Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

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During the time of the apostle John's exile in Patmos, the balance was commonly a symbol of justice since it was used to weigh grains for a set price. The balance of justice held in the hand of the rider of the black horse signified the aggravation of the other previous evil, with the bloodstained red of the Roman aspect morphing into the darker blackness of distress. The black horse rider is instructed not to harm the oil and the wine, which signifies that this scarcity should not fall upon the superfluities, such as oil and wine, which men can live without, but upon the necessities of life—bread.

1219: 1088: 1312: 1518: 924: 2665: 6553: 2933:. The signs of the approaching end of the world are likened to birth pains, indicating that they would occur more frequently and with greater intensity the nearer the event of Christ's return. With this perspective the horsemen represent the rise of false religions, false prophets, and false messiahs; the increase of wars and rumours of wars; the escalation of natural disasters and famines; and the growth of persecution, martyrdom, betrayal, and loss of faith. 1498:, whom history has primarily remembered as a cruel tyrant and among the worst of the Roman emperors. Under the necessity of gratifying the greed and excessive lifestyle which Caracalla had excited in the army, old as well as new taxes, were at the same time levied in the provinces. The land tax, taxes for services, and heavy contributions of corn, wine, oil, and meat were exacted from the provinces for court, army, and capital use. 96: 6565: 3006: 1351: 53: 3034: 728: 5081: 3020: 1139:, and other provinces during the first 20 years of the period, which deepened the impression on the minds of the barbarians of the invincibility of the Roman Empire. The Roman war progressed triumphantly into the invader's territory, and the total overthrow of those people successfully ended the Parthian war. Roman conquest is demonstrated even in the most mighty of these wars: the 2821:, revealed that the book described by John "contains the revealed will, mysteries, and the works of God; the hidden things of his economy concerning this Earth during the seven thousand years of its continuance, or its temporal existence" and that the seals describe these things for the seven thousand years of the Earth's temporal existence, each seal representing 1,000 years. 1123:), a golden age of prosperity, union, civil liberty and good government unstained with civil blood unfolded. The agents of this prosperity, personified by the rider of the white horse, are these five emperors wearing crowns, who reigned with absolute authority and power under the guidance of virtue and wisdom, the armies being restrained by their firm and gentle hands. 5098: 1103:'s interpretation, the Four Horsemen represent a prophecy of the Roman Empire's subsequent history; the horse's white colour signifies triumph, prosperity, and health in the Roman political body. For the next 80 or 90 years, succeeding the banishment of the prophet John to the island of Patmos and covering the successive reigns of the emperors 2737:, during which many on Earth will die as a result of multiple catastrophes. The Four Horsemen are the first in a series of "Seal" judgments. This is when God will judge the Earth, and is giving humans a chance to repent before they die. A new beautiful Earth is created for all the people who are faithful to Him and accept him as their Savior. 1186:) in connection with the riders in the passage following the introduction of the fourth rider; cf. "They were given power over a fourth of the Earth to kill by sword, famine, plague, and by the wild beasts of the Earth." in the NASB. However, the original Greek does not use the word for "plague" or "pestilence" here, simply "death" (θᾰ́νᾰτος, 1210:), provides an early example of this interpretation, writing, "The horseman on the white horse was clad in a showy and barbarous attire. . . . While his horse continued galloping, he was bending his bow in order to spread pestilence abroad. At his back swung the brass quiver filled with poisoned arrows, containing the germs of all diseases". 1342:

military profession. The apocalyptic figure armed with a great sword indicated an undue authority and unnatural use of it. Military men in power, whose vocation was war and weapon the sword, rose by it and also fell. The unrestrained military, no longer subject to the Senate, transformed the Empire into a system of pure military despotism.

1737:(in AD 268) as the 20 years of shame and misfortune, of confusion and calamity, as a time when the ruined empire approached the last and fatal moment of its dissolution. Every instant of time in every province of the Roman world was afflicted by military tyrants and barbarous invaders—the sword from within and without. 2981:

heaven, going out from standing in the presence of the Lord of the whole world." They are described as patrolling the Earth and keeping it peaceful. It may be assumed by some Christian interpretations that when the tribulation begins, the peace is taken away, so their job is to terrify the places in which they patrol.

3784:"Revelation 6:8 Interlinear: and I saw, and lo, a pale horse, and he who is sitting upon him – his name is Death, and Hades doth follow with him, and there was given to them authority to kill, (over the fourth part of the land,) with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and by the beasts of the land" 3362:

The sword, famine, and pestilence are the traditional list of the three plagues of God's wrath, which we find in Ezechiel 6; and in Ezekiel 14 we read of God's judgments upon Jerusalem in the forms of the sword, famine, the noisome beast, and pestilence, together with the promise that a remnant shall

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twice mentions coloured horses; in the first passage there are three colours (red, speckled/brown, and white), and in the second there are four teams of horses (red, black, white, and finally dappled/"grisled and bay") pulling chariots. The second set of horses are referred to as "the four spirits of

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One notable point of apparent difference between the prophecy and history might seem to be expressly limited to the fourth part of the Roman Earth, but in the history of the period, the devastation of the pale horse extended over all. The fourth seal prophecy seems to mark the malignant climax of the

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When He broke the third seal, I heard the third living creature saying, "Come". I looked, and behold, a black horse; and he who sat on it had a pair of scales in his hand. And I heard something like a voice in the center of the four living creatures saying, "A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three

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As for the wild beasts of the Earth, according to Elliott, it is a well-known law of nature that they quickly occupy the scenes of waste and depopulation—where the reign of man fails and the reign of beasts begins. After the reign of Gallienus and 20 or 30 years had passed, the multiplication of the

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According to Edward Bishop Elliott's interpretation, through this third seal, the black horse is unleashed, representing aggravated distress and mourning. The balance in the rider's hand is not associated with a man weighing out bread for his family but with buying and selling corn and other grains.

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Elliott further recites that, after the death of Commodus, a most turbulent period lasting 92 years unfolded, during which time 32 emperors and 27 pretenders to the Empire hurled each other from the throne by incessant civil warfare. The sword was a natural universal badge, among the Romans, of the

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attempted to curb excessive growth of grapevines and encourage grain cultivation instead, but there was a major popular backlash against this effort, and it was abandoned. Famine's mission to make wheat and barley scarce but "hurt not the oil and the wine" could be an allusion to this episode. The

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Diocletian ended this long period of anarchy, but the succession of civil wars and invasions caused much suffering, disorder and crime, which brought the empire into a state of moral lethargy from which it never recovered. After the plague had abated, the empire suffered from general distress, and

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According to Edward Bishop Elliott's interpretation of the Four Horsemen as symbolic prophecy of the history of the Roman Empire, the second seal is opened and the Roman nation that experienced joy, prosperity, and triumph is made subject to the red horse which depicts war and bloodshed—civil war.

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The statement might also suggest a continuing abundance of luxuries for the wealthy, while staples, such as bread, are scarce, though not completely depleted; such selective scarcity may result from injustice and the deliberate production of luxury crops for the wealthy over grain, as would have

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that is to be spilled. As seen in heraldry, the sword held upward by the second Horseman may represent war or a declaration of war. In military symbolism, swords held upward, especially crossed swords held upward, signify war and entering into battle (see, for example, the historical and modern

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According to this interpretation, this period in Roman history, both at its commencement and close, illustrated the empire's glory where its limits were extended, though not without occasional wars, which were always uniformly triumphant on the frontiers. The triumphs of Emperor Trajan, a Roman

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American Protestant Evangelical interpreters regularly see ways in which the horsemen, and Revelation in general, speak to contemporary events. Some who believe Revelation applies to modern times can interpret the horses based on the various ways their colours are used. Red, for example, often

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and coincides with the arrival of the Antichrist as the first horseman, a global war as the second horseman, an economic collapse as the third horseman, and the general die-off of one quarter of the World's population as the fourth horseman; which is followed by a global dictatorship under the

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According to E. B. Elliott, the first seal, as revealed to John by the angel, was to signify what was to happen soon after John seeing the visions in Patmos, and that the second, third, and fourth seals in like manner were to have commencing dates each in chronological sequence following the

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following him, jaws open and receiving the victims slain by Death. Death's commission was to kill upon the Roman Earth with all of the four judgments of God—with sword, famine, pestilence, and wild beasts. The deadly pale and livid appearance displays a hue symptomatic of approaching empire

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In Ezekiel 14:21, the Lord enumerates His "four disastrous acts of judgment" (ESV), sword, famine, wild beasts, and pestilence, against the idolatrous elders of Israel. A symbolic interpretation of the Four Horsemen links the riders to these judgments, or the similar judgments in 6:11–12.

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taught, "The most transcendent happenings involved Enoch and his ministry. What John saw was not the establishment of Zion and its removal to heavenly spheres, but the unparalleled wars in which Enoch, as a general over the armies of the saints, 'went forth conquering and to conquer'

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According to Elliott, famine, the inevitable consequence of carnage and oppression, which demolished the present crop as well as the hope of future harvests, produced the environment for an epidemic of diseases, the effects of scanty and unwholesome food. That furious plague (the

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The four living creatures of Revelation 4:6–8 are written similarly to the four living creatures in Ezekiel 1:5–12. In Revelation, each of the living creatures summons a horseman, where in Ezekiel the living creatures follow wherever the spirit leads, without turning.

1435:". This suggests that the black horse's famine is to drive up the price of grain but leave oil and wine supplies unaffected (though out of reach of the ordinary worker). One explanation is that grain crops would have been more naturally susceptible to famine years or 2761:

preceding seal. Its general subject is the decline and fall, after a previous prosperous era, of the Empire of Heathen Rome. The first four seals of Revelation, represented by four horses and horsemen, are fixed to events, or changes, within the Roman Earth.

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When He broke the second seal, I heard the second living creature saying, "Come". And another, a red horse, went out; and to him who sat on it, it was granted to take peace from Earth, and that men would slay one another; and a great sword was given to

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after Jesus departed Earth. The appearance of the Lion in Revelation 5 shows the triumphant arrival of Jesus in Heaven, and the first Horseman may represent the sending of the Holy Spirit by Jesus and the advance of the gospel of Jesus Christ.

1190:). The use of "pestilence" was likely drawn from other parts of the Book of Revelation and included here as another form of death. Also, whether this passage refers to the fourth rider only or the four riders as a whole is a matter of debate. 1643:, which can mean either green/greenish-yellow or pale/pallid in both languages. The colour is often translated as "pale", though "ashen", "pale green", and "yellowish green" are other possible interpretations (the Greek word is the root of " 1776:

which reads "over the four parts of the Earth", it requires that the Roman Empire should have some kind of quadripartition. Dividing from the central or Italian fourth, three great divisions of the Empire separated into the West, East, and

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forces: Conquest carries a bow, and the Parthian Empire was at that time known for its mounted warriors and their skill with bow and arrow. Parthians were also particularly associated with white horses. Some scholars specifically point to

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red horse and its rider, who take peace from the Earth, might represent the prevalence of civil strife at the time Revelation was written; internecine conflict ran rampant in the Roman Empire during and just prior to the 1st century AD.

1420:). Thus, it is probably a fact that with the approach of the Apocalypse, the most necessary food will rise in price greatly and the wages earned per day will be enough only for the minimum subsistence for the same day and nothing more. 1009:

does not appear until the opening of the sixth seal. Events in world history since the founding of Christianity were interpreted as "horses" up to the sixth seal event. Therefore, this interpretation can be seen as either partially

1620:, " lower place") in Latin. However, illustrations commonly depict him carrying a scythe, sword, or another implement, he is no different than typical portrayals of Death, and is the only horseman who doesn’t appear to be a human. 948:, and I heard one of the four living creatures saying as with a voice of thunder, "Come!" I looked, and behold, a white horse, and he who sat on it had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer. 1759:

were uncowed in the East and, during the following year, hosts of central Asian Alani spread themselves over Pontus, Cappadocia, Cilicia, and Galatia, etching their course by the flames of cities and villages they pillaged.

1416:, the denarius is repeatedly mentioned as a monetary unit; for example, the denarius was the pay of a soldier for one day, and the day labor of a seasonal worker in the harvesting of grapes is also valued at one denarius ( 4751: 3641:

German Bible, Freiburg im Breisgau 2007, p. 1348, annotation to Apc 6,7: "The four Horsemen of the Apocalypse symbolize various plagues: War, Civil War, famine and inflation, pestilence and death." (translated from

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happened during the time the Book of Revelation was written. Alternatively, the preservation of oil and wine could symbolize the preservation of the Christian faithful, who use oil and wine in their sacraments.

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indicates that the advance of the gospel may precede and foretell the apocalypse. The colour white also tends to represent righteousness in the Bible, and Christ is portrayed as a conqueror in other instances.

1386:), indicating the way that bread would have been weighed during a famine. The rider is typically portrayed as an emaciated man. Other authors interpret the third Horseman as the "Lord as a Law-Giver", holding 1588:(Θᾰ́νᾰτος), of all the riders, he is the only one to whom the text itself explicitly gives a name. Unlike the other three, he is not described as carrying a weapon or other object, instead, he is followed by 1075:). The Antichrist interpretation later found champions in the United States, such as R. F. Franklin in 1898 and W. C. Stevens in 1928. It remains popular in evangelical circles today, for example with Pastor 4229: 853:

opens the first four of the seven seals, which summons four beings that ride out on white, red, black, and pale horses. All of the horsemen save for Death are portrayed as being human in appearance.

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In some commentaries, the white Horseman symbolizes war, which may be decently exercised on moral grounds, hence the white colour. The red Horseman (see below) specifically symbolizes civil war.

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thought there was only one horseman riding successively these four horses, who was the Christ himself. So did some medieval illuminations, and after that some modern commentators:

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crushed the enemies of Rome, yet after his assassination a certain amount of them revived. While the Goths had been destroyed for almost a century and the Empire reunited, the

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Of the Four Horsemen, the black horse and its rider are the only ones whose appearance is accompanied by vocalization. John hears a voice, unidentified but coming from among

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When the Lamb broke the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature saying, "Come". I looked, and behold, an ashen horse; and he who sat on it had the name

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was following with him. Authority was given to them over a fourth of the Earth, to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by the wild beasts of the Earth.

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Peace left the Roman Earth, resulting in the killing of one another as insurrection crept into and permeated the Empire, beginning shortly into the reign of Emperor

2814: 1390:. In the passage, it is read that the indicated price of grain is about ten times normal (thus the famine interpretation popularity), with an entire day's wages (a 604: 6296: 3489: 2843:

The third seal and black horse describe the period of ancient Joseph, son of Israel, who was sold into Egypt, and the famines that swept that period (see Genesis

758: 3558: 1143:, a succession of victories under the second Antonine, unleashed on the German barbarians, who were driven into their forests and reduced to Roman submission. 4225: 6626: 4954: 4982: 5349: 4451: 4417: 2622: 1254:, fire), and in some translations, the colour is specifically a "fiery" red. The colour red, as well as the rider's possession of a great sword (μάχαιρα, 7140: 5452: 1203: 57: 5087: 7191: 5215: 1338:

who ascended the throne with neither competitor to remove nor enemies to punish, became the slave of his attendants who gradually corrupted his mind.

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is compared to other eschatological descriptions throughout the Bible, the themes of the horsemen draw remarkable similarity to the events of the

807:, written about six centuries prior. Though the text only provides a name for the fourth horseman, subsequent commentary often identifies them as 1651:"). Based on the uses of the word in ancient Greek medical literature, several scholars suggest that the colour reflects the sickly pallor of a 1274:

as opposed to the war of conquest that the first Horseman is said to bring. Other commentators have suggested that it might also represent the

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True Interpretation of All the Chief Texts, and Mysterious Sayings and Visions Opened, of the Whole Book of the Revelation of St. John

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dissolution. According to Edward Bishop Elliott, an era in Roman history commencing within about 15 years after the death of

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Revelation's historical context may also influence the depiction of the black horse and its rider, Famine. In AD 92, the

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The verse beginning with "they were given power over a fourth of the Earth" is generally taken as referring to Death and

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Contrasting Images of the Book of Revelation in Late Medieval and Early Modern Art: A Case Study in Visual Exegesis

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For the broad historical interpretation of Christ as the rider of the white horse, it is to be understood that the

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The above passage is a common English translation of the rider of the White Horse (sometimes referred to as the

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In John's revelation the first horseman rides a white horse, carries a bow, and is given a crown as a figure of

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Elliott points out that Commodus, who had nothing to wish for and everything to enjoy, that beloved son of

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At the opening of four seals, four horses appear. Their colour is white, black, red, and pale/sallow (

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The second Horseman, War on the Red Horse, as depicted in a thirteenth-century Apocalypse manuscript.

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of the Middle Ages. Talent and art had become extinct in proportion to the desolation of the world.

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evils of the two preceding seals, to which no such limitation is attached. Turning to a reading in

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and is associated with infectious disease and plague. It appears at least as early as 1906 in the

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animals had risen to such an extent in parts of the empire that they made it a 'crying evil'.

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References given by B. Gineste, Les Quatre Chevaux du Messie, Paris, 2d ed., 2019, pp. 53–54.

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under Posthumus, Aureolus, and Zenobia respectively—divisions that were later legitimized by

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Edward Gibbon speaks of a period from the celebration of the great secular games by the

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The origin of this interpretation is unclear. Some translations of the Bible mention "

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An Exposition of the Revelation of S. John the Divine, both doctrinal and practical

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In 1866, when C. F. Zimpel defended the hypothesis that the first horseman was the

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point of view, arguing that its prophecy and imagery apply only to the events of

1079:, for whom the horseman represented the Antichrist or false prophets in general. 7186: 7046: 7036: 6831: 6536: 6218: 6079: 6074: 5911: 5896: 5772: 5747: 5376: 5296: 5203: 5188: 3074: 2926: 2884: 2783: 2702: 2682: 2491: 2442: 2411: 2052: 1813: 1790: 1644: 1640: 1264: 1136: 1047: 945: 941: 899: 846: 842: 549: 509: 494: 380: 320: 264: 68: 41: 3033: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7006: 6781: 6486: 6301: 6271: 6256: 6044: 6032: 5792: 5654: 5280: 3001: 2888: 2698: 2559: 2047: 2033: 1933: 1782: 1440: 1068: 1006: 865: 489: 4916:"The new dating of the astronomical horoscope as described in the Apocalypse" 3421: 3378: 868:. The second carries a sword and rides a red horse as the creator of (civil) 7107: 6811: 6806: 6228: 6017: 5946: 5891: 5886: 5752: 5593: 5499: 5242: 5113: 3019: 2880: 2770: 2534: 2505: 2095: 1955: 1734: 1495: 1428: 1271: 1160: 1055: 1011: 861: 651: 514: 484: 3960:(2nd ed.). Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 100–105. 3289: 5040:, vol. I (5th ed.), London, England: Seely, Jackson and Halliday 3312: 1501:

According to Gibbon, this was exacerbated by the rise to power of Emperor

880:

and carries the scales. The fourth and final horse is pale, upon it rides

17: 6945: 6897: 6882: 6851: 6826: 6786: 6521: 6506: 6037: 6022: 5924: 5762: 5210: 3456:(3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 375–379. 2801: 2299: 2294: 1832: 1756: 1749: 1648: 1594:(Greek: ᾍδης, Hā́idēs, latinized as Hādēs), which here refers not to the 1585: 1560: 1412:

for three, so that workers would struggle to feed their families. In the

1391: 1374:

The third Horseman rides a black horse and is popularly understood to be

1364:

quarts of barley for a denarius; but do not damage the oil and the wine".

1328: 873: 857: 824: 499: 370: 4591:

The History of Rome from the First Punic War to the Death of Constantine

4410: 894:

typically interprets the Four Horsemen as a vision of harbingers of the

6981: 6960: 6910: 6801: 6791: 6501: 6355: 6350: 6187: 6177: 5985: 5797: 5509: 5504: 4778:(1st ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 100. 2956: 2945: 2911: 2778: 2686: 2630: 2563: 2421: 2335: 2288: 2280: 2174: 2149: 2042: 1773: 1132: 1112: 534: 259: 232: 4847: 4383:(Reprinted. ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. p. 996. 3852:"Sword – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 2906:

Some equate the Four Horsemen with the angels of the four winds. (See

1662:, although some commentators see it as applying to all four horsemen. 6877: 6841: 6836: 6821: 6604: 6511: 6437: 4251:"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, χλωρός" 2960: 2649: 2462: 2284: 1769: 1684: 1655:. In some modern artistic depictions, the horse is distinctly green. 1652: 1465: 1464:(latinized as Līmus), literally "Hunger", "Starvation" or "Famine"), 1436: 1413: 1409: 1375: 1296: 1243: 1108: 990: 877: 686: 187: 30:

This article is about the concept in the Bible. For other uses, see

3522:

Ch. Fr. Zimpel, Le Millénaire, Franckfort-sur-le-Main, 1866, p. 43.

6902: 6887: 6872: 6867: 6796: 6643: 6182: 5941: 3344:. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 90. 3143:. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 90. 3069: 2919: 2892: 2663: 2644:.), ride forth as a group, with an angel heralding them, to bring 2621: 2154: 2100: 2090: 1704: 1688: 1680: 1672: 1595: 1516: 1469: 1457: 1405: 1395: 1354:

The third Horseman, Famine on the Black Horse, as depicted in the

1349: 1310: 1300: 1259: 1242:(he is often pictured holding a sword upwards as though ready for 1217: 1128: 1104: 1086: 1020: 994: 982: 922: 828: 820: 812: 784: 202: 164: 51: 36: 4080:

More Than Conquerors: An Interpretation of the Book of Revelation

2733:

Some Christians interpret the Horsemen as a prophecy of a future

6930: 6526: 5004:"Bible Gateway passage: Ezekiel 1:5–12—English Standard Version" 3882:(22nd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. p. 363. 3749:"Bible Gateway passage: Revelation 6 - Revised Standard Version" 2952: 2871:

Artwork which shows the Horsemen as a group, such as the famous

2787: 1726:(in AD 235) strongly marks every point of this terrible emblem. 1717:

This fourth, pale horse, was the personification of Death, with

1432: 1288: 6608: 5117: 4353:"The riders on the chloros and the blood red apocalypse horses" 3980:

Peters, Alan R., Bible Prophecies fulfilled by 2012, chapter 2.

3719: 1789:

its condition was very much like that which followed after the

4979:"Zechariah 6:1–8 NIV – Four Chariots – I looked up again, and" 2653: 1239: 869: 5063: 4951:"Zechariah 1:8–17 NIV – During the night I had a vision, and" 67:

From left to right are Death, Famine, War, and Conquest; the

3540:

W. C. Stevens, Revelation, Harrisburg, 1928, vol. 2, p. 129.

1159:

Under another interpretation, the first Horseman is called

4879:

Apocalypse: A Commentary on Revelation in Words and Images

4593:, vol. 5, Rome, Italy: Taylor and Walton, p. 346 3586:

Approaching Hoofbeats: The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

2922:, angels often associated with four cardinal directions). 1238:

The rider of the second horse is often taken to represent

4882:. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 40. 2721:, in 1622, Jacques de Bordes, a French capuchin in 1639, 1246:) or mass slaughter. His horse's colour is red (πυρρός, 927:

The first Horseman of the Apocalypse as depicted in the

5051:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

3490:"Outlook Article – The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" 1491:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

1050:. The Holy Spirit was understood to have come upon the 989:(latinized as Zēlus), literally "Zeal" or "Jealousy"), 3958:

The Book of Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary

3363:

be spared – another important theme in the Apocalypse.

2883:, the white horse and rider with a crown representing 5345:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

3531:

Annotations on the Revelation, New York, 1898, p. 85.

2693:, the usual and more influential commentaries of the 5271:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

4612:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 4109:. Steubenville, Ohio: Emmaus Road Pub. p. 139. 7200: 7149: 7121: 7085: 6969: 6860: 6774: 6642: 6479: 6448: 6381: 6239: 5910: 5785: 5696: 5653: 5646: 5612: 5416: 5407: 5322: 5176: 4281:

The Revelation of John: A Historical Interpretation

4605: 4455:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 419. 4421:. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 567. 4377:Friedrich, Gerhard; Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1968). 3583: 3059:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse in popular culture 3691:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 18. 3257:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. p. 140. 2769:Some modern scholars interpret Revelation from a 1295:(latinized as Ărēs), literally "Bane" or "War"), 1046:Besides Christ, the Horseman could represent the 6399:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 3315:. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2701:, a Greek exegete writing in the sixth century, 1378:, as the Horseman carries a pair of balances or 32:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (disambiguation) 4103:Hoeck, Andres; Manhardt, Laurie Watson (2010). 2815:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2747:, believed the Seals will be opened during the 1534: 1361: 1225: 938: 931:(1000–1020). The first "living creature" (with 605:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 6297:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 4809:A Dragon This Way Comes: Revelations Decrypted 3082:, several concepts adding to the four horsemen 2824:About the first seal and the white horse, LDS 1549:Revelation 6:7–8 (New American Standard Bible) 962:). He is thought to carry a bow (Greek τόξον, 916:For other uses of the term "White Rider", see 6620: 5302:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 5129: 4973: 4971: 4226:"See The Manuscript | Revelation |" 4073: 4071: 3196:. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. p. 224. 2944:in nature. The 'Four Horsemen' represent the 2603: 1748:For a time in the late 260s, the strength of 1606:, but simply to the place of the dead in the 966:) and wear a victor's crown (Greek στέφανος, 752: 8: 4446:"Gallienus, Publius Licinius Egnatius" 3066:, an analogous usage in the use of computers 2925:Some speculate that when the imagery of the 953:Revelation 6:1–2 New American Standard Bible 5350:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 4738: 4736: 4681:Walvoord, John. Every Prophecy of the Bible 4380:Theological Dictionary of the New Testament 4328:"Apocalypse | Flickr – Photo Sharing!" 4284:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press 3951: 3652:Toy, Crawford H.; Kohler, Kaufmann (1906). 3193:The Interpretation of St. John's Revelation 1167:. This particular interpretation is common 6627: 6613: 6605: 5650: 5453:Climate change and civilizational collapse 5413: 5136: 5122: 5114: 4876:Smith, Robert H.; Dürer, Albrecht (2000). 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3815:The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (ch V) 3422:"Apocalypse 6 – Haydock Commentary Online" 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 2610: 2596: 1800: 1713:, neo-Roman project of mosaic, 1939–1940). 1623:The colour of Death's horse is written as 872:, conflict, and strife. The third, a food 759: 745: 414: 94: 74: 7192:Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript 4273: 4271: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3341:An Introduction to Reading the Apocalypse 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3140:An Introduction to Reading the Apocalypse 2794:and won one significant battle in AD 62. 1001:As Christ, the Gospel, or the Holy Spirit 6456:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 6394:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 3492:. Reformedfellowship.net. Archived from 3373: 3371: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3170:Hieronymous Sophronius, Eusebius (405). 2752:Antichrist and the rest of the plagues. 5076: 4690: 4608:The Oxford Companion to World Mythology 4576: 4564: 4537: 4525: 4513: 4489: 4465: 4431: 4136: 4013: 3989: 3626: 3614: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3093: 1812: 1554:The fourth and final Horseman is named 1071:(and more precisely, according to him, 564: 417: 86: 4501: 4477: 4355:. Revelation4today.com. Archived from 4163: 4001: 2775:the first century of Christian history 1484:This interpretation also borrows from 4647:Les Quatre Chevaux du Messie (2d ed.) 3190:Lenski, Richard Chales Henry (2008). 2891:, while Green represents the rise of 2887:, Black has been used as a symbol of 7: 5473:Tipping points in the climate system 4896:from the original on 13 January 2023 2940:, the Book of Revelation is largely 1709:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (by 1408:), or enough of the less nutritious 5468:Extinction risk from climate change 5367:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 4728:Doctrinal New Testament Commentary, 4153:. London: George Keith. p. 71. 4040:Albrecht Durer: A Guide to Research 3854:. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. 3379:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apocalypse" 3080:The Fifth Horseman (disambiguation) 1199:The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 600:Members Church of God International 6428:List of fictional doomsday devices 5054:. Vol. I. Strahan and Cadell. 4037:Hutchinson, Jane Campbell (2013). 876:, rides a black horse symbolizing 841:'s right hand that is sealed with 25: 5448:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 4650:(in French). Paris, France: BoD. 4206:from the original on 2 March 2014 3102:"four horsemen of the apocalypse" 2668:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 6564: 6563: 6551: 5709:Decline in amphibian populations 5096: 5079: 4589:Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1844), 3688:The A to Z of Fantasy Literature 3064:Four Horsemen of the Infocalypse 3054:Events of Revelation (Chapter 6) 3032: 3018: 3004: 1683:), literally "Fate" or "Doom"), 726: 7254:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 7002:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 6060:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 5557:Land surface effects on climate 5530:Human impact on the environment 5161:Future of an expanding universe 5066:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 4985:from the original on 2023-01-13 4957:from the original on 2023-01-13 4858:from the original on 2023-01-13 4754:from the original on 2023-01-13 4664:from the original on 2023-01-13 4334:from the original on 2023-01-13 4309:from the original on 2023-01-13 4257:from the original on 2014-04-06 4232:from the original on 2013-10-30 4057:from the original on 2023-01-13 3917:from the original on 2023-01-13 3858:from the original on 2017-09-27 3822:from the original on 2023-01-13 3812:Ibáñez, Vicente Blasco (1916). 3794:from the original on 2023-01-13 3730:from the original on 2023-01-13 3664:from the original on 2023-01-13 3561:from the original on 2023-01-13 3470:from the original on 2023-01-13 3385:from the original on 2020-11-12 3319:from the original on 2023-01-13 3271:from the original on 2023-01-13 3112:from the original on 2023-01-13 2809:Latter-day Saint interpretation 1270:The second Horseman represents 1263:images and the coat of arms of 1127:Alexander, added to the empire 773:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 58:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 46:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 4772:O'Hear, Natasha F. H. (2011). 4278:Case, Shirley Jackson (1919). 3338:Flegg, Columba Graham (1999). 3137:Flegg, Columba Graham (1999). 2725:a Swedish theologian in 1766. 2627:The Horsemen of the Apocalypse 1616:(" Underworld", a clipping of 610:The New Church (Swedenborgian) 555:Nondenominational Christianity 1: 6006:Interpretations of Revelation 5808:Cosmological phase transition 5714:Decline in insect populations 5166:Ultimate fate of the universe 4744:"Chapter 54: Revelation 4–11" 4554:, London, England, p. 56 4202:. Cambridge Digital Library. 3381:. Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. 2705:a French Benedictine monk of 2677:Christological interpretation 2638: 2477:Divine Incantations Scripture 1439:plagues than olive trees and 1169:in popular culture references 1093:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld 935:) is seen in the upper right. 837:tells of a book or scroll in 6461:Future of Humanity Institute 5858:Potentially hazardous object 5758:Interplanetary contamination 4550:Muggleton, Lodowick (1665), 4106:Ezekiel, Hebrews, Revelation 3876:Jeffrey, David Lyle (1992). 3174:(in Latin). Apocalypsis 6,2. 1182:) or "pestilence" (e.g. the 615:Unitarians and Universalists 6341:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 5490:Global terrestrial stilling 4806:Humphries, Paul D. (2005). 4748:www.churchofjesuschrist.org 4708:www.churchofjesuschrist.org 4704:"Doctrine and Covenants 77" 1701:Crisis of the Third Century 1031:Knight, Death and the Devil 7300: 5853:Asteroid impact prediction 5828:Heat death of the universe 5238:Mutual assured destruction 4200:"Expositio in Apocalypsim" 4139:, p. 161,164–167,170. 3685:Stableford, Brian (2009). 3590:. New York: Avon. p. 3251:Mounce, Robert H. (2006). 2756:Historicist interpretation 2713:a Spanish Jesuit in 1612, 1698: 1443:, which root more deeply. 1356:Angers Apocalypse Tapestry 1083:As Roman Empire prosperity 1038:In the New Testament, the 915: 909: 29: 7228:American Standard Version 6545: 6471:Nuclear Threat Initiative 6404:List of apocalyptic films 6247:2011 end times prediction 5979:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 5974:Abomination of desolation 5848:Asteroid impact avoidance 5678:List of extinction events 5520:Environmental degradation 5307:Technological singularity 5151: 5145:Global catastrophic risks 4644:Gineste, Bernard (2019). 4412:"Alexander Severus" 4043:. Routledge. p. 58. 3049:The Book with Seven Seals 2967:Other Biblical references 2873:woodcut by Albrecht Dürer 1425:the four living creatures 1398:for only one person (one 1276:persecution of Christians 1180:New International Version 1115:, and the two Antonines ( 7279:Quartets in Christianity 7274:Prophets in Christianity 7259:Judgment in Christianity 6466:Future of Life Institute 6368:Resurrection of the dead 6361:Post-tribulation rapture 5743:Colony collapse disorder 2903:espoused such a belief. 2765:Preterist interpretation 2729:Prophetic interpretation 2372:Resurrection of the dead 2295:Medieval Jewish scholars 1184:Revised Standard Version 7072:Woman of the Apocalypse 5292:Artificial intelligence 4604:Leeming, David (2006). 4452:Encyclopædia Britannica 4418:Encyclopædia Britannica 4078:Hendriksen, W. (1939). 3658:The Jewish Encyclopedia 3313:"Revelation, Chapter 6" 1523:Death on the Pale Horse 1316:Death on the Pale Horse 997:of conquest and glory. 912:White horse (mythology) 7062:Three Angels' Messages 7042:Seven churches of Asia 6421:List of disaster films 6262:Apocalyptic literature 5362:Malthusian catastrophe 5288:Synthetic intelligence 5032:Elliott, Edward Bishop 4330:. Flickr. 2006-11-30. 4305:. Flickr. 2010-08-09. 3654:"Revelation (Book of)" 3617:, p. 129–131,134. 3551:"evangelical – Search" 3453:The Book of Revelation 3254:The Book of Revelation 2673: 2661: 2579:Universal resurrection 1714: 1610:, and which is called 1552: 1532: 1476:As imperial oppression 1372: 1359: 1323: 1236: 1223: 1171:to the Four Horsemen. 1096: 1035: 956: 936: 72: 61:, an 1887 painting by 49: 7269:Christian terminology 7233:World English Version 7007:Four Living Creatures 5803:Coronal mass ejection 5265:Electromagnetic pulse 5226:Kinetic energy weapon 4812:. Mustang, Oklahoma: 4253:. Perseus.tufts.edu. 4198:Alexander of Bremen. 3956:Morris, Leon (1988). 3450:Beale, G. K. (1999). 3426:haydockcommentary.com 2867:Other interpretations 2817:believe the prophet, 2790:who clashed with the 2667: 2625: 2545:Fate of the unlearned 1708: 1521:The fourth Horseman, 1520: 1369:Revelation 6:5–6 NASB 1353: 1314: 1233:Revelation 6:3–4 NASB 1221: 1194:Vicente Blasco Ibáñez 1155:As infectious disease 1101:Edward Bishop Elliott 1090: 1024: 926: 789:apocalypse literature 55: 40: 7284:New Testament people 6205:War of Gog and Magog 5882:Near-Earth supernova 5632:Human overpopulation 5436:Mass mortality event 5330:Anthropogenic hazard 4693:, pp. 121, 122. 4228:. Codex Sinaiticus. 3294:The King James Bible 3290:"Apocalypse of John" 3172:Biblia Sacra Vulgata 2715:Benito Arias Montano 2709:at the same period, 2368:War of Gog and Magog 2030:Events of Revelation 1695:Destroying an empire 1668:Interpretātiō Graecǎ 1580:, known in Latin as 1453:Interpretātiō Graecǎ 1284:Interpretātiō Graecǎ 1196:, in his 1916 novel 1014:, or an instance of 978:Interpretātiō Graecǎ 940:Then I saw when the 452:Independent Catholic 7032:Number of the Beast 6277:Blood moon prophecy 6070:Number of the Beast 5668:Holocene extinction 5614:Earth Overshoot Day 5562:Ocean acidification 5525:Habitat destruction 5515:Ecological collapse 5221:Kinetic bombardment 5156:Future of the Earth 5037:Horae Apocalypticae 4726:Bruce R. McConkie, 4149:Gill, John (1776). 3026:Christianity portal 2277:Rabbinic literature 2201:Coming of the Mahdi 2196:Swallowing in Bayda 1691:of impending doom. 1303:of war and battle. 1165:Jewish Encyclopedia 898:, setting a divine 860:, perhaps invoking 775:are figures in the 733:Christianity portal 590:Jehovah's Witnesses 270:History of theology 7264:Book of Revelation 7223:King James Version 6636:Book of Revelation 6592:Doomsday scenarios 6158:Beast of the Earth 6050:Book of Revelation 5838:Virtual black hole 5818:False vacuum decay 5768:Pollinator decline 5731:Biological warfare 5721:Biotechnology risk 5572:Resource depletion 4852:Endtime Ministries 4816:. pp. 13–85. 4434:, p. 191–192. 4166:, p. 142–143. 4016:, p. 150–152. 3992:, p. 147–148. 3629:, p. 131–133. 2901:Endtime Ministries 2723:Emanuel Swedenborg 2695:Book of Revelation 2674: 2670:Saint-Sever Beatus 2662: 2356:Atchalta De'Geulah 2328:Mashiach Ben Yosef 2324:Mashiach Ben David 2320:Elijah the Prophet 2130:Beast of the Earth 1871:Book of Revelation 1715: 1639:) in the original 1596:pagan god of death 1558:(Greek: Θᾰ́νᾰτος, 1533: 1360: 1324: 1307:As empire division 1224: 1097: 1091:Four horsemen, by 1073:Napoleon Bonaparte 1036: 937: 929:Bamberg Apocalypse 777:Book of Revelation 472:Church of the East 336:Early Christianity 73: 50: 7241: 7240: 6602: 6601: 6433:Zombie apocalypse 6334:Postmillennialism 6129:Great Tribulation 5902:Stellar collision 5863:Near-Earth object 5813:Geomagnetic storm 5781: 5780: 5704:Biodiversity loss 5688:Genetic pollution 5642: 5641: 5431:Biodiversity loss 5394:Societal collapse 5372:Nuclear holocaust 5357:Economic collapse 5340:Doomsday argument 5258:Antimatter weapon 4981:. Bible Gateway. 4953:. Bible Gateway. 4889:978-0-8146-2707-5 4785:978-0-19-959010-0 4116:978-1-931018-65-4 3203:978-0-8066-9000-1 2978:Book of Zechariah 2829:Bruce R. McConkie 2749:Great Tribulation 2620: 2619: 2417:Líf and Lífþrasir 2400:Figures and items 2254:Book of Zechariah 2014:Postmillennialism 1743:Plague of Cyprian 1724:Severus Alexander 1665:According to the 1507:Imperial treasury 1450:According to the 1388:Scales of Justice 1281:According to the 1063:As the Antichrist 975:According to the 944:broke one of the 884:, accompanied by 769: 768: 622: 621: 595:Latter Day Saints 580:Iglesia ni Cristo 545:United Protestant 530:Plymouth Brethren 465:Oriental Orthodox 16:(Redirected from 7291: 7218:Wycliffe Version 7141:Textual variants 7067:Whore of Babylon 6982:Abaddon/Apollyon 6629: 6622: 6615: 6606: 6567: 6566: 6558:World portal 6556: 6555: 6517:Financial crisis 6346:Nibiru cataclysm 6324:Premillennialism 6168:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 6136:Son of perdition 6124:Olivet Discourse 6100:Whore of Babylon 5726:Biological agent 5673:Human extinction 5663:Extinction event 5651: 5622:Overexploitation 5552:Land consumption 5547:Land degradation 5414: 5276:Micro black hole 5184:Chemical warfare 5138: 5131: 5124: 5115: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5072: 5055: 5041: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4925:. Archived from 4920: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4848:"The Apocalypse" 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4740: 4731: 4730:3 vols. , 3:477. 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4611: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4414: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4275: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176:Revelation 6:7–8 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4034: 4028: 4026:Revelation 6:5–6 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 4004:, p. 86–87. 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3953: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3911:"Crossed Swords" 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3848: 3842: 3840:Revelation 6:3–4 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3780: 3774: 3772:Revelation 6:7–8 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3669: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3589: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3488:Rev. Brian Vos. 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3447: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3418: 3412: 3410:Revelation 6:1–2 3407: 3401: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3248: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3187: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3134: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3098: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3007: 2931:Olivet Discourse 2897:Irvin Baxter Jr. 2745:premillennialist 2711:Luis del Alcázar 2643: 2642: 1497–1498 2640: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2346:Events and terms 2140:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 2001:Premillennialism 1887:Olivet Discourse 1801: 1733:to the death of 1711:Arnaldo dell'Ira 1627:in Latin and as 1584:and in Greek as 1550: 1394:) buying enough 1370: 1234: 1141:Marcomannic Wars 1016:dual fulfillment 954: 902:upon the world. 809:personifications 761: 754: 747: 730: 575:Christadelphians 505:Free Evangelical 458:Eastern Orthodox 415: 366:East–West Schism 98: 75: 63:Viktor Vasnetsov 27:Biblical figures 21: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7196: 7145: 7117: 7081: 6987:Alpha and Omega 6974: 6965: 6856: 6770: 6649: 6638: 6633: 6603: 6598: 6577:Future problems 6550: 6541: 6475: 6444: 6411:Climate fiction 6377: 6252:2012 phenomenon 6235: 6141:Sheep and Goats 6028:2 Thessalonians 5906: 5823:Gamma-ray burst 5777: 5692: 5683:Genetic erosion 5638: 5608: 5599:Water pollution 5567:Ozone depletion 5463:Desertification 5403: 5318: 5253:Doomsday device 5233:Nuclear warfare 5172: 5147: 5142: 5112: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5091:from Wiktionary 5085: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5071:sister projects 5070: 5068:at Knowledge's 5062: 5044: 5030: 5022: 5021: 5012: 5010: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4988: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4969: 4960: 4958: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923:chronologia.org 4918: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4890: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4859: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4814:Tate Publishing 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4742: 4741: 4734: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4665: 4658: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4060: 4058: 4051: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3955: 3954: 3929: 3920: 3918: 3913:. Seiyaku.com. 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3861: 3859: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3834: 3825: 3823: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3720:"The NIV Bible" 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3667: 3665: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3564: 3562: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3497: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3464: 3449: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3404: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3296: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3272: 3265: 3250: 3249: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3189: 3188: 3179: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3136: 3135: 3124: 3115: 3113: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3040:Religion portal 3038: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2987: 2974: 2969: 2938:Anatoly Fomenko 2869: 2853:Abraham 1:29–30 2811: 2767: 2758: 2731: 2707:Ferrières Abbey 2679: 2672:, 11th century. 2641: 2616: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2530:2012 phenomenon 2522: 2521: 2520:Inter-religious 2512: 2511: 2510: 2495: 2494: 2483: 2482: 2466: 2465: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2426: 2396: 2395: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2360:Kibbutz Galuyot 2340: 2304: 2263: 2249:Book of Ezekiel 2229: 2228: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2184: 2180:Yajuj and Majuj 2119: 2118: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2085: 2084: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2057: 2018: 2010: 1984: 1981: 1965: 1947:Different views 1941: 1938: 1922: 1896: 1892:Sheep and Goats 1880: 1856: 1855: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1827: 1826: 1799: 1797:Interpretations 1703: 1697: 1685:personification 1635:, latinized as 1604:Greek mythology 1551: 1548: 1526: 1515: 1478: 1466:personification 1380:weighing scales 1371: 1368: 1348: 1336:Marcus Aurelius 1309: 1235: 1232: 1216: 1157: 1149: 1121:Marcus Aurelius 1085: 1065: 1003: 955: 952: 921: 914: 908: 765: 702: 701: 672:Other religions 632: 624: 623: 412: 411: 391: 390: 311: 310: 290: 289: 223: 213: 212: 173: 172: 154: 153: 119: 118: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7297: 7295: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7246: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7134:John of Patmos 7125: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7086:Interpretation 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7052:Seven trumpets 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6975:Terms/ Phrases 6967: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6572:Apocalypticism 6561: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6430: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6416:Disaster films 6413: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6391: 6389:Alien invasion 6385: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6329:Amillennialism 6326: 6316: 6314:Millenarianism 6311: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6267:Apocalypticism 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6163:Dhu al-Qarnayn 6160: 6155: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6109:Great Apostasy 6106: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6009: 6008: 5998: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5966: 5956: 5954:Last Judgement 5951: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5916: 5914: 5912:Eschatological 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5855: 5850: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5627:Overpopulation 5624: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5604:Water scarcity 5601: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5579: 5577:Sea level rise 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5540:on marine life 5537: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5495:Global warming 5492: 5487: 5485:Global dimming 5482: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5443:Cascade effect 5440: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5418:Climate change 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5248:Doomsday Clock 5245: 5240: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5199:Cyberterrorism 5196: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5111: 5110: 5093: 5064: 5061: 5060:External links 5058: 5057: 5056: 5046:Gibbon, Edward 5042: 5027: 5026: 5020: 5019: 4995: 4967: 4942: 4907: 4888: 4868: 4835: 4822: 4798: 4784: 4764: 4732: 4719: 4695: 4683: 4674: 4656: 4636: 4622: 4596: 4581: 4579:, p. 203. 4569: 4567:, p. 202. 4557: 4542: 4540:, p. 201. 4530: 4528:, p. 194. 4518: 4516:, p. 197. 4506: 4504:, p. 246. 4494: 4492:, p. 193. 4482: 4480:, p. 189. 4470: 4468:, p. 192. 4458: 4436: 4424: 4402: 4389: 4369: 4344: 4319: 4294: 4267: 4242: 4217: 4190: 4179: 4168: 4156: 4141: 4129: 4115: 4095: 4088: 4067: 4050:978-1135581725 4049: 4029: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3973: 3966: 3927: 3902: 3888: 3868: 3843: 3832: 3804: 3775: 3764: 3740: 3711: 3698:978-0810868298 3697: 3677: 3644: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3600: 3571: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3480: 3462: 3437: 3413: 3402: 3367: 3350: 3329: 3304: 3281: 3263: 3216: 3202: 3177: 3162: 3149: 3122: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3029: 3015: 2999: 2996: 2986: 2983: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2868: 2865: 2834:Revelation 6:2 2810: 2807: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2730: 2727: 2691:Albrecht Dürer 2678: 2675: 2635:Albrecht Dürer 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2574:Millenarianism 2571: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2540:Apocalypticism 2537: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2434: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2352: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2316: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2273: 2271: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2259:Book of Daniel 2256: 2251: 2246: 2244:Book of Isaiah 2240: 2238: 2235:Biblical texts 2230: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2192: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2027: 2019: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2006:Amillennialism 2003: 1997: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1876:Book of Daniel 1873: 1867: 1865: 1862:Biblical texts 1857: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1798: 1795: 1731:Emperor Philip 1696: 1693: 1679:(latinized as 1618:īnfernus lŏcus 1608:Greek language 1546: 1514: 1511: 1477: 1474: 1382:(Greek ζυγόν, 1366: 1347: 1344: 1308: 1305: 1230: 1215: 1212: 1156: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1117:Antoninus Pius 1084: 1081: 1064: 1061: 1026:Albrecht Dürer 1002: 999: 950: 907: 904: 823:), and Death ( 793:John of Patmos 791:attributed to 767: 766: 764: 763: 756: 749: 741: 738: 737: 736: 735: 723: 722: 717: 712: 704: 703: 700: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 633: 631:Related topics 630: 629: 626: 625: 620: 619: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 569: 568: 566:Restorationist 562: 561: 560: 559: 558: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 475: 468: 461: 454: 449: 444: 443: 442: 437: 422: 421: 413: 410: 409: 404: 398: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 341:Church Fathers 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 312: 309: 308: 303: 297: 296: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 251: 250: 245: 240: 230: 224: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 171: 170: 167: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 120: 117: 116: 111: 105: 104: 103: 100: 99: 91: 90: 84: 83: 71:is at the top. 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7296: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7213:Latin Vulgate 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7027:New Jerusalem 7025: 7023: 7022:Millennialism 7020: 7018: 7017:Last Judgment 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652:New Testament 6648: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587:Risk analysis 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532:Social crisis 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449:Organizations 6447: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6373:World to come 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6319:Millennialism 6317: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6307:Messianic Age 6305: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6292:Gog and Magog 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282:Earth Changes 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6119:New Jerusalem 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:War in Heaven 6093: 6091: 6090:Two witnesses 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5959:Second Coming 5957: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:Deforestation 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5399:World War III 5397: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5314:Transhumanism 5312: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177:Technological 5175: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5107: 5106: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5009: 5008:Bible Gateway 5005: 4999: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4932:on 2023-01-13 4928: 4924: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4869: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844:Baxter, Irvin 4839: 4836: 4825: 4823:1-59886-061-5 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4802: 4799: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4765: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4663: 4659: 4657:9782322158799 4653: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4637: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4392: 4390:9780802822482 4386: 4382: 4381: 4373: 4370: 4359:on 2013-11-02 4358: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4089:0-8010-4026-4 4085: 4081: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3967:0-8028-0273-7 3963: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3872: 3869: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3754: 3753:Bible Gateway 3750: 3744: 3741: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3581: 3580:Graham, Billy 3575: 3572: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3496:on 2014-01-21 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3469: 3465: 3463:0-8028-2174-X 3459: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3353: 3351:9780881411317 3347: 3343: 3342: 3333: 3330: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3270: 3266: 3264:9780802825377 3260: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3152: 3150:9780881411317 3146: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936:According to 2934: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2838:Moses 7:13–18 2835: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2799:Roman emperor 2795: 2793: 2789: 2786:, a Parthian 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:John Walvoord 2738: 2736: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2555:Last Judgment 2553: 2551: 2550:Gog and Magog 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2407:Bound monster 2405: 2404: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2337: 2333: 2332:Gog and Magog 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2268:Other sources 2265: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2206:Return of Isa 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2065: 2064:Second Coming 2062: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1991:Millennialism 1987: 1986: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1929:Four Horsemen 1927: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1918:Two witnesses 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1904:Major figures 1901: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1774:Latin Vulgate 1771: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1527:Engraving by 1524: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1486:Edward Gibbon 1482: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1365: 1357: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1321: 1320:Benjamin West 1317: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1229: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1000: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979: 973: 971: 970: 965: 961: 949: 947: 943: 934: 930: 925: 919: 913: 905: 903: 901: 897: 896:Last Judgment 893: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 851:Lion of Judah 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 811:of Conquest ( 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:Old Testament 794: 790: 787:, a piece of 786: 782: 781:New Testament 778: 774: 762: 757: 755: 750: 748: 743: 742: 740: 739: 734: 729: 725: 724: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 706: 705: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 628: 627: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 571: 570: 567: 563: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 481: 480: 476: 474: 473: 469: 467: 466: 462: 460: 459: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 431: 430: 426: 425: 424: 423: 420: 416: 408: 405: 403: 402:Denominations 400: 399: 395: 394: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 294: 293: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 222: 217: 216: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 183:New Testament 181: 179: 178:Old Testament 176: 175: 168: 166: 163: 162: 158: 157: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 115: 112: 110: 107: 106: 102: 101: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 76: 70: 64: 60: 59: 54: 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 7113:by John Foxe 7012:Lake of Fire 7001: 6997:Book of Life 6832:Philadelphia 6661:Revelation 1 6549: 6492:Cyberwarfare 6210:Third Temple 6065:Lake of fire 6059: 5875:Rogue planet 5843:Impact event 5833:Proton decay 5786:Astronomical 5736:Bioterrorism 5582:Supervolcano 5480:Flood basalt 5426:Anoxic event 5335:Collapsology 5323:Sociological 5194:Cyberwarfare 5108:from Commons 5103: 5086: 5065: 5049: 5035: 5025:Bibliography 5011:. 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Retrieved 3105: 3096: 3012:Bible portal 2992: 2988: 2975: 2942:astrological 2935: 2924: 2905: 2877: 2870: 2861:Jesus Christ 2842: 2823: 2819:Joseph Smith 2812: 2796: 2792:Roman Empire 2768: 2759: 2739: 2732: 2717:, a Spanish 2680: 2626: 2501:Frashokereti 2475: 2438:Fimbulwinter 2429: 2427: 2399: 2364:Third Temple 2345: 2343: 2309: 2307: 2267: 2234: 2211:Resurrection 2187: 2185: 2135:Dhul-Qarnayn 2122: 2024:Other events 2023: 1989: 1946: 1928: 1903: 1861: 1787: 1766: 1762: 1747: 1739: 1728: 1716: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1657: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1622: 1611: 1589: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1535: 1529:Gustave Doré 1522: 1500: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1422: 1418:Matthew 20:2 1404:, about 1.1 1400: 1383: 1373: 1362: 1358:(1372–1382). 1340: 1333: 1325: 1315: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1269: 1258:), suggests 1255: 1247: 1237: 1226: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1178:" (e.g. the 1173: 1158: 1150: 1125: 1098: 1077:Billy Graham 1066: 1045: 1040:Book of Mark 1037: 1029: 1004: 986: 976: 974: 968: 963: 959: 957: 939: 892:Christianity 890: 855: 835:Revelation 6 833: 772: 770: 637:Civilization 477: 470: 463: 456: 447:Old Catholic 427: 285:Universalism 208:New Covenant 144:Resurrection 88:Christianity 56: 45: 7150:Manuscripts 7098:Historicist 7047:Seven seals 7037:Seven bowls 6568:Categories 6537:Survivalism 6224:Zoroastrian 6080:Seven seals 6075:Seven bowls 6001:Historicism 5897:Solar flare 5773:Overfishing 5748:Defaunation 5535:coral reefs 5297:AI takeover 5216:Nanoweapons 5204:Cybergeddon 5189:Cyberattack 5088:Definitions 4900:18 December 4791:18 December 4629:18 December 4502:Gibbon 1776 4478:Gibbon 1776 4210:27 February 4164:Gibbon 1776 4122:18 December 4002:Gibbon 1776 3895:18 December 3704:18 December 3209:18 December 3075:Four Perils 2885:Catholicism 2879:represents 2857:2:1, 17, 21 2836:; see also 2813:Members of 2784:Vologases I 2735:Tribulation 2719:Orientalist 2703:Berengaudus 2683:Reformation 2681:Before the 2492:Zoroastrian 2412:Gjallarhorn 2322:, Messiah ( 2053:Seven Seals 1972:Historicism 1814:Eschatology 1791:Black Death 1645:chlorophyll 1641:Koine Greek 1472:of famine. 1346:Black Horse 1265:Joan of Arc 1137:Mesopotamia 1048:Holy Spirit 960:White Rider 946:seven seals 918:White rider 906:White Horse 847:Lamb of God 843:seven seals 819:), Famine ( 525:Pentecostal 407:(full list) 381:Reformation 346:Constantine 265:Christology 255:Apologetics 248:Holy Spirit 169:Foundations 139:Crucifixion 42:Marcin Kitz 7248:Categories 7208:Greek Text 7157:Papyrus 18 7129:Authorship 7057:Son of Man 6782:Armageddon 6497:Depression 6487:Ransomware 6302:Messianism 6272:Armageddon 6257:Apocalypse 6045:Antichrist 6033:Man of sin 5930:Three Ages 5793:Big Crunch 5655:Extinction 5647:Biological 5409:Ecological 5281:Strangelet 5013:2022-10-06 4989:2014-04-03 4961:2014-04-03 4936:2019-11-30 4862:2006-12-05 4829:2009-01-13 4758:2019-07-16 4713:2023-11-05 4668:2019-10-02 4623:0195156692 4396:2015-04-10 4363:2014-04-03 4338:2014-04-03 4313:2014-04-03 4288:2015-04-10 4261:2014-04-03 4236:2014-04-03 4061:2015-04-10 3921:2015-12-19 3889:0802836348 3879:0802836348 3862:2014-04-03 3826:2012-08-19 3798:2022-08-10 3758:2023-05-17 3734:2022-03-17 3668:2021-08-22 3565:2022-03-17 3500:2014-04-03 3474:2009-08-14 3431:2023-11-05 3389:2021-10-27 3357:2021-10-27 3323:2020-03-21 3299:2023-11-05 3275:2015-04-10 3156:2015-04-10 3116:2022-07-19 3106:Britannica 3088:References 2889:Capitalism 2699:Oecumenius 2560:Messianism 2048:Armageddon 2034:Apocalypse 1934:Antichrist 1838:Three Ages 1783:Diocletian 1699:See also: 1513:Pale Horse 1441:grapevines 1161:Pestilence 1069:Antichrist 1007:Antichrist 910:See also: 866:Antichrist 862:pestilence 585:Irvingians 550:Waldensian 490:Anabaptist 479:Protestant 18:4 Horsemen 7108:Preterist 6812:Jerusalem 6807:Euphrates 6382:Fictional 6229:Saoshyant 6114:New Earth 6085:The Beast 6018:Preterism 5991:Christian 5947:Kali Yuga 5892:Micronova 5887:Hypernova 5753:Dysgenics 5594:Verneshot 5500:Hypercane 5243:Dead Hand 3724:NIV Bible 3336:Compare: 2972:Zechariah 2927:Six Seals 2895:. Pastor 2881:Communism 2771:preterist 2660:unto man. 2535:Afterlife 2506:Saoshyant 2376:Olam Haba 2096:Kali Yuga 1956:Preterism 1853:Christian 1779:Illyricum 1735:Gallienus 1600:his abode 1564:, Latin: 1496:Caracalla 1272:civil war 1214:Red Horse 1056:Pentecost 1012:preterist 969:stéphanos 864:, or the 805:Zechariah 799:books of 692:Symbolism 652:Ecumenism 642:Criticism 520:Moravian 515:Methodist 485:Adventist 356:Augustine 306:Tradition 280:Salvation 149:Ascension 7103:Idealist 7093:Futurist 7077:Wormwood 6946:Naphtali 6936:Manasseh 6898:Issachar 6883:Benjamin 6852:Thyatira 6827:Pergamum 6817:Laodicea 6647:chapters 6522:Pandemic 6507:Epidemic 6502:Droughts 6356:Prewrath 6287:End time 6153:Al-Qa'im 6038:Katechon 6023:2 Esdras 6013:Idealism 5996:Futurism 5925:Maitreya 5920:Buddhist 5763:Pandemic 5211:Gray goo 5048:(1776). 5034:(1862), 4983:Archived 4955:Archived 4894:Archived 4856:Archived 4752:Archived 4662:Archived 4332:Archived 4307:Archived 4255:Archived 4230:Archived 4204:Archived 4055:Archived 3915:Archived 3856:Archived 3820:Archived 3792:Archived 3728:Archived 3662:Archived 3582:(1985). 3559:Archived 3468:Archived 3383:Archived 3317:Archived 3269:Archived 3110:Archived 2998:See also 2802:Domitian 2779:Parthian 2685:and the 2658:Conquest 2443:Ragnarök 2432: — 2402: — 2348: — 2312: — 2300:Kabbalah 2190: — 2170:Al-Qa'im 2165:Muhammad 2125: — 1977:Futurism 1961:Idealism 1833:Maitreya 1824:Buddhist 1806:a series 1804:Part of 1757:Persians 1754:Sassanid 1750:Aurelian 1675:(Μόρος, 1671:, he is 1649:chlorine 1625:pàllidus 1613:Īnfernus 1586:Thánatos 1572:Thanatus 1561:Thánatos 1547:— 1460:(Λῑμός, 1456:, he is 1431:and the 1392:denarius 1367:— 1329:Commodus 1287:, he is 1256:mákhaira 1231:— 1202:(filmed 1188:thánatos 1052:Apostles 985:(Ζῆλος, 981:, he is 951:— 900:end-time 874:merchant 858:conquest 825:Thánatos 815:), War ( 710:Glossary 657:Glossary 540:Reformed 510:Lutheran 495:Anglican 429:Catholic 371:Crusades 361:Ignatius 351:Councils 316:Apostles 221:Theology 134:Ministry 124:Nativity 80:a series 78:Part of 7201:Sources 7122:Related 6961:Zebulun 6941:Michael 6911:Jezebel 6861:Persons 6802:Ephesus 6792:Babylon 6582:Hazards 6480:General 6351:Rapture 6200:Messiah 6188:Sufyani 6178:Israfil 6148:Islamic 5986:Messiah 5964:1 Enoch 5798:Big Rip 5510:Ecocide 5505:Ice age 4187:Rev 6:8 3642:German) 3396:chloros 2985:Ezekiel 2957:Jupiter 2949:Mercury 2946:planets 2916:Raphael 2912:Gabriel 2908:Michael 2826:Apostle 2687:woodcut 2631:woodcut 2629:, in a 2564:Messiah 2471:Li Hong 2448:Vígríðr 2428:— 2422:Naglfar 2398:— 2344:— 2336:Armilus 2310:Figures 2308:— 2289:Midrash 2281:Mishnah 2270: — 2266:— 2237: — 2233:— 2186:— 2175:Sufyani 2150:Israfil 2123:Figures 2121:— 2116:Islamic 2043:Rapture 2026: — 2022:— 1994: — 1988:— 1949: — 1945:— 1906: — 1902:— 1864: — 1860:— 1647:" and " 1637:chlōrus 1633:khlōrós 1531:(1865). 1503:Maximin 1414:Gospels 1401:choenix 1322:, 1817. 1291:(Ἄρης, 1248:purrhós 1204:in 1921 1133:Armenia 1113:Hadrian 1095:, 1860. 1034:, 1513. 817:Martius 801:Ezekiel 783:of the 779:in the 720:Outline 697:Worship 677:Outline 667:Liturgy 647:Culture 500:Baptist 440:Eastern 376:Aquinas 301:History 275:Mission 260:Baptism 233:Trinity 129:Baptism 6971:Events 6956:Simeon 6951:Reuben 6921:Joseph 6906:Christ 6878:Balaam 6842:Smyrna 6837:Sardis 6822:Patmos 6775:Places 6512:Famine 6438:Zombie 6240:Others 6195:Jewish 6173:Dajjal 6055:Events 5969:Daniel 5870:winter 5697:Others 5587:winter 5387:winter 5382:famine 5377:cobalt 4886: 4820: 4782: 4654: 4620: 4387: 4113: 4086: 4047: 3964: 3886: 3695: 3639:Herder 3598: 3460: 3348: 3261: 3200: 3147: 2961:Saturn 2918:, and 2656:, and 2650:Famine 2463:Taoist 2430:Events 2285:Talmud 2226:Jewish 2188:Events 2160:Dajjal 1770:Jerome 1653:corpse 1629:χλωρός 1540:; and 1437:locust 1410:barley 1406:litres 1376:Famine 1297:spirit 1244:battle 1176:plague 1147:As war 1109:Trajan 991:daimon 878:famine 845:. 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