564:) to a virtual 512, 520 or 528-byte increment is transparent to the entity accessing the hard disk drive. Read and write commands are issued to Advanced Format drives in the same format as legacy drives. However, during the read process, the Advanced Format hard drive loads the entire 4096-byte sector containing the requested 512-byte data into memory located on the drive. The emulation firmware extracts and re-formats the specific data into a 512-byte chunk before sending the data to the host. The entire process typically occurs with little or no degradation in performance.
221:
governing long data sectors, including methods by which compatibility with legacy computing components would be supported. In August 2005, Seagate shipped test drives with 1K physical sectors to industry partners for testing. In 2010, industry standards for the first official generation of long data sectors using a configuration of 4096 bytes per sector, or 4K, were completed. All hard drive manufacturers committed to shipping new hard drive platforms for desktop and notebook products with the
Advanced Format sector formatting by January 2011.
413:
603:
38:
572:(RMW), can require additional revolution of the magnetic disks, resulting in a perceptible performance impact to the system user. Performance analysis conducted by IDEMA and the hard drive vendors indicates that approximately five to ten percent of all write operations in a typical business PC user environment may be misaligned and a RMW performance penalty incurred.
545:. In order to maintain compatibility with legacy computing components, many hard disk drive suppliers support Advanced Format technologies on the recording media coupled with 512-byte conversion firmware. Hard drives configured with 4096-byte physical sectors with 512-byte firmware are referred to as Advanced Format 512e, or 512 emulation drives. On 512e drives, one
377:(ECC) area at the end of the sector. Between the sector header and ECC areas, eight 512-byte sectors are combined, eliminating the need for redundant header areas between each individual chunk of 512-byte data. The Long Data Sector Committee selected the 4K block length for the first generation AF standard for several reasons, including its correspondence to the
553:
396:
Format efficiency gains resulting from the 4K sector structure range from 7 to 11 percent in physical platter space. The 4K format provides enough space to expand the ECC field from 50 to 100 bytes to accommodate new ECC algorithms. The enhanced ECC coverage improves the ability to detect and correct
618:
mode, there is no emulation layer in place, and the disk media directly exposes its 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical sector size to the system firmware and operating system. That way, the externally visible logical sectors organization of the 4K native drives is directly mapped to their
567:
The translation process is more complicated when writing data that is not a multiple of 4K or not aligned to a 4K boundary. In these instances, the hard drive must read the entire 4096-byte sector containing the targeted data into internal memory, integrate the new data into the previously existing
220:
The storage industry trade organization, International Disk Drive
Equipment and Materials Association (IDEMA), responded by organizing the IDEMA Long Data Sector Committee in 2000, where IDEMA and leading hardware and software suppliers collaborated on the definition and development of standards
224:
Advanced Format was coined to cover what was expected to become several generations of long-data-sector technologies, and its logo was created to distinguish long-data-sector–based hard disk drives from those using legacy 512-byte sector. Enterprise disks can be formatted with additional 8-byte
372:
Generation-one
Advanced Format, 4K sector technology, uses the storage surface media more efficiently by combining data that would have been stored in eight 512-byte sectors into one single sector that is 4096 bytes (4 KB) in length. Key design elements of the traditional 512-byte sector
1496:
504:
Among the
Advanced Format initiatives undertaken by the Long Data Sector Committee, methods to maintain backward compatibility with legacy computing solutions were also addressed. For this purpose, several categories of Advanced Format devices were created.
420:
Having a huge number of legacy 512-byte-sector–based hard disk drives shipped up to the middle of 2010, many systems, programs and applications accessing the hard disk drive are designed around the 512-byte-per-sector convention. Early engagement with the
216:
and the traditional 512-byte-per-sector format used in hard disk drives. Without revolutionary breakthroughs in magnetic recording system technologies, areal densities, and with them the storage capacities, hard disk drives were projected to stagnate.
575:
When using
Advanced Format drives with legacy operating systems, it is important to realign the disk drive using software provided by the hard disk manufacturer. Disk realignment is necessary to avoid a performance degrading condition known as
585:
partitioning the disk. This can help reduce the number of unaligned writes generated by the computing ecosystem. Further activities to make applications ready for the transition to
Advanced Format technologies were spearheaded by the
798:
1485:
580:
where a shifted partition causes filesystem clusters to span partial physical disk sectors. Since cluster-to-sector alignment is determined when creating hard drive partitions, the realignment software is used
1196:
662:
The color version of the logo indicating a 4K native drive is somewhat different from the 512e logo, featuring four rounded corners, a blue background, and text "4Kn" at the center of the logo.
212:
The use of long data sectors was suggested in 1998 in a technical paper issued by the
National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) calling attention to the conflict between continuing increases in
1358:
1719:
1725:
1735:
1000:
802:
964:
918:
941:
513:
Many host computer hardware and software components assume the hard drive is configured around 512-byte sector boundaries. This includes a broad range of items including
777:
1200:
480:
10 and 11 support 4Kn and 512e hard disk drives for non-root ZFS file systems, while version 11.1 provides installation and boot support for 512e devices. Prior to
1745:
1609:
1259:
1396:
1033:
1588:"The brave new world of 4Kn hard disks: A test with Windows (XP x64), Truecrypt, HDTune and others (Update: Now with Linux, XP 32-Bit) – The GAT at XIN.at"
1639:
1532:
397:
processed data errors beyond the 50-byte defect length associated with the 512-byte sector legacy format. The
Advanced Format standard employs the same
1345:
1059:
1353:
622:
Readiness of the support for 4 KB logical sectors within operating systems differs among their types, vendors and versions. For example,
619:
internal physical sectors organization. Since April 2014, enterprise-class 4K native hard disk drives have been available on the market.
1421:
1230:
1084:
993:
1765:
390:
970:
133:
836:
873:
1453:
1109:
213:
933:
773:
201:
1601:
1252:
1172:
1565:
852:
Most disk drives use 512-byte sectors. Enterprise drives (Parallel SCSI/SAS/FC) support 520/528 byte 'fat' sectors.
1383:
477:
1746:
Dell: Support: System Image
Support for Advanced Format Hard Drives on Dell Business Client Notebooks and Desktops
409:
configuration as the traditional 512-byte sector layout, but combines eight 512-byte sectors into one data field.
1760:
1029:
890:
373:
architecture are maintained, specifically, the identification and synchronization marks at the beginning and the
1689:
749:
695:
425:
provided the opportunity for component and software suppliers to prepare for the transition to
Advanced Format.
546:
1713:
1139:
1631:
1521:
1292:
1323:
382:
374:
1055:
441:
560:
The translation of the native 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical format (with 0, 8, 64, or 128-byte
1729:
412:
561:
542:
226:
153:
1431:
1222:
1080:
671:
631:
473:
437:
1492:
1391:
1226:
1168:
832:
465:
161:
145:
568:
data and then rewrite the entire 4096-byte sector onto the disk media. This operation, known as
721:
912:
869:
623:
569:
526:
1661:
825:
518:
386:
188:(HDDs) that exceeds 528 bytes per sector, frequently 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte (4
1528:
1463:
1458:
1105:
602:
522:
185:
165:
137:
129:
416:
Hard disk drive format efficiency with Advanced Format 4K technology and distributed ECC
461:
96:
A host system which works equally well with legacy 512 as well as 512e hard disk drives
1253:"4K Sector Disk Drives: Transitioning to the Future with Advanced Format Technologies"
1754:
655:
481:
429:
157:
37:
650:
485:
538:
181:
88:
4K physical sectors on the drive media and 4K configuration reported to the host
643:
530:
489:
1197:"How to install a WD Advanced Format Drive on a non-Windows Operating System"
994:"Advanced Format in Legacy Infrastructures: More Transparent than Disruptive"
1740:
1561:
895:
639:
627:
469:
433:
378:
149:
1161:
1557:
77:
4K physical sectors on the drive media with 512 byte logical configuration
1314:"About the Advanced Format Technology Committee (formerly LDS Committee)"
514:
189:
58:
1741:
The Tech Report: Western Digital brings Advanced Format to Caviar Green
1662:"Linux_2_6_37-DriversArch - Linux Kernel Newbies, Section 2.3. STORAGE"
1288:
1135:
453:
125:
121:
1736:
Hitachi Global Storage Technologies: Advanced Format Technology Brief
1685:
745:
691:
534:
141:
891:"Western Digital's Advanced Format: The 4K Sector Transition Begins"
17:
1284:
1131:
552:
389:
as well as its correlation to the size of standard transactions in
204:
algorithms to maintain data integrity at higher storage densities.
1318:
601:
551:
457:
411:
1587:
1313:
1426:
635:
496:
to format local hard disks, but do not align to 4KB boundaries.
493:
117:
1558:"Microsoft support policy for 4K sector hard drives in Windows"
638:. 4K native drives may work on older operating systems such as
27:
Disk format and access using sector sizes larger than 512 bytes
1223:"Oracle Solaris 11.1 Administration: Devices and File Systems"
692:"Advanced Format Definitions, Abbreviations, and Conventions"
718:"Home- INSIC | Information Storage Industry Consortium"
1030:"Advanced format (4K) disk compatibility update (Windows)"
969:. Windows Hardware Engineering Conference. Archived from
1720:
Coughlin Associates: Aligning with the Future of Storage
1346:"4kB Data Sector Update - IDEMA 4kB Technical Committee"
659:
version 2.17 (released in 2009 and 2010, respectively).
492:
use 4096 bytes as default allocation unit size when use
1384:"SmartAlign Technology for Advanced Format Hard Drives"
774:"Transition to Advanced Format 4K Sector Hard Drives"
717:
1522:"WD Re Datacenter Distribution Specification Sheet"
868:(21st ed.). Que Publishing. pp. 472–473.
229:, resulting in a 520 or 528-byte physical sectors.
110:
100:
92:
81:
70:
65:
51:
1056:"The arrow of time – FreeBSD on 4K sector drives"
963:Hassner, Martin; Grochowski, Ed (May 31, 2005).
917:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
899:. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020
238:Comparison of 512- and 4096-byte sector formats
799:"Advanced Format – The Migration to 4K Sectors"
649:Linux supports 4K native drives since the
541:utilities as well as a small fraction of other
468:10.8.2 additionally supports encrypting those.
464:and onwards can use Advanced Format drives and
184:format used to store data on magnetic disks in
1162:"Linux Storage Topology and Advanced Features"
116:IDEMA Long Data Sector Committee, composed of
8:
1726:Western Digital: Advanced Format White Paper
594:) and by the hard disk drive manufacturers.
30:
1024:
1022:
1020:
768:
766:
934:"The Facts: 4K Advanced Format Hard Disks"
444:(with certain hotfixes installed) support
306:
236:
556:Potential areas using 512-byte-based code
1602:"Linux kernel 2.6.31, Section 11. Block"
1486:"Enterprise Capacity 3.5 HDD Data Sheet"
740:
738:
966:4K Byte-Sector HDD-Data Format Standard
683:
910:
29:
1402:from the original on 29 November 2010
824:Martin K. Petersen (30 August 2008).
626:supports 4K native drives since
308:512-byte emulated device sector size
200:) enable the integration of stronger
7:
932:Swinburne, Richard (April 1, 2010).
801:. Seagate Technology. Archived from
614:For hard disk drives working in the
588:Advanced Format Technology Committee
1364:from the original on 11 August 2016
842:from the original on 9 January 2015
134:Hitachi Global Storage Technologies
1632:"util-linux-ng 2.17 Release Notes"
1326:from the original on 30 March 2016
1199:. January 19, 2012. Archived from
476:also support 4Kn Advanced Format.
452:), as do contemporary versions of
25:
1714:IDEMA: Advanced Format Technology
1422:"Download the Hitachi Align Tool"
1160:Martin K. Petersen (2009-11-24).
1716:(archived on September 29, 2011)
1283:Goldwyn Rodrigues (2009-03-11).
889:Smith, Ryan (18 December 2009).
192:) sectors. Larger sectors of an
36:
1692:from the original on 2013-10-19
1686:"Advanced Format Logo Overview"
1642:from the original on 2016-03-04
1612:from the original on 2015-11-05
1568:from the original on 2011-08-19
1538:from the original on 2015-09-06
1531:. January 21, 2016. p. 2.
1502:from the original on 2014-08-12
1295:from the original on 2013-10-05
1265:from the original on 2014-10-06
1233:from the original on 2014-03-06
1178:from the original on 2013-10-05
1142:from the original on 2013-10-04
1112:from the original on 2014-07-12
1087:from the original on 2014-03-20
1062:from the original on 2014-03-16
1036:from the original on 2013-01-11
1006:from the original on 2013-11-05
944:from the original on 2012-03-06
780:from the original on 2014-12-20
752:from the original on 2012-05-10
746:"The Advent of Advanced Format"
724:from the original on 2014-03-12
698:from the original on 2012-03-16
1130:Jonathan Corbet (2010-03-09).
1:
1495:. April 23, 2014. p. 2.
128:Storage Device Corporation),
1766:Solid-state computer storage
1132:"4K-sector drives and Linux"
1081:"2.7. Allocating Disk Space"
1285:"Linux and 4K disk sectors"
1108:. Wonkity.com. 2013-06-24.
866:Upgrading and Repairing PCs
634:(both released in 2012) in
391:relational database systems
1782:
1454:"Advanced Format Software"
992:Curtis E. Stevens (2011).
592:Long Data Sector Committee
423:Long Data Sector Committee
1728:(September 2018) and its
1722:(archived on May 5, 2012)
445:
365:
362:
256:
248:
245:
242:
115:
105:
71:
66:Generation-one categories
56:
35:
1251:Michael E. Fitzpatrick.
642:, but cannot be used as
449:
254:Gap, sync, address mark
82:
1106:"Disk Setup On FreeBSD"
864:Mueller, Scott (2013).
549:is equal to 512 bytes.
448:format drives (but not
375:error correction coding
101:Year standard completed
52:Generation-one standard
1462:. 2011. Archived from
1430:. 2010. Archived from
826:"Linux Data Integrity"
611:
557:
442:Windows Server 2008 R2
417:
273:Error-correcting code
1608:. September 9, 2009.
1032:. November 28, 2012.
605:
562:Data Integrity Fields
555:
543:software applications
415:
227:Data Integrity Fields
194:Advanced Format Drive
509:512 emulation (512e)
154:Phoenix Technologies
31:Advanced Format (AF)
1638:. January 8, 2010.
1466:on 29 December 2011
672:Partition alignment
653:version 2.6.31 and
632:Windows Server 2012
474:Windows Server 2012
438:Windows Server 2008
309:
239:
32:
1493:Seagate Technology
1427:www.hitachigst.com
1357:. September 2008.
1227:Oracle Corporation
1169:Oracle Corporation
833:Oracle Corporation
612:
578:cluster straddling
558:
466:OS X Mountain Lion
418:
366:Physical sector 2
307:
237:
162:Seagate Technology
72:512 emulation
61:) bytes per sector
1666:kernelnewbies.org
1606:kernelnewbies.org
973:on March 28, 2012
896:www.anandtech.com
624:Microsoft Windows
570:read-modify-write
519:operating systems
387:operating systems
370:
369:
363:Physical sector 1
305:
304:
249:4096-byte sector
171:
170:
16:(Redirected from
1773:
1761:Hard disk drives
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
998:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
929:
923:
922:
916:
908:
906:
904:
886:
880:
879:
861:
855:
854:
849:
847:
841:
830:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
770:
761:
760:
758:
757:
742:
733:
732:
730:
729:
714:
708:
707:
705:
703:
688:
658:
606:Advanced Format
523:database engines
310:
246:512-byte sector
240:
202:error correction
186:hard disk drives
42:Advanced Format
40:
33:
21:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1751:
1750:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:Western Digital
1524:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1434:on 23 June 2011
1420:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1392:www.seagate.com
1386:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1203:on May 27, 2014
1195:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1083:. Freebsd.org.
1079:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1003:
996:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
931:
930:
926:
909:
902:
900:
888:
887:
883:
876:
863:
862:
858:
845:
843:
839:
828:
823:
822:
818:
808:
806:
797:
796:
792:
783:
781:
772:
771:
764:
755:
753:
744:
743:
736:
727:
725:
716:
715:
711:
701:
699:
690:
689:
685:
680:
668:
654:
600:
598:4K native (4Kn)
511:
502:
235:
210:
174:Advanced Format
166:Western Digital
138:LSI Corporation
130:Hewlett-Packard
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1723:
1717:
1709:
1708:External links
1706:
1703:
1702:
1677:
1653:
1623:
1593:
1579:
1549:
1513:
1477:
1445:
1413:
1375:
1337:
1305:
1275:
1243:
1214:
1188:
1152:
1122:
1097:
1072:
1058:. Ivoras.net.
1047:
1016:
984:
955:
924:
881:
875:978-0789750006
874:
856:
816:
805:on 19 May 2011
790:
762:
734:
709:
682:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
667:
664:
628:Windows 8
616:4K native
599:
596:
510:
507:
501:
498:
478:Oracle Solaris
462:Mac OS X Tiger
368:
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
303:
302:
299:
296:
292:
291:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
274:
270:
269:
266:
263:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
244:
234:
231:
209:
206:
169:
168:
113:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
83:4K native
79:
78:
75:
68:
67:
63:
62:
54:
53:
49:
48:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:older version
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1319:www.idema.org
1315:
1309:
1306:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1002:
999:. idema.org.
995:
988:
985:
972:
968:
967:
959:
956:
943:
939:
935:
928:
925:
920:
914:
898:
897:
892:
885:
882:
877:
871:
867:
860:
857:
853:
838:
835:. p. 7.
834:
827:
820:
817:
804:
800:
794:
791:
779:
775:
769:
767:
763:
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
723:
719:
713:
710:
697:
693:
687:
684:
677:
673:
670:
669:
665:
663:
660:
657:
656:util-linux-ng
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
617:
609:
604:
597:
595:
593:
589:
584:
579:
573:
571:
565:
563:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:, hard drive
524:
520:
516:
508:
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Windows Vista
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:Windows Vista
428:For example,
426:
424:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
361:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
300:
297:
294:
293:
289:
286:
283:
282:
278:
275:
272:
271:
267:
264:
261:
260:
253:
252:
241:
232:
230:
228:
222:
218:
215:
214:areal density
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
95:
93:4K-ready host
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
64:
60:
57:4096 (4
55:
50:
45:
39:
34:
19:
1732:(April 2010)
1694:. Retrieved
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1552:
1542:February 14,
1540:. Retrieved
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1457:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:the original
1425:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1390:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1354:www.snia.org
1352:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1317:
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1246:
1235:. Retrieved
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:the original
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1125:
1114:. Retrieved
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1008:. Retrieved
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
965:
958:
946:. Retrieved
938:bit-tech.net
937:
927:
901:. Retrieved
894:
884:
865:
859:
851:
844:. Retrieved
819:
807:. Retrieved
803:the original
793:
782:. Retrieved
754:. Retrieved
726:. Retrieved
712:
700:. Retrieved
686:
661:
651:Linux kernel
648:
621:
615:
613:
607:
591:
587:
582:
577:
574:
566:
559:
527:partitioning
512:
503:
486:Windows 2000
427:
422:
419:
407:address mark
406:
402:
398:
395:
371:
243:Description
223:
219:
211:
197:
193:
177:
173:
172:
43:
1646:October 10,
1616:October 10,
1572:October 24,
1470:14 December
1459:www.wdc.com
1438:14 December
1406:14 December
1368:14 December
1330:14 December
1258:. Toshiba.
903:14 December
846:14 December
776:. Seagate.
539:file system
379:paging size
295:Efficiency
290:4211 bytes
268:4096 bytes
182:disk sector
1755:Categories
1696:2014-01-10
1671:2024-03-23
1636:kernel.org
1506:August 10,
1299:2013-10-24
1269:2013-10-24
1237:2014-03-06
1182:2013-10-04
1146:2013-10-04
1116:2014-03-12
1091:2014-03-12
1066:2014-03-12
1040:January 3,
1010:2013-11-05
784:2014-12-15
756:2013-11-18
728:2014-03-12
678:References
644:boot drive
590:(formerly
500:Categories
490:Windows XP
383:processors
287:577 bytes
279:100 bytes
265:512 bytes
262:User data
111:Created by
106:March 2010
1688:. IDEMA.
1562:Microsoft
1207:April 12,
977:March 13,
948:March 13,
748:. IDEMA.
720:. INSIC.
702:March 13,
694:. IDEMA.
640:Windows 7
608:4K native
470:Windows 8
434:Windows 7
385:and some
276:50 bytes
257:15 bytes
180:) is any
150:Microsoft
136:, IDEMA,
1690:Archived
1640:Archived
1610:Archived
1566:Archived
1533:Archived
1497:Archived
1397:Archived
1395:. 2010.
1359:Archived
1324:Archived
1293:Archived
1260:Archived
1231:Archived
1173:Archived
1140:Archived
1110:Archived
1085:Archived
1060:Archived
1034:Archived
1001:Archived
942:Archived
913:cite web
837:Archived
809:June 27,
778:Archived
750:Archived
722:Archived
696:Archived
666:See also
515:chipsets
381:used by
233:Overview
1289:LWN.net
1136:LWN.net
533:tools,
531:imaging
454:FreeBSD
208:History
158:Samsung
146:Seagate
126:Toshiba
122:Fujitsu
872:
535:backup
440:, and
301:97.3%
298:88.7%
284:Total
142:Maxtor
74:(512e)
1536:(PDF)
1525:(PDF)
1500:(PDF)
1489:(PDF)
1400:(PDF)
1387:(PDF)
1362:(PDF)
1349:(PDF)
1263:(PDF)
1256:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
840:(PDF)
829:(PDF)
583:after
458:Linux
144:(now
124:(now
85:(4Kn)
1648:2015
1618:2015
1574:2013
1544:2016
1508:2014
1472:2020
1440:2020
1408:2020
1370:2020
1332:2020
1209:2013
1042:2013
979:2012
950:2012
919:link
905:2020
870:ISBN
848:2020
811:2011
704:2012
636:UEFI
630:and
610:logo
537:and
529:and
494:NTFS
488:and
472:and
456:and
446:512e
405:and
403:sync
118:Dell
46:logo
44:512e
18:512e
547:LBA
450:4Kn
399:gap
358:15
198:AFD
148:),
59:KiB
1757::
1664:.
1634:.
1604:.
1564:.
1560:.
1527:.
1491:.
1456:.
1424:.
1389:.
1351:.
1322:.
1316:.
1291:.
1287:.
1229:.
1225:.
1171:.
1167:.
1138:.
1134:.
1019:^
940:.
936:.
915:}}
911:{{
893:.
850:.
831:.
765:^
737:^
646:.
521:,
517:,
484:,
460:.
436:,
432:,
401:,
393:.
355:14
352:13
349:12
346:11
343:10
334:7
190:KB
178:AF
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
140:,
132:,
120:,
1699:.
1674:.
1650:.
1620:.
1590:.
1576:.
1546:.
1510:.
1474:.
1442:.
1410:.
1372:.
1334:.
1302:.
1272:.
1240:.
1211:.
1185:.
1149:.
1119:.
1094:.
1069:.
1044:.
1013:.
981:.
952:.
921:)
907:.
878:.
813:.
787:.
759:.
731:.
706:.
340:9
337:8
331:6
328:5
325:4
322:3
319:2
316:1
313:0
196:(
176:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
