337: 1330: 1327:Uruk Expansion 1323:4th millennium 1315: 1303: 1288:4th millennium 1251:Hadji Muhammed 1229: 1228: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1191: 1184: 1177: 1172:or very early 1170:4th millennium 1155: 1145: 1126: 1125: 1114: 1107: 1096: 1089: 1078: 1067: 1051:Dimini culture 1048: 1037: 1027: 1016: 2500 BC 1009: 1006: 3000 BC 989: 986: 982: 1600 BC 969:growth of the 962: 959: 940: 939: 937: 936: 929: 922: 914: 911: 910: 903: 902: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 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Routledge. 4683: 4682: 4674: 4671: 4666: 4664:9781315420998 4660: 4657:. Routledge. 4656: 4655: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4637:9780810879928 4633: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4556:A Mighty Tree 4553: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4297: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4229: 4226: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4188: 4186:9781107011557 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4158: 4145: 4141: 4138:Upton, John. 4134: 4131: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4057:PLOS Genetics 4054: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 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2132: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2085:Younger Dryas 2080: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1872: 1867: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:Repin culture 1751: 1748:from the pre- 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643:Narva culture 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 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Retrieved 4117:The Guardian 4115: 4105: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4027: 3990: 3986: 3975: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3852: 3847: 3827: 3820: 3769: 3765: 3754: 3735: 3724: 3719: 3700: 3691: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3621: 3615: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3568: 3561:Anthony 2010 3556: 3536: 3529: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3504:Anthony 2010 3488: 3481: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3396: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3304: 3294: 3281: 3271: 3266: 3248:Ancient Iraq 3247: 3241: 3225: 3207: 3200: 3191: 3181: 3172: 3162: 3144: 3137:Anthony 2010 3132: 3120:. Retrieved 3116: 3106: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3060: 3054: 3037: 3033: 3027: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2942: 2922:James Ussher 2915: 2907:Sothic cycle 2903:Eduard Meyer 2896: 2885: 2852: 2828:Huaca Prieta 2721: 2571: 2554: 2530:Palaeolithic 2514:Nyong rivers 2487:Orange River 2353:Afro-Asiatic 2341:Nilo-Saharan 2312: 2295:Chalcolithic 2287:Palaeolithic 2240:Butana Group 2207: 2150:Palaeolithic 2146:Green Sahara 2124: 2108: 2100: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2070: 2055:Austronesian 2000: 1912: 1902:near modern 1882: 1855: 1847: 1822: 1805: 1766: 1737:Palaeolithic 1726: 1708: 1692:Qamdo County 1688:Medog County 1656:transhumance 1601:Anau culture 1589:Chalcolithic 1562: 1553:Saudi Arabia 1538: 1527: 1516: 1508: 1481: 1443: 1433: 1390: 1307:Ubaid period 1279:Ubaid period 1276: 1269: 1259: 1248: 1240:Persian Gulf 1233: 1230: 1127: 998: 964: 953: 951: 908:Chalcolithic 812:Jōmon period 648:Daxi culture 254: 189: 188: 152:Greenlandian 134: 133: 51: 29: 5007:Works cited 4877:. BBC Four. 4859:30 November 4832:30 November 4454:(1): 3530. 4289:25 November 4263:25 November 4218:25 November 4192:25 November 4150:25 November 3935:(1): 4689. 3878:(1): 4689. 3772:(1): 1451. 3375:(1): 11–20. 3287:H. Crawford 3250:. Penguin. 3117:Archaeology 2820:Zaña Valley 2607:thrives in 2518:Proto-Bantu 2453:Paleolithic 2433:West Africa 2398:West Africa 2368:West Africa 2355:stratified 2202:Nabta Playa 2190:Upper Egypt 2169:Nile Valley 2103:Arnhem Land 2035:Paleolithic 1797:Mesopotamia 1779:during the 1722:Indo-Aryans 1479:in Cyprus. 1409:Beycesultan 1357:Chogha Mish 1325:during the 1207:Mesopotamia 1100:the culture 1095:considered. 961:Communities 394:Nile valley 348:Pre-Pottery 248:Subatlantic 204:10.3†–9† ka 193:stages/ages 118:Pleistocene 5234:Categories 4969:2 November 4938:(2): 205. 4855:. Academia 4063:(1): e19. 3465:. UNESCO. 3369:Expedition 3122:3 November 2991:Population 2976:References 2855:Lauricocha 2832:Indigo dye 2812:fertiliser 2782:wilderness 2376:Mauritania 2307:ovicaprids 2154:grasslands 1995:South Asia 1979:phenotypes 1972:Melanesian 1921:, and the 1817:Andamanese 1773:Eurasiatic 1714:Bronze Age 1500:Nemrut Dağ 1457:metallurgy 1425:Norşuntepe 1334:Tepe Gawra 1255:Choga Mami 1225:Tepe Gawra 965:The rapid 957:analysis. 865:Metallurgy 792:Brahmagiri 752:Kalibangan 747:Rakhigarhi 725:Lahuradewa 720:South Asia 506:Khirokitia 313:Mesolithic 179:Meghalayan 145:(official) 5245:Millennia 5087:Millennia 4611:129501938 4511:: 28–35. 4405:: 28–35. 4258:162983574 4079:1553-7404 3794:2045-2322 3683:162486123 3675:0003-598X 3655:Antiquity 3098:22401126M 3011:0032-4663 2875:Argentina 2867:Patagonia 2823:polities. 2694:Gheo-shih 2612:Wisconsin 2584:Yeniseian 2483:Kei River 2471:of later. 2457:Neolithic 2291:Neolithic 2283:Natufians 2152:. As the 2067:Australia 2043:Melanesia 2013:Neolithic 1959:Sugarcane 1868:East Asia 1812:Neolithic 1801:Ubaid era 1629:The term 1619:Badakshan 1534:Halafians 1496:Göllü Dağ 1468:Amratians 1439:Neolithic 1393:Samarrans 1311:Tell Brak 1217:Halafians 1202:West Asia 1122:Neolithic 885:Megaliths 851:(farming) 305:Neolithic 234:Subboreal 214:9–7.5† ka 200:Preboreal 68:Centuries 37:Millennia 5048:Anatolia 5017:(2010). 4751:26371302 4558:, 2011). 4548:Archived 4486:30837540 4429:54923700 4380:25738654 4340:PLOS ONE 4097:18208337 4035:Archived 4019:16923821 3967:25137359 3910:25137359 3812:30723215 3743:Archived 3699:(1986). 3523:: 73–98. 3444:53965048 3151:Archived 3090:27000780 3063:: 71–94. 2964:See also 2934:universe 2835:present. 2737:polities 2698:Honduras 2668:Kentucky 2633:Holocene 2592:Beringia 2555:4130 BC: 2544:emerged. 2115:Woomeras 2050:herself. 1931:Shanghai 1889:Huang He 1860:— 1850:European 1806:South: 1669:Xinjiang 1565:Pakistan 1504:Anatolia 1484:Obsidian 1461:Southern 1413:Canhasan 1401:Hamoukar 1272:Hamoukar 1134:Sardinia 1082:timeline 787:Mundigak 782:Burzahom 777:Koldihwa 767:Daimabad 742:Bhirrana 730:Mehrgarh 220:Atlantic 125:Holocene 4742:4629331 4719:Bibcode 4513:Bibcode 4477:6401177 4456:Bibcode 4407:Bibcode 4371:4349752 4348:Bibcode 4088:2211537 3958:4143916 3937:Bibcode 3901:4143916 3880:Bibcode 3803:6363732 3774:Bibcode 3593:Liu, Li 3424:Bibcode 3338:Bibcode 3046:4942033 3019:1531855 2928:of the 2808:alpacas 2767:Bochica 2580:Na-Dene 2566:whalers 2536:. Such 2503:Khoisan 2491:Akafula 2422:Nigeria 2406:Nsibidi 2380:Red Sea 2378:to the 2285:in the 2156:of the 2017:farming 2009:farmers 1991:Oceania 1944:Oceania 1927:Yangtze 1908:Shaanxi 1755:of the 1750:Yamnaya 1735:in the 1727:North: 1641:to the 1615:tanning 1591:period. 1405:Hacilar 1181:Germany 1118:economy 860:Pottery 772:Chirand 242:2.5† ka 173:4.2† ka 171:(8.236– 18:4713 BC 5031: 4992: 4898: 4774: 4749: 4739: 4688: 4661: 4634: 4609: 4601: 4484: 4474: 4427: 4378: 4368: 4256: 4183: 4123:1 June 4095: 4085: 4077: 4017: 3965: 3955: 3908: 3898: 3835: 3810: 3800: 3792: 3707: 3681: 3673: 3636: 3603: 3544: 3495: 3469: 3442: 3254: 3232: 3096: 3088: 3044: 3017: 3009: 2911:Sirius 2869:whose 2804:llamas 2774:Muisca 2756:Soacha 2752:Muisca 2718:areas. 2510:Sanaga 2495:Malawi 2370:: the 2363:Libya. 2275:Fulani 2244:Osiris 2158:Sahara 2121:Africa 2077:Sydney 2011:since 1739:, the 1690:, and 1549:Kuwait 1492:Israel 1454:copper 1450:Levant 1427:, and 1397:Mersin 1376:Anshan 988:Europe 880:Henges 762:Jhukar 436:Europe 210:Boreal 160:8.236* 139:stages 4822:(PDF) 4607:S2CID 4599:JSTOR 4425:S2CID 4254:S2CID 3679:S2CID 3537:Nepal 3440:S2CID 3236:p. 22 3080:[ 3036:[ 3015:JSTOR 2930:Bible 2892:Assur 2799:time. 2796:maize 2748:maize 2562:Inuit 2534:Congo 2445:Sahel 2420:, in 2385:West: 2323:Egypt 2303:ochre 2248:Egypt 2176:Egypt 2075:near 2048:China 1904:Xi'an 1900:Banpo 1873:China 1761:Volga 1569:India 1545:Ubaid 1488:Gilat 1295:Eridu 1236:Eridu 870:Wheel 593:China 228:5† ka 156:11.7* 128:Epoch 5214:15th 5209:14th 5204:13th 5199:12th 5194:11th 5189:10th 5029:ISBN 4990:ISBN 4971:2019 4896:ISBN 4861:2023 4834:2023 4772:ISBN 4747:PMID 4686:ISBN 4659:ISBN 4632:ISBN 4482:PMID 4376:PMID 4291:2023 4265:2023 4220:2023 4194:2023 4181:ISBN 4152:2023 4125:2019 4093:PMID 4075:ISSN 4015:PMID 3963:PMID 3906:PMID 3833:ISBN 3808:PMID 3790:ISSN 3705:ISBN 3671:ISSN 3634:ISBN 3601:ISBN 3542:ISBN 3493:ISBN 3467:ISBN 3252:ISBN 3230:ISBN 3124:2019 3086:OCLC 3042:OCLC 3007:ISSN 2806:and 2692:and 2574:The 2512:and 2485:and 2455:and 2418:Ikom 2281:and 2230:and 2094:The 2041:and 2006:rice 1720:and 1579:The 1573:Asia 1372:Susa 1365:Susa 1348:late 1319:Uruk 1284:Enki 1186:The 1120:and 993:The 952:The 303:The 143:ages 5184:9th 5179:8th 5174:7th 5169:6th 5164:5th 5159:4th 5154:3rd 5149:2nd 5144:1st 5132:BCE 5117:3rd 5112:2nd 5107:1st 4940:doi 4737:PMC 4727:doi 4715:112 4591:doi 4521:doi 4509:101 4472:PMC 4464:doi 4415:doi 4403:101 4366:PMC 4356:doi 4246:doi 4173:doi 4083:PMC 4065:doi 4005:hdl 3995:doi 3953:PMC 3945:doi 3896:PMC 3888:doi 3798:PMC 3782:doi 3663:doi 3626:doi 3521:144 3432:doi 3346:doi 3334:170 3299:p.2 2999:doi 2938:God 2590:in 2416:at 2412:on 2396:in 2366:In 1993:to 1898:at 1857:BC. 1757:Don 1346:to 1344:mid 1309:is 999:aka 259:). 257:b2k 224:7.5 136:ICS 5236:: 5136:BC 5099:AD 5095:CE 5046:. 5027:. 5023:. 4961:. 4936:23 4934:. 4851:. 4824:. 4745:. 4735:. 4725:. 4713:. 4709:. 4605:. 4597:. 4587:56 4585:. 4581:. 4554:, 4519:. 4507:. 4503:. 4480:. 4470:. 4462:. 4450:. 4446:. 4423:. 4413:. 4401:. 4397:. 4374:. 4364:. 4354:. 4344:10 4342:. 4338:. 4281:. 4252:. 4240:. 4210:. 4179:. 4142:. 4114:. 4091:. 4081:. 4073:. 4059:. 4055:. 4013:. 4003:. 3991:23 3989:. 3985:. 3961:. 3951:. 3943:. 3931:. 3927:. 3904:. 3894:. 3886:. 3874:. 3870:. 3806:. 3796:. 3788:. 3780:. 3768:. 3764:. 3727:, 3677:. 3669:. 3659:72 3657:. 3632:. 3577:. 3519:. 3438:. 3430:. 3418:. 3373:43 3371:. 3367:. 3344:. 3332:. 3328:. 3311:, 3217:^ 3190:. 3171:. 3115:. 3094:OL 3092:. 3013:. 3005:. 2995:34 2501:. 2216:, 2162:c. 2139:c. 1940:. 1935:c. 1910:. 1906:, 1893:c. 1835:. 1803:. 1686:, 1536:. 1525:. 1506:. 1490:, 1431:. 1423:, 1415:, 1411:, 1407:, 1340:Ur 1262:c. 1144:). 1013:c. 1003:c. 984:. 979:c. 906:↓ 354:, 311:↑ 265:). 163:ka 5079:e 5072:t 5065:v 5037:. 4998:. 4973:. 4946:. 4942:: 4904:. 4863:. 4836:. 4780:. 4753:. 4729:: 4721:: 4694:. 4667:. 4640:. 4613:. 4593:: 4529:. 4523:: 4515:: 4488:. 4466:: 4458:: 4452:9 4431:. 4417:: 4409:: 4382:. 4358:: 4350:: 4293:. 4267:. 4248:: 4242:4 4222:. 4175:: 4154:. 4127:. 4099:. 4067:: 4061:4 4021:. 4007:: 3997:: 3969:. 3947:: 3939:: 3933:5 3912:. 3890:: 3882:: 3876:5 3841:. 3814:. 3784:: 3776:: 3770:9 3713:. 3685:. 3665:: 3642:. 3628:: 3609:. 3581:. 3550:. 3501:. 3475:. 3446:. 3434:: 3426:: 3420:8 3352:. 3348:: 3340:: 3260:. 3194:. 3175:. 3126:. 3100:. 3048:. 3021:. 3001:: 2877:. 2700:. 2677:. 2663:. 2621:. 2614:. 2568:. 2424:. 2336:. 2325:. 2270:. 2250:. 2224:. 2197:. 2137:( 1759:- 1705:. 1679:. 1367:. 1353:. 1329:. 1197:. 1176:. 1124:. 1077:. 1008:. 997:( 933:e 926:t 919:v 358:) 356:B 352:A 350:( 289:e 282:t 275:v 244:) 240:– 238:5 236:( 230:) 226:– 222:( 216:) 212:( 206:) 202:( 175:) 165:) 158:– 154:( 141:/ 70:: 39:: 20:)

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