421:
363:
713:) went in. Each battery of the regiment had been allocated one target for continuous bombardment at slow rate (2 rounds per gun per minute). 'Carpet' then stopped to allow the stream of aircraft carrying paratroopers and towing gliders to fly in. The bombardment had not succeeded in suppressing all the Flak positions, and casualties from AA fire among the aircraft were heavy. Nevertheless, almost all the airborne objectives were successfully taken.
30:
54:
71:
515:
284:
700:). The forward dumps, artillery positions and marshalling areas for this operation were enormous, and the AA brigades had to extend their cover from front to rear in considerable depth. The flat country also favoured the flat trajectory of the 3.7-inch HAA gun in the medium artillery role, and 90th HAA Rgt was lent to
721:
attempted to disrupt the bridging operations. The regiment engaged 14 enemy aircraft that night, of which nine adopted evasive action on their run-in. What appeared to be radar jamming turned out to be the sheer volume of AA and other shells visible on the screens. On the following night the regiment
704:
for CB tasks. In the last 48 hours before D-day 90th HAA Rgt moved up into concealed positions and sent its transport to the rear, having dumped 9600 rounds (400 per gun) at the gun pits. During the night of 23/24 March the regiment fired 4575 rounds in a seven-hour programme as the assault crossing
346:
attacked. Follow-up raids were marked for the fighters by 'pointer' rounds of HAA fire. On 2 September another mass raid arrived over the Medway and flew up the Thames towards
Hornchurch. They came under heavy fire from the 3.7s and 4.5s of 28 and 37 AA Bdes and 15 were shot down before the fighters
374:
On 15 September, remembered as the climax of the battle, 220 bombers attacked London in the morning despite heavy casualties inflicted by the RAF fighters. More attacks came in the afternoon and the AA guns around London, particularly 37 AA Bde, were continuously in action, breaking up the bomber
716:
XII Corps released 90th HAA Rgt from its AGRA tasks at 05.30 on 25 March: 272 HAA Bty then moved up into position on the west bank, while the other two batteries were held in readiness, and crossed the river that evening. These batteries deployed at once into eight-gun positions alongside LAA
291:
In June 1939, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun positions. Full mobilisation of AA Command came in August 1939, ahead of the
671:
to eliminate a German pocket on the east bank of the Maas. Over the next 10 days the regiment fired no less than 15,000 rounds in support. The weather was so cold that the ammunition boxes received from supply points were completely frozen and the rounds had to be prised free and unwrapped
393:). This meant that the Thames North and South AA guns were in action night after night as the bomber streams approached the London Inner Artillery Zone, but even with the assistance of searchlights, the effectiveness of HAA fire and fighters was greatly diminished in the darkness.
475:. 90th HAA Regiment then left 28 AA Bde later that month. In the autumn it joined 71 AA Bde in 2 AA Group (a new formation that had taken over from 6 AA Division), but left AA Command entirely in early 1943 to come under WO Control in March, with the following organisation:
471:(WO) control, trained and equipped for mobile warfare in active theatres overseas. 90th HAA Regiment was one of those selected and converted to the three-battery establishment for overseas service; 394 HAA Battery left on 10 July 1942, transferring to a newly formed
596:
Protecting
Nijmegen Bridge was the first 'proper' AA task the regiment had been given so far in the campaign: the guns were in action every night and occasionally during the day. 272 and 284 HAA Batteries also fired in the ground role in support of
538:, tasked with defending the eastern end of the beachhead. However, by July the Luftwaffe was reduced to sporadic raids, and the HAA regiments, including 90th HAA, were frequently used to supplement the medium artillery in bombarding ground targets,
443:
to provide the basis for a new 394 Bty; this was formed on 12 December 1940 and joined the regiment on 17 March 1941 The regiment sent another cadre to 206th HAA Training
Regiment at Arborfield to form 445 HAA Bty on 12 June 1941; this later joined
722:
engaged 17 aircraft and brought its total of 'kills' up to six. By 28 March the bridges were all complete and 21st Army Group was beginning its drive across
Germany. 90th HAA Regiment settled down with 100 AA Bde to defend XII Corps' bridges at
546:. Once the city was captured, responsibility for its AA defence was handed over to 100 AA Bde. After 21st Army Group began to advance out of the beachhead in August, 100 AA Bde was able to pass responsibility for Caen over to
601:; 285 HAA Bty was precluded for this because its eight-gun AA battery position was under direct enemy observation. After six weeks the regiment moved south and deployed to provide AA defence for the communication centre of
207:
In 1935 the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence, particularly for London, was addressed by converting a number of London infantry battalions of the
Territorial Army (TA) to the AA role. One of these was the
412:. This was controlled from a Gun Operations Room (GOR) at Chatham. As well as bomber streams passing over towards the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ), the Chatham area was also subjected to minor attacks.
733:
The AA tasks having disappeared, the AA brigades were put to other uses. 90th HAA Regiment was 'grounded' and its vehicles used for general transport for the advancing armies, while the gunners secured
1395:
319:
on the other bank of the estuary ('Thames South') to engage at least two enemy mine-laying aircraft that had strayed into the mouth of the
Estuary. One wrecked aircraft was found on the marshes.
396:
By
November, 90th HAA Rgt had been transferred across the estuary to reinforce 28 AA Bde in Thames South. This had a planned layout of 25 HAA sites (of which only 16 were occupied) running from
1415:
342:. On 22 August, for example, a mass raid flew up the Thames Estuary to attack RAF Hornchurch on the Essex shore; the raid was broken up by 37 and 28 AA Bdes, and then the fighters of
766:
were integrated into the unit), but shortly afterwards the subtitle 'Middlesex' was changed to 'Southgate'. It formed part of 63 (North London) AA Brigade (the former 37 AA Bde).
1069:
Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United
Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional Units), 18 February 1943, with amendments, TNA files WO 212/9 and WO 33/1987.
1405:
453:
1400:
569:
with the whole of 90th HAA Rgt deployed, though the regimental transport vehicles had been taken to supply the advancing troops. XXX Corps made a further thrust in
316:
104:
389:
After 15 September the intensity of
Luftwaffe day raids declined rapidly, and it began a prolonged night bombing campaign over London and industrial towns (
535:
263:
255:
112:
100:
769:
AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955 and 490 HAA Regiment was placed in suspended animation on the same day; it was disbanded on 15 July that year.
492:
330:
AA guns were designated as Heavy AA (HAA) regiments to distinguish them from the newer Light AA (LAA) regiments appearing in the order of battle.
1027:
817:
739:
585:
canals behind the start line. After the failure of Market Garden, 100 AA Bde's tasks were extended to include the captured bridges up to
472:
461:
445:
1051:
Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United
Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/81.
1335:
1320:
1305:
1290:
875:
176:
74:
864:
534:, waiting to be called for embarkation. As 100 AA Bde's units arrived in Normandy, they were at first placed under the command of
108:
590:
547:
531:
1214:
420:
1078:
Order of Battle of the Forces in the United Kingdom, Part 2: 21 Army Group, 24 July 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/238.
598:
701:
613:
726:
in a full-scale IAZ with HAA, LAA, searchlights and radar. Apart from some slight daytime activity by fighter-bombers, the
1357:
457:
1039:
Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, TNA file WO 212/80.
692:
on the coast. 100 AA Brigade was being freed of commitments in order to support XII Corps in the assault crossing of the
460:
were integrated.) A final cadre went to 205th HAA Training Rgt to form 535 (M) HAA Rgt on 19 February 1942, which joined
308:, known as 'Thames North'. This had a planned layout of 20 HAA sites, however only half were occupied by September 1940.
1352:
1060:
Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, TNA file WO 212/82.
228:, and in October 1938 the brigade ('regiment' from 1 January 1939) formed an additional heavy battery (272nd AA Bty) at
196:
617:
367:
763:
1410:
664:
558:
232:. In early 1939 the TA was doubled in size, and on 1 April 1939 the 272nd Battery left to form the basis of a new
1004:
747:
738:
and captured material, removed roadblocks and carried out battlefield clearance. These tasks continued after the
632:
in the ground role, primarily CB tasks. However, the regiment was busy in the AA role on 1 January 1945 when the
589:
and 90 HAA Rgt was brought up on 1 October (minus its Radar Troop, which was deployed elsewhere with LAA guns).
677:
244:
1132:
1373:
Stepping Forward: A Tribute to the Volunteer Military Reservists and Supporting Auxiliaries of Greater London
1015:
975:
952:
570:
1170:
486:
248:
557:
crossings with 272 Bty of 90th HAA Rgt together with an LAA regiment, and by 4 September it was covering
637:
267:
150:
758:
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947 the regiment was reformed at Southgate, initially as
539:
435:
The Blitz ended in May 1941 but 90th HAA Rgt remained in 28 AA Bde for the next year. It had sent a
1283:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941
689:
673:
668:
641:
440:
158:
154:
1271:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom
1026:
Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941,
1268:
503:
327:
140:
1331:
1316:
1301:
1286:
710:
697:
593:
took over responsibility for Nijmengen on 10 November, but 90th HAA Rgt remained in position.
362:
339:
315:, but on the night of 22/23 November 1939 the HAA guns of Thames North combined with those of
292:
declaration of war on 3 September 1939. 37 AA Brigade deployed and operated a gun layout from
241:
237:
229:
188:
132:
122:
436:
343:
323:
1278:
735:
676:
in February, the regiment remained at Grathem under 100 AA Bde, supporting VIII Corps and
499:
409:
213:
209:
70:
29:
1367:
216:. By 1938 the brigade comprised one light AA (LAA) and three heavy AA (HAA) batteries at
1377:
743:
645:
644:. Hundreds of aircraft attacked Allied airfields. Most were fast-moving single-engined
305:
59:
652:, one by 284 HAA Bty deployed in its medium artillery role, the other by 285 HAA Bty.
236:, with its Regimental Headquarters (RHQ), 272nd, 284th, and 285th AA Batteries all at
1389:
404:, where there was a strongly defended area around the naval dockyards at Chatham and
401:
356:
352:
225:
199:. The unit continued in the postwar Territorial Army until it was disbanded in 1955.
574:
259:
184:
1358:
Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)
428:
424:
348:
221:
648:, which were not good HAA targets, but two were brought down by the regiment's
514:
709:
bombardment (codenamed 'Carpet') before the airborne element of the crossing (
629:
468:
312:
297:
347:
took over. On 7 September heavy raids up the estuary attacked oil wharves at
405:
390:
377:
192:
180:
136:
1328:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55
612:
in December 1944, and towards the end of the month 284 HAA Bty was lent to
660:
649:
621:
586:
449:
397:
293:
217:
183:
during the period of international tension leading up to the outbreak of
145:
1347:
1313:
The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)
530:
on 6 June 1994, but in late June the regiment was still in England with
1372:
656:
655:
From 10 January the regiment was wholly employed in the ground role at
625:
602:
582:
566:
283:
1285:, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996,
723:
467:
From 1942 many of AA Command's experienced units were transferred to
705:
was made. The following morning it took part in the 30-minute anti-
693:
578:
562:
554:
527:
513:
419:
361:
301:
282:
359:: a total of 25 aircraft were destroyed by AA guns and fighters.
338:
All the guns of Thames North were heavily engaged throughout the
706:
543:
519:
573:, and 90th HAA Rgt was deployed to defend the crossings of the
452:
to form 494 (Mixed) HAA Bty on 26 November 1941, which joined
542:(CB) fire, and anti-tank roles in the bitter fighting round
742:
as part of the occupation forces in Germany while awaiting
427:
artillery tractor towing a 3.7-inch HAA gun on exercise at
212:, which was transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as the
688:
On 1 March 90th HAA Rgt came out of the line and moved to
381:
lost 85 aircraft that day, an unsustainable rate of loss.
746:. 90th HAA Regiment was placed in suspended animation in
448:. A further cadre went to 211th HAA Training Regiment at
322:
On 1 June 1940, all the RA units equipped with the older
1362:
502:, training for the planned Allied invasion of Normandy (
498:
By July 90th HAA was designated as a mobile regiment in
1330:, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994,
930:
928:
518:
A Matador tows a 3.7-inch HAA gun through the ruins of
1396:
Heavy anti-aircraft regiments of the Royal Artillery
850:'AA Command – Middlesex' at Stepping Forward London.
456:. ('Mixed' units were those into which women of the
128:
118:
96:
88:
80:
65:
47:
39:
20:
173:90th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
23:490th (Southgate) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA
1416:Military units and formations established in 1939
1198:
1196:
1105:Routledge, Table L, p. 327; Table LI, pp. 328–9.
1300:, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984,
375:formations. Between the guns and fighters, the
254:Initially, the new regiment formed part of the
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
311:Opportunities for action were rare during the
270:which was defending the approaches to London.
1298:Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978
876:AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
8:
971:
969:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
553:On 25 August, 100 AA Bde was protecting the
214:61st (Finsbury Rifles) Anti-Aircraft Brigade
1368:Royal Artillery Units Netherlands 1944–1945
762:('Mixed' now indicated that members of the
34:Cap Badge of the Royal Artillery (pre-1953)
1406:Military units and formations in Middlesex
1047:
1045:
28:
760:490 (Mixed) Heavy AA Regiment (Middlesex)
493:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
175:was an air defence regiment of Britain's
1215:474–519 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.
1161:Routledge, pp. 351–7; Table LVI, p. 365.
605:, back under the command of 100 AA Bde.
224:. The TA was rapidly expanded after the
1401:Military units and formations in London
1210:
1208:
777:
730:now ceased operations along the Rhine.
860:
858:
856:
210:11th London Regiment (Finsbury Rifles)
17:
1273:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
1114:Routledge, p. 325; Table LII, p. 331.
783:
781:
717:batteries to provide AA cover as the
366:Mobile 3.7-inch HAA gun preserved at
179:(TA) formed in the London suburbs of
21:90th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA
7:
1315:, Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992,
195:of 1940–41 and later served in the
740:German surrender at Lüneburg Heath
439:to 205th HAA Training Regiment at
14:
1353:Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
818:Finsbury Rifles at Regiments.org.
317:28th (Thames & Medway) AA Bde
1028:The National Archives (TNA), Kew
187:. It defended London during the
69:
52:
1348:British Army units from 1945 on
1243:Routledge, Table LXXIV, p. 441.
1133:90th HAA Rgt at RA Netherlands.
599:43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division
550:and catch up with the advance.
234:90th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA
105:28 (Thames & Medway) AA Bde
1143:Routledge, Table LIII, p. 342.
1087:Routledge, Table XLIX, p. 319.
614:8th Army Group Royal Artillery
526:Operation Overlord began with
431:in Scotland, 18 February 1944.
304:, along the north side of the
287:6 AA Division's formation sign
240:. It was under the command of
1:
458:Auxiliary Territorial Service
197:campaign in North West Europe
886:Routledge, Table LX, p. 378.
561:' supply lines running from
408:and the aircraft factory at
841:Frederick, pp. 756–60, 777.
368:Imperial War Museum Duxford
1432:
1005:6 AA Division at RA 39–45.
485:90 HAA Signal Detachment,
43:1 April 1939–10 March 1955
1380:The Territorial Army 1947
1363:Royal Artillery 1939–1945
895:Routledge, pp. 65–6, 371.
748:British Army of the Rhine
27:
1311:Norman E.H. Litchfield,
764:Women's Royal Army Corps
113:63 (North London) AA Bde
1234:Litchfield, Appendix 5.
865:90 HAA Rgt at RA 39–45.
608:Little was seen of the
571:Operation Market Garden
1181:Routledge, pp. 358–60.
1016:Collier, Chapter XVII.
986:Routledge, pp. 387–95.
953:Collier, Chapter XIII.
523:
487:Royal Corps of Signals
482:272, 284, 285 HAA Btys
432:
371:
288:
1326:Brig N.W. Routledge,
934:Routledge, pp. 385–6.
913:Routledge, pp. 374–5.
672:individually. During
638:Operation Bodenplatte
620:. It was deployed at
517:
454:143rd (Mixed) HAA Rgt
423:
365:
286:
258:. By the outbreak of
151:Operation Bodenplatte
976:Collier, Chapter XV.
238:Southgate, Middlesex
1202:Frederick, p. 1018.
1171:9 AGRA at RA 39–45.
808:Litchfield, p. 177.
690:Nieuwpoort, Belgium
674:Operation Veritable
669:Operation Blackcock
262:this was under the
159:Operation Veritable
155:Operation Blackcock
1296:J.B.M. Frederick,
1225:Farndale, Annex M.
1190:Routledge, p. 361.
1152:Routledge, p. 350.
1096:Routledge, p. 314.
995:Farndale, Annex D.
904:Routledge, p. 388.
642:Ardennes Offensive
616:(AGRA) supporting
524:
504:Operation Overlord
433:
372:
289:
141:Operation Overlord
1411:Southgate, London
1030:, file WO 212/79.
963:Farndale, p. 110.
943:Farndale, p. 109.
788:Monthly Army List
750:on 1 March 1946.
711:Operation Varsity
698:Operation Plunder
510:North West Europe
491:90 HAA Workshop,
462:156th (M) HAA Rgt
340:Battle of Britain
334:Battle of Britain
189:Battle of Britain
166:
165:
133:Battle of Britain
123:Southgate, London
1423:
1342:External sources
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790:, various dates.
785:
736:Prisoners of War
663:. On 16 January
591:74 AA Brigade HQ
357:Woolwich Arsenal
344:No. 11 Group RAF
177:Territorial Army
75:Territorial Army
73:
58:
56:
55:
32:
18:
1431:
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1378:Graham Watson,
1344:
1279:Martin Farndale
1269:Basil Collier,
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686:
646:Fighter-bombers
640:to support the
540:counter-battery
512:
500:21st Army Group
418:
387:
336:
281:
276:
264:6th AA Division
256:37th AA Brigade
247:H.A.D. Murray,
205:
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821:
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792:
776:
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755:
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744:demobilisation
685:
684:Rhine crossing
682:
522:, August 1944.
511:
508:
496:
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489:
483:
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417:
414:
386:
383:
335:
332:
306:Thames Estuary
280:
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204:
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167:
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162:Rhine Crossing
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60:United Kingdom
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1336:1-85753-099-3
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1321:0-9508205-2-0
1318:
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1306:1-85117-009-X
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1291:1-85753-080-2
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1262:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
983:
980:
977:
972:
970:
966:
960:
957:
954:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
929:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
892:
889:
883:
880:
877:
872:
869:
866:
861:
859:
857:
853:
847:
844:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
822:
819:
814:
811:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
772:
770:
767:
765:
761:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
729:
725:
720:
714:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
683:
681:
679:
678:Ninth US Army
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
516:
509:
507:
505:
501:
494:
490:
488:
484:
481:
478:
477:
476:
474:
473:164th HAA Rgt
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:129th HAA Rgt
442:
438:
430:
426:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:Chatham, Kent
399:
394:
392:
384:
382:
380:
379:
369:
364:
360:
358:
354:
353:Tilbury Docks
350:
345:
341:
333:
331:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
278:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:Munich Crisis
223:
219:
215:
211:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
168:Military unit
160:
156:
152:
147:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
50:
46:
42:
38:
31:
26:
19:
16:
1379:
1327:
1312:
1297:
1282:
1270:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1186:
1177:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1035:
1022:
1011:
1000:
991:
982:
959:
948:
939:
918:
909:
900:
891:
882:
871:
846:
813:
787:
768:
759:
757:
732:
727:
718:
715:
687:
654:
633:
609:
607:
595:
552:
525:
497:
466:
434:
395:
388:
376:
373:
337:
321:
310:
290:
279:Mobilisation
274:World War II
260:World War II
253:
233:
206:
185:World War II
172:
170:
97:Part of
15:
922:Litchfield.
429:Burrow Head
425:AEC Matador
349:Thameshaven
222:Pentonville
144:Defence of
129:Engagements
119:Garrison/HQ
84:Air defence
1390:Categories
1263:References
659:, west of
630:River Maas
618:VIII Corps
532:100 AA Bde
469:War Office
441:Arborfield
313:Phoney War
298:Thorpe Bay
268:AA Command
109:100 AA Bde
728:Luftwaffe
719:Luftwaffe
667:launched
665:XII Corps
650:Bren guns
636:launched
634:Luftwaffe
610:Luftwaffe
559:XXX Corps
548:75 AA Bde
536:80 AA Bde
410:Rochester
406:Sheerness
391:The Blitz
385:The Blitz
378:Luftwaffe
326:or newer
230:Southgate
181:Middlesex
137:The Blitz
101:37 AA Bde
1277:Gen Sir
1252:Watson,
702:9th AGRA
661:Roermond
622:Overloon
587:Nijmegen
450:Oswestry
398:Dartford
328:3.7-inch
294:Dagenham
218:Finchley
191:and the
146:Nijmegen
92:Regiment
1254:TA 1947
754:Postwar
657:Grathem
628:on the
626:Boxmeer
603:Helmond
567:Antwerp
416:Mid-war
245:Colonel
148:bridges
48:Country
1334:
1319:
1304:
1289:
724:Xanten
583:Escaut
575:Albert
324:3-inch
242:Brevet
203:Origin
66:Branch
57:
40:Active
773:Notes
694:Rhine
579:Meuse
563:Arras
555:Seine
528:D Day
437:cadre
302:Essex
193:Blitz
1332:ISBN
1317:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1287:ISBN
707:flak
624:and
577:and
544:Caen
520:Caen
355:and
220:and
171:The
89:Size
81:Role
565:to
506:).
479:RHQ
400:to
300:in
296:to
266:of
1392::
1281:,
1207:^
1195:^
1119:^
1044:^
968:^
927:^
855:^
824:^
795:^
780:^
680:.
464:.
351:,
251:.
249:TD
1323:.
1308:.
1293:.
1256:.
696:(
581:–
370:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
