951:, but the conference outcomes fostered speculation that he would resign or be pushed out sooner. When the corruption charges against Zuma were reinstated, Mbeki was accused of orchestrating a political conspiracy. In September 2008, High Court Judge Chris Nicholson, while dismissing the corruption charges against Zuma on a technicality, found that there was evidence of "political meddling" by Mbeki in Zuma's case. Nicholson's judgement was later overturned, but the Polokwane-elected NEC immediately called a special meeting and decided after 14 hours of debate that Mbeki should leave his office. Of course, the NEC, a party-political organ, had no legal authority to recall Mbeki directly, but the ANC controlled Parliament, which did have the authority to recall him. Mbeki decided to accede and resign in order to avoid a protracted and high-profile battle in Parliament. About a third of his cabinet also resigned, in protest of the NEC's decision. Mbeki was replaced by Motlanthe, who had been elected ANC Deputy President at Polokwane. Motlanthe led an interim or caretaker administration while Zuma campaigned for the 2009 elections.
107:
403:. The pro-Zuma faction of this period is sometimes known as the "coalition of the wounded," a phrase Vavi used when conjecturing that Zuma would be bolstered by internal opposition to Mbeki among those Mbeki had sidelined. Zuma also gained the support of five of the nine provincial branches when they nominated candidates at their provincial congresses. However, the nominations were not binding on the votes of conference delegates, so there remained a modest chance that the conference would favour Mbeki. Mbeki gained the support of the Women's League, reportedly on the condition that he endorsed
709:, have argued that although both candidates had some genuine supporters, votes at Polokwane were largely "negatively driven" – that is, most votes for Mbeki were votes against Zuma, while most votes for Zuma were a protest against Mbeki, and especially a protest in favour of institutional renewal over a third-term presidency. This interpretation is supported by the fact that one of the conference's resolutions was that "there is general agreement that the ANC President should serve no more than two terms of office."
26:
114:
914:
football is used to call for a substitution of new players, in this context denoting a call for regime change. Over the course of the conference, several party leaders cautioned delegates and attempted to call them to order, but the response to rowdy delegates of the top leadership, especially Lekota, remained a point of contention – Mbeki supporters said the response was too lenient, while Zuma supporters questioned its impartiality.
3017:
304:), Zuma retained the ANC deputy presidency, and, in this close proximity, the acrimony between the pair deepened and spread into other pockets of the party and state, eventually becoming what Susan Booysen has called "no-holds barred, a brutal and all-consuming disagreement between two major ANC groupings." Key points of contention between the two groups reportedly included
939:, a Zuma stronghold, lost two for a total of 628; and the Eastern Cape, an Mbeki stronghold, lost 29 for a total of 899. The Eastern Cape branch also moved that the Youth League (68 delegates) should be disqualified on the grounds that it had not held its annual congress, but the motion was defeated. 3,983 ballots were ultimately issued.
966:, both of whom had been influential in the anti-apartheid struggle but had failed to gain election to the NEC at Polokwane. In the 2009 general elections, COPE won 7.42% of the national vote and 30 parliamentary seats, becoming the second largest opposition party less than six months after its establishment.
926:
moved to insist on manual vote counts to prevent vote-rigging. The Mbeki camp opposed the motion, claiming that electronic voting was required to ensure that only legitimately credentialed delegates cast votes. The conference supported the manual counting motion in respect of the Top Six elections.
896:
Also early in the conference, ANC leadership confiscated partisan placards from delegates who were using them to announce their support for one or the other candidate. And, extremely unusual for the ANC, rallies for the candidates were held during the conference, with thousands of Mbeki supporters
410:
Most ANC leaders initially claimed that no campaigns were underway for the party presidency, and that the party was united. Media interest in the campaign was high, and, given the controversy around both Mbeki and Zuma's candidacies, there was substantial speculation about potential "compromise
913:
song that had become Zuma's trademark. Zuma himself closed the conference by leading the crowd in the song. Delegates also developed hand signals that they used during the political addresses – for example, when incumbents like Mbeki were speaking, their opponents used the hand signal which in
327:
ertain negative and completely unacceptable tendencies have emerged within our movement, which threaten the very survival of the ANC as the trusted servant of the people it has been for 96 years... eople who are obviously hostile to our movement sought to divide the leadership and weaken our
235:, which the ANC was extremely likely to win and which did indeed lead to Zuma's ascension to the presidency of South Africa. Mbeki was prohibited from serving a third term as national President but, if re-elected ANC President, could likely have leveraged that office to select his successor.
729:
The 52nd
Conference changed the ANC Constitution to increase the size of the NEC from 66 members to 86 members (including the Top Six), at least half of whom would now have to be women. The 80 additional members were elected from 158 nominees, and the results were announced at the end of the
888:
and resulted in enough disarray that the adoption of the conference programme had to be deferred to a later session. Later that day, Mbeki was jeered and heckled while presenting his political report. This was not only unprecedented at a national conference but also a break from general ANC
930:
On 18 December, the credentials committee announced that it had disqualified a number of provincial delegates, on the basis that they had been selected at inquorate provincial meetings. The changes affected the representation at the conference of three branches, including the two largest.
436:
As became the norm at later conferences, Mbeki and Zuma each ran alongside an informal slate of candidates for the other so-called "Top Six" positions: Deputy
President, Secretary General, Deputy Secretary General, National Chairperson, and Treasurer General. Sexwale was nominated for the
316:
and foreign policy on
Zimbabwe. Zuma became an apparent contender for the next ANC presidential elections, which would be held at the conference at the end of 2007. By April 2007, it was clear that Mbeki intended to run for a third term as ANC President – although he was prohibited by the
718:
254:
South
African politics. Zuma's challenge to Mbeki's incumbency resulted in the party's first contested presidential election since 1952, and it led to the first major split in the ANC since its unbanning in 1990. Although former ANC President
291:
in
December 1997. Their relationship publicly soured after Mbeki fired Zuma from the national deputy presidency in June 2005, once Zuma had been implicated in corruption by the criminal conviction of his close associate
321:
from standing again for the national presidency, the ANC has no such term limits internally. Some suspected that Mbeki intended to continue to exert substantial influence over the government through his ANC office.
445:, citing his commitment to "the empowerment of women." Mbete was then nominated for the position from the floor. When she subsequently withdrew her name from consideration for the deputy secretary general position,
700:
The pro-Zuma candidates won every position with a consistent margin, suggesting that factions had voted as blocs on the Top Six positions. Interpretations of the electoral results differ. Many have seen Zuma as a
419:
was understood to be campaigning for the presidency from around May 2007 – though he had not officially announced his candidacy, he said publicly that he was prepared to be
President if called upon by members.
2882:
386:
of COSATU were among Zuma's chief organisers and most vocal supporters (though both came to recant their support years later). Other politicians who are thought to have supported Zuma's campaign include
3053:
884:
The conference was marked by signs of disunity and ill discipline from the opening session, when a motion from the Youth League to count votes manually devolved into shouting at outgoing
Chairperson
2877:
724:
378:(COSATU). At the time, the SACP and COSATU had extremely poor relationships with Mbeki, objecting especially to his "neoliberal" economic policies and the centralised nature of his administration.
80:
75:
1105:
2872:
1003:
465:
3,983 ballots were issued for the leadership elections, and 3,974 were returned. The results of the vote, announced on the evening of 18 December, were as follows (victorious candidates in
2855:
2849:
2843:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
288:
60:
39:
795:
Though enlarged, the NEC as constituted at
Polokwane had dropped several former (and longstanding) members, many of whom were considered Mbeki allies. Director-General in the Presidency
224:
871:, all failed to gain re-election. The changes to the composition of the NEC, and also that of the National Working Committee, were viewed as a substantial defeat for the Mbeki camp.
955:
260:
1627:
1558:
1527:
263:
by a pro-Mbeki splinter group. In
September 2008, some months before the general election, the Polokwane-constituted NEC removed Mbeki from his position as national President, and
2797:
705:
success, and
Polokwane as marking a shift within the ANC towards populism and away from aloof Mbeki-era intellectualism and centralisation. Others, including Mbeki biographer
2477:
1934:
1185:"The road to the Mangaung (Bloemfontein) National Elective Conference of the African National Congress in December 2012: A political challenge to the Jacob Zuma presidency?"
259:
addressed delegates with a plea for unity, the conference is thought to have heralded an era of factionalism within the ANC, and it was followed by the establishment of the
2021:
954:
In response to Polokwane and to Mbeki's "recall," a group of pro-Mbeki ANC members broke away and in November 2008 announced the foundation of a new political party, the
1814:
437:
chairmanship and ran on Zuma's slate, but, during the conference, at an evening plenary on 17 December to finalise the nominations, he withdrew his name and endorsed
1259:
1476:
3063:
449:
was nominated from the floor in her stead. Both Mbete and Modise ran on the Zuma slate. The Mbeki slate also shifted – in early November 2007, Dlamini-Zuma and
2897:
457:, who instead were moved to the top of the Mbeki camp's list of recommended NEC candidates (while Motlanthe also featured on the Zuma slate for the Top Six).
1597:
897:
and Zuma supporters reportedly gathering outside the plenary tent in two separate gatherings several metres apart. The pro-Mbeki rally was reportedly led by
2138:
2887:
400:
2304:
1097:
2442:
2919:
2221:
2470:
995:
1990:
2999:
2892:
1662:
923:
375:
363:
1874:
2404:
2389:
2374:
2356:
2338:
1377:
1305:
1167:
3068:
1619:
1535:
2447:
948:
232:
3021:
2463:
2437:
313:
428:
were also rumoured to be potential candidates. Ultimately, however, only Mbeki and Zuma were formally nominated at the conference.
442:
2105:
1033:
1391:
2964:
1904:
1926:
2013:
1684:
106:
1806:
1566:
3043:
3004:
2934:
824:
371:
297:
1251:
318:
1844:
1468:
1060:"The Polokwane conference and South Africa's second political transition: Tentative conclusions on future perspectives"
2543:
2525:
1589:
246:, attended by 4,000 delegates, and often known simply as "Polokwane," the conference is frequently described as a
3058:
3048:
2486:
2130:
852:
734:
207:
776:
454:
2296:
1442:
2748:
2531:
2513:
2052:
25:
868:
686:
546:
404:
1956:
828:
301:
243:
1416:
889:
tradition. Several commentators described it as a humiliation for Mbeki. Following complaints from the
113:
2213:
2186:
1982:
935:, which had supported Zuma during the nominations phase, lost 96 voting delegates for a total of 258;
905:. Throughout the conference, including directly after Mbeki's political report, Zuma supporters sang "
2979:
2949:
2537:
1214:
840:
1654:
2989:
2807:
1866:
309:
730:
conference, around midnight on 20 December. The following ten candidates received the most votes:
2549:
1788:
1761:
1753:
1311:
2419:
2954:
2929:
2760:
2650:
2415:
2400:
2385:
2370:
2352:
2334:
2160:
1745:
1373:
1344:
1301:
1196:
1163:
910:
782:
581:
528:
450:
425:
396:
264:
1336:
1156:
Gevisser, Mark (2007). "Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, and the Future of the South African Dream".
267:– who had been elected ANC Deputy President at Polokwane – was appointed interim President.
1735:
1727:
1184:
1071:
963:
305:
231:, who had sought a third term in the ANC presidency. The conference was a precursor to the
2939:
2754:
2718:
2656:
2608:
2591:
2519:
860:
844:
421:
383:
1501:
1025:
2974:
2969:
2778:
2766:
2706:
2668:
2626:
2614:
2573:
2561:
959:
898:
885:
836:
832:
800:
770:
616:
598:
388:
379:
367:
355:
351:
256:
2243:
1896:
1315:
1293:
247:
3037:
2959:
2944:
2902:
2772:
2730:
2632:
2362:
1897:"ANC Constitution, as amended and adopted by the 52nd National Conference, Polokwane"
1765:
1740:
936:
902:
820:
812:
796:
788:
764:
758:
746:
706:
668:
633:
446:
416:
392:
343:
293:
1792:
1692:
1059:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2691:
2662:
2620:
2567:
2555:
2344:
906:
890:
856:
808:
752:
651:
563:
438:
359:
287:, and they had served as ANC Deputy President and President respectively since the
1157:
407:
as deputy president with an eye to installing her as national President in 2009.
2685:
2638:
2579:
2270:
2078:
958:(COPE). They were led by former Defence Minister (and two-term ANC Chairperson)
864:
816:
740:
511:
347:
334:
284:
228:
178:
131:
2742:
2697:
2644:
2585:
2432:
2365:(2007). "Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, and the future of the South African dream".
1731:
848:
804:
493:
280:
220:
190:
125:
1749:
1348:
1200:
947:
Mbeki's term as national President was due to expire in April 2009 after the
2908:
2455:
1836:
1076:
251:
212:
1779:
Bulumko, Nelana (2010). "The ANC Polokwane Conference and its Aftermath".
893:
branch, the NEC called an emergency meeting to discuss decorum matters.
702:
239:
1757:
1715:
932:
412:
216:
2331:
The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power
2106:"South Africa president ridiculed by delegates at ruling-party forum"
1298:
The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power
1098:"The ghosts of ANC conferences past have many lessons for Ramaphosa"
1983:"52nd National Conference: National Executive Committee as elected"
223:
and his supporters were elected to the party's top leadership and
2459:
996:"The Polokwane Decade Is Over: 'Comrades, Comrades: Sit Down!'"
370:, and from the ANC's partners in the Tripartite Alliance, the
312:
partners; and Mbeki was also facing public criticism for his
2410:
Southall, Roger (2009). "Understanding the 'Zuma Tsunami'".
2349:
A Rumour of Spring: South Africa after 20 Years of Democracy
308:, political prosecutions, and the ANC's relationship to its
1807:"The ANC's Polokwane Conference: Dangers and Opportunities"
227:(NEC), dealing a significant defeat to national President
342:
Zuma's campaign had strong support in his home province,
19:
52nd National Conference of the African National Congress
2187:"South African unions pledge to rally support for Zuma"
2014:"Post-Polokwane Challenges for the New ANC Leadership"
803:
did not receive enough votes for re-election; nor did
3054:
National Conferences of the African National Congress
2988:
2918:
2865:
2796:
2678:
2601:
2506:
2499:
1528:"'Tokyo for president' – in Buffalo City, at least"
823:. Notably, no fewer than eleven members of Mbeki's
89:
2382:Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC
219:, from 16 to 20 December 2007. At the conference,
1469:"Jacob Zuma: Out of office, but not down and out"
1417:"Tensions high on eve of ANC leadership congress"
827:were among those removed from the NEC: Ministers
169:
325:
1392:"Polokwane and Mangaung: Shades of difference"
283:had previously been a close ally of President
2471:
1620:"ANC succession race gets dirty in final leg"
8:
1927:"ANC releases consolidated nominations list"
1294:"Aluta continua, from Polokwane to Mangaung"
1252:"Mbeki booed by hostile Polokwane delegates"
713:Election of the National Executive Committee
18:
1685:"Results for the election of ANC officials"
2503:
2496:
2478:
2464:
2456:
2443:Information on the NEC nominations process
1443:"'Coalition of the wounded' turns on Zuma"
337:'s political report to the 52nd Conference
17:
1739:
1300:, Wits University Press, pp. 33–84,
1189:Southern Journal for Contemporary History
1075:
922:On the first day of the conference, the
725:National Executive Committee (2007–2012)
471:
2433:Zuma's closing speech at the conference
1837:"52nd National Conference: Resolutions"
975:
867:, as well as national Deputy President
3000:Congress of South African Trade Unions
2244:"Motlanthe: South Africa's safe hands"
2053:"Zuma, Mbeki camps rally in Polokwane"
1993:from the original on 30 September 2021
1590:"Mandela remains neutral on Ramaphosa"
376:Congress of South African Trade Unions
2399:. Penguin Random House South Africa.
2351:. Penguin Random House South Africa.
2307:from the original on 21 November 2018
2141:from the original on 10 December 2021
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
1877:from the original on 10 December 2021
1817:from the original on 23 December 2020
1665:from the original on 10 December 2021
1649:
1647:
1645:
1600:from the original on 10 December 2021
1496:
1494:
1390:Munusamy, Ranjeni (1 November 2012).
1262:from the original on 10 December 2021
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1006:from the original on 10 December 2021
7:
3064:December 2007 events in South Africa
2224:from the original on 18 January 2016
1957:"Shake-up in ANC national executive"
1907:from the original on 9 November 2021
1847:from the original on 9 November 2021
1630:from the original on 30 October 2007
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1053:
1051:
1036:from the original on 8 November 2021
994:Du Toit, Pieter (11 December 2017).
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
453:were added, replacing Motlanthe and
411:candidates." Businessman and former
2412:Review of African Political Economy
2295:Johns, Lynnette (26 October 2008).
2079:"Zuma wins ANC leadership election"
1720:Review of African Political Economy
1335:Gevisser, Mark (12 December 2007).
2703:Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923)
2438:Official website of the conference
2297:"Hundreds burn ANC cards in Paarl"
2269:Plaut, Martin (16 December 2008).
2131:"Malema & Co in show of hands"
1716:"Understanding the 'Zuma Tsunami'"
1588:Le Roux, Mariette (24 June 2006).
1557:Rossouw, Mandy (12 October 2007).
1479:from the original on 10 March 2021
14:
2104:Dixon, Robyn (17 December 2007).
2024:from the original on 13 June 2020
1937:from the original on 29 June 2011
3016:
3015:
2965:Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College
2212:Mbeki, Thabo (31 October 2008).
2012:Hofmeyr, Jan (3 February 2014).
1534:. 1 October 2007. Archived from
1215:"ANC elections: No race in 2002"
1108:from the original on 15 May 2021
1096:Ngalwa, Sibusiso (15 May 2021).
362:. He also drew support from the
206:52nd National Conference of the
112:
105:
24:
2883:Provincial Executive Committees
2367:Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred
1370:Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred
1368:Gevisser, Mark (2007). "Home".
1159:Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred
2347:(2013). "Jacob the survivor".
1183:Twala, Chitja (30 June 2012).
350:– Mbeki, like his predecessor
1:
3005:South African Communist Party
918:Disqualification of delegates
372:South African Communist Party
45:16–20 December 2007
2878:National Executive Committee
1867:"Winnie tops ANC's NEC list"
1655:"ANC delegates start voting"
225:National Executive Committee
3069:2000s political conferences
1559:"Deputy President Sexwale?"
1026:"National Conferences 2007"
962:and former Gauteng Premier
93:50% + 1 votes needed to win
3085:
2873:National Working Committee
2544:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
2526:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
722:
716:
298:his own corruption charges
3013:
2495:
2488:African National Congress
2451:portal for the conference
2395:Pottinger, Brian (2010).
1741:10.1080/03056240903210739
1732:10.1080/03056240903210739
1058:Duvenhage, Andre (2012).
853:Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi
663:
629:Deputy Secretary General
628:
593:
558:
523:
488:
432:Other leadership contests
296:. However, though facing
208:African National Congress
174:President before election
167:
97:
71:
33:
23:
2380:Gumede, William (2007).
2161:"Rebellion at Polokwane"
1714:Southall, Roger (2009).
777:Sankie Mthembi-Mahanyele
455:Sankie Mthembi-Mahanyele
289:50th National Conference
233:general election of 2009
2749:Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo
2532:Josiah Tshangana Gumede
2514:John Langalibalele Dube
2384:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2329:Booysen, Susan (2011).
2271:"How ANC came to split"
2165:The Mail & Guardian
2057:The Mail & Guardian
1961:The Mail & Guardian
1506:The Mail & Guardian
1447:The Mail & Guardian
1337:"South Africa Grows Up"
1292:Booysen, Susan (2011),
1219:The Mail & Guardian
1077:10.4102/koers.v73i4.177
2935:Congress of the People
2018:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
1316:10.18772/12011115423.5
956:Congress of the People
869:Phumzile Mlambo-Ncguka
687:Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka
547:Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
405:Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
330:
261:Congress of the People
2414:. 36 (121): 317–333.
829:Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri
799:and ANC spokesperson
559:National Chairperson
441:, the Speaker of the
300:(and from December a
244:University of Limpopo
91:3,983 party delegates
3044:2007 in South Africa
2991:Allied organisations
2980:Shell House massacre
2950:Little Rivonia Trial
2898:ANC Veterans' League
2799:National Conferences
2538:Pixley ka Isaka Seme
2137:. 20 December 2011.
1873:. 21 December 2007.
1813:. 10 December 2007.
1661:. 18 December 2007.
1502:"Mbeki's dream team"
1258:. 17 December 2007.
841:Membathisi Mdladlana
2866:Structure and wings
2449:Mail & Guardian
2250:. 25 September 2008
2214:"Letter to the ANC"
1933:. 7 December 2007.
1624:Mail & Guardian
1563:Mail & Guardian
1532:Mail & Guardian
461:Leadership election
310:Tripartite Alliance
138:Delegate vote
20:
2888:ANC Women's League
2550:Alfred Bitini Xuma
2193:. 29 December 2007
2167:. 17 December 2007
2085:. 19 December 2007
2059:. 17 December 2007
1963:. 20 December 2007
1626:. 7 October 2007.
1569:on 30 October 2007
1475:. 8 October 2019.
1449:. 3 September 2010
1423:. 15 December 2007
1341:The New York Times
664:Treasurer General
594:Secretary General
401:ANC Women's League
358:-speaker from the
276:Mbeki-Zuma rivalry
211:(ANC) was held in
3031:
3030:
2955:uMkhonto we Sizwe
2930:Defiance Campaign
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2761:Kgalema Motlanthe
2679:Secretary-General
2651:Kgalema Motlanthe
2405:978-1-77020-105-7
2390:978-1-84277-847-0
2375:978-1-86842-301-9
2369:. Jonathan Ball.
2357:978-1-77022-544-2
2339:978-1-86814-781-6
1538:on 5 October 2007
1508:. 7 November 2007
1473:The Africa Report
1378:978-1-86842-301-9
1372:. Jonathan Ball.
1307:978-1-86814-542-3
1169:978-1-86842-301-9
1162:. Jonathan Ball.
949:general elections
911:Umkhonto we Sizwe
783:Brigitte Mabandla
698:
697:
582:Joel Netshitenzhe
529:Kgalema Motlanthe
524:Deputy President
451:Joel Netshitenzhe
443:National Assembly
426:Kgalema Motlanthe
397:Bathabile Dlamini
265:Kgalema Motlanthe
202:
201:
198:
197:
186:Elected President
163:
162:
67:
66:
3076:
3059:2007 conferences
3049:2007 in politics
3024:
3019:
3018:
2992:
2922:
2893:ANC Youth League
2800:
2602:Deputy President
2504:
2497:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2397:The Mbeki Legacy
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2049:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1781:AISA Policybrief
1776:
1770:
1769:
1743:
1726:(121): 317–333.
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1691:. Archived from
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1565:. Archived from
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1289:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1248:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1153:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1093:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
991:
472:
382:of the SACP and
364:ANC Youth League
338:
306:cadre deployment
248:watershed moment
170:
116:
109:
99:
98:
56:
54:
50:
35:
34:
28:
21:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3009:
2990:
2984:
2940:Freedom Charter
2920:
2914:
2861:
2798:
2784:
2755:Cyril Ramaphosa
2719:Elijah Mdolomba
2674:
2657:Cyril Ramaphosa
2609:Walter Rubusana
2597:
2592:Cyril Ramaphosa
2520:Sefako Makgatho
2491:
2487:
2484:
2429:
2326:
2324:Further reading
2321:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1695:on 29 June 2008
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1155:
1154:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
993:
992:
977:
972:
945:
920:
882:
877:
861:Charles Nqakula
845:Sydney Mufamadi
727:
721:
719:List of members
715:
463:
434:
422:Cyril Ramaphosa
384:Zwelinzima Vavi
374:(SACP) and the
346:, among ethnic
340:
332:
314:HIV/AIDS policy
278:
273:
193:
188:
181:
176:
168:
92:
90:
85:
84:
78:
52:
48:
46:
29:
12:
11:
5:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2975:Bisho massacre
2972:
2970:Operation Vula
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:(2022–present)
2779:Fikile Mbalula
2776:
2770:
2767:Gwede Mantashe
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2707:TD Mweli Skota
2704:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:(2022–present)
2669:Paul Mashatile
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2627:Nelson Mandela
2624:
2618:
2615:Nelson Mandela
2612:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:(2017–present)
2589:
2583:
2577:
2574:Nelson Mandela
2571:
2565:
2562:Albert Luthuli
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2427:External links
2425:
2424:
2423:
2408:
2393:
2378:
2363:Gevisser, Mark
2360:
2342:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2287:
2261:
2235:
2204:
2178:
2152:
2122:
2096:
2070:
2035:
2004:
1974:
1948:
1918:
1888:
1858:
1828:
1798:
1771:
1706:
1676:
1641:
1611:
1580:
1549:
1519:
1490:
1460:
1434:
1408:
1396:Daily Maverick
1382:
1361:
1327:
1306:
1273:
1232:
1221:. 29 June 2001
1206:
1195:(1): 213–231.
1175:
1168:
1119:
1102:Daily Maverick
1083:
1047:
1017:
974:
973:
971:
968:
944:
941:
919:
916:
899:Mluleki George
881:
878:
876:
873:
837:Ronnie Kasrils
801:Smuts Ngonyama
793:
792:
786:
780:
774:
771:Lindiwe Sisulu
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
735:Winnie Mandela
717:Main article:
714:
711:
696:
695:
692:
689:
683:
682:
677:
672:
665:
661:
660:
657:
654:
648:
647:
642:
637:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
613:
612:
607:
602:
599:Gwede Mantashe
595:
591:
590:
587:
584:
578:
577:
572:
567:
560:
556:
555:
552:
549:
543:
542:
537:
532:
525:
521:
520:
517:
514:
508:
507:
502:
497:
490:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
462:
459:
433:
430:
389:Siphiwe Nyanda
380:Blade Nzimande
368:Fikile Mbalula
352:Nelson Mandela
324:
277:
274:
272:
269:
257:Nelson Mandela
242:campus of the
200:
199:
196:
195:
183:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
152:
148:
147:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
122:
118:
117:
110:
103:
95:
94:
87:
86:
79:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
58:
42:
31:
30:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3081:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Radio Freedom
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Rivonia Trial
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:Luthuli House
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2773:Ace Magashule
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:Walter Sisulu
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:Walter Sisulu
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:Du Preez, Max
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:. NYU Press.
2332:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1660:
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1648:
1646:
1642:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
976:
969:
967:
965:
961:
960:Terror Lekota
957:
952:
950:
942:
940:
938:
937:KwaZulu-Natal
934:
928:
925:
917:
915:
912:
908:
904:
903:Saki Macozoma
900:
894:
892:
887:
886:Terror Lekota
879:
875:Controversies
874:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Terror Lekota
830:
826:
822:
821:Saki Macozoma
818:
814:
813:Frene Ginwala
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:Frank Chikane
791:(2,198 votes)
790:
789:Tokyo Sexwale
787:
785:(2,235 votes)
784:
781:
779:(2,291 votes)
778:
775:
773:(2,384 votes)
772:
769:
767:(2,448 votes)
766:
765:Jessie Duarte
763:
761:(2,519 votes)
760:
759:Jeremy Cronin
757:
755:(2,645 votes)
754:
751:
749:(2,700 votes)
748:
747:Zola Skweyiya
745:
743:(2,716 votes)
742:
739:
737:(2,845 votes)
736:
733:
732:
731:
726:
720:
712:
710:
708:
707:Mark Gevisser
704:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
670:
669:Mathews Phosa
666:
662:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:
634:Thandi Modise
631:
627:
623:
620:
618:
617:Terror Lekota
615:
614:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
470:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
447:Thandi Modise
444:
440:
431:
429:
427:
423:
418:
417:Tokyo Sexwale
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Julius Malema
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:KwaZulu-Natal
339:
336:
329:
323:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:Schabir Shaik
290:
286:
282:
275:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:
194:
192:
187:
184:
182:
180:
175:
172:
171:
166:
158:
156:
153:
150:
149:
145:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
128:
127:
123:
120:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
100:
96:
88:
83: →
82:
77:
74:←
70:
63: →
62:
59:
57:
43:
41:
38:←
37:
36:
32:
27:
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16:
3020:
2907:
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2737:Oliver Tambo
2725:James Calata
2713:E. J. Khaile
2692:Selope Thema
2663:David Mabuza
2621:Oliver Tambo
2568:Oliver Tambo
2556:James Moroka
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857:Thoko Didiza
809:Dipuo Peters
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753:Pallo Jordan
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360:Eastern Cape
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319:Constitution
279:
238:Held on the
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124:
76:Outgoing NEC
44:
15:
2775:(2017–2022)
2769:(2007–2017)
2763:(1997–2007)
2757:(1991–1997)
2751:(1969–1991)
2745:(1958–1969)
2739:(1955–1958)
2733:(1949–1955)
2727:(1936–1949)
2721:(1930–1936)
2715:(1927–1930)
2709:(1923–1927)
2700:(1917–1919)
2694:(1915–1917)
2688:(1912–1915)
2686:Sol Plaatje
2665:(2017–2022)
2659:(2012–2017)
2653:(2007–2012)
2647:(1997–2007)
2641:(1994–1997)
2639:Thabo Mbeki
2635:(1991–1994)
2629:(1985–1991)
2623:(1958–1985)
2617:(1952–1958)
2611:(1912–1936)
2588:(2007–2017)
2582:(1997–2007)
2580:Thabo Mbeki
2576:(1991–1997)
2570:(1967–1991)
2564:(1952–1967)
2558:(1949–1952)
2552:(1940–1949)
2546:(1937–1940)
2540:(1930–1936)
2534:(1927–1930)
2528:(1924–1927)
2522:(1917–1924)
2516:(1912–1917)
1512:10 December
1225:10 December
1000:HuffPost UK
964:Sam Shilowa
865:Essop Pahad
817:Popo Molefe
741:Jeff Radebe
512:Thabo Mbeki
335:Thabo Mbeki
302:rape charge
285:Thabo Mbeki
229:Thabo Mbeki
179:Thabo Mbeki
151:Percentage
132:Thabo Mbeki
81:Elected NEC
3038:Categories
2743:Duma Nokwe
2698:Saul Msane
2645:Jacob Zuma
2586:Jacob Zuma
2311:9 December
2280:9 December
2254:9 December
2228:9 December
2197:9 December
2171:9 December
2145:9 December
2115:9 December
2089:9 December
2063:9 December
2028:9 December
1997:9 December
1967:9 December
1941:9 December
1911:9 December
1881:9 December
1851:9 December
1821:9 December
1669:9 December
1634:9 December
1604:9 December
1573:9 December
1542:9 December
1483:9 December
1453:9 December
1427:9 December
1401:9 December
1354:9 December
1321:9 December
1266:9 December
1112:9 December
1040:9 December
1010:9 December
970:References
849:Alec Erwin
805:Aziz Pahad
723:See also:
494:Jacob Zuma
489:President
478:Candidate
328:movement.
281:Jacob Zuma
271:Background
221:Jacob Zuma
191:Jacob Zuma
126:Jacob Zuma
121:Candidate
53:2007-12-20
49:2007-12-16
2909:ANC Today
2507:President
2420:0305-6244
1766:143855956
1750:0305-6244
1349:0362-4331
1201:2415-0509
943:Aftermath
475:Position
252:apartheid
213:Polokwane
3023:Category
2808:Morogoro
2305:Archived
2222:Archived
2139:Archived
2022:Archived
1991:Archived
1935:Archived
1905:Archived
1903:. 2007.
1875:Archived
1845:Archived
1815:Archived
1793:55409870
1758:27756284
1663:Archived
1628:Archived
1598:Archived
1477:Archived
1260:Archived
1106:Archived
1034:Archived
1004:Archived
703:populist
415:Premier
354:, was a
250:in post-
240:Mankweng
51: –
2921:History
2500:Leaders
2191:Reuters
1421:Reuters
933:Gauteng
880:Decorum
825:cabinet
694:37.12%
659:38.71%
624:37.59%
589:38.81%
554:38.10%
519:39.25%
413:Gauteng
399:of the
217:Limpopo
159:39.25%
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2858:(2022)
2852:(2017)
2846:(2012)
2840:(2007)
2834:(2002)
2828:(1997)
2822:(1994)
2816:(1991)
2810:(1969)
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1931:Polity
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610:62.41%
586:1,475
575:61.19%
551:1,444
540:61.90%
516:1,505
505:60.75%
481:Votes
395:, and
366:under
155:60.75%
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1762:S2CID
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1312:JSTOR
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675:2,328
640:2,304
605:2,378
570:2,326
535:2,346
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348:Zulus
142:2,329
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2850:54th
2844:53rd
2838:52nd
2832:51st
2826:50th
2820:49th
2814:48th
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1969:2021
1943:2021
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1746:ISSN
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1636:2021
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1429:2021
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