227:
the fork leg to secure it. Diameters for front thru axles include 20 mm, 15 mm, 12 mm, and 9 mm. Rear axles typically have diameters of 10 or 12 mm. Most thru axles are found on mountain bikes, although increasingly disc-braked cyclocross and road bikes are using them. Thru axles repeatably locate the wheel in the fork or frame, which is important to prevent misalignment of brake rotors when using disc brakes. Unlike other axle systems (except Lefty), the thru axle is specific to the fork or frame, not the hub. Hubs/wheels do not include axles, and the axle is generally supplied with the fork or frame. Adapters are usually available to convert wheels suitable for a larger thru axle to a smaller diameter, and to standard 9mm quick releases. This allows a degree of re-use of wheels between frames with different axle specifications.
812:
rim, making it impossible to true, and can decrease spoke life. Spoke tensiometers are tools which measure the tension in a spoke. Another common method for making rough estimates of spoke tension involves plucking the spokes and listening to the audible tone of the vibrating spoke. The optimum tension depends on the spoke length and spoke gauge (diameter). Tables are available online which list tensions for each spoke length, either in terms of absolute physical tension, or notes on the musical scale which coincide with the approximate tension to which the spoke should be tuned. In the real world, a properly trued wheel will not, in general, have a uniform tension across all spokes, due to variation among the parts from which the wheel is made.
783:
different spoke angles. For all common tension-spoke wheels with crossed spokes, a torque applied to the hub will result in one half of the spokes - called "leading spokes" tensioned to drive the rim, while other half - "trailing spokes" are tensioned only to counteract the leading spokes. When forward torque is applied (i.e., during acceleration ), the trailing spokes experience a higher tension, while leading spokes are relieved, thus forcing the rim to rotate. While braking, leading spokes tighten and trailing spokes are relieved. The wheel can thus transfer the hub torque in either direction with the least amount of change in spoke tension, allowing the wheel to stay true while torque is applied.
787:
torque as efficiently as tangential lacing. Thus it is generally preferred to build a crossed-spoke wheel where torque forces, whether driving or braking, issue from the hub. Where braking is concerned, the older-style caliper devices that contact the rims to apply braking force are not affected by lacing patterns in this way because braking forces are transferred from the calipers directly to the rim, then to the tires and then to the roadway. Disc brakes, however, transfer their force to the roadway via the spokes from the disc's mounting point on the hub and are therefore affected by the lacing pattern in a manner similar to that of the drive system.
1872:
centered, but the hub flanges are not, there is a difference in dish between the two sides. Such an asymmetrical wheel is called a "dished" wheel. The side of the wheel with less dish has slightly shorter but significantly higher-tensioned spokes than the side with more dish. Several different techniques have been tried to minimize this spoke asymmetry. In addition to modified hub geometry, some rims have off-center spoke holes, and the mounting of common J-bend spokes at the hub flange can be altered "inboard" or "outboard".
331:
808:" refers to the left-right centering of the plane of the rim between the lock nuts on the outside ends of the axle. This plane is itself determined as an average of local deviations in the lateral truing. For most rim-brake bicycles, the dish will be symmetrical on the front wheel. However, on the rear wheel, because most bicycles accommodate a rear sprocket (or group of them), the dishing will often be asymmetrical: it will be dished at a deeper angle on the non-drive side than on the drive side.
279:
1514:
883:
58:
994:. However, semi-aerodynamic and aerodynamic wheelsets tend to be heavier than more traditional spoked wheelsets due to the extra shapings of the rims and spokes. More importantly, the rims must be heavier when there are fewer spokes, as the unsupported span between spokes is greater. A number of wheel manufacturers are now producing wheels with roughly half the spokes of the highest performance traditional wheel from the 1980s, with approximately the same
1860:
1926:
862:
816:
spokes, but occurs in round spokes as well. If a wheel is ridden with this torsional stress left in the spokes, they may untwist and cause the wheel to become out of true. Bladed and ovalized spokes may be held straight with an appropriate tool as the nipple is turned. The common practice for minimizing wind-up in round spokes is to turn the nipple past the desired orientation by about a quarter turn, and then turn it back that quarter turn.
449:
438:
423:
1030:
3558:
691:, which is used to connect the spoke to the rim and adjust the tension in the spoke. This is normally at the rim end. The hub end normally has a 90-degree bend to pass through the spoke hole in the hub, and a head so it does not slip through the hole. This is the J-bend type. Another type is straight pull spokes, which have no bend at the hub end, just a head. The major materials for spoke nipples are aluminum and brass.
66:
401:– There is no mechanism that allows the rider to coast. There are two sets of threads on the hub shell. The threads are in opposite directions. The inner (clockwise) set of threads is for a track sprocket and the outer (counter-clockwise) set is for a reverse threaded lock ring. The reverse threads on the lock ring keep the sprocket from unscrewing from the hub, which is otherwise possible when slowing down.
932:
1022:
82:
741:
395:– The mechanism that allows the rider to coast is not part of the hub, it is contained in a separate freewheel body. The hub has threads that allow the freewheel body to be screwed on, and the freewheel body has threads or splines for fitting sprockets, or in the case of most single speed freewheels an integral sprocket. This style of hub was used before the freehub became practical.
46:
1912:
90:
1078:
990:, which is the radial distance between the outermost and the innermost surfaces of the rim; a triangular or pyramidal cross-section; and by fewer numbers of spokes, or no spokes at all—with blades molded of composite material supporting the rim. The spokes are also often flattened in the rotational direction to reduce wind drag. These are called
573:) fiber bead that interlocks with flanges in the rim. A separate airtight inner tube enclosed by the rim supports the tire carcass and maintains the bead lock. If the inner part of the rim where the inner tube fits has spoke holes, they must be covered by a rim tape or strip, usually rubber, cloth, or tough plastic, to protect the inner tube.
1045:, while for cyclo-cross strength gains importance, and for touring bicycles, strength becomes more important again. However, this diameter of rim, identical in diameter to the "29er" rim, is by far the most common on these styles of bicycles. Road wheels may be designed for tubular or clincher tires, commonly referred to as "700C" tires.
550:
74:
1868:(visualize paper covering the spokes on each side), they would form two cones or "dishes." The greater the separation between the hub flanges, the deeper the dishes, and the stiffer and stronger the wheel can be laterally. The more vertical the spokes, the shallower the dish, and the less stiff the wheel will be laterally.
1121:(23.0″) with wide, knobby tires (≈27.5 ⋅ 2.3 / ISO 58-584) are approximately the midway point between the 26-inch (ISO-559mm) and the 29-inch (ISO-622mm) standards. They carry some of the advantages of both formats, with a smoother ride than a 26-inch wheel and more stiffness and durability than a 29″ wheel.
307:(or disc structure) attach. The hub shell of a spoked wheel generally has two flanges extending radially outward from the axle. Each flange has holes or slots to which spokes are affixed. Some wheels (like the Full Speed Ahead RD-800) have an additional flange in the center of the hub. Others (like some from
661:
chamber of the rim. The flange of the Road
Tubeless rim is similar to the hook bead of a standard clincher rim but is contoured to very close tolerances to interlock with a Road Tubeless tire, creating an airtight seal between tire and rim. This system eliminates the need for a rim strip and inner tube.
1888:
The stiffness of a bicycle wheel can be measured in three primary directions: radial, lateral, and torsional. The radial stiffness is primarily a measure of how well the wheel absorbs bumps from the surface on which it rolls. Lateral stiffness, especially of the front wheel influences the handling of
803:
There are three aspects of wheel geometry which must be brought into adjustment in order to true a wheel. "Lateral truing" refers to elimination of local deviations of the rim to the left or right of center. "Vertical truing" refers to adjustments of local deviations (known as hop) of the radius, the
786:
Wheels that are not required to transfer any significant amount of torque from the hub to the rim are often laced radially. Here, the spokes leave the hub at perpendicular to the axle and go straight to the rim, without crossing any other spokes - e.g., "cross-0". This lacing pattern can not transfer
1361:
inch) wheels have enjoyed some recent popularity among off-road bicycle manufacturers. These rims are the same bead seat diameter as 700C wheels and are generally compatible with bicycle frames and tires designed for the 700C standard, however, rims designated as 29 inch are designed for wider tires
1352:
Most road and racing bicycles today use 622 mm diameter (700C) rims, though 650C rims are popular with smaller riders and triathletes. The 650C size has the ISO diameter size of 571 mm. Size 650B is 584 mm and 650A is 590 mm. 650B is being promoted as a 'best of both worlds' size
226:
Thru axle - a removable axle with a threaded end that is inserted through a hole in one fork leg, through the hub, and then screwed into the other fork leg. Some axles have integrated cam levers that compress axle elements against the fork leg to lock it in place, while others rely on pinch bolts on
1900:. The "most significant factor affecting the lateral spoke system stiffness" is the angle between the spokes and the wheel midplane. Thus any change that increases this angle, such as increasing the width of the hub, while keeping all other parameters constant, increases the resistance to buckling.
1846:
a unit of mass on the wheel than on the frame. In wheel design, reducing the rotational inertia has the benefit of more responsive, faster-accelerating wheels. To accomplish this, wheel designs are employing lighter rim materials, moving the spoke nipples to the hub or using lighter nipples such as
1525:
Traditionally, there were four different sizes of 28-inch diameter wheels, from the narrow tires to the widest, they all measured the same outside diameter, which coincide with four different families of 700 tire sizes, these are 700, 700A, 700B and 700C. The largest of these rims (ISO 647mm/642mm)
1102:
26-inch clincher tires (with inner tubes) were the most common wheel size for new mountain bikes until the early 2010s. This tradition was started initially because the early mountain bike pioneers procured the wheels for their early bikes from
American-made bicycles rather than the larger European
815:
Finally, for best, long-lasting results, spoke wind-up should be minimized. When a nipple turns, it twists the spoke at first, until there is enough torsional stress in the spoke to overcome the friction in the threads between the spoke and the nipple. This is easiest to see with bladed or ovalized
811:
In addition to the three geometrical aspects of truing, the overall tension of the spokes is significant to the wheel's fatigue durability, stiffness, and ability to absorb shock. Too little tension leads to a rim that is easily deformed by impact with rough terrain. Too much tension can deform the
790:
Hubs that have previously been laced in any other pattern should not be used for radial lacing, as the pits and dents created by the spokes can be the weak points along which the hub flange may break. This is not always the case: for example if the hub used has harder, steel flanges like those on a
2019:
In his notebook, dated March 19, 1808, Cayley proposed that in order to produce "the lightest possible wheel for aerial navigation cars," one should "do away with wooden spokes altogether and refer the whole firmness of the wheel to the strength of the rim only, by the intervention of tight strong
290:
In a "cartridge bearing" hub, the bearings are contained in a cartridge that is shaped like a hollow cylinder where the inner surface rotates with respect to the outer surface by the use of ball bearings. The manufacturing tolerances, as well as seal quality, can be significantly superior to loose
2166:
The distance between flanges gives a wheel its lateral strength. Wheels with narrow flange spacing and many gears are less suited to rough roads than those with wider spacing and fewer gears. Large-flange hubs provide no functional advantage and have the disadvantage of added weight. Aggressively
773:
Lacing is the process of threading spokes through holes in the hub and rim so that they form a spoke pattern. While most manufacturers use the same lacing pattern on both left and right sides of a wheel, it is becoming increasingly common to find specialty wheels with different lacing patterns on
683:
The rear wheel is subjected to greater stress because more weight is carried on the rear wheel. The rear wheel spokes on the right are more likely to fail. The rear wheels are asymmetrical to make room for multisprocket gear clusters. This asymmetry means that the spokes on the right are twice as
652:
Some cyclists have avoided the price premium for a tubeless system by sealing the spoke holes with a special rim strip or tape and then sealing the valve stem and bead seat with a latex sealer. However, tires not designed for the tubeless application do not have as robust a sidewall as those that
318:
On traditionally spoked wheels, flange spacing affects the lateral stiffness of the wheel, with wider being stiffer, and flange diameter affects the torsional stiffness of the wheel and the number of spoke holes that the hub can accept, with larger diameter being stiffer and accepting more holes.
982:
Semi-aerodynamic and aerodynamic wheelsets are now commonplace for road bicycles. Aluminum rims are still the most common, but carbon fiber is also becoming popular. Carbon fiber is also finding use in hub shells to reduce weight; however, because of the hub's proximity to the center of rotation
764:
is reduced. The reduced number of spokes also results in a larger section of the rim being unsupported, necessitating stronger and often heavier rims. Some wheel designs also locate the spokes unequally into the rim, which requires a stiff rim hoop and correct tension of the spokes. Conventional
540:
Bicycle rims utilizing inner tubes also require rim tapes or strips, a flexible but tough liner (usually rubber or woven nylon or similar material) attached to the inner circumference of the wheel to cover the ends of the nipples. Otherwise, the nipple ends wear a hole in the tube causing a flat
660:
French tire manufacturer
Hutchinson has introduced a tubeless wheel system, Road Tubeless, that shares many similarities to the UST (Universal System Tubeless) that was developed in conjunction with Mavic and Michelin. Road Tubeless rims, like UST rims, have no spoke holes protruding to the air
509:
The cross-section of a rim can have a wide range of geometry, each optimized for particular performance goals. Aerodynamics, mass and inertia, stiffness, durability, tubeless tire compatibility, brake compatibility, and cost are all considerations. If the part of the cross-section of the rim is
1892:
Several factors affect these stiffnesses to varying degrees. These include wheel radius, rim bending and torsional stiffness, number of spokes, spoke gauge, lacing pattern, hub stiffness, hub flange spacing, hub radius. In general lateral and radial stiffness decreases with the number of spoke
782:
Conventionally laced 36- or 32-spoke wheels are most commonly built as a cross-3 or a cross-2, however other cross-numbers are also possible. The angle at which the spoke interfaces the hub is not solely determined by the cross-number; as spoke count and hub diameter will lead to significantly
765:
wheels with spokes distributed evenly across the circumference of the rim are considered more durable and forgiving to poor maintenance. The more general trend in wheel design suggests technological advancement in rim materials may result in further reduction in the number of spokes per wheel.
794:
Wheel builders also employ other exotic spoke lacing patterns (such as "crow's foot", which is essentially a mix of radial and tangential lacing) as well as innovative hub geometries. Most of these designs take advantage of new high-strength materials or manufacturing methods to improve wheel
778:
from the hub to the rim, as with driven wheels or wheels with drum or disc brakes, durability dictates that spokes be mounted at an angle to the hub flange up to a "tangential lacing pattern" to achieve maximum torque capability (but minimum vertical wheel stiffness). Names for various lacing
1871:
The dishes on each side of a wheel are not always equal. The cogset (freewheel or cassette) of a rear wheel and disc brake rotors, if installed, takes up width on the hub, and so the flanges may not be located symmetrically about the center plane of the hub or the bike. Since the rim must be
1867:
The hub flanges of modern tension-spoked bicycle wheels are always spaced wider than where the spokes attach to the rim. When viewed in cross section, the spokes and hub form a triangle, a structure that is stiff both vertically and laterally. In three dimensions, if the spokes were covered
286:
A "cup and cone" hub contains loose balls that contact an adjustable 'cone' that is screwed onto the axle and a 'race' that is pressed permanently into the hub shell. Both surfaces are smooth to allow the bearings to roll with little friction. This type of hub can be easily disassembled for
1189:
wheels are small for several reasons: they are suitable for young and small riders; their lower cost is compatible with inexpensive bicycles; the size makes them stronger to withstand the additional loads generated by BMX jumps and stunts; and to reduce rotational inertia for easier wheel
903:
that clips onto a traditional, spoke wheel, addressing the drag that the spokes generate by covering them; or the disc can be integral to the wheel with no spokes inside. In the latter case carbon fiber is the material of choice. A spoke wheel with a disc cover may not be legal under UCI
468:
is commonly a metal extrusion that is butted into itself to form a hoop, though may also be a structure of carbon fiber composite, and was historically made of wood. Some wheels use both an aerodynamic carbon hoop bonded to an aluminum rim on which to mount conventional bicycle tires.
1153: in) is identical to most road, hybrid, and touring bicycle wheels, but they are typically reinforced for greater durability in off-road riding. The average 29-inch mountain bike tire is ISO 59-622 - corresponding to an outside diameter of about 29.15 inches (740 mm).
1365:
Children's bicycles are commonly sized primarily based on wheel diameter rather than seat tube length (along the rider's inseam) dimension. Thus, a wide range of small bike wheels are still found, ranging from 239 mm (9.4 in) diameter to 400 mm (16 in).
648:
for mountain bikes is the most common system of tubeless tires/rims for bicycles. The main benefit of tubeless tires is the ability to use low air pressure for better traction without getting pinch flats because there is no tube to pinch between the rim and an obstacle.
291:
ball bearings. The cartridge is pressed into the hub shell and the axle rests against the inner race of the cartridge. The cartridge bearing itself is generally not serviceable or adjustable; instead the entire cartridge bearing is replaced in case of wear or failure.
350:– a disc brake comprises a circular plate or disc attached to the hub which is squeezed between brake pads mounted within a caliper that is fixed to one side of the wheel forks. The brake disc can be attached in a variety of ways using bolts or a central locking ring.
819:
In wheel truing, all these factors must be incrementally brought into balance against each other. A commonly recommended practice is to find the worst spot on the wheel, and bring it slightly more into true before moving on to the next worst spot on the wheel.
184:
and a hub shell. The hub shell typically has two machined metal flanges to which spokes can be attached. Hub shells can be one-piece with press-in cartridge or free bearings or, in the case of older designs, the flanges may be affixed to a separate hub shell.
1198:
Nominally 20 x 1-1/8″ or 20 x 1-3/8″, with rim diameter 451 mm. These are intended for racing by lightweight BMX riders, and sometimes referred to as "skinnies". The size is also used on classic
British folding or shopping bikes.
873:
in this case), carbon fiber or aluminium alloy. Thermoplastic is commonly used for inexpensive BMX wheels. They have a low maximum tire pressure of 45 psi (3bars or atmospheres). Carbon fiber is typically used for high-end aerodynamic racing wheels.
234:
and aluminum, with two bolts thread into on either side. This design can be much stronger than traditional axles, which are commonly only 8 mm, 9 mm, 9.5 mm, or 10 mm in diameter. (found on higher end BMX hubs and some mountain bike
823:"Truing stands" are mechanical devices for mounting wheels and truing them. It is also possible to true a wheel while it is mounted on the bike: brake pads or some other fixed point may be used as a reference mark, however this is less accurate.
835:, which is used to connect the spoke to the rim and adjust the tension in the spoke. The nipple is usually located at the rim end of the spoke but on some wheels is at the hub end to move its weight closer to the axis of the wheel, reducing the
895:
often ban disc wheels or limit their use to the rear wheel of a bicycle. However, international triathlon federations were (and are still) less restrictive and this is what led to the wheels' initial usage growth in popularity in the 1980s.
1384:
Wheel rims also come in a variety of widths to provide optimum performance for different uses. High performance road racing rims are narrow, 18 mm or so. Wider touring or durable off-road tires require rims of 24 mm wide or more.
1093:
24-inch clincher tires (with inner tubes) are the most common wheel size for junior mountain bikes. The typical 24-inch rim has a diameter of 507 millimetres (20.0 in) and an outside tire diameter of about 24 inches (610 mm).
635:
system requires an airtight rim — capable of being sealed at the valve stem, spoke holes (if they go all the way through the rim) and the tire bead seat — and a compatible tire. Universal System
Tubeless (UST), originally developed by
2085:
you'll need to "re-dish" the wheel, by pulling the rim to the right. ... The downside of this is that pulling the rim to the right increases the tension difference between the left and right spokes, resulting in a somewhat weaker
1502:) - Formerly 47mm wide on Schwinn cruisers and for British trade/delivery bikes. Currently ISO 28-571, size is the same, but the narrower and less overall wheel diameter are built for triathlon, time trial and small road bikes.
407:– Both sides of the hub are threaded, allowing the wheel to be removed and reversed in order to change which gear is used. Depending on the style of threads, may be used with either a single-speed freewheel or a track sprocket.
656:
The drawbacks to tubeless tires are that they are notorious for being harder to mount on the rim than clincher tires, and that the cyclist must still carry a spare tube to insert in case of a flat tire due to a puncture.
1847:
aluminum. Note however that rotational inertia is a factor only during acceleration (and deceleration/braking). At constant speed, aerodynamics are a significant factor. For climbing, total mass remains important. See
1009:, still use aluminum parts at the clinching part of the rim. An increased number of all-carbon rims, such as Campagnolo Hyperon Ultra Clincher, Viva v8 wheels, Bontrager's Carbon Clincher wheels, DT Swiss RRC1250,
315:) do not have a noticeable flange. The spokes still attach to the edge of the hub but not through visible holes. Other wheels (like those from Velomax/Easton) have a threaded hub shell that the spokes thread into.
1879:
or a dishing gauge, can be used to measure the position of the rim relative to the hub. Thus "dishing" is also used to describe the process of centering the rim on the hub, even in the case of symmetrical wheels.
725:. Stainless steel spokes are favored by most manufacturers and riders for their durability, stiffness, damage tolerance, and ease of maintenance. Non-stainless steel spokes on older or cheaper bikes are sometimes
890:
Disc wheels are designed to minimize aerodynamic drag. A full disc is usually heavier than traditional spoke wheels, and can be difficult to handle when ridden with a cross wind. For this reason, international
356:– a drum brake has two brake shoes that expand out into the inside of the hub shell. Rear-mounted drum brakes are often used on tandems to supplement the rear rim brake and give additional stopping power.
713:
Spokes are usually circular in cross-section, but high-performance wheels may use spokes of flat or oval cross-section, also known as bladed, to reduce aerodynamic drag. Some spokes are hollow tubes.
1245:
the ISO designation lists the rim's bead seat diameter and the rim's inner width, both in millimeters and separated by a cross, along with a letter code for the rim type (e.g., "C" = Crochet-type):
3163:
2024:
850:(often referred to as "alloy"). Brass nipples are heavier than aluminum, but they are more durable. Aluminum nipples save weight, but they are less durable than brass and more likely to corrode.
680:, which are rods. While early bicycle wheels used wooden spokes that could be loaded only in compression, modern bicycle wheels almost exclusively use spokes that can only be loaded in tension.
319:
Asymmetrical flange diameters, tried to mitigate the adverse effects of asymmetrical spacing and dish necessary on rear wheels with many sprockets, have also been used with modest benefits.
915:
A compromise that reduces weight and improves cross wind performance has a small number (three or four) tension-compression spokes molded integral to the rim – also typically carbon fiber.
200:- a lever and skewer that pass through a hollow axle designed to allow for installation and removal of the wheel without any tools (found on most modern road bikes and some mountain bikes).
3344:
1889:
the bicycle. Torsional, or tangential stiffness is a measure of how well the wheel transmits propulsive and braking forces, if applied at the hub, as in the case of hub or disc brakes.
853:
A nipple at the rim of a wheel usually protrudes from the rim towards the center of the wheel, but in racing wheels may be internal to the rim, offering a slight aerodynamic advantage.
362:– coaster brakes are a particular type of drum brake which is actuated by a backward pressure applied to the pedals. The mechanism is contained inside the bicycle wheel hub shell.
2467:
2057:
the female axle will be lighter and stronger. This is because when the width of the axle is reduced, weight is shaved, and less leverage is applied on the axle during peg tricks.
1409:
There are four other "26-inch" (British designation) or "650" (French) sizes, from the narrow tires to the widest, which traditionally all measured the same outside diameter.
413:– the mechanism to provide multiple gear-ratios is contained inside the shell of the hub. Many bicycles with three-speed internally geared hubs were built in the last century.
1827:
There are a number of variables that determine rolling resistance: tire tread, width, diameter, tire construction, tube type (if applicable), and pressure are all important.
623:
shaped and attached to the rim with adhesive. The rim provides a shallow circular outer cross section in which the tire lies instead of flanges on which tire beads seat.
2835:
2883:
2412:
1252:
In practice, most tires (and inner tubes) sold today carry, in addition to the modern ISO 5775-1 designation, some historic size markings, which are still widely used:
3429:
3364:
795:
performance. As with any structure, however, practical usefulness is not always agreed, and often nonstandard wheel designs may be opted for solely aesthetic reasons.
2542:
753:
Conventional metallic bicycle wheels have 24, 28, 32 or 36 spokes. Wheels on tandems and BMX often have 40 or 48 spokes to support additional stresses and weight.
1217:
2513:
774:
each side. A spoke can connect the hub to the rim in a radial fashion, which creates the lightest and most aerodynamic wheel. However, to efficiently transfer
2129:
1224:(ETRTO) define a modern, unambiguous system of sizing designations and measurement procedures for different types of tires and rims in international standard
1221:
160:
The first bicycle wheels followed the traditions of carriage building: a wooden hub, a fixed steel axle (the bearings were located in the fork ends), wooden
2571:
1893:
crossings and torsional stiffness increases with the number of spoke crossings. One factor that has little influence on these stiffnesses is spoke tension.
1103:
standards in use. The typical 26-inch rim has a diameter of 559 millimetres (22.0 in) and an outside tire diameter of about 26.2 inches (670 mm).
251:
have adopted a 135 mm rear hub width, which allows clearance to mount a brake disc on the hub or to decrease the wheel dish for a more durable wheel.
164:
and a shrink fitted iron tire. A typical modern wheel has a metal hub, wire tension spokes and a metal or carbon fiber rim which holds a pneumatic rubber
3160:
2021:
1337:
Which designation is most popular varies with region and type of bicycle. For a comprehensive equivalence table between old and new markings, see the
3477:
3183:
737:, and can rust eventually. Spokes are also available in titanium, aluminum, carbon fiber, and non-rigid materials such as polyethylene composites.
1454:) - Common on many vintage frames ranging from American-made Murray and Huffy as well as English and French manufactures like Raleigh and Peugeot.
206:- the axle is threaded and protrudes past the sides of the fork/frame. (often found on track, fixed gear, single speed, BMX and inexpensive bikes)
2705:
1135:"29-inch wheels", which also conform to the popular 700C (622 mm diameter clincher) wheel standard are becoming more popular for not only
385:– The mechanism that allows the rider to coast is built into the hub. Splines on the freehub body allow a single sprocket or, more commonly, a
1834:
than larger wheels. "Rolling resistance increases in near proportion as wheel diameter is decreased for a given constant inflation pressure."
2208:
2291:
697:
spokes have reduced thickness over the center section and are lighter, more elastic, and more aerodynamic than spokes of uniform thickness.
1161:
32-inch wheels have been in use on unicycles and have been appropriated for bicycles to create bikes more proportional for taller riders.
1362:
than rims designated 700C, so frame clearance may be an issue. The formerly popular 27 inch (630 mm) wheel size is now rare.
943:" triplet spoke lacing. There are 18 tangential spokes on the right side, but only 9 radial on the left. Picture also shows a 10-speed
1235:
the ISO designation lists the width of the inflated tire and the "bead-seat diameter", both in millimeters and separated by a hyphen:
3340:
3217:
2813:
1216:
and tires came in many different types and sizes before efforts were made to standardize and improve wheel/tire compatibility. The
506:, which press against the inside surface of the rim were designed for this rim. These rims cannot be used with caliper rim brakes.
2861:
1842:
Due to the fact that wheels rotate as well as translate (move in a straight line) when a bicycle moves, more force is required to
389:
containing several sprockets to be slid on. A lock ring then holds the cog(s) in place. This is the case for most modern bicycles.
3319:
3294:
3262:
3233:
3122:
3086:
2935:
2630:
2599:
2442:
2388:
2316:
2179:
2101:
1346:
2116:
Diameter. Common diameters include 8 mm, 9 mm, 9.5 mm and 10 mm, 5/16″ and 3/8″ (3/8″ is generally interchangeable with 9.5 mm).
2233:
597:
Traditional clincher rims were straight-sided. Various "hook" (also called "crochet") designs emerged in the 1970s to hold the
2839:
2717:
Threading the spokes into the hubs makes them easy to true because the spokes wind up much less than their steel counterparts.
2045:
271:
allow the hub shell (and the rest of the wheel parts) to rotate freely about the axle. Most bicycle hubs use steel or ceramic
2887:
2416:
2369:
998:
and less total weight. These improvements have been made possible primarily through improved aluminum alloys for the rims.
1041:
bicycles may have vastly different design goals for their wheels. Aerodynamic performance and low weight are beneficial for
480:, although until the 1980s most bicycle rims - with the exception of those used on racing bicycles - were made of steel and
576:
An advantage of this system is that the inner tube can be easily accessed in the case of a leak to be patched or replaced.
3064:
1257:
1006:
909:
905:
637:
3241:
2658:
1256:
an old French tire designation that was based on the approximate outer diameter of the inflated tire in millimeters. The
3470:
2546:
2587:
a set of 144-spoke wheels wrapped with 20x1.75 white walls. Of the 144 spokes, Freddie chose to have 72 of them twisted
2069:
3039:
2517:
2187:
839:. A variant of this is integrating nipples into the hub, its flange containing the threads for usually bladed spokes.
533:
or double eyelets to distribute the stress of the spoke. A single eyelet reinforces the spoke hole much like a hollow
275:. Some hubs use serviceable "cup and cone" bearings, whereas some use pre-assembled replaceable "cartridge" bearings.
239:
Since the 1980s, bicycles have adopted standard axle spacing: the hubs of front wheels are generally 100 mm wide
2683:
2324:
3609:
2730:
2133:
1478:; enjoying a revival. (584 mm rims with large volume ISO 56-584 knobby tires, aka; balloon, are also known as
252:
2575:
2034:, paper no. 6, pages 130–181. Cayley's tension-spoke wheel appears on page 152, "3.7 The Tension Wheel, 1808".
2254:
426:
Westwood rim as fitted to vintage roadster bicycles with rod/ stirrup brakes, today being used in contemporary “
2780:
330:
256:
1636:
Most old
English sports bikes, almost extinct, now available in the Asia Pacific and the Middle East regions
3818:
3463:
2794:
1803:) through ISO 60-622 (29 × 2.35). The 28 × 2.00, ISO 50-622 onwards, as a marketing term for wide tires for
1085:
Mountain bike wheels are described by the approximate outer diameter of the rim plus a wide, ~2+ inch tire.
944:
287:
lubrication, but it must be adjusted correctly; incorrect adjustment can lead to premature wear or failure.
212:- the axle has a hole with threads cut into it and a bolt can be screwed into those threads. (found on some
3808:
3676:
3517:
1542:
1177:
There are two distinct wheel sizes that get described as 20 in., and both get used in the BMX sport.
1066:
129:
3187:
701:
spokes are thicker at the hub and then taper to a thinner section all the way to the threads at the rim.
3486:
3409:
3022:
1239:. The bead seat diameter (BSD) is the diameter of the surface of the rim upon which the tire bead sits.
705:
spokes also exist and are thickest at the hub, thinner at the threaded end, and thinnest in the middle.
488:
442:
1260:
JIS D 9112 continues to provide an official definition for the French tire designations. For example:
940:
3379:
1513:
882:
278:
3599:
892:
268:
181:
2751:
983:
reducing the hub's weight has less effect to the rotational inertia than reducing the rim's weight.
398:
3631:
3507:
1972:
1848:
1013:
Winium and Aero (also tubeless, see below) and
Lightweight Standard C wheelsets are now available.
951:
3557:
1117:
27.5-inch mountain bike wheels (which some also refer to as 650B use a rim that has a diameter of
3547:
3391:
3287:
2295:
1876:
1831:
1667:
1479:
1112:
1054:
995:
968:
2909:
57:
2022:"Sir George Cayley: The invention of the aeroplane near Scarborough at the time of Trafalgar,"
1510:
width designations may vary, though the wheel outside diameter remains approximately the same.
441:
Endrick Rim as fitted to sports bicycles from the 1930s, 40s and 50s, forerunner of modern-day
300:
3502:
3358:
3213:
2365:
1988:
836:
37:
3772:
3752:
3742:
3383:
1931:
1859:
1374:
1370:
861:
754:
335:
1357:
use 26 inch wheels. Smaller youth mountain bikes use 24 inch wheels. The larger 700C (
1029:
3813:
3787:
3747:
3727:
3422:
3167:
2028:
1925:
1475:
1398:
900:
722:
431:
230:
Female axle - hollow center axle, typically 14, 15, 17, or 20 mm in diameter made of
2634:
954:
performance there are several factors which are generally considered the most important:
193:
The axle is attached to dropouts on the fork or the frame. The axle can attach using a:
1169:
36-inch wheels have been developed to create bikes more proportional for taller riders.
491:
provide a smooth parallel braking surface, while rims meant for use with disc brakes or
448:
437:
422:
117:, especially in the context of ready built "off the shelf" performance-oriented wheels.
3782:
3712:
3537:
3532:
3109:
1956:
1808:
1780:
1358:
1130:
1042:
869:
A wheel can be formed in one piece from a material such as thermoplastic (glass-filled
761:
734:
339:
203:
50:
3315:
2706:"Industry Nine Torch Road Alloy wheels: Development, first rides & actual weights"
2679:
65:
3802:
3732:
3691:
3627:
3617:
3494:
3395:
3266:
1995:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1951:
1917:
1804:
1597:
1394:
1354:
779:
patterns are commonly referenced to the number of spokes that any one spoke crosses.
730:
684:
tight as those on the left. The spokes break due to fatigue and not excessive force.
645:
632:
503:
492:
481:
457:
453:
427:
404:
367:
359:
353:
347:
248:
197:
149:
121:
31:
2229:
1139:
bikes but also cross-country mountain bikes. Their rim diameter of 622 millimetres (
510:
hollow where the spokes attached, as in the Sprint rim pictured, it is described as
3717:
3681:
3584:
3574:
3522:
3387:
3237:
2157:
1982:
1945:
1843:
1002:
958:
931:
832:
688:
616:
610:
601:
of the tire in place, allowing high (6–10 bar, 80–150 psi) air pressure.
553:
Fitting rim tape around 26 inch wheel (MTB). Rim tape protects the bicycle wheel's
537:. A double eyelet is a cup that is riveted into both walls of a double-walled rim.
499:
386:
327:
Some hubs have attachments for disc brakes or form an integral part of drum brakes.
272:
240:
213:
133:
125:
1021:
522:
rims such as the
Westwood rim pictured. The double wall can make the rim stiffer.
2603:
2446:
1896:
Too much spoke tension, however, can lead to catastrophic failure in the form of
3777:
3722:
3686:
3636:
3145:
1674:
type bicycle of
English origin / Maintaining in popularity throughout the world
1378:
1213:
1038:
908:
rules because it is a non-structural fairing but are again acceptable under ITU
465:
220:
81:
3090:
3060:
3035:
1342:
740:
3767:
3646:
3589:
3445:
2654:
2392:
2000:
1907:
1671:
1401:
is an
American size using a 559 mm rim, traditionally with hooked edges.
1136:
936:
554:
217:
209:
145:
106:
2320:
2105:
3762:
3737:
3655:
3512:
2073:
976:
726:
308:
3450:
2939:
2183:
45:
3660:
3650:
3622:
3542:
3527:
2961:
1897:
1552:
1507:
1417:
1338:
1225:
641:
583:
standard defines designations for bicycle rims. It distinguishes between
580:
557:
from spoke holes, which will puncture the tube if exposed inside the rim.
410:
366:
For information on other types of bicycle brakes see the full article on
231:
2975:
986:
Semi-aerodynamic and aerodynamic wheelsets are characterized by greater
89:
3757:
3696:
3594:
3212:(Second ed.). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 119.
1940:
1812:
1077:
665:
530:
382:
244:
110:
1783:, narrow wheels and the diameter of the wheel is less than 28 inches.
721:
The spokes on the vast majority of modern bicycle wheels are steel or
3641:
2258:
1670:
type bicycles of English, Dutch, Chinese and Indian origin / Classic
1373:
to minimise the folded size. These range from 16-inch diameter (e.g.
1010:
963:
775:
570:
566:
392:
3378:
Matthew Ford, Jim Papadopoulos, Oluwaseyi Balogun (September 2016).
3126:
549:
17:
1341:
article, the table in Annex A of the ISO 5772 standard, as well as
3579:
1858:
1185:
Usually 20 inches in diameter (rim diameter of 406 mm),
1076:
1028:
930:
881:
870:
860:
687:
One end of each spoke is threaded for a specialized nut, called a
677:
620:
548:
534:
477:
447:
436:
421:
329:
304:
277:
161:
102:
88:
80:
73:
72:
64:
56:
44:
378:
The rear hub has one or more methods for attaching a gear to it.
3455:
312:
177:
165:
3459:
1786:
ISO 32-622 through ISO 42-622, traditional urban bicycle size.
760:
Wheels with fewer spokes have an aerodynamic advantage, as the
176:
A hub is the center part of a bicycle wheel. It consists of an
2999:
1186:
3339:
Matthew Ford, Li Zhang, and Oluwaseyi Balogun (August 2016).
1863:
Diagram showing the difference in length and angle of spokes.
865:
A sectioned, carbon–composite, rear wheel for mountain bikes.
2930:
2928:
2926:
1512:
1053:
These wheels experienced a brief popularity in the 1990s on
668:
and Hutchinson introduced a tubeless system for road bikes.
2976:"32" Wheels for eBikes | Large Custom Builds | Zinn Cycles"
1830:
Smaller diameter wheels, all else being equal, have higher
526:
rims have additional reinforcement inside the box-section.
2488:
1434:) - Older British sport bikes. Schwinns with narrow tires.
3112:, Traditional Sizing Systems, Retrieved 9 September 2012.
2755:
2345:
Phillips, Matt (December 2008). "The Scoop on Tubeless".
3345:
International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
2096:
2094:
923:
Bicycle wheels can be categorized by their primary use.
831:
At one end of each spoke is a specialized nut, called a
2437:
2435:
2433:
2383:
2381:
2230:"ISO/E.T.R.T.O. 630 mm, Note on tire/rim compatibility"
1528:
1005:
carbon fiber wheelsets, such as those made by Zipp and
842:
The most common materials used for bicycle nipples are
529:
Aluminum rims are often reinforced with either single
120:
Bicycle wheels are typically designed to fit into the
3382:. Proceedings, Bicycle and Motorcycle Dynamics 2016.
1474:) - Also 650B demi-ballon. French tandems, Porteurs,
259:
are available with both 142 and 150 mm spacing.
2836:"The New Mountain Bike Revolution: 27.5-Inch Wheels"
2255:"Mistral Demystified: Development of the AM 17" rim"
2152:
2150:
3705:
3669:
3608:
3565:
3493:
561:Most bicycle rims are "clincher" rims for use with
2814:"650b mountain bike wheels: looking at the trends"
1065:In the late 2010s, 650B wheels began appearing on
247:generally have a 130 mm wide rear wheel hub.
2964:The 650B Wheel Renaissance - Retrieved 2013-04-10
2957:
2955:
2184:"Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary W: Wooden Rims"
1526:with the narrower tires are no longer available.
804:distance from the rim to the center of the hub. "
3288:"Bicycle-Wheel Spoke Patterns and Spoke Fatigue"
2046:"Shadow Conspiracy Releases Axle Conversion Kit"
1811:for their larger wheel diameter and measured in
3036:"Tire Sizing by Sheldon "ISO/E.T.R.T.O." Brown"
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2489:"Berd Spokes - World's Lightest Bicycle Spokes"
676:The rim is connected to the hub by a number of
2884:"Reviewed: 27.5 Mountain Bikes for All Trails"
1218:International Organization for Standardization
3471:
2980:Zinn Cycles - Custom Bikes | Boulder Colorado
2680:"Sheldon Brown Wheel Building: Spoke Torsion"
2529:144-spoke wheels mounted onto 20x1.75 Kendras
744:Broken rim after a bicycle/car-door collision
8:
3380:"Buckling and Collapse of the Bicycle Wheel"
3363:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3341:"Buckling and Collapse of the Bicycle Wheel"
1222:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
3000:"DirtySixer, The only bike for tall people"
2574:. Lowrider Bicycle Magazine. Archived from
2558:laced up a pair of 144-spoke Phoenix wheels
2545:. Lowrider Bicycle Magazine. Archived from
2516:. Lowrider Bicycle Magazine. Archived from
3478:
3464:
3456:
3127:"650B (584 mm) Conversions for Road Bikes"
3061:"Metric bicycle tire and rim designations"
2774:
2772:
1049:650C triathlon bicycle wheels / ISO 571 mm
757:may have as many as 144 spokes per wheel.
565:tires. These tires have a wire or aramid (
3428:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3208:Whitt, Frank R.; David G. Wilson (1982).
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2020:cording … " See: J.A.D. Ackroyd (2011)
1118:
152:to achieve lightness in his 1853 glider.
30:For the Marcel Duchamp installation, see
3446:Building Bicycle Wheels by Sheldon Brown
2167:ridden tandem bicycles are an exception.
2164:(3rd ed.). Avocet. pp. 59–64.
1020:
739:
2130:"NEW: Chris King 150mm DH/freeride hub"
2012:
1267:an old British inch-based designation:
1061:650B gravel bicycle wheels / ISO 584 mm
3418:
3407:
3356:
3067:from the original on 22 September 2010
2543:"Two Wheel Custom Bike - Prophecy III"
1369:Smaller wheel sizes are also found on
502:was one of the first rim designs, and
144:The first wheel to use the tension in
2514:"Custom Bicycles - Joker's Bike Club"
1596:Old English and Dutch Bicycles / Old
1017:700C road bicycle wheels / ISO 622 mm
7:
3451:Tire Sizing Systems by Sheldon Brown
3244:from the original on 4 December 2008
2781:"650c and the Future of Wheel Sizes"
2327:from the original on 29 January 2009
2190:from the original on 11 January 2008
303:is the part of the hub to which the
93:A Shimano Dura-Ace freehub-style hub
3042:from the original on 8 January 2008
2838:. Adventure Journal. Archived from
2731:"Buyer's guide to road bike wheels"
2572:"Custom Tricycle - Dragon's Defeat"
2321:"Sheldon Brown's Glossary: U. S. T"
1779:ISO 18-622 through ISO 28-622, for
1393:The common "26-inch" wheel used on
476:are now normally made of aluminium
2799:Bicycle Retailer and Industry News
2779:Greg Kopecky (December 22, 2018).
2466:Caley Fretz (September 27, 2011).
1506:Widths of tires and corresponding
456:, referred to as "sprint rims" in
25:
2661:from the original on 22 June 2008
2541:Nathan Trujillo (November 2010).
2236:from the original on 22 June 2008
2209:"Glossary of Bicycle Wheel Terms"
1081:A 29″ and 26″ mountain bike wheel
3556:
3295:Journal of Engineering Mechanics
3238:"Sheldon Brown's Glossary: Dish"
3110:www.sheldonbrown.com/tire-sizing
2834:Michael Frank (April 16, 2013).
2795:"The rise of the 'shreddy' 29er"
2686:from the original on 15 May 2008
1924:
1910:
1353:for mountain biking. Most adult
2886:. Mountain Bike. Archived from
2860:Lennard Zinn (April 24, 2013).
2704:Tyler Benedict (June 4, 2018).
2512:Jessica Lopez (November 2010).
2132:. BikeRadar.com. Archived from
2128:Gary Boulanger (Jul 19, 2007).
2032:Journal of Aeronautical History
1377:) through 20 inches (e.g.
3388:10.6084/m9.figshare.3856134.v1
3286:Henri P. Gavin (August 1996).
2910:"Ready or Not, Here Comes 650"
2812:Josh Patterson (Oct 9, 2012).
2655:"Sheldon Brown Glossary: Dish"
2292:"Are Tubeless Tires Worth It?"
1:
2729:Rome, David (June 17, 2015).
1381:) up to even 26 inches.
910:International Triathlon Union
906:Union Cycliste Internationale
899:A disc wheel may simply be a
495:sometimes lack this surface.
61:Bicycle wheel with wooden rim
2443:Sheldon Brown and John Allen
2102:Sheldon Brown and John Allen
2072:. 2013-01-05. Archived from
1258:Japanese Industrial Standard
27:Wheel designed for a bicycle
2106:"Bicycle Frame/Hub Spacing"
615:Some rims are designed for
487:Rims designed for use with
113:. A pair is often called a
3835:
3184:"VREDESTEIN Bicycle Tires"
2570:Rene Vargas (March 2009).
2415:. DT Swiss. Archived from
1128:
1110:
927:Road/racing bicycle wheels
733:, paint, or, more rarely,
608:
243:spacing, road wheels with
29:
3554:
3173:- Retrieved on 09/24/2013
3151:- Retrieved on 09/24/2013
805:
2468:"Zircal aluminum spokes"
886:Carbon fiber disc wheel.
282:Freehub vs freewheel hub
3267:"Wheelbuilding: Spokes"
2044:Saris (March 8, 2012).
1480:27.5 inch mountain bike
1107:27.5 inch / ISO 584 mm
1033:Plastic BMX wheel (mag)
587:Straight-side (SS) rims
518:to distinguish it from
49:The front wheel from a
3417:Cite journal requires
3316:"Wheel Stiffness Test"
3161:www.continental/de.com
2908:Vernon Felton (2013).
2882:Matt Phillips (2013).
1864:
1535:Obsolete sizes in grey
1517:
1082:
1034:
1026:
973:hub/bearing smoothness
947:
887:
866:
745:
605:Tubular or sew-up rims
558:
461:
445:
434:
343:
283:
94:
86:
85:Cross-section of a rim
78:
70:
62:
54:
2940:"Tire Sizing Systems"
2708:. BikeBoardMedia, Inc
2360:Jobst Brandt (1993).
2048:. BikeBoardMedia, Inc
1862:
1516:
1283:), 590 mm (26 ×
1125:29 inch / ISO 622 mm
1098:26 inch / ISO 559 mm
1089:24 inch / ISO 507 mm
1080:
1032:
1024:
934:
893:cycling organizations
885:
864:
799:Adjustment ("truing")
743:
593:Hooked-bead (HB) rims
590:Crochet-type (C) rims
552:
451:
440:
425:
368:bicycle brake systems
333:
295:Hub shell and flanges
281:
92:
84:
76:
68:
60:
48:
3600:Quick release skewer
3023:Guide to 650b wheels
2962:www.rideyourbike.com
2938:(December 6, 2012).
2445:(November 5, 2011).
1233:For wired-edge tires
1194:20 inch / ISO 451 mm
1181:20 inch / ISO 406 mm
1073:Mountain bike wheels
500:Westwood pattern rim
336:Bootie Folding Cycle
334:Rear wheel of 1960s
36:. For the book, see
2974:nick (2020-10-15).
2413:"Tech Specs Spokes"
1973:Glossary of cycling
1963:Bicycle wheel tools
1849:Bicycle performance
1537:
1488:- ISO 44-571 (26 ⋅
1460:- ISO 40-584 (26 ⋅
1440:- ISO 37-590 (26 ⋅
1037:Touring, race, and
952:road bicycle racing
504:rod-actuated brakes
411:Internal geared hub
3166:2016-03-04 at the
3149:Tire and Rim Sizes
3091:"Fractional sizes"
2298:on 16 January 2009
2027:2013-12-26 at the
1865:
1832:rolling resistance
1823:Rolling resistance
1529:
1518:
1318:635 mm (28 ×
1300:630 mm (27 ×
1269:597 mm (26 ×
1113:27.5 Mountain bike
1083:
1035:
1027:
996:rotational inertia
969:rotational inertia
948:
888:
867:
746:
559:
462:
446:
435:
344:
284:
105:, most commonly a
95:
87:
79:
71:
63:
55:
3796:
3795:
3210:Bicycling Science
2783:. Slowtwitch.com.
2323:. Sheldon Brown.
2211:. Bromley Bike Co
2186:. Sheldon Brown.
2162:The Bicycle Wheel
1989:The Bicycle Wheel
1851:for more detail.
1820:
1819:
1789:ISO 47-622 (28 ⋅
1536:
1203:Technical aspects
1165:36 inch / ISO 787
1157:32 inch / ISO 686
939:rear wheel with "
837:moment of inertia
791:vintage bicycle.
755:Lowrider bicycles
150:Sir George Cayley
109:, designed for a
39:The Bicycle Wheel
16:(Redirected from
3826:
3560:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3186:. Archived from
3180:
3174:
3158:
3152:
3146:www.bikecult.com
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3063:. cl.cam.ac.uk.
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3032:
3026:
3025:, Bikeradar.com.
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2754:. Archived from
2752:"ACS Mag Wheels"
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2635:"Spoke patterns"
2627:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2439:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2294:. Archived from
2290:Felton, Vernon.
2287:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2257:. Archived from
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:on March 4, 2016
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2066:
2060:
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2017:
1934:
1932:Transport portal
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1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1538:
1534:
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1500:
1496:
1493:
1476:touring bicycles
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1371:folding bicycles
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1025:700C front wheel
749:Number of spokes
432:utility bicycles
148:was invented by
21:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3788:Training wheels
3748:Luggage carrier
3701:
3665:
3604:
3561:
3552:
3489:
3484:
3442:
3437:
3427:
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3377:
3376:
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3355:
3349:
3347:
3338:
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3333:
3324:
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3314:Rinard, Damon.
3313:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3297:
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3171:Rare dimensions
3168:Wayback Machine
3159:
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2972:
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2960:
2953:
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2934:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2912:. Bike Magazine
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2906:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2842:on May 20, 2013
2833:
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2816:. BikeRadar.com
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2397:
2395:
2393:"Wheelbuilding"
2387:
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2110:
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2099:
2092:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2051:
2049:
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2029:Wayback Machine
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1886:
1857:
1840:
1825:
1807:, are known as
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1781:racing bicycles
1772:
1767:
1763:
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1756:
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1463:
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1450:
1446:
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1441:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1407:
1405:Other sizes 26″
1391:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1228:. For example:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1183:
1175:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1075:
1063:
1055:triathlon bikes
1051:
1019:
929:
921:
880:
859:
829:
801:
771:
751:
727:surface-treated
723:stainless steel
719:
711:
674:
629:
613:
607:
547:
420:
376:
325:
297:
265:
191:
174:
158:
142:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3819:Bicycle wheels
3816:
3811:
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3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
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3538:Bottom bracket
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3441:
3440:External links
3438:
3436:
3435:
3419:|journal=
3370:
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3102:
3078:
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3027:
3015:
2991:
2966:
2951:
2922:
2900:
2874:
2862:"Back to 27.5"
2852:
2826:
2804:
2786:
2768:
2743:
2721:
2696:
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2615:
2591:
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2370:
2352:
2337:
2317:Brown, Sheldon
2308:
2271:
2246:
2221:
2200:
2180:Brown, Sheldon
2171:
2146:
2120:
2090:
2061:
2036:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1957:Marcel Duchamp
1948:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1935:
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1905:
1902:
1885:
1882:
1856:
1853:
1839:
1836:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1805:mountain bikes
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1737:
1721:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1641:
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1629:
1624:
1622:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:track bicycles
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1522:
1519:
1504:
1503:
1483:
1455:
1435:
1406:
1403:
1399:beach cruisers
1395:mountain bikes
1390:
1387:
1355:mountain bikes
1335:
1334:
1265:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1220:(ISO) and the
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1190:acceleration.
1182:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1131:29er (bicycle)
1129:Main article:
1126:
1123:
1111:Main article:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1050:
1047:
1018:
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928:
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920:
917:
879:
876:
858:
855:
828:
825:
800:
797:
770:
767:
750:
747:
735:chrome plating
718:
715:
710:
707:
673:
670:
628:
625:
609:Main article:
606:
603:
595:
594:
591:
588:
546:
543:
430:” traditional
419:
416:
415:
414:
408:
402:
399:Track sprocket
396:
390:
375:
372:
364:
363:
357:
351:
340:Sturmey-Archer
324:
321:
296:
293:
264:
261:
249:Mountain bikes
237:
236:
228:
224:
207:
201:
190:
187:
173:
170:
157:
154:
141:
138:
51:racing bicycle
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3831:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Bicycle parts
3807:
3806:
3804:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Cyclocomputer
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
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3683:
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3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
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3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3629:
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3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:Bicycle parts
3481:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3424:
3411:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3321:
3320:Sheldon Brown
3317:
3310:
3307:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3268:
3264:
3263:Sheldon Brown
3258:
3255:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:Sheldon Brown
3229:
3226:
3221:
3219:0-262-23111-5
3215:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3190:on 2007-03-24
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3128:
3124:
3123:Sheldon Brown
3118:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3092:
3088:
3087:Sheldon Brown
3082:
3079:
3071:September 24,
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2941:
2937:
2936:Sheldon Brown
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2890:on 2013-05-09
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2758:on 1998-12-12
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2631:Sheldon Brown
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2605:
2601:
2600:Sheldon Brown
2595:
2592:
2588:
2578:on 2008-05-15
2577:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2549:on 2009-06-22
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2520:on 2009-07-04
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2419:on 2012-05-07
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2394:
2390:
2389:Sheldon Brown
2384:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2362:Bicycle Wheel
2356:
2353:
2349:. Rodale: 90.
2348:
2341:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2261:on 2008-07-17
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2076:on 2007-02-16
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Wheelbuilding
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Mountain bike
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Downhill bike
1966:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:Bicycle Wheel
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1918:Sports portal
1908:
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1890:
1883:
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1838:Rotating mass
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1420:32-597 (26 ⋅
1419:
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1396:
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1386:
1382:
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1347:Sheldon Brown
1344:
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1086:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1043:road bicycles
1040:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
992:bladed spokes
989:
984:
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807:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
768:
766:
763:
758:
756:
748:
742:
738:
736:
732:
731:galvanization
728:
724:
716:
714:
709:Cross section
708:
706:
704:
703:Triple-butted
700:
699:Single-butted
696:
695:Double-butted
692:
690:
685:
681:
679:
671:
669:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
634:
633:tubeless tire
626:
624:
622:
618:
617:tubular tires
612:
604:
602:
600:
592:
589:
586:
585:
584:
582:
577:
574:
572:
568:
564:
556:
551:
545:Clincher rims
544:
542:
538:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
485:
483:
482:thermoplastic
479:
475:
470:
467:
459:
455:
454:tubular tires
450:
444:
439:
433:
429:
424:
417:
412:
409:
406:
405:Flip-flop hub
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
373:
371:
369:
361:
360:Coaster brake
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
341:
337:
332:
328:
322:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
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288:
280:
276:
274:
273:ball bearings
270:
262:
260:
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254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
225:
222:
219:
215:
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208:
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199:
198:Quick release
196:
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194:
188:
186:
183:
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
155:
153:
151:
147:
139:
137:
135:
134:bicycle tires
131:
127:
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116:
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108:
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100:
99:bicycle wheel
91:
83:
75:
67:
59:
52:
47:
41:
40:
35:
34:
33:Bicycle Wheel
19:
3682:Bowden cable
3585:Spoke nipple
3566:
3410:cite journal
3399:. Retrieved
3373:
3348:. Retrieved
3334:
3323:. Retrieved
3309:
3298:. Retrieved
3281:
3270:. Retrieved
3257:
3246:. Retrieved
3228:
3209:
3203:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:the original
3178:
3170:
3156:
3148:
3141:
3130:. Retrieved
3117:
3105:
3094:. Retrieved
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2888:the original
2877:
2866:. Retrieved
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2829:
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2807:
2798:
2789:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:the original
2746:
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2724:
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2421:. Retrieved
2417:the original
2407:
2396:. Retrieved
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2329:. Retrieved
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2296:the original
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2161:
2158:Jobst Brandt
2138:. Retrieved
2134:the original
2123:
2115:
2109:. Retrieved
2084:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2064:
2056:
2050:. Retrieved
2039:
2031:
2015:
1987:
1983:Spoke wrench
1950:
1946:Bicycle tire
1895:
1891:
1887:
1877:truing stand
1874:
1870:
1866:
1841:
1829:
1826:
1788:
1785:
1778:
1558:Application
1548:French Code
1530:
1524:
1505:
1485:
1457:
1437:
1413:
1408:
1392:
1383:
1368:
1364:
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1155:
1134:
1116:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1067:gravel bikes
1064:
1052:
1036:
1000:
991:
987:
985:
981:
959:aerodynamics
949:
922:
914:
898:
889:
868:
857:Alternatives
852:
847:
843:
841:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
793:
789:
785:
781:
772:
759:
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720:
712:
702:
698:
694:
693:
686:
682:
675:
663:
659:
655:
651:
630:
614:
611:Tubular tire
598:
596:
578:
575:
562:
560:
539:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
497:
486:
474:bicycle rims
473:
471:
463:
460:and Ireland.
377:
365:
326:
317:
298:
289:
285:
266:
238:
214:single speed
192:
175:
159:
156:Construction
146:metal spokes
143:
119:
114:
98:
96:
38:
32:
3778:Skirt guard
3723:Bottle cage
3706:Peripherals
3687:Cable guide
3637:Master link
2736:January 31,
2493:Berd Spokes
2070:"Hub Axles"
1379:Bike Friday
1343:Tire Sizing
1039:cyclo-cross
878:Disc wheels
524:Triple-wall
520:single-wall
516:double-wall
512:box-section
354:Drum brakes
348:Disc brakes
132:, and hold
3803:Categories
3773:Reflectors
3768:Spoke card
3647:Derailleur
3610:Drivetrain
3590:Valve stem
3548:Suspension
3503:Handlebars
3401:2017-03-22
3350:2017-03-22
3325:2017-03-22
3300:2017-03-22
3272:2011-03-03
3248:2008-11-30
3194:2006-08-14
3132:2011-12-23
3096:2012-06-07
3046:2008-01-01
3009:2023-10-16
3004:DirtySixer
2985:2023-10-16
2945:2013-04-10
2916:2013-05-12
2894:2013-05-12
2868:2013-05-12
2864:. VeloNews
2846:2013-05-12
2820:2013-04-19
2762:2009-01-26
2712:2020-01-01
2690:2008-05-28
2665:2008-06-09
2640:2013-01-24
2609:2013-01-24
2582:2013-01-24
2553:2013-01-24
2524:2013-01-24
2498:2023-11-09
2474:2013-01-26
2470:. VeloNews
2452:2013-01-26
2423:2012-05-31
2398:2010-03-22
2371:0960723668
2331:2009-01-16
2302:2009-01-16
2265:2008-05-23
2240:2008-05-23
2215:2011-08-02
2194:2008-01-22
2140:2013-01-25
2111:2013-01-25
2080:2013-01-25
2052:2013-01-25
2008:References
2001:Wire wheel
1955:, 1916–17
1844:accelerate
1672:Path Racer
1173:BMX wheels
1137:cyclocross
937:Campagnolo
646:Hutchinson
619:which are
581:ISO 5775-2
555:inner tube
493:hub brakes
489:rim brakes
443:rim brakes
428:drum brake
342:drum brake
323:Hub brakes
218:Cannondale
107:wire wheel
3763:Saddlebag
3753:Mudguards
3738:Kickstand
3656:Gear case
3651:Hub gears
3513:Head tube
3396:125248873
2347:Bicycling
1959:sculpture
1884:Stiffness
1541:Size (in
1531:28 Inches
988:rim depth
977:stiffness
664:In 2006,
472:Metallic
452:Rims for
393:Freewheel
309:Bontrager
301:hub shell
140:Invention
3758:Panniers
3743:Lighting
3661:Sprocket
3623:Crankset
3543:Fork end
3528:Seatpost
3359:cite web
3242:Archived
3164:Archived
3065:Archived
3040:Archived
2684:Archived
2659:Archived
2604:"Lacing"
2447:"Spokes"
2325:Archived
2234:Archived
2188:Archived
2160:(1993).
2025:Archived
1904:See also
1898:buckling
1668:Roadster
1543:fraction
1375:Brompton
1339:ISO 5775
1262:700×35 C
1243:For rims
1226:ISO 5775
1212:Bicycle
1003:clincher
945:cassette
848:aluminum
717:Material
642:Michelin
627:Tubeless
563:clincher
387:cassette
269:bearings
263:Bearings
257:downhill
253:Freeride
245:freehubs
232:chromoly
182:bearings
130:dropouts
115:wheelset
3728:Fairing
3697:Ferrule
3677:Shifter
3670:Cabling
3595:Dustcap
3518:Headset
1941:Bicycle
1815:sizes.
1813:decimal
1809:29 inch
1798:⁄
1762:⁄
1747:⁄
1731:⁄
1715:⁄
1700:⁄
1685:⁄
1651:⁄
1615:⁄
1575:⁄
1521:28 inch
1497:⁄
1482:wheels)
1469:⁄
1449:⁄
1429:⁄
1389:26 inch
1327:⁄
1309:⁄
1292:⁄
1278:⁄
1247:622x19C
1148:⁄
912:rules.
901:fairing
827:Nipples
666:Shimano
531:eyelets
458:Britain
383:Freehub
111:bicycle
69:Nipples
3814:Wheels
3783:Fender
3713:Basket
3642:Cogset
3567:Wheels
3533:Saddle
3394:
3216:
2368:
2086:wheel.
1992:(book)
1775:622mm
1664:635mm
1316:, and
1237:37-622
1119:584 mm
1011:Corima
964:weight
833:nipple
776:torque
769:Lacing
689:nipple
678:spokes
672:Spokes
571:Twaron
567:Kevlar
541:tire.
305:spokes
216:hubs,
162:spokes
77:Spokes
3692:Brake
3628:Chain
3618:Pedal
3580:Spoke
3495:Frame
3392:S2CID
3291:(PDF)
1753:29 ⋅
1738:28 ⋅
1722:28 ⋅
1706:28 ⋅
1691:28 ⋅
1680:28 ⋅
1642:28 ⋅
1632:642mm
1606:28 ⋅
1592:647mm
1566:28 ⋅
1208:Sizes
1007:Mavic
1001:Most
919:Types
871:nylon
844:brass
653:are.
638:Mavic
621:torus
535:rivet
478:alloy
374:Gears
338:with
235:hubs)
223:hubs)
221:Lefty
122:frame
103:wheel
101:is a
3718:Bell
3632:Belt
3575:Tire
3523:Fork
3508:Stem
3430:link
3423:help
3365:link
3214:ISBN
3073:2010
2738:2017
2366:ISBN
1855:Dish
1771:700C
1660:700B
1626:700A
1486:650C
1458:650B
1438:650A
1397:and
1214:rims
950:For
846:and
806:Dish
762:drag
644:and
599:bead
579:The
498:The
464:The
313:Zipp
311:and
299:The
267:The
255:and
241:fork
210:Bolt
189:Axle
178:axle
166:tire
128:via
126:fork
124:and
18:650b
3384:doi
1586:700
1553:ISO
1508:ISO
1418:ISO
1414:650
1345:by
1298:),
1187:BMX
729:by
569:or
514:or
466:rim
418:Rim
204:Nut
172:Hub
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3412:}}
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