308:
the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class. Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site for amputees because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body. This is especially true for lower limb amputees as it relates to how their limbs align with their hips and the impact this has on their spine and how their skull sits on their spine. For wheelchair basketball, part of the classification process involves observing a player during practice or training. This often includes observing them go one on one against someone who is likely to be in the same class the player would be classified into. Once a player is classified, it is very hard to be classified into a different classification. Players have been known to have issues with classification because some players play down their abilities during the classification process. At the same time, as players improve at the game, movements become regular and their skill level improves. This can make it appear like their classification was incorrect.
193:
For jerky knee motions, the cause could be a loose socket in the knee or inadequate suspension. In that case, the socket might need replacing or they may need to realign the prosthesis. If they have prolonged heel contact, the cause could be problems with the heel lever in their prosthesis or a worn out heel. These are fixed by increasing heel stiffness or realigning the prosthesis. In some cases, prolong heel contact or knees remaining fulling extended is a problem with training in how to use the prosthesis. Another issue might be foot drag. This can be caused by an ill fitting prosthesis that can be fixed by shortening the length of the prosthesis. Some people in this class could have uneven length strides. This can be a result of problems with hip flexion or insecurity about their walk. Both are fixed by physical therapy.
255:
people who have incomplete lesions at a slightly higher level. This means they can sometimes bear weight on their legs. In 2002, USA Track & Field defined this class as, "These are standing athletes with dynamic standing balance. Able to recover in standing when balance is challenged. Not more than 70 points in legs." In 2003, Disabled Sports USA defined this class as, "In a sitting class but not more than 70 points in the lower limbs. Are unable to recover balance in challenged standing position." In
Australia, this class means combined lower plus upper limb functional problems. "Minimal disability." It can also mean in Australia that the athlete is "ambulant with moderately reduced function in one or both lower limbs." In Australia, the corresponding class for based on disability type classes are A2, A3, A9 and LAF5.
28:
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239:
363:. Twin basketball has a three-point classification system based on the evaluation of the mobility of people with cervical cord injuries. In this variant, the equivalent to 4.5-point players would be players without a head band. These players are "Players without a headband (no band players) - the players possess good triceps, a good balance of the hand and some finger functions. They can score by shooting with a smaller and lighter basketball to the normal basket."
247:
45:. Players in this class tend to have normal trunk movement, few problems with side-to-side movements, and ability to reach to the side of their chair. Players generally have a below-knee amputation, or some other partial single-leg dysfunction. This classification is for players with minimal levels of disability. In some places, there is a class beyond this called 5-point player for players with no disabilities.
89:
limitations." The
Cardiff Celts, a wheelchair basketball team in Wales, explain this classification as, "(minimal disability) Typical Class 4.5 Disabilities include: Single below-knee amputees. Some double below-knee amputees. Players with extensive orthopedic involvement of hips, knees or ankles. Post-polio paralysis with minimal (ankle/foot) involvement on one or both sides."
391:
185:
161:
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confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case-by-case basis. In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, wheelchair basketball classification was scheduled for
September 4 to 6 at Carioca Arena 1.
311:
In
Australia, wheelchair basketball players and other disability athletes are generally classified after they have been assessed based on medical, visual or cognitive testing, after a demonstration of their ability to play their sport, and the classifiers watching the player during competitive play.
88:
defines this classification as: "Players with normal trunk movement in all directions who are able to reach side to side with no limitations." The
International Wheelchair Basketball Federation defines a 4.5-point player as "Normal trunk movement in all directions, able to reach side to side with no
176:
or 4.5-point players, though they could also be classified as 3.5-point players. The cutoff point between the three classes is generally based on the location of the amputations. People with amputations longer than 2/3 the length of their thigh are generally 4.5-point players. Those with shorter
48:
The class includes people with amputations. Amputees are put into this class depending on the length of their stumps and if they play using prosthetic legs. Classification into this classes has four phases. They are a medical assessment, observation during training, observation during competition
307:
Classification generally has four phases. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees in this class, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and
263:
The original classification system for wheelchair basketball was a 3 class medical one managed by ISMGF. Players in this system were class 3. Following the move to the functional classification system in 1983, class 3 players became class 4 players. The change also allowed amputee players to be
254:
In the earliest medical classifications for wheelchair basketball, they would have been ineligible to play. Under the current classification system, they would likely be classified as a 4.5-point player. F8 is standing wheelchair sport class. The level of spinal cord injury for this class involves
192:
People in this class can have a number of problems with their gait. There are a number of different causes for these issues, and suggested ways to modify them. For a gait that has abrupt heel contact, the cause can be excessive heel lever. This can be fixed by realigning their prosthetic foot.
180:
Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower. People in this class use around 41% more oxygen to walk or run the same distance as someone without a lower limb
111:
4.5-point players have the least amount of physical disability of all players on the court. Players in this class can move easily and forcefully in all directions. They have the ability to move while shooting and passing. They can grasp the ball above their head with one or both arms. They can
209:
or 4.5-point players. The cutoff point between the two classes is generally based on the location of the amputations. People with amputations longer than 2/3 the length of their thigh are generally 4.5-point players. Those with shorter amputations are 4-point players. A4 basketball players use
298:
had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status
267:
At the IWBF 1998 World
Congress, two proposals were made. One was to allow everyone to use strapping. Another was to specifically ban strapping by 4.5-point players. The practice of strapping had begun by lower-point players earlier in the sports history to give them better trunk control.
145:
People with amputations may compete in this class, including people in IWAS classes A3 and A4. Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).
102:
to allow for able-bodied athletes to compete in wheelchair basketball games. The argument is the sport is called "wheelchair basketball," not "disability basketball." Able bodied athletes, in a wheelchair, have the same functionality as 4.5-point players.
1089:
264:
part of this class, and they came to be some of the most dominant players in it. Some of the players currently in this class would have been ineligible to play because they did not meet eligible medical definitions for minimal disability.
177:
amputations are 4-point players. A3 players use around 41% more oxygen to walk or run the same distance as someone without a lower limb amputation. Players in this class can have issues with controlling their sideways movements.
275:
and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation."
80:. Classification is extremely important in wheelchair basketball because when players point totals are added together, they cannot exceed fourteen points per team on the court at any time. Jane Buckley, writing for the
84:, describes the wheelchair basketball players in this classification as players having: "Usually have minimal lower limb dysfunction or single below knee amputation. Normal trunk movements in all directions." The
1096:
97:
Beyond 4.5, there is sometimes used a 5-point player classification for abled bodied athletes. The 5-point player is not recognized by wheelchair basketball's governing body. There has been a push by the
1570:
1038:
859:
490:
337:
138:
1652:
359:
Wheelchair Twin
Basketball is a major variant of wheelchair basketball. This version is supposed by the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation, and played in
1563:
745:
1463:
344:
1556:
284:
77:
497:
49:
and assessment. Observation during training may include a game of one on one. Once put into this class, it is very difficult to be classified out of it.
1994:
1645:
1468:
99:
1124:
525:
1007:
Wheelchairs can jump!: a history of wheelchair basketball : tracing 65 years of extraordinary
Paralympic and World Championship performances
898:
137:
1638:
1274:
638:
605:
980:
443:
1742:
1579:
295:
272:
123:
A number of disability groups are eligible to compete in this class, including people with amputations and with spinal cord injuries.
719:
562:
1872:
1218:
1014:
820:
793:
1400:
27:
1426:
376:
219:
85:
417:
753:
1777:
1682:
1661:
132:
115:
4-point players and 4.5-point players receive less playing time than 1-point players because of their higher point value.
1927:
1521:
1235:
837:
692:
1837:
1488:
1589:
932:
1040:
Chapter 4. 4 - Position
Statement on background and scientific rationale for classification in Paralympic sport
861:
Chapter 4. 4 - Position
Statement on background and scientific rationale for classification in Paralympic sport
1458:
954:"SPECIAL SECTION ADAPTATIONS TO USA TRACK & FIELD RULES OF COMPETITION FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES"
468:
340:. Joey Johnson, Patrick Anderson and David Eng are a 4.5-point players for the Canadian men's national team.
283:
in this classification needed to have their classification be in compliance with the system organised by the
291:
280:
883:
National Governing Body for Athletics of Wheelchair Sports, USA. Chapter 2: Competition Rules for Athletics
1823:
532:
1238:[FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF THE CAPACITY 'PHYSICAL IN WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYER OF HIGH LEVEL]
1062:
840:[FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF THE CAPACITY 'PHYSICAL IN WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYER OF HIGH LEVEL]
695:[FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF THE CAPACITY 'PHYSICAL IN WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYER OF HIGH LEVEL]
184:
160:
73:
42:
1671:
1973:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1431:
1236:"VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DELLE CAPACITA' FISICHE NEL GIOCATORE DI BASKET IN CARROZZINA D'ALTO LIVELLO"
907:
838:"VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DELLE CAPACITA' FISICHE NEL GIOCATORE DI BASKET IN CARROZZINA D'ALTO LIVELLO"
693:"VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DELLE CAPACITA' FISICHE NEL GIOCATORE DI BASKET IN CARROZZINA D'ALTO LIVELLO"
238:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
233:
210:
around 7% more oxygen to walk or run the same distance as someone without a lower limb amputation.
202:
169:
155:
953:
246:
1182:
988:
597:
418:"Understanding Classification: A Guide to the Classification Systems used in Paralympic Sports"
1270:
1266:
1214:
1174:
1020:
1010:
816:
789:
634:
630:
601:
81:
1763:
1619:
1494:. International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation. pp. 9–10. Archived from
1258:
1166:
881:
622:
589:
496:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 1 July 2013. p. 2. Archived from
1075:
723:
720:"Simplified Rules of Wheelchair Basketball and a Brief Guide to the Classification system"
566:
563:"Simplified Rules of Wheelchair Basketball and a Brief Guide to the Classification system"
531:. International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. December 2004. p. 8. Archived from
664:
1404:
1057:"Paralympic Classification Today". International Paralympic Committee. 22 April 2010: 3.
526:"International Wheelchair Basketball Federation Functional Player Classification System"
1758:
1753:
1748:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1548:
1522:"INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR TWIN BASKETBALL GAMES - FOR PEOPLE WITH CERVICAL CORD INJURIES"
206:
173:
1988:
1259:
1186:
1154:
623:
590:
396:
333:
329:
61:
1436:
224:
People with spinal cord injuries compete in this class, including F8 sportspeople.
1155:"Paralympic Classification: Conceptual Basis, Current Methods, and Research Update"
421:
348:
1378:
1208:
810:
783:
1630:
1356:
1334:
1312:
268:
Eventually, it was taken up by higher-point players and included leg strapping.
17:
1170:
1290:
665:"Striving for fairness in Paralympic sport-Support from applied sport science"
386:
372:
325:
57:
31:
1528:
1024:
321:
53:
1495:
1178:
906:(in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes. Archived from
1261:
Hoop dreams on wheels: disability and the competitive wheelchair athlete
625:
Hoop dreams on wheels: disability and the competitive wheelchair athlete
592:
Hoop dreams on wheels: disability and the competitive wheelchair athlete
1153:
Tweedy, Sean M.; Beckman, Emma M.; Connick, Mark J. (August 2014).
1903:
1898:
809:
DeLisa, Joel A.; Gans, Bruce M.; Walsh, Nicholas E. (2005-01-01).
360:
237:
183:
159:
136:
26:
1913:
242:
Functional profile of a wheelchair sportsperson in the F8 class.
1634:
1552:
449:. International Paralympic Committee. November 2007. p. 21
112:
quickly bring their wheelchair to a stop without tipping over.
1908:
1207:
Gilbert, Keith; Schantz, Otto J.; Schantz, Otto (2008-01-01).
812:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice
1403:. Canada: Wheelchair Basketball Canada. 2011. Archived from
981:"Para-Athlete (AWD) entry form – NSW PSSA Track & Field"
141:
Profile of a wheelchair basketball player A4 amputation type
287:
and their status being listed as ‘Review’ or ‘Confirmed’.
491:"Classification Information Sheet: Wheelchair Basketball"
931:
Foster, Mikayla; Loveridge, Kyle; Turley, Cami (2013).
987:. New South Wales Department of Sports. Archived from
1090:"Wheelchair Basketball: LONDON 2012 PARALYMPIC GAMES"
444:"IPC CLASSIFICATION CODE AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS"
188:
Type of amputation for an A4 classified sportsperson.
1293:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee
1095:. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from
1046:. International Paralympic Committee. December 2009.
867:. International Paralympic Committee. December 2009.
782:
Miller, Mark D.; Thompson, Stephen R. (2014-04-04).
164:
Type of amputation for an A3 classified sportsperson
250:
A profile of disability type of an F8 sportsperson.
1005:Labanowich, Stan; Thiboutot, Armand (2011-01-01).
279:Wheelchair basketball players who competed at the
1134:. International Paralympic Committee. March 2016
1210:The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show?
411:
409:
407:
1489:"WHEELCHAIR TWIN BASKETBALL... an explanation"
886:. United States: Wheelchair Sports, USA. 2003.
785:DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
520:
518:
78:International Wheelchair Basketball Federation
76:. Classification for the sport is done by the
1646:
1564:
1482:
1480:
1478:
345:Women's National Wheelchair Basketball League
8:
714:
712:
710:
1653:
1639:
1631:
1571:
1557:
1549:
100:National Wheelchair Basketball Association
52:Players in this class include Australia's
752:. Blaze Sports. June 2012. Archived from
557:
555:
553:
373:Paralympic Classification Education Video
41:is a disability sport classification for
245:
403:
1244:Thesis: UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA
1159:Paralympic Sports Medicine and Science
1071:
1060:
974:
972:
970:
876:
874:
846:Thesis: UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA
777:
775:
773:
771:
701:Thesis: UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
271:The classification was created by the
1119:
1117:
1000:
998:
897:Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011).
815:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
686:
684:
682:
7:
1580:Wheelchair Basketball Classification
1471:from the original on 3 January 2023.
1009:. Boston, MA.: Acanthus Publishing.
985:New South Wales Department of Sports
471:. International Paralympic Committee
1234:DE PASQUALE, DANIELA (2009–2010).
1132:International Paralympic Committee
836:DE PASQUALE, DANIELA (2009–2010).
691:DE PASQUALE, DANIELA (2009–2010).
296:International Paralympic Committee
273:International Paralympic Committee
25:
1995:Wheelchair basketball terminology
338:Australia's women's national team
107:Strategy and on court performance
1670:
1588:
1257:Berger, Ronald J. (March 2009).
621:Berger, Ronald J. (March 2009).
588:Berger, Ronald J. (March 2009).
389:
1427:"WNBL STAR TO MAKE WNWBL DEBUT"
1125:"Rio 2016 Classification Guide"
722:. Cardiff Celts. Archived from
565:. Cardiff Celts. Archived from
377:Australian Paralympic Committee
220:Wheelchair sport classification
86:Australian Paralympic Committee
1291:"Understanding Classification"
963:. USA Track & Field. 2002.
1:
1662:Amputee sports classification
1435:. 30 May 2013. Archived from
133:Amputee sports classification
1213:. Meyer & Meyer Verlag.
933:"S P I N A L C ORD I N JURY"
788:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
669:Continuing Medical Education
1401:"Team Canada: Men's Roster"
72:This classification is for
2011:
1487:Strohkendl, Horst (2002).
1171:10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.04.013
900:Deportistas sin Adjectivos
231:
217:
153:
130:
1922:
1867:
1832:
1772:
1737:
1677:
1668:
1595:
1586:
979:Sydney East PSSA (2016).
351:was a 4.5-point player.
336:is 4.5-point player for
205:tend to be classified a
172:tend to be classified a
469:"Wheelchair Basketball"
332:are 4.5-point players.
292:2016 Summer Paralympics
281:2012 Summer Paralympics
1381:. Basketball Australia
1359:. Basketball Australia
1337:. Basketball Australia
1315:. Basketball Australia
1070:Cite journal requires
940:Therapeutic Recreation
416:Buckley, Jane (2011).
251:
243:
189:
165:
142:
35:
1743:Wheelchair basketball
1265:. Routledge. p.
961:USA Track & Field
629:. Routledge. p.
596:. Routledge. p.
347:, able-bodied player
249:
241:
187:
163:
140:
74:wheelchair basketball
43:wheelchair basketball
34:is a 4.5-point player
30:
1432:Basketball Australia
746:"Classification 101"
663:Bressan, ES (2008).
214:Spinal cord injuries
234:F8 (classification)
156:A3 (classification)
1534:on 20 October 2011
1439:on 16 January 2022
756:on August 16, 2016
303:Getting classified
252:
244:
190:
166:
143:
36:
1982:
1981:
1628:
1627:
1276:978-0-415-96509-5
640:978-0-415-96509-5
607:978-0-415-96509-5
119:Disability groups
82:Sporting Wheelies
16:(Redirected from
2002:
1764:4.5 point player
1674:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1620:4.5 point player
1592:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1527:. Archived from
1526:
1520:IWAYA, TSUTOMU.
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1501:on 25 April 2012
1500:
1493:
1484:
1473:
1472:
1459:"Classification"
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827:
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779:
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742:
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731:
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677:
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645:
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628:
618:
612:
611:
595:
585:
579:
578:
576:
574:
559:
548:
547:
545:
543:
538:on 25 April 2012
537:
530:
522:
513:
512:
510:
508:
503:on 20 March 2016
502:
495:
487:
481:
480:
478:
476:
465:
459:
458:
456:
454:
448:
440:
434:
433:
431:
429:
424:on 11 April 2011
420:. Archived from
413:
399:
394:
393:
392:
201:ISOD classified
168:ISOD classified
39:4.5-point player
21:
18:4.5 point player
2010:
2009:
2005:
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2003:
2001:
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1340:
1338:
1335:"Justin Eveson"
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1189:
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1115:
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1103:
1102:on 27 July 2011
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343:In Australia's
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207:4-point players
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174:4-point players
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95:
70:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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2008:
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1754:3 point player
1751:
1749:2 point player
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1385:18 November
1313:"Brad Ness"
1297:18 November
1106:18 November
730:22 November
573:22 November
542:18 November
475:18 November
453:18 November
428:12 November
316:Competitors
1443:13 January
1363:10 October
1341:6 November
1319:6 November
917:2016-08-04
383:References
326:Troy Sachs
232:See also:
218:See also:
154:See also:
131:See also:
93:Beyond 4.5
58:Troy Sachs
32:Troy Sachs
1778:Athletics
1187:207403462
1025:792945375
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322:Brad Ness
54:Brad Ness
1989:Category
1928:Swimming
1469:Archived
1192:July 25,
1179:25134747
1138:July 22,
760:July 24,
355:Variants
290:For the
127:Amputees
1838:Cycling
1683:General
507:19 July
375:by the
259:History
1873:Skiing
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361:Japan
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1299:2011
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1194:2016
1175:PMID
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1108:2011
1076:help
1021:OCLC
1011:ISBN
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762:2016
732:2011
635:ISBN
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