733:
263:
355:
458:
188:
705:
was a pause while a smokescreen was placed across the corps front; it was hoped that enemy batteries would fire during the resulting silence and be located by flash spotting and sound ranging detachments. Although only one gun battery opened up, many mortar positions were identified. At 09.20 intense CB/CM fire was brought down based on the results of this information. 9th AGRA was responsible for CB fire in the southern part of the front, firing across the Maas in support of
72:
30:
54:
564:'s attack on 26 October met with initial success but at 20.45 9th Medium Rgt's forward observation officer (FOO) reported that a counter-attack had brought the Germans so close to his position that he could no longer use the radio because they could hear him. By 00.30 on 27 October, however, the position was much better. On 28 September 9th AGRA's CB officer with 156th Bde brought down the group's firepower on enemy
653:); instead the medium and heavy guns carried out a CB programme against all known enemy gun positions along the corps front. 9th AGRA remained in defensive mode under XII Corps during December while XXX Corps was diverted south to help block the German advance. At this time 9th Medium Rgt was deployed just inside the German frontier at Grotenrath near
713:, later noted: 'Slowly and bitterly we advanced through the mud supported by our superb artillery'. Although resistance stiffened, German attempts to counter-attack were broken up by artillery fire. The right flank of the offensive made the slowest progress, but 9th AGRA was able to cross the Maas to
772:
went over in storm boats and amphibious vehicles the guns began firing on divisional targets, and thereafter on targets as required by call. Each attacking brigade had four medium regiments, RA, in support. The assault crossing was successful, and a second CB programme was fired before the airborne
796:
From landing in
Normandy on 17 July 1944, 9th Medium Rgt had fired over 97,000 rounds of 100-pound (45 kg) shells (5200 tons) and over 21,000 (908 tons) of the longer-range 82-pound (37 kg) shells. It had lost 1 officer and 11 other ranks killed, and 1 officer and 14 other ranks wounded.
704:
and large quantities of ammunition were dumped at the planned gun sites, which were not occupied until just before the attack. The operation involved the greatest concentration of fire employed by the
British Army so far in the war. After the opening bombardment on the morning of 8 February, there
784:
On 26 March 9th Medium Rgt moved right up to the Rhine bank to gain the deepest possible 'search' area into enemy territory, but on 30 March the whole of 9th AGRA was ordered out of action because there were no longer any targets within range. The regiment was 'grounded', its vehicles and drivers
709:. 51st (H) Division made steady progress, slowed by unexpectedly strong opposition at certain points, and it was not until the following morning that it was firmly on its first objectives. It continued to push through the forest over the following days: as the corps commander, Lt-Gen
781:) went in at 10.00 on 24 March. The guns fell silent as the aircraft flew overhead carrying paratroopers and towing gliders. 15th (S) Division and the airborne troops linked up before the end of the day and the following day the engineers completed the first bridge over the river.
274:
with
Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 81 and 82 Medium Batteries, each battery consisting of eight guns divided into two troops. At the time the RA's medium regiments were re-equipping with new 5.5-inch guns. The cadre of experienced gunners for the regiment was supplied by
592:
too hard to destroy, while accuracy suffered from the guns being at different heights in the sand dunes. After some medium shells were reported falling 200 yards (180 m) short, the commanding officer of 9th Medium Rgt ordered 200 yards to be added to all predicted
797:
The regiment was disbanded on 31 October 1945. Major (temporary Lt-Col) R.S. Wade, who had commanded the regiment throughout its service in North West Europe, retired from the army with the honorary rank of lieutenant-colonel on 27 May 1947.
676:, 43rd (Wessex) and 52nd (Lowland) Divisions; 9th AGRA fired in support of all three divisions, firing concentrations on enemy defences and gun areas. Progress was slow because of strong resistance and the appalling weather (though some
785:
sent up to provide a transport platoon to support XII Corps' advance while the gunners were employed in battlefield clearance. There was little role for medium artillery in 21st Army Group's rapid advance across
Germany, and before
732:
536:), then on 9 October helped 9th Canadian Bde over the Savojaards Plaat. As the operations proceeded 9th Medium Rgt moved forward to bring more enemy territory within range. On 23 October the group moved to
484:. 9th AGRA was responsible for CB tasks, beginning at 17.15 on 10 September, and by the time the garrison surrendered on 12 September 75 per cent of its guns had been silenced. The AGRA then moved to
740:
On 8 March, 9th AGRA passed to the command of II Canadian Corps for the operation to clear the remaining enemy from the west bank of the Rhine. This was completed next day, and the AGRA was sent to
1468:
1463:
588:) on 1 November. For the next six days the medium guns fired concentrations on call, together with CB and HF tasks throughout the day. The medium guns found the enemy guns in concrete
242:
when that became operational on 28 February 1941. As the name implies, the division served in coast defence in South West
England. On 27 September 1942 the battalion transferred to
1458:
276:
1373:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/London: London Stamp Exchange, 1990, ISBN 0-948130-03-2/ Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
680:(AOP) flights were possible), but the triangle was virtually clear by 26 January, and by the end of the month there were no German troops west of the
625:. On the morning of 20 November all the guns of 9th AGRA fired their first rounds across the river onto German soil. On 30 November 9th AGRA went to
235:
673:
1290:
764:, covered by a smokescreen. Their tasks involved a large CB programme beginning at 18.00 on the evening of 23 March, then as two brigades of
617:
ready for
Operation Mallard to begin at 16.00 on 14 November. This was carried out by XII Corps to clear the enemy from the west bank of the
413:(CB) and counter-mortar (CM) fire, harassing fire (HF) and defensive fire (DF) tasks. On 8 August the Canadians launched the second phase of
1416:
560:, 9th Medium Rgt continued to assist the Canadians, but the day before the attack it was relieved and joined the support for the landing.
220:
371:
239:
725:
road the regiments moved up to deploy in that area. On 2 March the German front collapsed and their remaining units retreated to the
262:
204:
172:
1377:
561:
354:
247:
1432:
980:
577:
291:
243:
672:
for this operation. The start was postponed by bad weather, but it went ahead on 16 January 1945 with sequential attacks by
405:
On 28 July 9th AGRA was ordered to move across to the eastern flank of the
Normandy beachhead and come under the command of
637:, where the spread of the gun positions was such that 9th Medium Rgt was placed temporarily under the tactical command of
525:
493:
250:, but at the end of November that brigade was broken up, and its infantry battalions converted to medium regiments of the
294:(9th AGRA) after that was formed on 1 May. (An AGRA was a brigade-sized group of medium and heavy artillery operating at
745:
176:
769:
425:, firing on Quesney Wood, which was holding up II Canadian Corps, but on 14 August the corps launched a new assault (
638:
492:
by II Canadian Corps, which took from 17 to 22 September. On 29 September the AGRA supported a smaller operation by
630:
383:
310:
for
Exercise Scamper in October. Up to this time, 9th AGRA with its inexperienced regiments had been affiliated to
421:, and control of the group was temporarily transferred to RHQ of 9th Medium Rgt. By 11 August the regiment was at
187:
717:
after it had been captured, with 9th Medium Rgt over by 19 February. The offensive was renewed on 22 February in
311:
307:
1265:
765:
706:
481:
399:
238:, when it was formed by No 9 Infantry Training Group in South West Area on 13 October 1940. The brigade joined
457:
700:(which replaced the cancelled Operation Shears). On 3–4 February the regiment moved to its assembly area at
565:
557:
529:
299:
1240:
946:
442:
417:
to break out from the beachhead. During the afternoon 9th AGRA HQ was bombed in error by aircraft of the
718:
657:. The guns fired at targets of opportunity, such as small German counter-attacks that probed the front.
581:
569:
521:
387:
375:
367:
126:
1371:
Orders of Battle, United
Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945
774:
677:
533:
410:
283:
913:
1339:
History of the Royal
Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941
693:
661:
650:
598:
585:
469:
426:
418:
228:
136:
132:
1281:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom
1406:
1279:
433:. 9th Medium Rgt moved up to positions near Sassy on 18 August, firing at targets trapped in the
414:
319:
196:
114:
106:
1391:, Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1948/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78331-085-2.
1319:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1968/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-59-9.
1308:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1962/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-58-0.
1286:
778:
757:
697:
505:
489:
477:
430:
406:
140:
122:
118:
110:
96:
1437:
924:
441:
as the German defences collapsed. Three days later the guns were pulled out and harboured at
790:
216:
1420:
1334:
545:
379:
315:
251:
156:
29:
1341:, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, ISBN 1-85753-080-2.
409:. It supported the Canadian attacks south of Caen with fire tasks on enemy strongpoints,
1359:
1262:, Germany: BAOR, 1947/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-78331-813-1.
710:
642:
549:
434:
335:
59:
1452:
1323:
1275:
665:
654:
634:
541:
1313:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West
1302:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West
1297:
760:), and on the evening of 22 March the regiments moved up to their gun area outside
497:
363:
164:
160:
77:
1402:
726:
461:
446:
326:. 9th AGRA moved around England as training intensified, with 9th Medium Rgt at
303:
224:
1396:
Battleground Europe: Operation Plunder: The British and Canadian Rhine Crossing
609:
On 7 November the whole of 9th AGRA moved just over 100 miles (160 km) to
692:
As soon as Blackcock was over, 9th AGRA was transferred back to XXX Corps for
681:
573:
537:
438:
339:
323:
669:
589:
553:
509:
422:
343:
302:
with 9th AGRA in late May and early June. The AGRA then concentrated in the
568:
guns that were troubling the brigade HQ. By 29 October, when 156th Bde and
391:
386:, where they fired 9th AGRA's first rounds in support of 43rd (Wessex) and
195:
In July 1940, as part of the rapid expansion of the British Army after the
752:, and had the opportunity to calibrate its guns on the artillery range at
556:. While the rest of 9th AGRA prepared to support an amphibious assault by
175:, it was converted to the medium artillery role in 1942 and fought in the
1283:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004
749:
646:
622:
485:
473:
287:
212:
168:
741:
613:
to join XII Corps. After reconnaissance, the guns were deployed around
331:
234:
After initial training, the battalion joined a home defence formation,
572:
linked up, 9th Medium Rgt was out of range. 9th AGRA then moved up to
437:. By 22 August the whole AGRA was advancing along the corps axis past
786:
761:
753:
714:
668:
between Roermond and Geilenkirchen. 9th Medium Rgt was redeployed to
626:
501:
395:
208:
1412:
The Victory Campaign – The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945
223:. (A previous 8th (Service) Bn of the Buffs had been formed during
1355:, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
731:
645:, but this was cancelled when the Germans counter-attacked in the
618:
614:
610:
597:
unobserved) targets. By 6 November the leading troops had entered
456:
353:
295:
261:
186:
1348:, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
722:
701:
378:
on 12–15 July. On 17 July 9th and 11th Medium Rgts were sent to
327:
1414:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, 1960.
1260:
British Army of the Rhine Battlefield Tour: Operation Veritable
756:. 9th AGRA was assigned to XII corps for the assault crossing (
429:) and by 16 August the leading troops reached the outskirts of
306:
area for training, culminating in a series of night marches to
1272:, London: Yale University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-300-13449-0.
548:
for Allied shipping it was necessary to secure the islands of
1408:
Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War
641:. XXX Corps was preparing for Operation Shears to breach the
520:
In early October, 9th AGRA moved across Belgium to join the
748:
to prepare for the Rhine crossing. 9th Medium Rgt moved to
318:, which was preparing for the Allied invasion of Normandy (
1270:
Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe
1155:, pp. 14–6, 20–2, 40, 45–6, 49, 53, 65 Map 9, Appendix A.
621:
and by 17 November there was only a small pocket left at
464:
gun tractor and 5.5-inch gun moving up in Normandy, 1944.
1442:
1389:
The History of the Fifteenth Scottish Division 1939–1945
402:. The regiments were soon firing almost 24 hours a day.
314:
in Home Forces, but in October 1943 it was assigned to
1398:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2006, ISBN 1-84415-221-9.
736:
5.5-inch guns firing in support of the Rhine crossing.
1469:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1382:
History of 7th Armoured Division June 1943–July 1945
721:
and by 26 February with the clearance of the Hassum–
362:
On 6 July, 9th AGRA was ordered to move next day to
298:level.) 9th Medium Rgt attended a practice camp at
102:
91:
83:
65:
47:
39:
20:
338:in April 1944. By 5 June 1944 the regiment was at
1464:Military units and formations established in 1942
1195:Stacey, pp. 464–5, 467–9, 476, 478, 496, 508–11.
601:and 9th Medium Rgt was once more out of range.
270:On 1 December 1942 8th Buffs officially became
887:
885:
811:
809:
789:the regiment had been sent to the area around
266:Gunners training in England with 5.5-inch guns
1353:Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978
1346:Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978
8:
850:
848:
540:from where it was possible to fire over the
524:. On 7 October its guns fired in support of
472:and moved up to the coast for the attack on
366:for embarkation. 9th Medium Rgt sailed from
282:The new regiment was initially stationed at
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
28:
1013:Stacey, pp. 222–5, 230–1, 238–43, 248–51.
976:
974:
236:209th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
729:, putting 9th AGRA's guns out of range.
500:batteries as part of operations against
358:A 5.5-inch gun firing in Normandy, 1944.
21:8th Bn, Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)
1459:Medium regiments of the Royal Artillery
1328:The 43rd Wessex Division at War 1944–45
866:
864:
805:
580:of 52nd (L) Division in its landing at
660:In the new year XII Corps carried out
512:. Calais surrendered on 30 September.
17:
7:
1142:Lindsay & Johnstone, pp. 108–23.
272:9th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery
183:8th Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)
528:establishing a bridgehead over the
1384:, British Army of the Rhine, 1945.
346:, awaiting transport to Normandy.
244:219th Independent Infantry Brigade
240:Devon and Cornwall County Division
179:. It was disbanded after the war.
14:
1044:Stacey, pp. 331–6, 338–43, 352–4.
1004:, pp. 420–5, 431–2, 441–2, 446–8.
221:Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
34:Cap badge of the Royal Artillery.
633:and then on 8 December moved to
205:Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)
173:Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)
70:
52:
1330:, London: William Clowes, 1952.
370:under the command of Temporary
248:43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division
43:1 December 1942–31 October 1945
793:to take over garrison duties.
292:9th Army Group Royal Artillery
1:
1438:53rd (London) Medium Regiment
1433:History of 9th Army Group RA.
1231:Saunders, pp. 147–78, 185–94.
914:9th Medium Rgt at RA 1939–45.
390:' continuing attacks against
177:campaign in North West Europe
1075:Buckley, pp. 239–40, 259–61.
1066:Stacey, pp. 393–408, 416–22.
1485:
1380:and Capt M..E. Johnstone,
1124:Ellis, Germany, pp. 241–7.
508:), with 9th Medium Rgt at
330:in November 1943, then at
286:, then from April 1943 at
167:. First raised in 1940 as
308:Sennybridge Training Area
27:
1443:Royal Artillery 1939–45.
1419:21 December 2020 at the
1366:, London: Collins, 1960.
891:Frederick, pp. 722, 730.
766:15th (Scottish) Division
707:51st (Highland) Division
544:. But to open the vital
468:9th AGRA now came under
374:R.S. Wade and landed at
277:53rd (London) Medium Rgt
1213:Ellis, pp. 285, 289–91.
947:9th AGRA at RA 1939–45.
558:52nd (Lowland) Division
398:and Hill 112 following
300:Redesdale Training Area
258:9th Medium Regiment, RA
191:Cap badge of the Buffs.
23:9th Medium Regiment, RA
1306:The Battle of Normandy
1177:, pp. 255–8, 261, 274.
737:
465:
445:as the pursuit to the
443:Saint-Julien-le-Faucon
388:53rd (Welsh) Divisions
359:
267:
192:
1317:The Defeat of Germany
1186:Horrocks, pp. 243–51.
1106:Horrocks, pp. 236–41.
824:Joslen, pp. 108, 372.
735:
719:Operation Blockbuster
570:2nd Canadian Division
522:Battle of the Scheldt
460:
368:South West India Dock
357:
290:. It was assigned to
265:
190:
127:Battle of the Scheldt
1387:Lt-Gen H.G. Martin,
1369:Lt-Col H.F. Joslen,
1133:Essame, pp. 195–201.
1088:, pp. 160, 179, 184.
991:Buckley, pp. 169–77.
775:XVIII Airborne Corps
770:1st Commando Brigade
678:air observation post
534:Operation Switchback
284:Boston, Lincolnshire
159:unit, formed in the
1222:Martin, pp. 279–94.
1204:Buckley, pp. 282–5.
1164:Buckley, pp. 270–7.
1153:Operation Veritable
1115:Buckley, pp. 265–8.
1097:Essame, pp. 184–92.
746:Second British Army
744:to come back under
694:Operation Veritable
662:Operation Blackcock
651:Battle of the Bulge
586:Operation Infatuate
470:First Canadian Army
427:Operation Tractable
419:US Eighth Air Force
153:9th Medium Regiment
137:Operation Veritable
133:Operation Blackcock
1351:J.B.M. Frederick,
1344:J.B.M. Frederick,
1022:Buckley, pp 193–4.
870:Farndale, Annex M.
815:Frederick, p. 205.
738:
466:
415:Operation Totalize
372:Lieutenant-Colonel
360:
320:Operation Overlord
268:
197:Dunkirk evacuation
193:
115:Operation Bluecoat
107:Operation Totalize
1291:978-1-84574-055-9
779:Operation Varsity
758:Operation Plunder
506:Operation Undergo
490:Operation Wellhit
478:Operation Astonia
407:II Canadian Corps
400:Operation Jupiter
146:
145:
141:Operation Plunder
130:Operation Mallard
123:Operation Undergo
119:Operation Wellhit
111:Operation Astonia
1476:
1427:External sources
1311:Maj L.F. Ellis,
1246:
1238:
1232:
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1223:
1220:
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916:
911:
892:
889:
880:
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871:
868:
859:
852:
843:
840:
834:
833:Collier, Map 20.
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
526:7th Canadian Bde
494:9th Canadian Bde
322:), and moved to
229:Kitchener's Army
219:provided by the
87:Medium artillery
76:
74:
73:
58:
56:
55:
32:
18:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1473:
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1448:
1447:
1429:
1421:Wayback Machine
1335:Martin Farndale
1254:
1249:
1239:
1235:
1230:
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1199:
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923:
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912:
895:
890:
883:
879:Farndale, p. 4.
878:
874:
869:
862:
853:
846:
842:Joslen, p. 382.
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
807:
803:
690:
607:
546:Port of Antwerp
518:
482:I British Corps
455:
411:counter-battery
380:Putot-en-Bessin
352:
316:21st Army Group
260:
252:Royal Artillery
185:
157:Royal Artillery
149:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
71:
69:
53:
51:
35:
22:
12:
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5:
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1451:
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1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1399:
1394:Tim Saunders,
1392:
1385:
1378:Martin Lindsay
1374:
1367:
1360:Brian Horrocks
1356:
1349:
1342:
1331:
1320:
1309:
1294:
1273:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1244:, 27 May 1947.
1242:London Gazette
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
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1179:
1166:
1157:
1144:
1135:
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1059:
1046:
1037:
1024:
1015:
1006:
993:
984:
950:
928:
925:53rd (London).
917:
893:
881:
872:
860:
858:, Appendix IV.
844:
835:
826:
817:
804:
802:
799:
711:Brian Horrocks
689:
686:
643:Siegfried Line
606:
603:
550:South Beveland
517:
514:
454:
451:
435:Falaise pocket
382:to come under
351:
348:
336:West Yorkshire
259:
256:
207:was formed at
184:
181:
147:
144:
143:
104:
100:
99:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
67:
63:
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60:United Kingdom
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45:
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1057:, pp. 111–23.
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696:to clear the
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666:Roer Triangle
664:to clear the
663:
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655:Geilenkirchen
652:
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635:Munstergeleen
632:
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605:Low countries
604:
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583:
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563:
562:156th Brigade
559:
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542:River Scheldt
539:
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531:
530:Leopold Canal
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453:Channel ports
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201:8th Battalion
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148:Military unit
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1266:John Buckley
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739:
691:
674:7th Armoured
659:
608:
594:
519:
498:Cap Gris-Nez
496:against the
467:
404:
364:London Docks
361:
281:
271:
269:
246:attached to
233:
227:as part of '
200:
194:
165:World War II
161:British Army
152:
150:
78:British Army
15:
1410:, Vol III:
1403:C.P. Stacey
1364:A Full Life
1358:Lt-Gen Sir
1035:, pp. 13–6.
773:assault by
727:River Rhine
576:to support
462:AEC Matador
449:continued.
447:River Seine
376:Arromanches
304:Northampton
225:World War I
103:Engagements
1453:Categories
1315:, Vol II:
1298:L.F. Ellis
1252:References
698:Reichswald
682:River Roer
619:River Maas
599:Middelburg
574:IJzendijke
538:Lamswaarde
439:Vimoutiers
340:New Milton
324:Felixstowe
1324:H. Essame
1304:, Vol I:
981:9th AGRA.
688:Rhineland
670:Schinveld
631:XXX Corps
590:casemates
578:155th Bde
554:Walcheren
510:Audembert
423:Cintheaux
384:XII Corps
344:Hampshire
97:Batteries
1417:Archived
1333:Gen Sir
1322:Maj-Gen
1002:Normandy
856:Normandy
750:Meerhout
647:Ardennes
639:5th AGRA
629:to join
623:Roermond
582:Flushing
486:Boulogne
474:Le Havre
350:Normandy
312:II Corps
288:Grantham
213:Cornwall
199:, a new
169:infantry
1175:Germany
1173:Ellis,
1086:Germany
1084:Ellis,
1055:Germany
1053:Ellis,
1033:Germany
1031:Ellis,
1000:Ellis,
854:Ellis,
791:Bocholt
742:Helmond
566:Flak 88
516:Scheldt
431:Falaise
332:Bingley
215:from a
203:of the
171:of the
163:during
48:Country
1376:Capt
1289:
1258:Anon,
1151:Anon,
787:VE Day
762:Xanten
754:Lommel
715:Gennep
627:Bilzen
502:Calais
396:Maltot
392:Évrecy
209:Bodmin
155:was a
75:
66:Branch
57:
40:Active
801:Notes
649:(the
615:Weert
611:Budel
480:) by
296:Corps
217:cadre
1401:Col
1296:Maj
1287:ISBN
768:and
723:Goch
702:Haps
552:and
488:for
328:Hove
231:'.)
151:The
92:Size
84:Type
342:in
334:in
211:in
1455::
1405:,
1362:,
1337:,
1326:,
1300:,
1285:,
1278:,
1268:,
953:^
931:^
896:^
884:^
863:^
847:^
808:^
684:.
595:ie
394:,
279:.
254:.
95:2
1293:.
777:(
593:(
584:(
532:(
504:(
476:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
