812:
sound and large bright spots on the picture, which viewers found much more noticeable than the dark spots encountered when such interference is encountered on a signal using negative video modulation. With positive modulation, interference could easily be of similar amplitude to the sync pulses (which were represented by 0–30% of the transmitter output). The early time-base circuits were less able to discriminate between the signals and the picture would break up. By contrast, in negative modulation sync, pulses represent peak transmitter output (70–100% output). As a result, impulse interference would cause visual dark spots before it was large enough to affect the synchronisation of the picture. If the interference was large enough, the picture was probably unwatchable anyway. The later introduction of flywheel sync circuits rendered the picture much more stable, but these could not have alleviated some of the problems with positive modulation. Almost all television systems that succeeded the 405-line system adopted negative modulation for this reason alone.
703:) because studio lighting generally uses an alternating current supply to the lamps and if these were not synchronized with the field frequency, an unwelcome strobe effect could appear on TV pictures. Secondly, the smoothing (filtering) of power supply circuits in early TV receivers was rather poor, and ripple superimposed on the DC could cause visual interference. However, the main problem was the susceptibility of the electron beam in the CRT being deflected by stray magnetic fields from nearby transformers or motors. If the picture was locked to the mains frequency, this interference would at least be static on the screen and thus relatively unnoticeable. The very earliest TV sets used a mains transformer; care had to be taken in design to prevent the transformer's stray magnetic field from disturbing the electron beam in the CRT.
712:
a straightforward mathematical relationship between the line and field frequencies, the latter being derived by dividing down from the former. The technology constraints of the 1930s meant that this division process could only be done using small integers, preferably no greater than 7, for good stability. The number of lines was odd because of 2:1 interlace. The 405-line system used a vertical frequency of 50 Hz (standard AC mains supply frequency in
Britain) and a horizontal one of 10,125 Hz (
169:
117:; EMI had been experimenting with a 243-line all-electronic interlaced system since 1933. In the 405 system the scanning lines were broadcast in two complementary fields, 50 times per second, creating 25 frames per second. The actual image was 376 lines high and interlaced, with additional unused lines making the frame up to 405 lines to give the slow circuitry time to prepare for the next frame; in modern terms it would be described as
512:
531:" colour broadcasting system. Eventually these efforts would prove successful, but because repeated attempts had consistently produced unsatisfactory results, in 1950 the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) officially approved for commercial broadcast an alternate 405-line broadcasting system which the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) had developed over the past decade.
196:
177:
399:; they had been officially shut down one day earlier in the rest of the UK (although they were actually switched off at various points the next day). This left only the UHF PAL system in operation in the UK. The frequencies used by the 405-line system were initially left empty, but were later sold off; they are now used for other purposes, including
375:
three channels with BBC2 in colour. Over time in 1968 and 1969, the different ITV regional channels and BBC1 switched over to broadcasting on the 625-line as well as the 405-line, a process which once completed meant that only 625-lines were necessary to receive all channels, with dual standard receivers no longer necessary.
745:, usually with optical soundtracks. Occasionally video re-recording would be employed instead, with a 625-line camera pointing at a 405-line monitor. This preserves the original 50-field interlaced format, but with some geometrical distortions owing to the curvature of the CRT monitors used at the time.
711:
An interlaced system requires accurate positioning of scanning lines so the horizontal and vertical timebase must be in a precise ratio. This is done by passing the one through a series of electronic divider circuits to produce the other. Each division is by an odd integer. Therefore, there has to be
828:
By the mid-1950s, several manufacturers started to introduce gated-AGC systems to avoid this issue. A delayed pulse was derived from the recovered line-sync signal. This pulse would trigger a gate which would sample the received video signal during the "back porch" which was a guaranteed black-level
798:
The use of VHF frequencies combined with the narrow vision bandwidth — AM signals (at VHF low band frequencies) are less affected by noise as bandwidth is reduced — meant that 405-line signals could be received well even under marginal conditions. Therefore, it was possible to cover virtually all of
208:
In 1934, the
British government set up a committee (the "Television Committee") to advise on the future of TV broadcasting. The committee recommended that a "high definition" service (defined by them as being a system of 240 lines or more) should be run and established by the BBC. The recommendation
811:
The use of AM (rather than FM) for sound and the use of positive (rather than negative) video modulation made 405-line signals very prone to audible and visible impulse interference, such as that generated by the ignition systems of vehicles. Such interference manifested itself as a loud popping on
382:
colour on UHF. Their programming was now entirely produced using the new 625-line standard, and thus the 405-line broadcasts served only as a rebroadcast in monochrome for people who did not have the newer receivers and who could only receive BBC1 and ITV. This situation continued up to 3–4 January
877:
On some larger TV screen sizes, the scanned lines were not fat enough to give 100% coverage of the CRT. The result was a lined picture with darkness between each horizontal scanned line, reducing picture brightness and contrast. Larger screen sets often used a spot wobble oscillator, that slightly
832:
The introduction of negative modulation in later systems simplified the problem because peak carrier power represented sync pulses (which were always guaranteed to be present). A simple peak-detector AGC circuit would detect the amplitude of only the sync pulses, thus measuring the strength of the
555:
on 25 June 1951 to officially launch commercial 405-line colour broadcasting, but just four months later CBS ended its colour broadcasts. CBS's efforts were hindered from the beginning by a widespread lack of acceptance, and the ultimate setback came at the end of the year when the U.S. government
824:
was problematic. First-generation AGC merely detected the average value of the transmitted signal; however, due to the positively modulated carrier, peak power represented peak white – not guaranteed to be present. Thus for a completely black picture, the AGC circuit would increase the RF gain to
466:
The 405-line system was used in the
Rediffusion Television cable television service in Hong Kong, established in 1957, making it both the first British colony and the first predominantly Chinese city to have television. The service of 405-line system ended in 1973, replaced by 625-line PAL system
374:
and ITV transmitted using the 405-line and BBC2 with the 625-line standard; the only way to receive them all was to use a complex "dual-standard" 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. The introduction of colour on BBC2 in 1967 necessitated an even more complex dual-standard set to receive all
868:
The absence of equalizing pulses to facilitate interlace was defended at the start of the BBC service on the grounds that it only caused a lack of interlace with field synchronizing separators of the integrator type, and that there were, even at that time, numerous other circuits which gave
869:
completely accurate interlace without equalizing pulses. The question was raised again from time to time, but a series of tests, conducted during 1952 in cooperation with the
British Radio Equipment Manufacturers' Association, confirmed that there was no general need for equalizing pulses.
541:
Regular broadcast channels were used to transmit the 405-line system signals, but the millions of existing NTSC 525-line television receivers could only correctly process the audio portion of these transmissions, so unless these sets were modified they would only display a jumbled picture.
860:. Modern sets using plasma, LCD or OLED display technology are completely free of this effect as they are composed of a million or more individually controllable elements, rather than using a single magnetically deflected beam, so there is no requirement to generate the scanning signal.
856:. While all CRT-based television systems produce such a noise, the higher number of lines per second in later standards produces frequencies (PAL's 15,625 Hz and NTSC's 15,734 Hz) that are at the upper end of the audible spectrum, which not all people are able to
334:
colour encoding (this encoding was a 1953 enhancement of the original 1941 NTSC monochrome standard, added to the NTSC standard so that it could also provide for colour broadcasting). The subcarrier frequency was 2.6578125 MHz (525/2 times line frequency) with an
217:, and the other from EMI offering a 405-line all-electronic one. The Television Committee advised that they were unable to choose between the two systems and that both tenders should be accepted, the two systems to be run together for an experimental period.
383:
1985, with 405-line VHF broadcasts only being able to pick up BBC1 and ITV regionals, and in monochrome only, while 625-line UHF broadcasts could also broadcast BBC2 and
Channel 4/S4C in addition to BBC1 and ITV, and in either colour or monochrome.
233:, at first time-sharing broadcasts with the 240-line Baird system; however, in January 1937, after three months of trials, the Baird system was abandoned in favour of exclusive broadcasting with the 405-line Marconi-EMI system on
878:
elongated the scanning spot vertically at high frequency to avoid this line separation effect without reducing horizontal sharpness. Spot wobble was also utilised when making telerecordings of 405-line programmes.
422:, but only extended to two main transmitters and their five relays, serving the east and north of the country. This was because many people in these areas already had 405-line sets for receiving UK broadcasts from
391:
One reason for the long switchover period was the difficulty in matching the coverage level of the new UHF 625-line service with the very high level of geographic coverage achieved with the 405-line VHF service.
825:
restore the average carrier amplitude. The result was a screen that was not black but mid-grey. In fact, the total light output of early TV sets was practically constant regardless of the picture content.
769:. Thus, various modern video recordings of 405-line programming also exist. Betamax was sometimes preferred for this, as the dropout compensator could be switched off on certain models for use with
534:
This system was a field-sequential colour system which electronically transmitted a 405-line monochrome picture. Colour was provided mechanically by means of a synchronized rotating transparent
3137:
283:, for the outbreak of World War II was imminent. After the BBC Television Service recommenced in 1946, distant reception reports were received from various parts of the world, including
2465:
452:
converter was used, essentially a 405-line camera pointed at a 625-line monitor, as the more expensive system converters that RTÉ had previously used were now inoperable.
786:
When used with vestigial sideband filtering, the total bandwidth of a 405-line TV channel is 5 MHz, significantly less than the 8 MHz required by the 625-line
260:. This is now considered to be the only surviving example of pre-war live British television. The images recorded included two of the original three BBC announcers,
841:
The 405-line system produced a noticeable 10,125 Hz whistle in many sets, equal to the number of lines per second. This high-pitched whistle was caused by
695:
Since the mid-1930s it has been standard practice to use a field frequency equal to the AC mains electric supply frequency (or a submultiple thereof), 50
2458:
1395:
902:
800:
430:. Telefís Éireann's primary standard was 625-line; it began using this in the summer of 1962, more than two years before the UK had any 625-line channels.
1050:
240:
It soon became apparent that television reception was also possible well outside the original intended service area. In
February 1938, engineers at the
1373:
1077:
571:
525-line standard which had been developed by RCA. It provided for colour broadcasting yet remained compatible with existing 525-line monochrome sets.
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2170:
2094:
2038:
1997:
527:
monochrome standard for commercial broadcasting in 1941, subsequent efforts were made to upgrade the standard so that it could also accommodate a "
2451:
2427:
1426:
1625:
1023:
252:, in the US, were able to receive the BBC signal 5,000 km (3,100 mi) away, due to the signal being "bounced" back to earth from the
2922:
2238:
2084:
2020:
610:
2477:
790:, which replaced it in Britain. Systems in other countries used anything between six and fourteen megahertz of bandwidth per channel.
1333:
1201:
330:
During the late 1950s and early-to-mid 1960s, some experimental colour broadcasts were made in the UK with the 405-line system using
1188:
963:
136:
1945:
979:(CTI) was also considered. The CBS and final NTSC systems were called field-sequential and dot-sequential systems, respectively.
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2396:
2160:
2089:
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3132:
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1911:
1847:
1771:
892:
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1811:
1735:
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transmission, with the single exception of
Alexandra Palace in London, which closed down in 1957 when it was replaced by
567:
rescinded its approval of the CBS 405-line colour system. In its place it approved a newly improved and now satisfactory
3014:
2715:
2485:
2391:
2228:
2142:
42:
broadcasting system was the first fully electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting. The number of
2912:
1419:
1249:
887:
91:
1353:
2812:
2750:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2155:
2099:
1928:
1864:
1806:
1801:
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1791:
1786:
1781:
1745:
1730:
1720:
897:
400:
1392:
1024:"COMPATIBLE COLOR APPROVED FOR TV; F.C.C. Reverses Itself -- Signal Receivable on Present Sets in Black and White"
997:
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2370:
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1904:
1899:
1889:
1816:
1715:
407:
2279:
1710:
1297:
1054:
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still survive. However, the majority of surviving 405-line programmes are in the form of black and white film
1313:
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2917:
1377:
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315:
1128:
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1755:
1412:
461:
273:
269:
245:
70:
3101:
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2233:
2223:
2213:
2071:
1776:
976:
770:
551:
214:
437:, were turned off in 1982; the main transmitters had been shut down in 1978 to free up frequencies for
419:
556:
temporarily banned the manufacture of colour televisions, ostensibly to conserve resources during the
441:, and after then the relays had been fed by standards converters from the local 625-line transmitter.
3080:
3065:
2976:
2802:
2710:
2421:
2381:
2124:
2104:
2030:
2012:
1750:
1674:
599:
595:
591:
404:
351:
144:
3019:
2981:
2882:
2842:
2376:
1967:
1279:
Robson, Neil. 'Living
Pictures Out of Space: The Forlorn Hopes for Television in Pre-1939 London',
857:
846:
370:
service on UHF using only a 625-line system, which older sets could not receive. For several years
355:
66:
139:
had briefly approved a 405-line color television standard in
October 1950, which was developed by
2907:
2857:
2203:
1830:
606:
280:
230:
109:. The figure of 405 lines had been chosen following discussions over Sunday lunch at the home of
3034:
2991:
2852:
2660:
2656:
2474:
2269:
2218:
1700:
1458:
1184:
959:
449:
143:. The CBS system was incompatible with existing black-and-white receivers. It used a rotating
39:
829:
transmitted between the end of the line-sync pulse and the start of the picture information.
515:
General
Electric 950 colour wheel television receiver, manufactured in 1946 for CBS 405-line
2961:
2902:
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2416:
1881:
1839:
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842:
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210:
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was accepted and tenders were sought from industry. Two tenders were received: one from the
114:
73:
47:
43:
168:
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2877:
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2700:
2411:
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1399:
1337:
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354:(also an experimental technology at the time), while others were carried over the regular
106:
1205:
479:
For a brief time in 1939 there were experimental 405-line transmissions from stations in
2443:
3039:
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2781:
2670:
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2192:
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1975:
1679:
927:
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62:
724:
or, using the frame rate, 25 x 405), with 405 being derived from (3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5).
3126:
2755:
2705:
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2512:
2188:
2053:
1955:
1950:
1609:
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1533:
1493:
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907:
787:
742:
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524:
300:
261:
128:– which it was, compared to earlier systems, although of lower definition than
110:
81:
1103:
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2897:
2786:
2720:
2690:
2615:
1684:
1651:
1505:
766:
546:
288:
151:
from 525 to 405, and increased the field rate from 60 to 144, but had an effective
58:
590:
405-line is System A in the CCIR assignment of broadcast systems. The audio uses
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3070:
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2735:
2675:
2665:
1740:
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500:
492:
468:
296:
1227:
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in use on modern analogue systems. In addition, the system was broadcast in an
3004:
2937:
2872:
2685:
2198:
2132:
2043:
2002:
557:
438:
311:
257:
253:
152:
36:
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The BBC temporarily ceased transmissions on 1 September 1939, the day of the
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3024:
2999:
2847:
2828:
2406:
1985:
1525:
1485:
738:
488:
480:
304:
195:
148:
129:
77:
176:
1404:
602:
of 5:4 until 3 April 1950, when it changed to the more common 4:3 format.
237:. This became the standard for all British TV broadcasts until the 1960s.
2862:
2730:
2580:
2284:
2274:
2150:
1725:
1664:
1597:
1357:
1202:"MagLab - Electromagnetic Deflection in a Cathode Ray Tube Tutorial (II)"
762:
700:
396:
17:
2635:
2114:
2061:
1577:
989:
758:
418:
Ireland's use of the 405-line system began in 1961, with the launch of
124:
At the time of its introduction the 405-line system was referred to as
54:
2610:
1705:
1641:
1501:
484:
1374:"World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms - Line Standards"
1078:"World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms - Line Standards"
445:
1293:
2776:
2640:
2630:
2625:
1938:
1869:
1669:
1581:
1515:
1509:
1435:
1317:
696:
510:
423:
344:
292:
284:
194:
175:
167:
87:
956:
The Inventor of Stereo: The Life and Works of Alan Dower Blumlein
943:
principal inventor of the first high-definition television system
753:
405-line programming may be recorded and played on an unmodified
268:, an excerpt from an unknown period costume drama, and the BBC's
2605:
2356:
2165:
2109:
1992:
1933:
1921:
1916:
1894:
1857:
1852:
1497:
378:
In November 1969, BBC1 and ITV started broadcasting in 625-line
371:
367:
331:
2447:
2345:
1446:
1408:
395:
The last 405-line transmissions were seen on 4 January 1985 in
322:, comprising a consortium of regional companies, was launched.
2620:
1980:
1573:
1569:
754:
564:
379:
340:
336:
241:
234:
225:
Broadcasting of the resulting BBC Television Service from its
185:
181:
140:
102:
184:
Emitron 405-line television camera, constructed for the 1986
347:
and other NTSC subcarrier frequencies were also attempted.
538:
disk, which was placed in front of the receiver screen.
761:
video recorder, as long as the input to the recorder is
837:
Whistle due to line output transformer magnetostriction
65:
until 1985. It was also used between 1961 and 1982 in
343:" signal bandwidth of 300 kHz. Tests with PAL,
3089:
3053:
2990:
2951:
2821:
2795:
2764:
2649:
2598:
2484:
2252:
2179:
2141:
2123:
2070:
2052:
2029:
2011:
1966:
1880:
1838:
1829:
1764:
1693:
1650:
1634:
1618:
1596:
1524:
1484:
1466:
1457:
1155:"RCA Color-TV Future Rosy As Defense Curbs Hit CBS"
1129:"Color TV is Due Nov. 20, Barring Legal Difficulty"
1051:"World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms"
1104:"405 Alive - FAQ - 405-Line Television in History"
272:transmitted at the beginning and end of the day's
1314:"Irish TV - Over forty years of Irish TV History"
3138:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1934
1281:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
256:. A few minutes of programming were recorded on
1283:, vol. 24, no. 2 (June 2004), pp. 223–32.
358:network outside of normal broadcasting hours.
2459:
1420:
1017:
1015:
852:This is a common artifact in sets that use a
507:United States (field-sequential color system)
8:
1228:"Pye's "Automatic Picture Control" of 1953"
903:405-line transmitters of the United Kingdom
314:market in 1954, and the following year the
2466:
2452:
2444:
2342:
1835:
1463:
1454:
1443:
1427:
1413:
1405:
1135:. United Press. 12 October 1950. p. 2
339:" signal bandwidth of 500 kHz and a "
2315:
2313:
1257:BBC Engineering Division Monograph No. 39
1080:. Pembers.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from
1053:. Pembers.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from
310:The BBC lost its monopoly of the British
172:Marconi 405-line mirror TV set from 1936.
2893:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
615:
2297:
928:"Sir Isaac Shoenberg, British inventor"
919:
199:A British Murphy 405-line TV from 1951.
69:, as well as from 1957 to 1973 for the
57:in 1936, suspended for the duration of
27:Analogue television broadcasting system
2307:Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.
2303:
2301:
807:Susceptibility to impulse interference
699:in most countries, (60 Hz in the
2923:Direct-broadcast satellite television
1250:"Twenty-five Years of BBC Television"
1123:
1121:
801:small number of transmitting stations
362:Co-existence with 625-line broadcasts
7:
1334:"The UK 405-Line Television Network"
975:A third line sequential system from
2813:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
994:Alexandra Palace Television Society
448:'s 405-line simulcasting, a simple
155:of only 24 frames per second.
61:, and remained in operation in the
954:Alexander, Robert Charles (1999).
713:
410:commercial two-way radio systems.
101:, it was developed in 1934 by the
25:
1300:from the original on 5 April 2007
1000:from the original on 4 April 2005
721:
350:Some of these broadcasts were on
326:Experimental colour transmissions
1204:. Magnet.fsu.edu. Archived from
1022:Gould, Jack (18 December 1953).
523:After the U.S. adopted the NTSC
2808:Quadrature amplitude modulation
958:, p. 160. Oxford, Focal Press.
777:Comparison with later standards
605:All System A transmitters used
2972:Television channel frequencies
1076:Alan Pemberton (1 July 2003).
1049:Alan Pemberton (1 July 2003).
893:Television systems before 1940
366:In 1964, the BBC launched its
1:
2943:Digital television transition
2772:Multichannel television sound
1812:Field-sequential color system
717:
433:The last 405-line relays, in
50:, or quality of the picture.
3015:Field strength in free space
2716:Horizontal blanking interval
2392:Reverse Standards Conversion
1393:Lines frames and Frequencies
1161:. 27 October 1951. p. 1
213:company offering a 240-line
2913:Superheterodyne transmitter
1181:BBC Engineering 1922 - 1972
888:Broadcast television system
649:Effective resolution (4:3)
628:Channel bandwidth (in MHz)
444:For the last five years of
80:. 405-line was approved as
53:It was introduced with the
3154:
2751:Vertical blanking interval
990:"First Live BBC Recording"
908:525-line television system
898:441-line television system
631:Visual bandwidth (in MHz)
583:
459:
135:In the United States, the
2726:Nominal analogue blanking
2352:
2341:
2293:
1453:
1442:
799:the UK with a relatively
281:German invasion of Poland
932:Encyclopaedia Britannica
684:503 × 377 (theoretical)
147:, reduced the number of
3045:Television interference
2918:Television receive-only
1436:Broadcast video formats
1398:3 November 2013 at the
1248:Bishop, Harold (1961).
847:line output transformer
229:site began in November
2967:Microwave transmission
2933:Terrestrial television
2928:Television transmitter
2888:Intermediate frequency
2681:Chrominance subcarrier
2402:Television transmitter
816:Automatic gain control
681:4:3 (5:4 before 1950)
520:
462:Rediffusion Television
270:station identification
264:and (in a brief shot)
246:Riverhead, Long Island
200:
192:
173:
71:Rediffusion Television
55:BBC Television Service
3133:Television technology
2839:Broadcast transmitter
2387:MPEG transport stream
2214:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
1777:Mechanical television
1685:Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)
1294:"405 Alive - Welcome"
977:Color Television Inc.
514:
198:
180:A mock-up of a 1930s
179:
171:
132:and later standards.
105:Research Team led by
97:Sometimes called the
3081:Zero reference pulse
3066:Field strength meter
2803:Frequency modulation
2711:Horizontal scan rate
2422:Widescreen signaling
2397:Standards conversion
2382:Moving image formats
1354:"405 Line Colour TV"
596:frequency modulation
592:amplitude modulation
3020:Noise (electronics)
2883:Intercarrier method
2843:Transmitter station
2478:broadcasting topics
2377:Display motion blur
1133:Toledo Blade (Ohio)
1057:on 21 February 2014
707:Vertical resolution
637:Vestigial sideband
40:analogue television
2908:Split sound system
2858:Differential phase
2428:Analogue TV Topics
1028:The New York Times
607:vestigial sideband
521:
244:Research Station,
221:Initial broadcasts
201:
193:
174:
113:. The system used
99:Marconi-EMI system
3120:
3119:
3035:Radiation pattern
2853:Differential gain
2475:Analog television
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2219:MPEG Multichannel
1825:
1824:
1340:on 7 October 2007
864:Equalizing pulses
833:received signal.
771:PCM digital audio
688:
687:
575:Technical details
549:special entitled
215:mechanical system
190:Fools on the Hill
126:"high definition"
92:broadcast systems
16:(Redirected from
3145:
2962:Frequency offset
2903:Residual carrier
2848:Cavity amplifier
2746:Television lines
2468:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2417:Video processing
2347:Technical issues
2343:
2320:
2317:
2308:
2305:
1836:
1568:(Color systems:
1496:(Color systems:
1464:
1455:
1444:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1406:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1376:. Archived from
1369:
1367:
1365:
1356:. Archived from
1349:
1347:
1345:
1336:. Archived from
1329:
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1325:
1316:. Archived from
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1179:Pawley, Edward.
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938:
924:
854:cathode ray tube
843:magnetostriction
728:Video recordings
723:
719:
715:
616:
594:rather than the
517:field-sequential
428:Northern Ireland
266:Elizabeth Cowell
227:Alexandra Palace
48:image resolution
44:television lines
21:
3153:
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3148:
3147:
3146:
3144:
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3142:
3123:
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3116:
3085:
3061:Distortionmeter
3049:
2986:
2947:
2878:Frequency mixer
2834:Antenna (radio)
2817:
2791:
2760:
2701:Composite video
2645:
2594:
2480:
2472:
2442:
2433:
2412:Video on demand
2357:14:9 compromise
2348:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2289:
2248:
2244:MPEG-H 3D Audio
2175:
2137:
2119:
2066:
2048:
2025:
2007:
1962:
1876:
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1630:
1614:
1592:
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1400:Wayback Machine
1383:
1381:
1380:on 3 April 2007
1372:
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1360:on 27 June 2006
1352:
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1275:Further reading
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1084:on 3 April 2007
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737:A few 405-line
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420:Telefís Éireann
416:
389:
364:
328:
258:16mm movie film
223:
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161:
107:Isaac Shoenberg
46:influences the
28:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2868:Dipole antenna
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2782:Sound-in-Syncs
2779:
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1694:Hidden signals
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1680:Sound-in-Syncs
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1390:
1370:
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1330:
1320:on 18 May 2007
1310:
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1287:External links
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1208:on 21 May 2014
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654:System A
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640:Vision modul.
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623:
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611:Crystal Palace
584:Main article:
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536:Red-Green-Blue
519:colour system.
508:
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497:Czechoslovakia
476:
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460:Main article:
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90:assignment of
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668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
652:
648:
646:Aspect ratio
645:
643:Sound modul.
642:
639:
636:
634:Sound offset
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
617:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
587:
586:CCIR System A
579:
574:
572:
570:
566:
563:In 1953, the
561:
559:
554:
553:
548:
543:
539:
537:
532:
530:
526:
518:
513:
506:
504:
502:
498:
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455:
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361:
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353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
301:North America
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:Jasmine Bligh
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
220:
218:
216:
212:
203:
197:
191:
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178:
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163:
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
111:Alan Blumlein
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
38:
35:
30:
19:
3107:Hanover bars
2898:Pre-emphasis
2822:Transmission
2787:Zweikanalton
2691:Color killer
2616:Clear-Vision
2508:
1968:MPEG-2 Video
1506:Clear-Vision
1467:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1362:. Retrieved
1358:the original
1342:. Retrieved
1338:the original
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1302:. Retrieved
1280:
1278:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1196:
1180:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1132:
1108:. Retrieved
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:the original
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1027:
1002:. Retrieved
993:
984:
971:
955:
950:
942:
935:. Retrieved
931:
922:
876:
867:
851:
840:
831:
827:
819:
810:
797:
785:
765:rather than
752:
736:
710:
694:
604:
600:aspect ratio
589:
562:
550:
547:variety show
545:CBS aired a
544:
540:
533:
522:
478:
465:
443:
432:
417:
394:
390:
377:
365:
349:
329:
309:
289:South Africa
278:
239:
224:
207:
189:
134:
125:
123:
118:
98:
96:
82:
59:World War II
52:
33:
31:
29:
3076:VIT signals
3071:Vectorscope
3010:Earth bulge
2992:Propagation
2955:& bands
2953:Frequencies
2736:Raster scan
2676:Chrominance
2666:Black level
2661:front porch
2426:Templates (
2143:MPEG-H HEVC
1882:Progressive
1165:25 November
1034:25 November
1030:. p. 1
873:Spot wobble
822:AGC circuit
625:Frame rate
569:second NTSC
501:Switzerland
493:Netherlands
471:broadcast.
469:free-to-air
297:Middle East
204:Development
145:color wheel
115:interlacing
76:service in
3127:Categories
3005:Distortion
2938:Transposer
2873:Dummy load
2829:Amplifiers
2796:Modulation
2686:Colorburst
2657:Back porch
2270:Captioning
2072:MPEG-4 AVC
1840:Interlaced
1765:Historical
1701:Captioning
1660:BTSC (MTS)
1635:1250 lines
1619:1125 lines
1448:Television
1233:4 December
914:References
773:decoders.
739:videotapes
691:Field rate
558:Korean War
529:compatible
387:Switchover
316:commercial
312:television
274:programmes
254:ionosphere
153:frame rate
149:scan lines
37:monochrome
3112:Sparklies
3097:Dot crawl
3090:Artifacts
3030:Path loss
3025:Null fill
3000:Beam tilt
2741:Safe area
2407:Test card
2080:ATSC A/72
1986:DVB 3D-TV
1598:819 lines
1526:625 lines
1486:525 lines
1468:405 lines
1262:12 August
782:Bandwidth
489:Eindhoven
481:Montrouge
456:Hong Kong
305:Caribbean
78:Hong Kong
3102:Ghosting
2863:Diplexer
2731:Overscan
2696:Color TV
2589:System F
2585:System E
2581:819-line
2575:System N
2571:System L
2567:System K
2563:System I
2559:System H
2555:System G
2551:System D
2547:System C
2543:System B
2539:625-line
2533:System M
2529:525-line
2524:455-line
2519:441-line
2513:System A
2509:405-line
2504:375-line
2499:343-line
2494:180-line
2319:Defunct.
2285:Teletext
2151:ATSC 3.0
1807:567-line
1802:455-line
1797:441-line
1792:375-line
1787:343-line
1782:180-line
1772:Pre-1940
1726:Teletext
1606:System E
1534:System B
1494:System M
1476:System A
1396:Archived
1298:Archived
1191:, p 366.
1004:26 April
998:Archived
882:See also
794:Coverage
788:System I
763:baseband
733:Original
701:Americas
580:System A
552:Premiere
525:525-line
450:orthicon
397:Scotland
318:network
303:and the
250:New York
130:625-line
83:System A
34:405-line
18:405-line
3054:Testing
2636:PALplus
2486:Systems
2166:ISDB-S3
2115:MobaHo!
2062:MobaHo!
1831:Digital
1578:PALplus
1384:3 April
1364:3 April
1344:3 April
1324:3 April
1304:3 April
1139:16 June
937:22 July
845:in the
759:Betamax
619:System
491:in the
414:Ireland
405:trunked
159:History
86:in the
67:Ireland
2611:NTSC-J
2239:HE-AAC
2161:HD DMB
1706:CGMS-A
1642:HD-MAC
1502:NTSC-J
1459:Analog
1212:20 May
1187:
1110:20 May
1088:20 May
1061:20 May
962:
749:Modern
622:Lines
485:France
475:Europe
295:, the
188:drama
119:"376i"
2777:NICAM
2765:Sound
2650:Video
2641:SECAM
2631:PAL-S
2626:PAL-M
2181:Audio
2133:ABS-S
2105:SBTVD
2044:ABS-S
2003:ABS-S
1946:UHDTV
1939:1080p
1870:1080i
1670:NICAM
1652:Audio
1582:SECAM
1574:PAL-N
1516:B-MAC
1510:PAL-M
1253:(PDF)
675:Pos.
672:0.75
669:−3.5
439:RTÉ 2
424:Wales
345:SECAM
293:India
285:Italy
211:Baird
74:cable
3040:Skew
2721:Luma
2659:and
2606:NTSC
2275:CPCM
2229:LPCM
2199:AC-4
2189:AC-3
2171:DTMB
2125:AVS2
2110:1seg
2095:DTMB
2085:CMMB
2039:DTMB
2031:AVS+
2021:CMMB
1998:DTMB
1993:ISDB
1976:ATSC
1934:720p
1929:HDTV
1922:576p
1917:480p
1912:EDTV
1905:288p
1900:240p
1895:1seg
1890:LDTV
1865:HDTV
1858:576i
1853:480i
1848:SDTV
1817:OSKM
1746:VITC
1736:VEIL
1665:EIAJ
1626:MUSE
1498:NTSC
1386:2007
1366:2007
1346:2007
1326:2007
1306:2007
1264:2008
1235:2012
1214:2014
1185:ISBN
1167:2015
1141:2018
1112:2014
1090:2014
1063:2014
1036:2015
1006:2005
960:ISBN
939:2020
858:hear
820:The
657:405
499:and
487:and
403:and
372:BBC1
368:BBC2
332:NTSC
231:1936
88:CCIR
32:The
2982:VHF
2977:UHF
2621:PAL
2371:DCI
2280:EPG
2260:AFD
2234:AAC
2224:PCM
2209:DRA
2204:DTS
2193:5.1
2156:DVB
2100:DVB
2090:DMB
2013:AVS
1981:DVB
1756:XDS
1751:WSS
1741:VIT
1731:VBI
1721:PDC
1716:GCR
1711:EPG
1675:SAP
1588:MAC
1570:PAL
757:or
755:VHS
718:405
678:AM
660:25
565:FCC
483:in
446:RTÉ
426:or
408:PMR
401:DAB
380:PAL
356:VHF
352:UHF
320:ITV
242:RCA
235:VHF
186:BBC
182:EMI
141:CBS
137:FCC
103:EMI
94:.
3129::
2587:,
2573:,
2569:,
2565:,
2561:,
2557:,
2553:,
2549:,
2545:,
2312:^
2300:^
1956:8K
1951:4K
1608:,
1580:,
1576:,
1572:,
1564:,
1560:,
1556:,
1552:,
1548:,
1544:,
1540:,
1536:,
1508:,
1504:,
1500:,
1296:.
1255:.
1183:,
1157:.
1131:.
1120:^
1026:.
1014:^
996:.
992:.
941:.
930:.
849:.
803:.
767:RF
720:÷
716:×
714:50
697:Hz
666:3
663:5
613:.
560:.
503:.
495:,
307:.
299:,
291:,
287:,
276:.
248:,
121:.
63:UK
2841:/
2591:)
2583:(
2577:)
2541:(
2535:)
2531:(
2515:)
2511:(
2467:e
2460:t
2453:v
2430:)
2373:)
2369:(
2195:)
2191:(
1610:F
1584:)
1566:N
1562:L
1558:K
1554:I
1550:H
1546:G
1542:D
1538:C
1512:)
1428:e
1421:t
1414:v
1388:.
1368:.
1348:.
1328:.
1308:.
1266:.
1237:.
1216:.
1169:.
1143:.
1114:.
1092:.
1065:.
1038:.
1008:.
966:.
722:2
341:Q
337:I
335:"
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