192:
613:. In propaganda, the Legion was depicted as the first step towards the creation of an independent Flemish army. It was advertised that the unit would be commanded by Flemish officers, and volunteers who had previously served in the Belgian Army were told that they would be able to retain past ranks and privileges. Approximately 560 men were recruited between July and August 1941. In practice, most of the recruits had been active members of the VNV. The creation of the Flemish Legion also forced the
144:
174:
209:
2390:
422:
36:
649:
distinction was always illusory and was eventually abandoned in 1943. In practice, the
Flemish Legion was effectively indistinguishable from other units of the Waffen-SS from the start and its personnel wore standard Waffen-SS uniforms with only a small shield-shaped badge depicting a Flemish lion to mark them out. In its first months, it was officially designated the
357:. It was formed several months after the VNV had begun recruiting Flemish volunteers for smaller Waffen SS formations and was depicted as the future army of an independent Flemish state. Amid opposition from its personnel, the roughly 1,000-strong formation was given a notionally independent status as an
648:
As with some other formations at the time, the
Flemish Legion was technically a "legion" attached to the Waffen-SS rather than a part of the Waffen-SS itself. According to the historian David Littlejohn, "the Germans were anxious to convey the impression of a semi-independent national unit" but the
632:
in August 1941. The first signs of dissatisfaction began to emerge as it became apparent that the unit would actually be commanded purely by
Germans and that many of the other promises made during the recruitment campaign would not be kept. Discipline was harsh, and Flemish volunteers were often
760:
in 1914, was intended to represent
Flemish-German camaraderie. However, the Flemings themselves did not understand why they had been given a title which represented the losses suffered by German soldiers trying to take over their country in 1914. The Flemings felt a jealousy that their French
1026:
along with the rest of the III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps before it. By 4 March, the division was falling back to the area around
Altdamm, the last defensive position east of the Oder. On the 19th, the unit fell back behind the Oder. As a part of Steiner's XI SS Panzer Army, the
1116:
In its first months, the
Flemish Legion was a notionally independent "legion" attached to the Waffen SS. However, in practice the unit was "from the start, an integral part" of it. The "pretence" was finally dropped in May 1943 when the unit was redesignated the
538:. The VNV hoped to use German support to expand its own political influence within Flanders. After the start of the occupation, it shifted its ideological position to be more compatible with Nazi ideas and suspended demands for Flemish secession from Belgium.
712:
The Legion was withdrawn from the front in June 1942 after almost six months in combat but were re-deployed to the region again in August 1942. They were finally withdrawn from the line in March 1943 in anticipation of the unit's reorganisation.
1520:
966:. While the influx of displaced Flemings meant that the division had a solid base to be formed on, it also meant that more training was required. It was not until 1 January 1945 that the division was ready to be sent back into the line. The
1014:
in the vanguard, reached
Arnswalde. Heavy Soviet counterattacks threatened to encircle the corps, and so after evacuating all civilian survivors, Steiner canceled the operation and ordered the corps back to the area around
1548:
2199:
2067:
569:. This began a "race" in Flanders to recruit volunteers for the German army although the VNV was initially reluctant to join because it feared it would lose control over its recruits. In contrast with "
645:. In practice, the autonomy of the Flemish Legion would be increasingly ignored by the German military authorities and the VNV was unable to protest without compromising its own political position.
2430:
846:(cauldron), suffering heavy casualties and losing the majority of their heavy equipment and vehicles. By early March, the brigade had been reduced to 400 men. At the end of April, the shattered
2085:
2425:
1541:
2010:
1134:
who was popular with the VNV and reputedly showed more "sensitivity" to the needs of non-German troops. Before he could assume command, he was re-assigned as a temporary commander of the
2281:
2208:
2194:
2179:
2019:
909:
2239:
2189:
2184:
2128:
1809:
517:
2094:
1534:
2271:
1919:
705:, the Legion's unpopular German commanding officer, was wounded in April 1942. He was replaced with Conrad Schellong, another German officer, who had previously served in the
1993:
898:
2002:
2420:
2076:
1693:
913:
311:
1377:
315:
939:
and joined the rest of the
Brigade. Following the allied invasion of Belgium, many Belgian fascists fled the country to Germany. The result of this was that both the
546:
In the first months of the occupation, the VNV's privileged position was increasingly challenged by smaller and more radically collaborationist groups including the
473:
which had originated as a response to the marginalisation of the Dutch language in
Belgium during the 19th century. It became increasingly radical during and after
2262:
2058:
1585:
2295:
2134:
1092:
2249:
2244:
1819:
1077:
535:
2311:
905:
558:
and were more explicitly pro-German. In
September 1940, the Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen announced its intention to recruit Flemish volunteers for the
744:. The Germans again insisted that the volunteers take the oath in October 1943. Some 200 "rebels" who refused were transferred to other units or
765:, were granted as a title their home region. Despite this, significant numbers of Flemings continued to sign up for service with the Waffen-SS.
1891:
585:. Between April and June 1941, the VNV recruited 500 to 800 Flemish volunteers for a mixed Flemish-Dutch unit known as the SS-Volunteer Banner
2357:
2113:
1633:
1463:
1359:
2255:
1967:
1951:
1087:
397:
2122:
1959:
1910:
931:, the brigade being in combat for much of the retreat. In September 1944, the remains of KG Rehmann were evacuated by ferry over the
433:, VNV) which emerge as the major force behind collaboration in German-occupied Flanders and drove recruitment for the Flemish Legion
2415:
2316:
1835:
1796:
1526:
1340:
894:). From Orphanage Hill, the rear side of the town of Narva could be protected. KG Rehmann was tasked with defending Orphanage Hill.
119:
270:
1935:
1927:
1742:
1736:
53:
1516:
1420:
1401:
875:
609:. On 8 July 1941, the VNV announced its intention to recruit a "Flemish Legion" to fight as part of the German forces on the
100:
57:
72:
2336:
2049:
1943:
1704:
1699:
1138:
and was killed almost immediately afterwards in June 1942 and was never confirmed as the commander of the Flemish Legion.
1032:
563:
521:
510:
477:. VNV's ideology was framed in opposition to the Belgian state, calling for Flanders to form part of an racially defined "
405:
2393:
2159:
2154:
2029:
1595:
858:
In Bohemia, 1,700 new recruits were waiting to join the division, and soon it was back up to strength. On 19 July 1944,
642:
610:
490:
331:
260:
637:
formation. The majority of the new recruits refused to join the Waffen-SS and the units were instead joined into a new
2382:
2362:
1082:
985:
On 16 February, a kampfgruppe with the most experienced men of the division was ordered on the offensive as a part of
79:
1131:
1000:
as a massed assault all along the front, but had then been reduced by Hitler to the level of a local counterattack.
1884:
1860:
1059:
633:
subject to "systematic humiliation". At the time, the Germans attempted to amalgamate the new volunteers into the
462:
426:
346:
882:. The Tannenberg Line was anchored on three strategic hills. Running west to east, these were known as Hill 69.9 (
1626:
879:
275:
86:
520:
was created to govern the German-occupied Belgium. Hoping to expand its support in Flanders and influenced by
353:, VNV) as a means of maintaining its status as the principal collaborationist party within Flanders since the
2341:
1856:
1790:
1785:
1659:
1016:
582:
547:
46:
1433:(1991). ""Rebellen" an der Ostfront. Die flämischen Freiwilligen der Legion "Flandern" und der Waffen-SS".
68:
606:
339:
1877:
986:
811:
781:
757:
740:. Tensions between the Flemish volunteers and the SS, however, led to some members refusing to take the
679:
280:
17:
752:
announced that the VNV would not recruit more members for the German army. The allocation of the title
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was once again attached to III. (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps, now a part of Steiner's newly formed
732:
In May 1943, the Flemish Legion was amalgamated with other Flemish volunteers to form the new SS-
694:
675:
372:
The Flemish Legion was officially disbanded in May 1943 and reformed within the Waffen-SS as the
265:
693:
in January 1942. The Flemish Legion was involved in heavy fighting and took significant losses.
1003:
Despite initial gains, the attack soon bogged down after III. (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps, with
143:
1490:
1459:
1416:
1397:
1355:
1336:
989:, the operation to destroy a Soviet salient and to relieve the troops besieged in the town of
841:
442:
354:
2234:
1753:
1590:
1482:
1378:"De Vlaamse Oostfronters. Sociaal profiel en wervingsverloop, novembre 1941 – augustus 1944"
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737:
686:
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in June 1941 expanded the activities of collaborationist groups in Belgium and elsewhere in
502:
470:
446:
366:
149:
93:
1045:
702:
578:
450:
388:. It was subsequently reorganised on several occasions and was officially designated as a
670:
The Flemish Legion was declared to be battleworthy and was deployed to the sector around
2225:
1723:
1600:
1486:
1473:
Gingerich, Mark P. (1997). "Waffen SS Recruitment in the "Germanic Lands," 1940-1941".
1072:
997:
928:
927:, along with the remainder of Steiner's Corps, executed a fighting withdrawal into the
745:
618:
494:
385:
303:
365:). It subsequently sustained heavy casualties on the Eastern Front in fighting around
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1570:
1352:
Joining Hitler's Crusade: European Nations and the Invasion of the Soviet Union, 1941
1333:
The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-occupied Europe, 1940-45
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which gave preferential treatment to the Flemish population over the French-speaking
526:
498:
772:, the Sturmbrigade now gained a contingent of new Flemish volunteers, an anti-tank
614:
593:) which the German authorities had promised would not be deployed in combat roles.
454:
381:
323:
255:
196:
191:
148:
Sleeve insignia of the Flemish Legion, based on the traditional iconography of the
859:
697:, a leading figure within the VNV who had enlisted in the unit, was killed in a
486:
474:
35:
932:
421:
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400:, Estonia, and Pomerania. Its remaining personnel finally surrendered to the
392:
in September 1944 but remained around 2,000-strong and never expanded beyond
1643:
990:
671:
638:
574:
559:
335:
233:
213:
1413:
Greep naar de Macht. Vlaams-nationalisme en Nieuwe Orde: het VNV, 1933–1945
817:, the brigade participated in the heavy defensive battles in the region of
625:
795:
was ready to be sent to the front. The total unit strength was 2,022 men.
837:
822:
777:
762:
722:
690:
570:
531:
458:
401:
319:
223:
1502:
1446:
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Drang naar het Oosten. Vlaamse soldaten en kolonisten aan het oostfront
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of the city which had begun two months earlier. It was attached to the
506:
438:
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237:
179:
1869:
1611:
1130:
It had initially been contemplated that Lippert would be replaced by
629:
555:
551:
721:
Soon after arriving at Dębica, the Legion was ordered to move on to
1814:
1803:
581:
and therefore racially suitable for the Waffen-SS rather than the
420:
345:
Established in July 1941, the Flemish Legion was envisaged by the
314:
military formation recruited among Dutch-speaking volunteers from
975:
818:
621:" rather than the "Belgian Legion" it had originally advocated.
1873:
1615:
1530:
870:
2nd battalion was sent to the Narva front to become a part of
29:
1394:
Oostfronters: Vlamingen in het Vlaams Legioen en de Waffen SS
758:
bloody World War I battle fought at Langemarck, West Flanders
513:, VNV received approximately 15 percent of the Flemish vote.
1295:
1293:
1291:
1278:
1276:
617:, a largely French-speaking group in Belgium, to recruit a "
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1031:, now reduced to a Kampfgruppe, began falling back towards
1354:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 260–87.
1263:
1261:
1350:
Wouters, Nico (2018). "Belgium". In Stahel, David (ed.).
1310:
1308:
641:-sized Flemish Legion, itself associated with the larger
505:. Nonetheless, the VNV became increasingly influenced by
461:, the largest and most important of these groups was the
1217:
1215:
1178:
1176:
1174:
910:
20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)
384:
in October 1943 and were transferred to other units or
920:
was engaged in very heavy combat against the Soviets.
862:
Rehmann was formed, commanded by SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
516:
After the Belgian Army's surrender on 28 May 1940, a
2431:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1035:
where it surrendered to the Red Army on 8 May 1945.
784:
battalion. In October 1943, the brigade was renamed
2350:
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2147:
2106:
2042:
1979:
1908:
1828:
1778:
1762:
1713:
1678:
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947:were redesignated as divisions on 18 October 1944.
248:
229:
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202:
185:
167:
157:
136:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
914:4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Nederland
2426:Military units and formations established in 1940
840:. Despite this, they fought their way out of the
338:alongside similar formations from other parts of
776:company, an assault gun battalion equipped with
689:aimed to relieve Leningrad was launched by the
380:). 200 soldiers refused to swear allegiance to
1586:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
1885:
1627:
1542:
899:11. SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier Division
417:VNV and nationalist collaboration in Flanders
8:
469:, or VNV). The VNV was the successor of the
244:, though never larger than brigade-strength.
1093:Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts
850:was ordered back to Bohemia for reforming.
2144:
1892:
1878:
1870:
1634:
1620:
1612:
1549:
1535:
1527:
1299:
1252:
1233:
1165:
396:-strength. It participated in fighting in
2421:Belgian collaboration during World War II
1382:Bijdragen tot de Eigentijdse Geschiedenis
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1078:List of German divisions in World War II
437:There were several political parties in
326:. It was formed in the aftermath of the
18:6th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Langemarck
1557:Foreign volunteer units raised for the
1314:
1282:
1267:
1221:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1151:
1109:
1022:The Soviet offensive of 1 March pushed
906:5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Wallonien
674:in November 1941 to participate in the
573:", Flemish volunteers were considered "
993:. The offensive had been conceived by
943:and the 5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade
133:
961:27th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division
836:were encircled by Soviet forces near
534:in areas such as the repatriation of
445:that were broadly sympathetic to the
7:
1435:Vierteljahrshefte fĂĽr Zeitgeschichte
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2377:were officially named "volunteer".
1850:were officially named "volunteer".
1559:German invasion of the Soviet Union
1088:Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS
916:and several German formations, the
624:The volunteers were transported to
603:German invasion of the Soviet Union
328:German invasion of the Soviet Union
1487:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1997.tb01377.x
1048:(24 September 1941 – 2 April 1942)
591:SS-Freiwilligen Standarte Nordwest
25:
1836:Schutzmannschaft-Brigade Siegling
497:but was initially distrustful of
2389:
2388:
1517:LĂ©gion Flamande (Vlaams Legioen)
866:. KG Rehmann, consisting of the
655:SS-Freiwilligen Legioen Flandern
511:national elections in April 1939
207:
190:
172:
142:
34:
768:In addition to the veterans of
661:Deployment on the Eastern Front
363:SS-Freiwilligen Legion Flandern
45:needs additional citations for
1132:Hans-Albert von Lettow-Vorbeck
897:Fighting alongside men of the
876:III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps
786:6th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade
748:. In August, the VNV's leader
651:SS Volunteer Legion "Flanders"
340:German-occupied Western Europe
1:
1922:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
1458:. Antwerp: Uitgeverij Polis.
1055:(11 July 1942 – October 1944)
374:SS Assault Brigade Langemarck
1596:Volunteer Legion Netherlands
736:Langemarck on the orders of
701:incident in the same month.
643:Volunteer Legion Netherlands
489:. It was also influenced by
359:SS Volunteer Legion Flanders
271:Zhitomir–Berdichev Offensive
1083:List of Waffen-SS divisions
1062:(October 1944 – 2 May 1945)
524:, it adopted the so-called
443:German invasion in May 1940
355:German invasion of May 1940
2447:
2383:SS heavy Panzer battalions
1861:List of Waffen-SS brigades
1454:Seberechts, Frank (2019).
1331:Littlejohn, David (1972).
1119:SS-Sturmbrigade Langemarck
923:Over the next few months,
542:Early recruitment campaign
467:Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond
431:Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond
378:SS-Sturmbrigade Langemarck
351:Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond
2371:
1844:
1566:
1376:Carrein, Kristof (1999).
810:. Fighting alongside the
761:speaking countrymen, the
276:Battle of Tannenberg Line
141:
2416:Legions of the Waffen-SS
1411:De Wever, Bruno (1994).
959:division was designated
878:which was defending the
791:. In December 1943, the
666:Battles around Leningrad
562:, initially sent to the
536:Belgian prisoners of war
27:German infantry division
1857:List of Waffen-SS units
1791:2nd SS Infantry Brigade
1786:1st SS Infantry Brigade
812:2nd SS Panzer Division
548:Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen
518:Military Administration
463:Flemish National League
427:Flemish National League
347:Flemish National League
316:German-occupied Belgium
1815:Charlemagne (1 French)
951:Pomerania – Oder Front
890:) and Orphanage Hill (
854:Narva – Kurland Pocket
607:German-occupied Europe
453:ideals represented by
434:
307:
2358:Divisional commanders
2013:Götz von Berlichingen
1335:. London: Heinemann.
987:Operation Sonnenwende
974:located on the lower
828:In January, 1944 the
798:On 26 December 1943,
742:SS oath of allegiance
687:large-scale offensive
680:2 SS Infantry Brigade
485:) by fusing with the
424:
281:Operation Sonnenwende
806:to act as a part of
579:Nazi racial thinking
54:improve this article
2312:4 (Panzergrenadier)
2284:Landstorm Nederland
2235:29 RONA (1 Russian)
1804:Landstorm Nederland
1051:SS-SturmbannfĂĽhrer
1044:SS-SturmbannfĂĽhrer
886:), Grenadier Hill (
756:, in memory of the
479:Greater Netherlands
441:at the time of the
1770:SS Cavalry Brigade
1581:Free Corps Denmark
1285:, pp. 269–70.
1136:Free Corps Denmark
972:XI. SS Panzer Army
695:Reimond Tollenaere
522:Nazi racial ideals
501:which was seen as
435:
330:and fought on the
266:Siege of Leningrad
2403:
2402:
2330:
2250:30 (1 Belarusian)
2168:
2167:
1867:
1866:
1609:
1608:
1519:at Belgium-WWII (
1465:978-94-6310-083-0
1415:. Tielt: Lannoo.
1396:. Tielt: Lannoo.
1361:978-1-316-51034-6
1270:, pp. 266–8.
1209:, pp. 263–4.
1197:, pp. 262–3.
676:military blockade
293:
292:
130:
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104:
16:(Redirected from
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2373:Units marked in
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2209:26 (2 Hungarian)
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2129:33 (3 Hungarian)
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1846:Units marked in
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1591:Norwegian Legion
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1053:Conrad Schellong
832:and elements of
808:Army Group South
738:Heinrich Himmler
471:Flemish Movement
312:collaborationist
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195:
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150:Flemish Movement
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69:"Flemish Legion"
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2296:38 "Nibelungen"
2195:20 (1 Estonian)
2180:14 (1 Galician)
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2143:
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2038:
2005:ReichsfĂĽhrer-SS
1983:
1975:
1904:
1898:
1868:
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1851:
1840:
1824:
1774:
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1737:ReichsfĂĽhrer SS
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1674:
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1431:De Wever, Bruno
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1390:De Wever, Bruno
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1370:Further reading
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1300:Littlejohn 1972
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1253:Littlejohn 1972
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1234:Littlejohn 1972
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1166:Littlejohn 1972
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1046:Michael Lippert
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892:Kinderheim-Höhe
880:Tannenberg Line
864:Wilhelm Rehmann
856:
719:
703:Michael Lippert
668:
663:
599:
554:which embraced
544:
451:anti-democratic
419:
414:
408:on 3 May 1945.
318:, notably from
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2322:
2320:
2319:
2317:35 (Grenadier)
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2022:Horst Wessel
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2018:
2012:
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1970:Hitlerjugend
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1325:Bibliography
1315:Wouters 2018
1283:Wouters 2018
1268:Wouters 2018
1229:
1222:Wouters 2018
1207:Wouters 2018
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1195:Wouters 2018
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455:Nazi Germany
436:
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425:Flag of the
382:Adolf Hitler
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324:World War II
299:
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256:World War II
197:Nazi Germany
131:
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90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2274:Charlemagne
2219:(1 Flemish)
2061:Prinz Eugen
1749:Dirlewanger
1694:4 Nederland
1033:Mecklenburg
860:Kampfgruppe
774:Panzerjäger
746:penal units
709:Division.
583:German Army
491:Catholicism
487:Netherlands
475:World War I
406:Mecklenburg
386:penal units
249:Engagements
2410:Categories
2276:(1 French)
2217:Langemarck
2097:Karstjäger
2079:Skanderbeg
1962:Frundsberg
1797:3 Estonian
1731:Langemarck
1422:902092267X
1403:9020911929
1099:References
1039:Commanders
1029:Langemarck
1024:Langemarck
1008:Langemarck
968:Langemarck
963:Langemarck
957:Langemarck
941:Langemarck
937:SwinemĂĽnde
925:Langemarck
918:Langemarck
848:Langemarck
830:Langemarck
800:Langemarck
793:Langemarck
788:Langemarck
754:Langemarck
412:Background
240:and later
186:Allegiance
110:March 2010
80:newspapers
2363:Divisions
2326:Deception
2265:30 Januar
2228:Wallonien
2070:Handschar
2032:Nederland
1985:grenadier
1938:Totenkopf
1930:Das Reich
1903:divisions
1901:Waffen-SS
1810:1 Italian
1681:grenadier
1665:Westfalen
1644:Waffen-SS
1495:0018-2370
1146:Citations
1005:Nordland,
991:Arnswalde
884:69.9-Höhe
834:Das Reich
814:Das Reich
672:Leningrad
639:battalion
597:Formation
560:Waffen-SS
483:dietsland
367:Leningrad
336:Waffen SS
322:, during
234:Battalion
214:Waffen-SS
163:1943–1945
161:1941–1943
2394:Category
2379:See also
2329:"Panzer"
2173:Infantry
2043:Mountain
1996:Nordland
1853:See also
1779:Infantry
1754:Kaminski
1724:Wallonia
1647:brigades
1521:Cegesoma
1503:24451818
1447:30196348
1392:(1984).
1067:See also
1017:Stargard
1012:Wallonie
955:The new
945:Wallonie
901:Nordland
838:Zhitomir
823:Zhitomir
770:Flandern
763:Walloons
723:Milovice
691:Red Army
587:Nordwest
571:Walloons
532:Walloons
459:Flanders
402:Red Army
390:division
320:Flanders
310:) was a
242:division
224:Infantry
2202:Hunyadi
2148:Cossack
2107:Cavalry
1981:Panzer-
1763:Cavalry
1688:Schuldt
1679:Panzer-
980:Stettin
804:Ukraine
727:Bohemia
717:Ukraine
439:Belgium
398:Ukraine
394:brigade
334:in the
238:brigade
180:Belgium
168:Country
94:scholar
2305:Police
2137:LĂĽtzow
1946:Wiking
1911:Panzer
1829:Police
1743:France
1653:Panzer
1561:(1941)
1501:
1493:
1462:
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1400:
1358:
1339:
933:Baltic
912:, the
908:, the
904:, the
843:kessel
780:and a
707:Wiking
635:Wiking
630:Poland
626:Dębica
575:Nordic
566:Wiking
552:DeVlag
203:Branch
177:
158:Active
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2351:Lists
1660:Gross
1499:JSTOR
1443:JSTOR
1104:Notes
978:near
778:StuGs
577:" in
509:. At
457:. In
304:Dutch
101:JSTOR
87:books
2375:bold
2088:Kama
2052:Nord
1848:bold
1491:ISSN
1460:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1384:(6).
1356:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1010:and
976:Oder
821:and
819:Kiev
782:FlaK
601:The
550:and
493:and
449:and
298:The
230:Size
220:Type
73:news
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1968:12
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1483:doi
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725:in
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481:" (
404:at
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1855::
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1380:.
1307:^
1290:^
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685:A
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98:·
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