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all the true accounts of incredible violence that I have heard, of all the records of the government's inhuman torture of its own people, what has shaken me most is the routine practice on the part of the 6โ10 Office and the police of assaulting women's genitals," wrote Gao. Defector Hao
Fengjun described witnessing one of his 610 Office colleagues beating an elderly female Falun Gong practitioner with an iron bar. The event helped catalyze Hao's decision to defect to Australia. The 2009 report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings relayed allegations that the 610 Office was involved in the torture deaths of Falun Gong practitioners ahead of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
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practitioner from their district who went to
Beijing," wrote Johnson. The mayors and county leaders then fined the heads of their local 610 offices or PLAC branches, who in turn fined the village chiefs, who fined the police. The police administered punishment to the Falun Gong practitioners, and regularly demanded money from them to recoup the costs. Johnson wrote that "The fines were illegal; no law or regulation has ever been issued in writing that lists them." Government officials announced them only orally in meetings. "There was never to be anything in writing because they didn't want it made public," one official told Johnson.
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in his capacity as the deputy leader of the
Central Leading Group for Dealing with Falun Gong and the country's propaganda chief. The initial media attacks contained only veiled, indirect references to Falun Gong, and their content aimed to deride "superstition" and extol the virtues of atheism. In the weeks leading up to the official launch of the campaign, the CLGDF and the 610 Office set to work preparing a large number of books, editorials, and television programs denouncing the group, which were made public after 20 July 1999 when the campaign against Falun Gong officially began.
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practitioners, or coordinating and overseeing 24-hour monitoring of practitioners. The 610 Office does not necessarily conduct the surveillance directly; instead, it orders local authorities to do so, and has them report at regular intervals to the 610 Office. Basic-level 610 Offices relay the intelligence they have collected up the operational chain to the 610 Office above them. In many instances, the surveillance is targeted towards Falun Gong practitioners who had previously recanted the practice while in prison or labor camps, and is intended to prevent "recidivism."
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Falun Gong. In 2001, the central 610 Office began ordering "all neighborhood committees, state institutions and companies" to begin using the transformation facilities. No Falun Gong practitioners were to be spared, including students and the elderly. The same year, the 610 Office reportedly relayed orders that those who actively practice Falun Gong must be sent to prisons or labor camps, and those who did not renounce their belief in Falun Gong were to be socially isolated and monitored by families and employers.
291:, whose coverage of the crackdown on Falun Gong earned him a Pulitzer Prize, wrote that the job of the 610 Office was "to mobilize the country's pliant social organizations. Under orders from the Public Security Bureau, churches, temples, mosques, newspapers, media, courts and police all quickly lined up behind the government's simple plan: to crush Falun Gong, no measures too excessive. Within days a wave of arrests swept China. By the end of 1999, Falun Gong adherents were dying in custody."
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had already been quietly compromised; second, there was a need for a nimble and powerful organization to coordinate the anti-Falun Gong campaign; third, the creation of a top-level party organization sent a message down the ranks that the anti-Falun Gong campaign was a priority; and finally, CPC leaders did not want the anti-Falun Gong campaign to be hindered by legal or bureaucratic restrictions, and thus established the 610 Office extrajudicially.
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been established within large corporations and universities. Each office takes orders from the 610 Office one administrative level above, or from the
Communist Party authorities at the same organizational level. In turn, the local 610 Offices influence the officers of other state and party bodies, such as media organizations, local public security bureaus, and courts.
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355:, a defector and former officer with the 610 Office in Tianjin City, was one such officer. Hao had previously worked for the Public Security Bureau in Tianjin, and was among the officers selected to be seconded to the newly created 610 Office. Some 610 Offices conduct their own recruiting efforts to bring in staff with university degrees.
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qigong denominations. In 1996, possibly in response to the escalating pressure to formalize ties with the party-state, Falun Gong filed to withdraw from the state-run qigong association. Following this severance of ties to the state, the group came under increasing criticism and surveillance from the country's security apparatus and
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continues to be the 610 Office's primary concern, there is evidence of local offices targeting members of other groups, some of which identify as
Buddhist or Protestant denominations. This include carrying out surveillance against members, engaging in propaganda efforts, and detaining and imprisoning members.
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jurisdiction, and a system of punitive fines were imposed on regions and officials who failed to adequately persecute Falun Gong. "This showed that, instead of creating a modern system to rule China, the government still relied on an ad hoc patchwork of edicts, orders and personal connections," wrote
Johnson.
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In 2003, the name of the
Central Leading Group for Dealing with Falun Gong was changed to the "Central Leading Group on Dealing with Heretical Religions." The same year, its mandate was expanded to include disposing of 28 other "heretical religions" and "harmful qigong practices". Although Falun Gong
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Several sources have reported 610 officers as being involved in or ordering the torture of Falun Gong adherents in custody. In a letter to
Chinese leaders in 2005, prominent human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng relayed accounts of 610 officers beating and sexually assaulting Falun Gong practitioners: "of
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610 Offices throughout China maintain an informal network of "transformation-through-reeducation" facilities. These facilities are used specifically for ideological reprogramming of Falun Gong practitioners, whereby they are subjected to physical and mental coercion in an effort to have them renounce
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Propaganda is among the core functions of the 610 Office, both at the central and local levels. The CLGDF includes high-ranking members of the
Communist Party's propaganda department, including the minister of propaganda and deputy head of the Central Leading Group on Propaganda and Ideological Work.
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The 610 Office is managed by top echelon leaders of the CCP, and the CLGDF that oversees the 610 Office has, since its inception, been helmed by a senior member of the
Politburo Standing Committee. The practice of appointing top-ranked Party authorities to run the CLGDF and 610 Office was intended to
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and, apparently satisfied with his response, the group dispersed peacefully. Jiang Zemin was reported to have been deeply angered by the event, however, and expressed concern over the fact that a number of high-ranking bureaucrats, Communist Party officials, and members of the military establishment
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On 10 June, the 610 Office was formed to handle day-to-day coordination of the anti-Falun Gong campaign. Luo Gan was selected to helm of the office, whose mission at the time was described as studying, investigating, and developing a "unified approach...to resolve the Falun Gong problem." The office
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Falun Gong initially enjoyed considerable official support during the early years of its development, and amassed a following of millions. By the mid-1990s, however, Chinese authorities sought to rein in the influence of qigong practices, enacting more stringent requirements on the country's various
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In 2010, the central 610 Office initiated a three-year campaign to intensify the "transformation" of known Falun Gong practitioners. Documents from local 610 Offices across the country revealed the details of the campaign, which involved setting transformation quotas, and required local authorities
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610 Offices work with local security agencies to monitor and capture Falun Gong adherents, many of whom are then sentenced administratively to reeducation-through-labor camps (RTL), or, if they continue to practice and advocate for Falun Gong, sentenced to prison. The number of Falun Gong adherents
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Tong notes that the first "propaganda assaults" on the Falun Gong were launched in the leading state-run newspapers in late June, 1999โshortly after the establishment of the 610 office, but before the campaign against Falun Gong had been officially announced. The effort was overseen by Ding Guangen
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recruited a German Falun Gong practitioner Dr. Dan Sun to act as an informant. The agent reportedly arranged a meeting for Sun with two men who purported to be scholars of Chinese medicine interested in researching Falun Gong, and Sun agreed to pass information to them, ostensibly hoping to further
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province. There, the 610 Office consisted in 2008 of a "composite group" and an "education group." The education group was in charge of "propaganda work" and the "transformation through reeducation" of Falun Gong adherents. The composite group was in charge of administrative and logistics tasks,
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In 2008, a new set of "leading groups" appeared with the mandate of "maintaining stability." Corresponding local offices were established in every district in major coastal cities, being tasked with "ferreting out" anti-Communist Party elements. The branch offices for Maintaining Stability overlap
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Cook and Lemish speculate that the 610 Office was created outside the traditional state-based security system for several reasons: first, a number of officials within the military and security agencies were practicing Falun Gong, leading Jiang and other CPC leaders to fear that these organizations
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was not created with any legislation, and there are no provisions describing its precise mandate. Nonetheless, it was authorized "to deal with central and local, party and state agencies, which were called upon to act in close coordination with that office," according to UCLA professor James Tong.
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Cook and Lemish write that the increased reliance on ad hoc committees such as the 610 Office and stability maintenance offices may indicate a sense among Communist Party leaders that the existing state security services are ineffective in meeting its needs. "That these officials are increasingly
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Soon after the creation of the central 610 Office, parallel 610 Offices were established at each administrative level wherever populations of Falun Gong practitioners were present, including the provincial, district, municipal, and sometime neighborhood levels. In some instances, 610 Offices have
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Ian Johnson of the Wall Street Journal reported in 2000 that Falun Gong practitioners were tortured to death in "transformation-through-reeducation" facilities that are run by the 610 Office. The central 610 Office had informed local authorities that they could use any means necessary to prevent
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In addition to domestic surveillance, the 610 Office is allegedly involved in foreign intelligence. Hao Fengjun, the former 610 officer-turned defector from Tianjin, testified that his job at the 610 Office involved collating and analyzing intelligence reports on overseas Falun Gong populations,
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The 610 Office's intelligence collection efforts are bolstered through he cultivation of paid civilian informants. 610 Offices at local levels have been found to offer substantial monetary rewards for information leading to the capture of Falun Gong practitioners, and 24-hour hotlines have been
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in Beijing to appeal for their rights. In order to stem the flow of protesters in the capital, the central 610 Office held local authorities responsible for ensuring that no one from their region went to Beijing. "The provincial government fined mayors and heads of counties for each Falun Gong
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In order to ensure compliance with the Party's directives against Falun Gong, the 610 offices implemented a responsibility system that extended down to the grassroots levels of society. Under this system, the local officials were held accountable for all Falun Gong-related outcomes under their
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Surveillance of Falun Gong practitioners and intelligence collection is among the chief functions of 610 Offices. At the local levels, this involves monitoring workplaces and residences to identify Falun Gong practitioners, making daily visits to the homes of known (or "registered") Falun Gong
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The main functions of the 610 Offices included coordinating anti-Falun Gong propaganda, surveillance and intelligence collection, and the punishment and "reeducation" of Falun Gong adherents. The office was reportedly involved in the extrajudicial sentencing, coercive reeducation, torture, and
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The Central 610 Office also directs local 610 Offices to carry out propaganda work against Falun Gong. This includes working with local media, as well as conducting grassroots campaigns to "educate" target audiences in schools and universities, state-run enterprises, and social and commercial
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In addition to prisons, labor camps and transformation facilities, the 610 Office can arbitrarily compel mentally healthy Falun Gong practitioners into psychiatric facilities. In 2002, it was estimated that approximately 1,000 Falun Gong adherents were being held against their will in mental
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asserted on 27 July 1999, that it "was a struggle between theism and atheism, superstition and science, idealism and materialism." Other rhetoric appearing in the state-run press centered on charges that Falun Gong had misled followers and was dangerous to health. To make the propaganda more
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In the months following July 1999, David Ownby writes that the country's media apparatus "was churning out hundreds of articles, books, and television reports against Falun Gong. The Chinese public had not witnessed such overkill since the heyday of the Cultural Revolution." State propaganda
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Relatively little is known about recruiting processes for local 610 Offices. In rare instances where such information is available, 610 officers appeared to have been drawn from other party or state agencies (such as the Political and Legislative Committee staff or Public Security Bureaus).
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created for civilians to report on Falun Gong-related activity. In some locales, 'responsibility measures' are enacted whereby workplaces, schools, neighborhood committees and families are held accountable for monitoring and reporting on Falun Gong practitioners within their ranks.
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relying on more arbitrary, extra-legal, and personalized security forces to protect their hold on power does not only bode badly for China's human rights record. It also threatens the stability of internal CCP politics should 610 Office work become politicized," they write.
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to address the Falun Gong issue. In the meeting, Jiang described Falun Gong as a grave threat to Communist Party authorityโ"something unprecedented in the country since its founding 50 years ago"โand ordered the creation of a special leading group within the party's
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enterprises. In 2008, for instance, the central 610 Office issued a directive to engage in propaganda work intended to prevent Falun Gong from "interfering with" the Beijing Olympics. The campaign was referenced on government web sites in every Chinese province.
312:, and the News and Publications Bureau. The 610 Office plays the role of coordinating the anti-Falun Gong media coverage in the state-run press, as well influencing other party and state entities, including security agencies, in the anti-Falun Gong campaign.
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Province described how legal cases against Falun Gong practitioners must be approved and/or audited by the 610 Office. The 610 Office's organizational proximity to the CPC's Political and Judicial Committee better enables it to exercise influence with the
229:. Falun Gong books were banned from further publication in July 1996, and state-run news outlets began criticizing the group as a form of "feudal superstition," whose "theistic" orientation was at odds with the official ideology and national agenda.
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An example of this responsibility system was shown in the handling of protesters traveling to Beijing in the early years of the persecution. After the persecution of Falun Gong began in 1999, hundreds of Falun Gong practitioners traveled daily to
284:. The leaders of the 610 Office and CLGDF were "able to call on top government and party officials to work on the case and draw on their institutional resources," and had personal access to the Communist Party general secretary and the Premier.
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327:. Both Luo Gan and Zhou Yongkang oversaw both the PLC and the 610 Office simultaneously. This overlap is also reflected at local levels, where the 610 Office is regularly aligned with the local PLAC, sometimes even sharing physical offices.
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has noted that cases where the defendants are Falun Gong practitioners are decided by the local 610 Offices, rather than through recourse to legal standards. In November 2008, two lawyers seeking to represent Falun Gong practitioners in
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announced that the Central Leading Group on Dealing with Heretical Religions and the 610 Office would be abolished, with their functions to the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission and the Ministry of Public Security.
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This, coupled with the 610 Office's organizational position above the main news and propaganda organs, gives it sufficient influence to direct the anti-Falun Gong propaganda efforts at the central level.
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The majority of detained Falun Gong practitioners are sentenced administratively to reeducation-through-labor camps, though several thousand have been condemned to longer sentences in prisons. Chinese
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groups deemed heretical or harmful by the Communist Party (CCP), though Falun Gong remains its main priority. In March 2018, the office was reorganized and its functions transferred to the
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to forcefully take Falun Gong practitioners into transformation-through-reeducation sessions. If they failed to recant their practice, the practitioners would be sent to labor camps.
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of the CCP. Local 610 Offices were also established at provincial, district, municipal and neighborhood levels, and were estimated to number approximately 1,000 across the country.
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have charged that the 610 Office regularly interferes with legal cases involving Falun Gong practitioners, subverting the ability of judges to adjudicate independently. Attorney
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James Tong wrote that the Party's decision to run the anti-Falun Gong campaign through the CLGDF and the 610 Office reflected "a pattern of regime institutional choice" to use "
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ensure that they outranked other departmental officials. According to James Tong, the 610 Office is situated "several administrative strata" above organizations such as the
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The individual 610 Offices at local levels show minor variations in organizational structure. One example of how local offices are organized comes from Leiyang city in
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280:. Four other deputy directors of the Central Leading Group also held high-level positions in the Communist Party, including minister of the propaganda department,
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On 17 June 1999, the 610 Office came under the newly created Central Leading Group for Dealing with Falun Gong, headed by Politburo Standing Committee member
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Ownby, David (2007). 'Qigong, Falun Gong, and the Body Politic in Contemporary China,' in China's transformations: the stories beyond the headlines.
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initially used the appeal of scientific rationalism to argue that Falun Gong's worldview was in "complete opposition to science" and communism; the
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government compound to request official recognition and an end to the escalating harassment against them. Security czar and politburo member
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practice that involves meditation, energy exercises, and a moral philosophy drawing on Buddhist tradition. The practice was introduced by
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Jiang Zemin, "Letter to Party cadres on the evening of April 25, 1999" republished in Beijing Zhichun (Beijing Spring) no. 97, June 2001.
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Falun Gong practitioners from traveling to Beijing to protest the banโan order that reportedly resulted in widespread abuse in custody.
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and Wang Yajun have alleged that the 610 Office interfered with their ability to meet with Falun Gong clients or defend them in court.
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detained in China is estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands; in some facilities, Falun Gong practitioners are in the majority.
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committees rather than permanent agencies, and invested power in the top party echelon rather than functional state bureaucracies."
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had taken up Falun Gong. That evening, Jiang disseminated a letter through Party ranks ordering that Falun Gong must be crushed.
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159:(CCP). Because it was a CCP-led office with no formal legal mandate, it is sometimes described as an extralegal organisation.
136:. Named for the date of its creation on June 10, 1999, it was established for the purpose of coordinating and implementing the
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following the ban. The 610 Office implemented punitive fines on local officials to prevent Falun Gong protests on the square.
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1575:"Guarding the guardians: The party makes sure that the people who guarantee its rule are themselves under tight control"
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932:'Communist Party Calls for Increased Efforts To "Transform" Falun Gong Practitioners as Part of Three-Year Campaign'
428:(2007โ2012), Politburo Standing Committee member and secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
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Official documents support the allegation of interference by the 610 Office. In 2009, two separate documents from
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was the first to draw attention to the gathering crowd. Luo reportedly called Communist Party general secretary
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accessible to the masses, the government published comic books, some of which compared Falun Gong's founder to
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noted that the presiding judge in the case was seen meeting with 610 Office agents. Other lawyers, including
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Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: the impact on Chinese thought, culture, and communication,
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their understanding of the practice. The men were in fact high-ranking agents of the 610 Office in
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Since 2003, the 610 Office's mission has been expanded to include targeting other religious and
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Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Lu, Sunny Y.; Galli, Viviana B. "Psychiatric abuse of Falun Gong practitioners in China."
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significantly with local 610 Offices, sometimes sharing offices, staff, and leadership.
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1255:"A Chapter from the Cold War Reopens: Espionage Probe Casts Shadow on Ties with China"
966:"The illegality of China's Falun Gong crackdownโand today's rule of law repercussions"
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Hutzler, Charles (26 April 2001). "Falun Gong Feels Effect of China's Tighter Grip."
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The central 610 Office has traditionally been headed by a high-ranking member of the
1514:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions"
1359:"We Could Disappear at Any Time: Retaliation and Abuses against Chinese Petitioners"
221:
in Northeast China in the spring of 1992, towards the end of China's "qigong boom."
4630:
4534:
3280:
3255:
2843:
2837:
917:
615:
611:
565:
546:
463:
431:
281:
247:
A group of five Falun Gong representatives presented their demands to then-Premier
1624:
232:
On April 25, 1999, over 10,000 Falun Gong adherents demonstrated quietly near the
1201:
132:; full name: ไธญๅคฎ้ฒ่ๅๅค็้ชๆ้ฎ้ข้ขๅฏผๅฐ็ปๅๅ
ฌๅฎค; abbreviated ไธญๅคฎ้ฒ่ๅ) was a security agency in the
4600:
3260:
2855:
2849:
1773:
1767:
1755:
619:
475:
448:
241:
233:
206:
201:
1534:"Death Trap: How One Chinese City Resorted to Atrocities to Control Falun Dafa"
894:
Revenge of the Forbidden City: The Suppression of Falungong in China, 1999-2005
4510:
1785:
1761:
1749:
1725:
569:
469:
403:
277:
248:
218:
143:
4744:
3296:
2861:
2819:
1779:
671:
reported that 610 officers were involved in enforcing the house arrest of
438:
member and secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
3395:
2831:
2825:
1574:
1281:, Timothy B. Weston ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
642:, both at the central level and with their counterparts at local levels.
630:
542:
516:
335:
intelligence collection, and the protection of confidential information.
1533:
3245:
1389:"Torture is Breaking Falun Gong:China Systematically Eradicating Group"
602:
573:
416:
237:
98:
1443:
419:(2003โ2007), Politburo Standing Committee member and secretary of the
4699:
2890:
Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
2813:
2178:
511:
214:
182:
4811:
Institutions of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
4058:
2885:
Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
1558:
Falun Gong and the Law: Development of Legal Social Control in China
33:
1737:
626:
560:
362:
331:
209:
government compound in April 1999 to request official recognition.
200:
4329:
Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR
1444:"China: Lawyer Barred from Representing Client by '6-10' Agents"
4078:
3349:
1662:
460:(September 2001โOctober 2009), Vice Minister of Public Security
466:(October 2009โDecember 2013), Vice Minister of Public Security
244:, and demanded a decisive solution to the Falun Gong problem.
166:, and frequently directed other state and party organs in the
510:
In 2005, a Chinese agent working with the Chinese embassy in
472:(January 2014โJanuary 2015), Vice Minister of Public Security
213:
Falun Gong, also known as Falun Dafa, is a form of spiritual
3312:
Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee
478:(January 2015โApril 2016), Vice Minister of Public Security
1357:
Davis, Sara; Goettig, Mike; C. Christine (December 2005).
22:
Central Leading Group on Preventing and Dealing with Cults
484:(April 2016โMarch 2018), Vice Minister of Public Security
269:
to "get fully prepared for the work of disintegrating ."
149:
Central Leading Group on Dealing with Heretical Religions
82:
Extra-legal organisation, secret police, political police
813:
Dangerous Meditation: China's Campaign Against Falungong
323:
The structure of the 610 Office overlaps with the CCP's
1228:"Fresh from the Secret Force, a spy downloads on China"
507:
including in the United States, Canada and Australia.
260:
On 7 June 1999, Jiang Zemin convened a meeting of the
1203:
Wild Grass: Three Portraits of Change in Modern China
1206:. New York, NY: Vintage. pp. 251โ252, 283โ287.
4583:
4479:
4391:
4319:
4206:
4117:
3910:
3861:
3828:
3785:
3669:
3655:
3632:
3625:
3478:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3289:
3231:
3181:
3129:
3026:
2911:
2902:
2877:
2802:
2727:
2657:
2646:
2557:
2452:
2352:
2341:
2334:
2219:
2146:
2070:
2029:
1933:
1876:
1833:
1795:
1714:
1703:
302:
State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television
140:. The 610 Office was the implementation arm of the
104:
94:
86:
78:
61:
53:
45:
40:
572:practitioner from Liaoning province, was reported
4735:Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location
1432:Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry Law
453:Central Leading Group for Propaganda and Ideology
205:Falun Gong practitioners demonstrate outside the
4125:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
3307:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1333:"China | Amnesty International Deutschland"
1146:Qigong Fever: Body, Science and Utopia in China.
109:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
3382:State Council of the People's Republic of China
1313:"If it's a Comic Book, Why is Nobody Laughing?"
1131:Qigong Fever: Body, Science and Utopia in China
593:hospitals, where reports of abuse were common.
451:(June 1999โSeptember 2001), Deputy Head of the
4570:Information operations and information warfare
4547:Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism
1457:. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
1033:. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
775:Cook, Sarah; Lemish, Leeshai (November 2011).
421:Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
325:Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
187:Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
172:Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
170:. It was closely associated with the powerful
113:Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
4826:Leading groups of the Chinese Communist Party
4090:
3461:Ministers in charge of ministries/commissions
3361:
2041:Working Committee of Central and State Organs
1674:
178:sometimes death of Falun Gong practitioners.
8:
1387:Pomfret, John; Pan, Philip (5 August 2001).
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
945:. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
777:"The 610 Office:Policing the Chinese Spirit"
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
21:
4487:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
1134:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
1065:Congressional-Executive Commission on China
1031:Congressional-Executive Commission on China
1015:
1013:
943:Congressional Executive Commission on China
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
367:Falun Gong practitioners being arrested in
4097:
4083:
4075:
3858:
3629:
3420:
3411:
3368:
3354:
3346:
2908:
2654:
2349:
2338:
1711:
1681:
1667:
1659:
1648:. Xinhuanet. 21 March 2018. Archived from
1302:University of South Carolina Press (2004).
1253:Rรถbel, Sven; Stark, Holger (30 June 2010).
1249:
1247:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
927:
925:
142:Central Leading Group on Dealing with the
4646:List of Hong Kong national security cases
4344:Independent Commission Against Corruption
4063:name reserved by Communist Party agencies
2166:Institute of Party History and Literature
2061:Office for Safeguarding National Security
1226:Hughes, Gary; Allard, Tom (9 June 2005).
1101:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
71:(Anti-Heretical Religion Guidance Branch)
4186:National Defense Mobilization Commission
1556:Bryan Edelman and James T. Richardson. "
1123:
1121:
4796:Government agencies established in 1999
4277:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
1090:
1088:
1086:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
704:
412:First Vice Premier of the State Council
4725:Picking quarrels and provoking trouble
4523:1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign
4231:provincial Public Security Departments
3203:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1868:Political and Legal Affairs Commission
1581:from the original on 11 September 2012
1498:"Hacker Nation: China's Cyber Assault"
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
791:from the original on 26 September 2011
20:
4013:
3888:
3317:Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party
1071:from the original on 25 December 2014
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
7:
1955:Comprehensively Law-Based Governance
978:from the original on 19 October 2012
4236:city/county Public Security Bureaus
3548:Human Resources and Social Security
1113:Falun Gong and the Future of China.
4680:Inciting subversion of state power
4493:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
1098:Falun Gong and the Future of China
646:Allegations of torture and killing
398:Heads of the Central Leading Group
16:Chinese secret police organization
14:
3218:Scientific Outlook on Development
2046:Central Financial Work Commission
1950:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms
1532:Johnson, Ian (26 December 2000).
1399:from the original on 29 June 2011
3376:
3329:
3328:
2114:Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
1689:
1496:Gutmann, Ethan (May/June 2010).
816:. New York: Human Rights Watch.
164:CCP Politburo Standing Committee
32:
4755:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
4641:Hong Kong national security law
4272:People's Courts Judicial Police
3156:Communist Youth League of China
2191:Executive Leadership Academies
1891:Office of the General Secretary
1577:. The Economist. 30 June 2012.
1369:from the original on 2014-10-22
1311:Faison, Seth (17 August 1999).
1159:"An Occurrence on Fuyou Street"
1157:Gutmann, Ethan (13 July 2009).
830:from the original on 2016-03-05
4806:Organizations based in Beijing
4616:Central Case Examination Group
4349:Hong Kong Disciplined Services
2569:7th: 1945โ1949 & 1954โ1956
1965:Financial and Economic Affairs
1172:. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
129:
1:
4831:Chinese intelligence agencies
4821:Political repression in China
4406:Commission Against Corruption
3513:Industry and Information Tech
2159:Chinese Academy of Governance
1614:, Retrieved 24 November 2012.
1599:Lam, Willy (9 December 2009).
1547:. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
1419:The Asian Wall Street Journal
1268:. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
1241:. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
494:Surveillance and intelligence
4801:1999 establishments in China
4636:Grid-style social management
4626:Death sentence with reprieve
4621:Civil Servant-Family Pair Up
4457:Correctional Services Bureau
4359:National Security Department
4191:Ministry of National Defense
4164:United Front Work Department
4130:National Security Commission
2355:Politburo Standing Committee
1853:United Front Work Department
1625:"Office 610 | Bitter Winter"
1601:"China's New Security State"
693:Central Committee of the CCP
597:Interference in legal system
576:to death in custody in 2005.
408:Politburo Standing Committee
4181:Ministry of Public Security
4135:Central Military Commission
4045:Central People's Government
3920:Foodโand StrategicโReserves
1825:Central Military Commission
443:Directors of the 610 Office
191:Ministry of Public Security
147:(CLGDF), also known as the
69:Ministry of Public Security
4847:
4730:Re-education through labor
4267:Judicial Administrative PP
4176:Ministry of State Security
3737:Complaints & Proposals
3647:Deputy Secretaries-General
2002:Institutional Organization
134:People's Republic of China
4765:Holistic security concept
4760:Xinjiang internment camps
4529:Persecution of Falun Gong
4036:
3752:International Development
3456:
3388:
3325:
964:Xia, Yiyang (June 2011).
557:Reeducation and detention
138:persecution of Falun Gong
31:
26:
4541:Anti-corruption campaign
4301:State Secrets Protection
4140:People's Liberation Army
3141:People's Liberation Army
2051:Hong Kong Work Committee
1858:International Department
810:Spiegel, Mickey (2002).
310:China Central Television
168:anti-Falun Gong campaign
4216:Supervisory Commissions
3558:Ecology and Environment
3161:Young Pioneers of China
2730:CCDI Standing Committee
2031:Dispatched institutions
1843:Organization Department
1696:Chinese Communist Party
971:. European Parliament.
899:Oxford University Press
157:Chinese Communist Party
4690:Judiciary of Hong Kong
4505:Anti-Rightist Campaign
4428:Public Security Police
4416:Unitary Police Service
4339:PLA Hong Kong Garrison
3950:Forestry and Grassland
3892:โญ Central Party School
1997:Spiritual Civilization
1992:Science and Technology
1925:Policy Research Office
1863:Social Work Department
1797:Decision-making bodies
1646:"ไธญๅ
ฑไธญๅคฎๅฐๅใๆทฑๅๅ
ๅๅฝๅฎถๆบๆๆน้ฉๆนๆกใ"
1502:World Affairs Journal.
1466:Gao, Zhisheng (2007).
1128:Palmer, David (2007).
691:On 21 March 2018, the
636:Supreme People's Court
577:
372:
210:
4786:Human rights in China
4462:Macau Customs Service
4284:People's Armed Police
4196:Taiwan Affairs Office
3772:Press and Publication
3747:Intellectual Property
3171:People's organization
3146:People's Armed Police
3029:Discipline Inspection
1878:Directly administered
1455:Human Rights in China
1266:Spiegel International
1239:Sydney Morning Herald
1200:Johnson, Ian (2004).
1095:Ownby, David (2008).
564:
366:
359:Responsibility system
227:propaganda department
204:
4816:Communist repression
4452:Fire Services Bureau
4411:Macau Security Force
3975:Traditional Medicine
3843:Development Research
3717:Financial Regulation
3208:Deng Xiaoping Theory
3166:United front (China)
2154:Central Party School
2056:Macau Work Committee
1896:Central Guard Bureau
1848:Publicity Department
1652:on 28 November 2018.
1061:"Annual Report 2009"
1020:'Annual Report 2008'
891:Tong, James (2009).
603:human rights lawyers
4675:Internet censorship
3800:Hong Kong and Macau
3757:Healthcare Security
3709:Cert. & Accred.
3588:Culture and Tourism
3302:Neoauthoritarianism
2560:Military Commission
2335:Leadership sittings
2131:Hong Kong and Macau
1913:Cryptography Office
1612:Wall Street Journal
1545:Wall Street Journal
1393:The Washington Post
1067:. 10 October 2009.
640:Ministry of Justice
386:petitioning offices
153:leading small group
23:
4720:Political offences
4695:Judiciary of Macau
4606:Capital punishment
4553:Operation Fox Hunt
4401:PLA Macau Garrison
4226:Public Security PP
4016:โญ Central Archives
4010:National Archives
3838:Xinhua News Agency
3767:Government Offices
3261:Crown Prince Party
3223:Xi Jinping Thought
3198:Mao Zedong Thought
3132:Wider organisation
1975:Cyberspace Affairs
1901:Central Guard Unit
1814:Standing Committee
1606:2017-08-19 at the
1539:2012-04-06 at the
1519:2011-07-25 at the
1475:2019-05-02 at the
1449:2013-07-19 at the
1434:30:126-30, (2002).
1363:Human Rights Watch
1318:2013-06-15 at the
1260:2012-03-14 at the
1233:2012-11-11 at the
1164:2013-06-04 at the
1025:2014-12-07 at the
937:2011-12-02 at the
659:Expanded functions
578:
406:(June 1999โ2003),
373:
306:Xinhua News Agency
211:
62:Superseding agency
4773:
4772:
4705:Life imprisonment
4432:Migration Service
4262:State Security PP
4106:National security
4072:
4071:
4017:
3990:Fireโ& Rescue
3970:Cultural Heritage
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3848:China Media Group
3689:Market Regulation
3642:Secretary-General
3621:
3620:
3553:Natural Resources
3474:
3473:
3448:Secretary-General
3343:
3342:
3271:New Zhijiang Army
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
2914:Central Committee
2905:National Congress
2898:
2897:
2650:Central Committee
2642:
2641:
2345:Central Committee
2222:National Congress
2215:
2214:
2082:Cryptography Work
2033:for co-ordination
1987:National Security
1937:for co-ordination
1805:General Secretary
1706:Central Committee
1469:A China More Just
1322:. New York Times.
1141:978-0-231-14066-9
1108:978-0-19-532905-6
267:Central Committee
118:
117:
4838:
4750:Two-faced person
4517:Shadian incident
4470:
4446:
4424:
4306:Cyberspace Admin
4150:Maritime Militia
4099:
4092:
4085:
4076:
4049:constitutionally
4015:
4011:
4000:Medical Products
3995:Foreign Exchange
3935:Defense Industry
3890:
3886:
3859:
3805:Overseas Chinese
3711:
3704:
3697:
3630:
3443:State Councilors
3421:
3412:
3380:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3347:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3290:Related articles
3234:
3213:Three Represents
3193:MarxismโLeninism
3185:
3133:
3030:
2915:
2909:
2806:
2731:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2561:
2456:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2223:
2074:
2034:
1938:
1918:Central Archives
1879:
1836:
1798:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1571:
1565:
1564:6.2 (2003), 325.
1554:
1548:
1530:
1524:
1512:Alston, Philip.
1510:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1365:. New York, NY.
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1335:. Archived from
1329:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1279:Lionel M. Jensen
1275:
1269:
1251:
1242:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1057:
1034:
1017:
988:
987:
985:
983:
977:
970:
961:
946:
929:
920:
912:
897:. New York, NY:
888:
839:
838:
836:
835:
807:
801:
800:
798:
796:
772:
382:Tiananmen Square
369:Tiananmen Square
131:
36:
24:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4685:Judicial system
4579:
4475:
4464:
4440:
4438:Judicial Police
4418:
4387:
4315:
4243:Internet police
4221:People's Police
4202:
4113:
4110:law enforcement
4103:
4073:
4068:
4032:
3980:Disease Control
3898:
3879:Social Sciences
3857:
3824:
3781:
3707:
3702:Standardization
3700:
3693:
3665:
3651:
3617:
3523:Public Security
3470:
3466:Auditor-General
3452:
3425:
3401:
3384:
3374:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3321:
3285:
3251:Tsinghua clique
3241:Shanghai clique
3232:
3227:
3183:
3177:
3151:Militia (China)
3131:
3117:
3113:20th: 2022โ2027
3108:19th: 2017โ2022
3103:18th: 2012โ2017
3098:17th: 2007โ2012
3093:16th: 2002โ2007
3088:15th: 1997โ2022
3083:14th: 1992โ1997
3078:13th: 1987โ1992
3073:12th: 1982โ1987
3068:11th: 1978โ1982
3028:
3022:
3018:20th: 2022โ2027
3013:19th: 2017โ2022
3008:18th: 2012โ2017
3003:17th: 2007โ2012
2998:16th: 2002โ2007
2993:15th: 1997โ2002
2988:14th: 1992โ1997
2983:13th: 1987โ1992
2978:12th: 1982โ1987
2973:11th: 1977โ1982
2968:10th: 1973โ1977
2913:
2904:
2894:
2873:
2804:
2798:
2794:20th: 2022โ2027
2789:19th: 2017โ2022
2784:18th: 2012โ2017
2779:17th: 2007โ2012
2774:16th: 2002โ2007
2769:15th: 1997โ2002
2764:14th: 1992โ1997
2759:13th: 1987โ1992
2754:12th: 1982โ1987
2749:11th: 1978โ1982
2729:
2723:
2719:20th: 2022โ2027
2714:19th: 2017โ2022
2709:18th: 2012โ2017
2704:17th: 2007โ2012
2699:16th: 2002โ2007
2694:15th: 1997โ2002
2689:14th: 1992โ1997
2684:13th: 1987โ1992
2679:12th: 1982โ1987
2674:11th: 1980โ1982
2659:
2649:
2648:Approved by the
2647:
2638:
2634:20th: 2022โ2027
2629:19th: 2017โ2022
2624:18th: 2012โ2017
2619:17th: 2007โ2012
2614:16th: 2002โ2007
2609:15th: 1997โ2002
2604:14th: 1992โ1997
2599:13th: 1987โ1992
2594:12th: 1982โ1987
2589:11th: 1977โ1982
2584:10th: 1973โ1977
2559:
2553:
2549:20th: 2022โ2027
2544:19th: 2017โ2022
2539:18th: 2012โ2017
2534:17th: 2007โ2012
2529:16th: 2002โ2007
2524:15th: 1997โ2002
2519:14th: 1992โ1997
2514:13th: 1987โ1992
2509:12th: 1982โ1987
2504:11th: 1977โ1982
2499:10th: 1973โ1977
2454:
2448:
2444:20th: 2022โ2027
2439:19th: 2017โ2022
2434:18th: 2012โ2017
2429:17th: 2007โ2012
2424:16th: 2002โ2007
2419:15th: 1997โ2002
2414:14th: 1992โ1997
2409:13th: 1987โ1992
2404:12th: 1982โ1987
2399:11th: 1977โ1982
2394:10th: 1973โ1977
2354:
2344:
2342:
2330:
2221:
2211:
2186:Guangming Daily
2142:
2109:Military Reform
2104:Inspection Work
2072:
2066:
2032:
2030:
2025:
1970:Foreign Affairs
1936:
1934:
1929:
1877:
1872:
1834:
1829:
1796:
1791:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:Wayback Machine
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1541:Wayback Machine
1531:
1527:
1521:Wayback Machine
1511:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1479:. Broad Press.
1477:Wayback Machine
1465:
1461:
1451:Wayback Machine
1442:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1320:Wayback Machine
1310:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1276:
1272:
1262:Wayback Machine
1252:
1245:
1235:Wayback Machine
1225:
1221:
1214:
1199:
1198:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1170:National Review
1166:Wayback Machine
1156:
1152:
1142:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1109:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1037:
1027:Wayback Machine
1018:
991:
981:
979:
975:
968:
963:
962:
949:
939:Wayback Machine
930:
923:
909:
890:
889:
842:
833:
831:
824:
809:
808:
804:
794:
792:
774:
773:
706:
702:
689:
673:Chen Guangcheng
661:
648:
599:
559:
525:
496:
491:
445:
400:
395:
361:
348:
297:
258:
199:
111:
74:
41:Agency overview
27:ไธญๅคฎ้ฒ่ๅๅค็้ชๆ้ฎ้ข้ขๅฏผๅฐ็ป
17:
12:
11:
5:
4844:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4740:Soft detention
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4715:PLA Unit 61398
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4591:2011 crackdown
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4499:Sufan movement
4496:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4435:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4132:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3960:Civil Aviation
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3634:General Office
3627:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:State Security
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:Xishan Society
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:8th: 1956โ1969
3060:
3050:
3040:
3038:5th: 1927โ1928
3034:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:9th: 1969โ1973
2960:
2958:8th: 1956โ1969
2955:
2953:7th: 1945โ1956
2950:
2948:6th: 1928โ1945
2945:
2943:5th: 1927โ1928
2940:
2938:4th: 1925โ1927
2935:
2933:3rd: 1923โ1925
2930:
2928:2nd: 1922โ1923
2925:
2923:1st: 1921โ1922
2919:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2805:CCDI Secretary
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:8th: 1956โ1969
2741:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:8th: 1956โ1969
2665:
2663:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:9th: 1969โ1973
2576:
2574:8th: 1956โ1969
2571:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:9th: 1969โ1973
2491:
2489:8th: 1956โ1969
2486:
2484:7th: 1945โ1956
2481:
2479:6th: 1928โ1945
2476:
2474:5th: 1927โ1928
2471:
2469:4th: 1925โ1927
2466:
2464:3rd: 1923โ1925
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:9th: 1969โ1973
2386:
2384:8th: 1956โ1969
2381:
2379:7th: 1945โ1956
2376:
2374:6th: 1928โ1945
2371:
2369:5th: 1927โ1928
2366:
2360:
2358:
2347:
2343:Elected by the
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2172:People's Daily
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2076:
2073:Leading groups
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1908:Secrecy Office
1905:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1886:General Office
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:(2012โpresent)
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1616:
1592:
1566:
1549:
1525:
1505:
1489:
1459:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1379:
1349:
1324:
1304:
1291:
1270:
1243:
1219:
1212:
1183:
1174:
1150:
1140:
1117:
1107:
1082:
1035:
989:
947:
921:
908:978-0195377286
907:
840:
822:
802:
703:
701:
698:
688:
685:
660:
657:
647:
644:
607:Jiang Tianyong
598:
595:
558:
555:
538:People's Daily
524:
521:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
444:
441:
440:
439:
429:
423:
414:
399:
396:
394:
391:
360:
357:
347:
344:
296:
293:
257:
254:
198:
195:
116:
115:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
73:
72:
65:
63:
59:
58:
57:March 21, 2018
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
38:
37:
29:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4843:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4575:United States
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4559:709 crackdown
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:State Council
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4041:State Council
4039:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Civil Service
4021:
4019:
4008:
4006:
4005:State Secrets
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3893:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:Anti-Monopoly
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:People's Bank
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Vice Premiers
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:State Council
3404:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Fujian clique
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1339:on 2013-02-10
1338:
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823:1-56432-270-X
819:
815:
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790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
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629:province and
628:
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434:(2012โ2017),
433:
430:
427:
426:Zhou Yongkang
424:
422:
418:
415:
413:
409:
405:
402:
401:
397:
392:
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383:
377:
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317:
313:
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307:
303:
294:
292:
290:
285:
283:
279:
274:
270:
268:
263:
256:Establishment
255:
253:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
222:
220:
216:
208:
203:
196:
194:
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160:
158:
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150:
146:
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139:
135:
127:
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114:
110:
107:
105:Parent agency
103:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
70:
67:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:June 10, 1999
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
4710:Penal system
4653:Human rights
4631:Great Cannon
4595:
4584:Other topics
4535:6521 Project
4431:
4028:Cryptography
3830:Institutions
3727:Radio and TV
3663:State Assets
3613:Audit Office
3327:
3281:Gang of Four
3256:Eight Elders
2844:Wu Guanzheng
2838:Wei Jianxing
2205:Jinggangshan
2184:
2177:
2170:
2063:in Hong Kong
1650:the original
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1627:. 2018-11-08
1619:
1611:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1569:
1562:Nova Religio
1561:
1552:
1544:
1528:
1523:, 29 May 29.
1508:
1501:
1492:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1392:
1382:
1371:. Retrieved
1362:
1352:
1341:. Retrieved
1337:the original
1327:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1273:
1265:
1238:
1222:
1202:
1177:
1169:
1153:
1145:
1129:
1112:
1096:
1073:. Retrieved
1064:
1030:
980:. Retrieved
942:
918:Google Books
892:
832:. Retrieved
812:
805:
793:. Retrieved
784:
780:
690:
681:
677:
668:
666:
662:
653:
649:
624:
616:Gao Zhisheng
612:Heilongjiang
600:
591:
587:
583:
579:
566:Gao Rongrong
551:
547:Adolf Hitler
537:
534:
530:
526:
509:
505:
501:
497:
464:Li Dongsheng
432:Meng Jianzhu
378:
374:
349:
339:
337:
329:
322:
318:
314:
298:
286:
282:Ding Guangen
275:
271:
259:
246:
231:
223:
212:
180:
176:
161:
148:
141:
121:
119:
95:Headquarters
87:Jurisdiction
18:
4601:Black jails
4465: [
4441: [
4430:(including
4419: [
4381:Immigration
4311:Urban Admin
4289:Coast Guard
4248:Immigration
3985:Mine Safety
3945:Immigration
3874:Engineering
3853:Meteorology
3820:Information
3762:Counsellors
3578:Agriculture
3498:Development
3480:Departments
3390:Incumbent (
2856:Wang Qishan
2850:He Guoqiang
2840:(1992โ2002)
2660:Secretariat
2326:20th (2022)
2321:19th (2017)
2316:18th (2012)
2311:17th (2007)
2306:16th (2002)
2301:15th (1997)
2296:14th (1992)
2291:13th (1987)
2286:12th (1982)
2281:11th (1977)
2276:10th (1973)
1935:Commissions
1835:Departments
1820:Secretariat
1782:(2002โ2012)
1776:(1989โ2002)
1774:Jiang Zemin
1770:(1987โ1989)
1768:Zhao Ziyang
1764:(1981โ1987)
1758:(1976โ1981)
1756:Hua Guofeng
1752:(1943โ1976)
1746:(1935โ1943)
1740:(1931โ1935)
1734:(1928โ1931)
1728:(1921โ1927)
1403:24 November
1075:24 December
982:24 November
795:24 November
781:China Brief
620:Guo Guoting
476:Fu Zhenghua
449:Wang Maolin
410:member and
353:Hao Fengjun
346:Recruitment
289:Ian Johnson
287:Journalist
242:Jiang Zemin
234:Zhongnanhai
207:Zhongnanhai
4791:Falun Gong
4780:Categories
4611:Censorship
4596:610 Office
4511:Red August
4480:Operations
4371:Correction
4253:Inspection
3884:Governance
3815:Cyberspace
3742:Statistics
3722:Securities
3671:Affiliated
3184:Ideologies
2903:Elected by
2271:9th (1969)
2266:8th (1956)
2261:7th (1945)
2256:6th (1928)
2251:5th (1927)
2246:4th (1925)
2241:3rd (1923)
2236:2nd (1922)
2231:1st (1921)
2099:Rural Work
1786:Xi Jinping
1762:Hu Yaobang
1750:Mao Zedong
1726:Chen Duxiu
1631:2024-07-14
1485:1932674365
1373:2016-12-04
1343:2013-02-10
1213:0375719199
834:2016-12-04
700:References
570:Falun Gong
523:Propaganda
482:Huang Ming
470:Liu Jinguo
404:Li Lanqing
278:Li Lanqing
249:Zhu Rongji
219:Li Hongzhi
197:Background
144:Falun Gong
122:610 Office
4745:Shuanggui
4668:Hong Kong
4525:(1983โ87)
4507:(1957โ59)
4501:(1955โ57)
4495:(1951โ52)
4489:(1950โ53)
4321:Hong Kong
3862:Academies
3777:Religious
3603:Emergency
3568:Transport
3503:Education
3424:Executive
3297:Shuanggui
3233:Groupings
3058:1955โ1956
3054:1949โ1955
3048:1933โ1945
3044:1928โ1933
2864:(2017โ22)
2862:Zhao Leji
2858:(2012โ17)
2852:(2007โ12)
2846:(2002โ07)
2834:(1987โ92)
2828:(1978โ87)
2822:(1955โ68)
2820:Dong Biwu
2816:(1949โ55)
2455:Politburo
2364:4th: 1927
2094:Education
1960:Financial
1810:Politburo
1780:Hu Jintao
1585:31 August
1298:Lu, Xing
687:Abolition
669:Economist
489:Functions
436:Politburo
295:Structure
262:Politburo
54:Dissolved
4208:Mainland
4118:National
4112:in China
4061:denotes
3869:Sciences
3795:Research
3684:Taxation
3626:Agencies
3598:Veterans
3583:Commerce
3396:Li Qiang
3335:Category
2832:Qiao Shi
2826:Chen Yun
1945:Auditing
1604:Archived
1579:Archived
1537:Archived
1517:Archived
1473:Archived
1447:Archived
1397:Archived
1367:Archived
1316:Archived
1258:Archived
1231:Archived
1162:Archived
1069:Archived
1023:Archived
973:Archived
935:Archived
828:Archived
789:Archived
631:Liaoning
574:tortured
543:Lin Biao
517:Shanghai
458:Liu Jing
189:and the
4555:(2014โ)
4549:(2014โ)
4543:(2012โ)
4376:Customs
4296:Customs
4145:Militia
3955:Railway
3940:Tobacco
3912:Bureaus
3787:Offices
3679:Customs
3657:Special
3563:Housing
3543:Finance
3538:Justice
3508:Science
3493:Defense
3488:Foreign
3433:Premier
3426:meeting
3416:Members
3399:Cabinet
3246:Tuanpai
2870:(2022โ)
2014:Secrecy
915:Link at
417:Luo Gan
238:Luo Gan
155:of the
126:Chinese
99:Beijing
4700:Laogai
4565:Abroad
4561:(2015)
4537:(2009)
4531:(1999)
4519:(1975)
4513:(1966)
4354:Police
4051:since
4014:a.k.a.
3925:Energy
3889:a.k.a.
3810:Taiwan
3593:Health
3518:Ethnic
3056:&
3046:&
2878:Others
2814:Zhu De
2200:Yan'an
2195:Pudong
2179:Qiushi
2147:Others
2136:Office
2124:Office
2119:Taiwan
2087:Office
2019:Office
2007:Office
1980:Office
1717:Leader
1483:
1285:
1210:
1138:
1105:
905:
820:
787:(17).
512:Berlin
384:or to
340:ad hoc
215:qigong
183:qigong
130:610ๅๅ
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128::
46:Formed
4663:Macao
4658:Tibet
4469:]
4445:]
4423:]
4393:Macau
3732:Sport
3573:Water
3533:Civil
3052:7th:
3042:6th:
2868:Li Xi
1738:Bo Gu
976:(PDF)
969:(PDF)
627:Jilin
393:Heads
332:Hunan
90:China
4366:Fire
4157:NDMC
4108:and
4053:1954
3965:Post
3930:Data
3392:14th
1587:2012
1481:ISBN
1405:2012
1283:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1077:2013
984:2012
903:ISBN
818:ISBN
797:2012
667:The
638:and
568:, a
545:and
151:, a
120:The
79:Type
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1560:."
4782::
4467:zh
4443:zh
4421:zh
4043:=
1610:,
1543:.
1500:.
1453:.
1395:.
1391:.
1361:.
1264:,
1246:^
1237:.
1186:^
1168:.
1144:.
1120:^
1111:.
1085:^
1063:.
1038:^
1029:.
992:^
950:^
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901:.
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785:11
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779:.
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