545:'s guns and vehicles. However, because of AAI's increasing manpower shortage, many of the infantry reinforcements were former AA gunners who had been redeployed. Even divisional LAA units like the 115th LAA Rgt had to give up one troop per battery, reducing the number of guns from 54 to 36 guns. This was made possible by the near total air supremacy now enjoyed by the Allies in Italy. Meanwhile, the lack of AA targets meant that the Bofors guns could be used for other purposes. They were incorporated into ground defence fireplans and were also used to harass known enemy machine guns or mortar posts or to engage buildings and bunkers. A useful role was to fire on fixed lines to mark boundaries in an advance, with the troops being able to watch the lines of tracer. Some infantry commanders requested their LAA units to 'brown' an area from which an attack seemed imminent.
340:
486:
86:
41:
68:
199:
471:. The division's attack on the night of 12/13 October was almost unopposed except in one sector, and it had two brigade bridgeheads by nightfall on 13 October. However, this was partly because the Germans had chosen to defend the wide marshy area across the river, and meanwhile their aircraft were very active in attempting to deny the other crossings and disrupt the bridging operations, with frequent attacks using
390:, 128th Bde was part of the force sent by the First Army to cut the retreat of the Axis forces, even though Army HQ did not consider it completely ready for battle. As a preliminary to the main attack on the Fondouk Pass, it was tasked with capturing and holding crossings over Wadi Marguellil and then the high ground beyond, which it successfully achieved on 7/8 April. The First Army began its final offensive on
273:
398:) on 22 April. 46th Division attacked with strong artillery and tank support towards some hills near Sebkret el Kourzia in an effort to crack open the position for the armour to pass through. In the event, the armoured formations had to fight hard for five days before they could get through. Axis air attacks were maintained until 25 April, doing considerable damage, but tailed off thereafter.
439:
with beach defence as they arrived, paying particular attention to exit routes and assembly areas. In the 46th
Division's sector, this worked reasonably well: although the invasion convoy was bombed during the preceding night and the leading infantry and Beach Brick troops landed under shellfire and into immediate firefights, the AA guns got ashore and long-range
588:
The Eighth Army continued its advance, struggling as much with bad weather and swollen rivers as with stubborn enemy opposition. The 46th
Division was now due for a rest, having been in almost continuous operations for two months, and it was relieved in mid-October, though it was back in the line on
438:
from its training areas in mid-August. The division was to land a brigade on beaches at the northern (left-hand) end of the landing area. The beaches would be secured by specialist 'Beach Bricks', including heavy and light AA batteries, and the infantry division's own LAA batteries would then assist
374:
Moving and deploying AA guns in the rough country with underpowered gun tractors was difficult but necessary as units in the forward areas were subjected to regular dive-bombing and ground attacks. Ammunition expenditure by the LAA batteries was high, and supply was sometimes erratic. With greater
618:
Among the AA defences planned for the beachheads were smokescreens. There was an air raid alert while 46th
Division carried out a practice landing at Bizerte and the smokescreen was activated. A low-flying German fighter flew through the screen firing at random, and seriously wounded the corps
241:. During 1941, the battalions progressively left the brigade, mainly to be converted to other roles such as armour or light anti-aircraft (LAA). The 8th East Yorkshires was the last remaining unit in the brigade when it left on 24 November 1941. The battalion then briefly served with the
601:
meant that deeper cuts were made in AA provision. In
November 1944, the British infantry divisions in Italy lost their LAA regiments, with 115th LAA Rgt leaving 46th Division on 8 November. It was then disbanded on 8 January 1945 and its personnel were drafted to other roles.
405:) took the First Army into Tunis on 7 May; the Axis forces surrendered on 13 May. At the end of the campaign, the 115th LAA Rgt claimed 58 enemy aircraft destroyed for the expenditure of 22,748 rounds (some of the rounds fired would have been against ground targets).
449:
air attacks by day. By 23.00, the 46th
Division was landing in waves, and no counter-attack had yet developed. However, a week-long battle for Salerno and its hinterland developed, with more and more reinforcements squeezing onto the beaches and the
633:
517:). Afterwards, the division was involved in hill fighting between 26 January and 9 February, taking Monte Furlito and Monte Purgatorio but failing at Monte Faito. The attacks were then called off in rain, sleet, and snow.
466:
The 46th
Division fought its way through the high ground north of Salerno, and then the armour drove across the Plain of Naples to the city itself on 1 October. Next the force moved up for the assault crossing of the
1279:
1269:
1274:
351:
sailed on 24 December, accompanied by 379 LAA Bty; the rest of the division embarked on 6 January 1943 and landed on 17 January, by which time the focus of the campaign was in
265:
was responsible for AA defence of the UK, and the 115th LAA Regiment was initially included in its order of battle, but it was deleted on 23 February 1942, and joined the
312:. The plan was to equip one battery in each divisional LAA regiment with self-propelled guns on truck chassis, but few of these were available until later in the war.
367:
on 26 February, the main weight fell on 139th Bde on the coast, which was forced back from a number of positions over the next month. Harder fighting came against the
212:
623:. The smoke screen did, however, protect 46th Division's convoy when it was bombed while lying at anchor in Bizerte Bay on the night of 6/7 September.
242:
355:. By midnight on 13/14 February, the division was in the line, holding the sector nearest the coast. During the hurried reorganisation caused by the
368:
348:
266:
234:
180:
119:
454:
concentrating its attacks on the beaches and shipping. Finally, on 16 September, the
Germans withdrew and 46th Division swung northwards towards
347:
The Torch landings began on 8 November 1942, and First Army's units and formations were progressively fed into the fighting. The 46th
Division's
1142:
732:
542:
541:
at the end of the month. Rested and reinforced, the division retraced its journey in June, landing back in Italy on 3 July and taking over the
1174:
1075:
581:. Only on 17 September were the Germans cleared out of their defences and the Eighth Army able to close up to the next line of defences, the
497:
was rarely seen, and AA engagements became uncommon as the 46th
Division worked its way up the coastal plain past Monte Camino to the German
233:'Home' brigades had a purely static coast defence role. The 217th served in Northumbrian Area, then from 12 March 194, it became part of the
1253:
1238:
1215:
1196:
1158:
1124:
1109:
1094:
281:
297:
192:
227:
296:
had been learned, and now every infantry division was to have its own air defence unit, equipped with 48 (later 54) towed
383:
731:
Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United
Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, with amendments,
324:
510:
316:
375:
experience of 'snap' actions against fast, low-flying aircraft, Bofors gun units increasingly abandoned using the
371:
in the Hunt's Gap area. The division counter-attacked on 29 March, and had regained all its positions by 1 April.
423:
553:
On its return, the 46th Division joined the Eighth Army on the east side of Italy to take part in breaching the
339:
506:
356:
557:(Operation Olive). The initial operations starting on 26 August began well, with the 46th Division taking the
222:, as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. On 9 October 1940, it was redesignated
514:
485:
293:
172:
533:
for rest and retraining. The first of these was the 46th Division, which embarked on 16 March, arrived in
526:
387:
284:(TA) formed just before the outbreak of war. Its virtually untrained infantry had briefly served in the
262:
198:
17:
529:(AAI) instituted the procedure of shipping exhausted British formations (without their equipment) to
472:
364:
1087:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941
566:
538:
530:
431:
188:
136:
1227:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East
1204:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East
1185:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East
1147:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East
1067:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom
1064:
376:
320:
289:
1249:
1234:
1211:
1192:
1170:
1154:
1120:
1105:
1090:
1071:
578:
476:
352:
184:
146:
131:
534:
402:
395:
285:
1189:
The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and the Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944
1222:
1082:
419:
328:
254:
176:
46:
40:
1131:
620:
479:
440:
73:
359:, the division's brigades were split up, each with attached artillery units. When the
1263:
562:
558:
141:
1032:
Jackson, Vol VI, Pt II, pp. 128–30, 225, 238, 243–4, 249–51, 266–9, 277–80, 288–96.
168:
164:
91:
272:
1233:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1966/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004,
1210:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1987/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004,
1191:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1973/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004,
1153:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1987/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004,
582:
554:
498:
360:
426:
but was not employed. Instead, it was used to carry out the assault landing at
632:
A new 115 LAA Rgt was reformed in April 1947 from the war-raised personnel of
502:
253:
The battalion was retrained as an LAA unit and officially transferred to the
445:
302:
109:
1246:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55
501:. The division's next major operation was a failed assault crossing of the
1069:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004
597:
By now, the continuing manpower crisis and the near-total absence of the
468:
238:
574:
570:
435:
427:
1089:, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996,
455:
561:
village complex on 31 August and then continuing its advance to the
484:
401:
By early May, the Axis forces were crumbling, and a final thrust (
391:
338:
315:
When the 115th LAA Rgt joined, the division was training with the
308:
271:
197:
573:
high ground to protect the Eighth Army's flank as it advanced on
1208:
Victory in the Mediterranean, Part I: 1st April to 4th June 1944
327:, which was preparing for the Allied landings in North Africa (
915:
Molony, Vol V, pp. 259–60, 274, 278–80, 284–7, 292, 318, 331.
489:
Bofors gun of 379 Bty, 115 LAA Rgt, in Italy, 7 January 1944.
1151:
Victory in the Mediterranean, Part I|: June to October 1944
636:(TA), but this only lasted a month before it was disbanded.
379:
in favour of the simple 'Stiffkey Stick' deflection sight.
292:. Lessons from that campaign and the early fighting in the
577:, but here the division ran into stiff opposition in the
1041:
Jackson, Vol VI, Pt II, pp. 352–4, 400, 406–7, 409, 427.
1248:, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994,
505:
on the night of 19/20 January 1944, intended to assist
418:
The 46th Division was assigned to Force 141 (later the
280:
The 46th Division was a 'Second Line' formation of the
300:
to protect against ground-attack aircraft such as the
1280:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1270:
Light anti-aircraft regiments of the Royal Artillery
1169:. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press.
343:
Bofors gun and crew in action near Tunis, May 1943.
171:. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the
161:
115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
125:
115:
105:
97:
79:
61:
53:
31:
218:The unit was originally formed in May 1940 as the
1275:Military units and formations established in 1942
323:. However, in August 1942, it was transferred to
220:50th (Holding) Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
843:Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 434–6, 440–1.
213:8th (Service) Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
1119:, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984,
434:) on 9 September. The division concentrated at
179:in 1942. It served as the LAA component of the
163:(115th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the
1104:, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984,
816:Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 326–8, 389.
706:
704:
655:
653:
1167:Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945
1117:Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978
1102:Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978
8:
1231:The Destruction of the Axis forces in Africa
585:. This was taken in a rush by 21 September.
767:
765:
763:
761:
667:
665:
861:Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 448–57.
834:Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, pp. 379–82.
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
39:
996:Molony, Vol VI, Pt I, pp. 13, 423, 448–9.
243:224th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
230:when that was formed on 20 October 1940.
228:217th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
202:Cap badge of the East Yorkshire Regiment.
261:, with 377, 378, and 379 LAA Batteries.
718:
716:
649:
611:
235:Durham and North Riding County Division
807:Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, p. 284.
224:8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
207:8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
34:115th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA
32:8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
28:
18:8th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
7:
211:For the World War I equivalent, see
634:129th (First Surrey Rifles) LAA Rgt
569:. It then moved to clear the Croce–
25:
733:The National Archives (TNA), Kew
195:until it was disbanded in 1945.
84:
66:
1005:Jackson, Vol VI, Pt II, p. 231.
537:on 22 March, and moved up into
969:Molony, Vol V, pp. 445–6, 450.
942:Molony, Vol V, pp. 438, 443–4.
276:46th Division's formation sign
1:
722:Farndale, Annexes K & M.
1296:
1225:& Brig C.J.C. Molony,
933:Molony, Vol V, pp. 337–44.
789:Routledge, pp. 133–4, 184.
210:
191:landings, and through the
987:Molony, Vol V, pp. 634–6.
978:Molony, Vol V, pp. 616–7.
430:on the Italian mainland (
424:Allied invasion of Sicily
257:on 1 January 1942 as the
38:
1138:, London: Collins, 1960.
1050:Frederick, pp. 840, 963.
710:Frederick, pp. 805, 838.
513:(part of the attacks on
493:After the Volturno, the
462:Naples to the Garigliano
357:Battle of Kasserine Pass
249:Anti-Aircraft conversion
245:until 15 December 1941.
175:, it transferred to the
1165:Joslen, H. F. (2003) .
888:Molony, Vol V, pp. 7–8.
443:fighters kept off most
173:East Yorkshire Regiment
57:May 1940–8 January 1945
906:Molony, Vol V, p. 273.
527:Allied Armies in Italy
490:
344:
290:evacuated from Dunkirk
277:
203:
1244:Brig N.W. Routledge,
924:Routledge, pp. 270–3.
825:Routledge, pp. 182-4.
488:
342:
275:
263:Anti-Aircraft Command
201:
1202:Brig C.J.C. Molony,
870:Routledge, pp 185–6.
852:Routledge, pp 184–5.
473:Messerschmitt Bf 109
365:Operation Ochsenkopf
1183:Brig C.J.C. Molony,
531:Middle East Command
521:Rest and retraining
432:Operation Avalanche
321:South East, England
269:the following day.
137:Operation Avalanche
1115:J.B.M. Frederick,
1100:J.B.M. Frederick,
1023:Routledge, p. 280.
1014:Routledge, p. 278.
960:Routledge, p. 281.
951:Routledge, p. 283.
879:Routledge, p. 187.
659:Frederick, p. 182.
619:commander, Lt-Gen
491:
377:Kerrison Predictor
345:
278:
259:115th LAA Regiment
237:, deployed around
226:and it joined the
204:
1176:978-1-84342-474-1
1076:978-1-84574-055-9
897:Horrocks, p. 175.
798:Collier, Map, 27.
780:Joslen, p. 130–2.
771:Joslen, pp. 75–6.
735:, file WO 212/80.
579:Battle of Gemmano
477:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
298:Bofors 40 mm guns
185:Tunisian Campaign
154:
153:
147:Battle of Gemmano
142:Volturno crossing
132:Tunisian Campaign
45:Cap badge of the
16:(Redirected from
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509:crossing of the
403:Operation Strike
396:Operation Vulcan
286:Battle of France
282:Territorial Army
193:Italian Campaign
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1083:Martin Farndale
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525:In early 1944,
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480:Fighter-bombers
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420:15th Army Group
416:
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337:
329:Operation Torch
255:Royal Artillery
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177:Royal Artillery
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621:Brian Horrocks
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441:P-38 Lightning
415:
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386:'s victory at
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294:Western Desert
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349:139th Brigade
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589:31 October.
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169:World War II
165:British Army
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116:Part of
92:British Army
26:
1136:A Full Life
1130:Lt-Gen Sir
593:Disbandment
583:Rimini Line
555:Gothic Line
549:Gothic Line
507:II US Corps
499:Winter Line
388:Wadi Akarit
384:Eighth Army
126:Engagements
101:Air defence
1264:Categories
1229:, Vol IV:
1206:, Vol VI:
1149:, Vol VI:
1058:References
503:Garigliano
422:) for the
382:After the
325:First Army
306:'s feared
1187:, Vol V:
606:Footnotes
599:Luftwaffe
539:Palestine
495:Luftwaffe
452:Luftwaffe
446:Luftwaffe
369:128th Bde
363:launched
317:XII Corps
303:Luftwaffe
187:, at the
1221:Maj-Gen
1141:Gen Sir
1081:Gen Sir
567:Morciano
469:Volturno
239:Teesside
110:Regiment
575:Coriano
571:Gemmano
436:Bizerte
428:Salerno
414:Salerno
353:Tunisia
335:Tunisia
189:Salerno
183:in the
167:during
62:Country
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511:Rapido
456:Naples
89:
80:Branch
71:
54:Active
644:Notes
563:Conca
535:Egypt
409:Italy
392:Tunis
309:Stuka
1250:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1171:ISBN
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1121:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1072:ISBN
565:and
475:and
361:Axis
159:The
106:Size
98:Role
331:).
319:in
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