237:: "What Hobbes is worried about is absurdity. Only human beings can embrace an absurdity, because only human beings have language, and philosophers are more susceptible to it than others". Hobbes wrote that "words whereby we conceive nothing but the sound, are those we call absurd, insignificant, and nonsense. And therefore if a man should talk to me of a round quadrangle; or, accidents of bread in cheese; or, immaterial substances; or of a free subject; a free will; or any free, but free from being hindered by opposition, I should not say he were in an error, but that his words were without meaning, that is to say, absurd". He distinguished seven types of absurdity. Below is the summary of Martinich, based on what he describes as Hobbes' "mature account" found in
674:, that the Bolognian law which enacted 'that whoever drew blood in the streets should be punished with the utmost severity', did not extend to the surgeon who opened the vein of a person that fell down in the street in a fit. The same common sense accepts the ruling, cited by Plowden, that the statute of 1st Edward II, which enacts that a prisoner who breaks prison shall be guilty of a felony, does not extend to a prisoner who breaks out when the prison is on fire – 'for he is not to be hanged because he would not stay to be burnt'."
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666:, the doctrine is restricted by two limiting principles: "...the absurdity and the injustice of applying the provision to the case would be so monstrous, that all mankind would, without hesitation, unite in rejecting the application" and the absurdity must be correctable "...by modifying the text in relatively simple ways". This doctrine is seen as being consistent with examples of historical common sense.
193:, he discusses the situations in which absurdity is employed and how it affects one's use of persuasion. According to Aristotle, the idea of a man being unable to persuade someone by his words is absurd. Any unnecessary information to the case is unreasonable and makes the speech unclear. If the speech becomes too unclear; the justification for their case becomes unpersuasive, making the argument absurd.
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189:, "once the irrational has been introduced and an air of likelihood imparted to it, we must accept it in spite of the absurdity. He claimed that absurdity in reasoning being veiled by charming language in poetry, "As it is, the absurdity is veiled by the poetic charm with which the poet invests it... But in the Epic poem the absurdity passes unnoticed." In Aristotle's book
32:
650:", occurs when simple textual correction is needed to amend an obvious clerical error, such as a misspelled word. Another type of absurdity, called "evaluative absurdity", arises when a legal provision, despite appropriate spelling and grammar, "makes no substantive sense". An example would be a statute that mistakenly provided for a
397:
analyzed the perpetual absurdity of human life. Absurdity in life becomes apparent when we realize the fact that we take our lives seriously, while simultaneously perceiving that there is a certain arbitrarity in everything we do. He suggests never to stop searching for the absurd. Furthermore, he
120:, meaninglessness, fancifulness, foolishness, bizarreness, wildness. In specialized usage, absurdity is related to extremes in bad reasoning or pointlessness in reasoning; ridiculousness is related to extremes of incongruous juxtaposition, laughter, and ridicule; and nonsense is related to a lack of
385:
Due to the absurd, seeking purpose or meaning in an uncaring world without purpose or meaning may be regarded as either pointless or as still potentially valuable. Seeking to accumulate excessive wealth or pursuing other existential goals in the face of certain death are other concepts discussed by
222:
and the scientific method, argued that absurdity is a necessary component of scientific progress, and should not always be laughed at. He continued that bold new ways of thinking and bold hypotheses often led to absurdity, "For if absurdity be the subject of laughter, doubt you but great
374:, and the human inability to find these with any certainty. The universe and the human mind do not each separately cause the absurd, but rather the absurd arises by the contradictory nature of the two existing simultaneously. Therefore, absurdism, a philosophy most famously associated (
170:
often used "absurdity" to describe very poor reasoning, or the conclusion from adopting a position that is false and thus reaching a false conclusion, called an "absurdity" (argument by reductio ad absurdum). Plato describes himself as not using absurd argumentation against himself in
701:, whereby a position is demonstrated to be false, or "absurd", by assuming it and reasoning to reach something known to be believed as false or to violate common sense; it is used by Plato to argue against other philosophical positions. An absurdity constraint is used in the logic of
1086:. Camus Society / Lulu.com: The absurd is "the dissonance that exists between man's hopes and what he achieves in reality. The absurd is neither man's hope or bleak reality but a confrontation of the two" (153); "Man's call is met by the world's unreasonable silence" (159).
335:, cited as a paradox of language such superficially absurd statements as, "I went to the pictures last Tuesday but I don't believe it". They can be true and logically consistent, and are not contradictory on further consideration of the user's linguistic intent.
697:, whereby assuming that a proposition is true leads to absurdity; a proposition is assumed to be true and this is used to deduce a proposition known to be false, so the original proposition must have been false. It is also an argumentation style in
339:
observes that in some unusual circumstances absurdity itself disappears in such statements, as there are cases where "It is raining but I don't believe it" can make sense, i.e., what appears to be an absurdity is not nonsense.
212:, argued that the process of abridgement is foolish and produces absurdity, "Every abridgement of a good book is a foolish abridgement... absurdity not to be cured... satisfied with itself than any reason, can reasonably be."
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and absurdity. They state it often misleads the public with euphemistic terminology, such as the expressions "alternative medicine" and "complementary medicine", and call for a clear demarcation between valid
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A provision may be either disregarded or judicially corrected as an error (when the correrection is textually simple) if failing to do so would result in a disposition that no reasonable person could approve.
542:. He argued that this would be impossible since it would require either that Christ has appeared twice or that the inhabitants of the antipodes would be forever damned, which he claimed was an absurdity.
616:
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Absurdity can refer to any strict religious dogma that pushes something to the point of violating common sense. For example, inflexible religious dictates are sometimes termed
1370:
A Constructive
Approach to Testing Model Transformations, Theory and Practice of Model Transformations, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010, Volume 6142/2010, 77-92,
1095:
Genovese, Maria K., "Meaningful
Meaninglessness: Albert Camus' Presentation of Absurdism as a Foundation for Goodness" (2010). Pell Scholars and Senior Theses. 60. p. 1.
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distinguished absurdity from errors, including basic linguistic errors as when a word is simply used to refer to something which does not have that name. According to
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used what he thought was a reduction to absurdity arguing against a spherical Earth using dogma, claiming that a spherical Earth would imply the existence of
253:"Combining the name of a body with the name of an accident." For example, "existence is a being" or, "a being is existence". These absurdities are typical of
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302:", Hobbes discussed the two concepts as different, in that absurdity is viewed as having to do with invalid reasoning, while ridiculousness has to do with
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K Mart Copr. V. Cartier, Inc., 486 U.S. 281 (1988) (Scalia concurring in part and dissenting in part), quoting U.S. v. Kirby, 74 U.S. 482, 487 (1868).
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Humor as a Double-Edged Sword: Four
Functions of Humor in Communication, JC Meyer, Communication Theory, Volume 10, Issue 3, pages 310–331, August 2000
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5., which all use examples that could be found in
Aristotelian or scholastic philosophy, and all reflect "Hobbes' commitment to the new science of
434:"Theater should be a bloody and inhuman spectacle designed to exercise (sic. exorcise) the spectator's repressed criminal and erotic obsessions.
458:
96:. "Absurd" is the adjective used to describe absurdity, e.g., "Tyler and the boys laughed at the absurd situation." It derives from the Latin
1027:
How Many
Feminists Does It Take To Make A Joke? Sexist Humor and What's Wrong With It, Memo Bergmann, Hypatia, Vol.1, Issue 1, March 1986
570:, the presence or absence of an absurd image was found to moderate negative attitudes toward products and increase product recognition.
1228:"Effects of Absurdity in Advertising: The Moderating Role of Product Category Attitude and the Mediating Role of Cognitive Responses",
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was a notable absurdist fiction movement in the dramatic arts, depicting characters grappling with the meaninglessness of life.
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Absurdity has been explored, particularly the absurd (in the above philosophical sense), in certain artistic movements, from
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The term absurdity has been used throughout history regarding foolishness and extremely poor reasoning to form beliefs. In
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Absurdity is cited as a basis for some theological reasoning about the formation of belief and faith, such as in
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The "absurdity constant", often denoted by the symbol ⊥, is used in formal logic. It represents the concept of
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Wittgensteinian
Accounts of Moorean Absurdity, Philosophical Studies, Volume 92, Number 3, John N. Williams,
266:"Combining the name of an accident with the name of a phantasm." For example, "colour appears to a perceiver".
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276:"Combining the name of a phantasm with the name of a name." For example, "the idea of a man is a universal".
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362:, and related philosophy since the 20th century, absurdity is used in a more specialized way, often termed
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Absurdity and the Limits of
Literalism: Defining the Absurd Result Principle in Statutory Interpretation
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1120:"Propagation of the Absurd: demarcation of the Absurd revisited", Wallace Sampson, Kimball Atwood IV,
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279:"Combining the name of a thing with the name of a speech act." For example, "some entities are beings
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The
Perception of Humor, Willibald Ruch, Emotions, qualia, and consciousness, Biocybernetics, VOl. 10
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The absurdity doctrine is a legal theory in
American courts. One type of absurdity, known as the "
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party to pay the other side's reasonable attorney's fees. In order to stay within the remit of
269:"Combining the name of an accident with the name of a name." For example, "a definition is the
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Kearney, Peadar (2013). "Absurdism and
Lyricism: Stylistic Extremes in Camus' Novels".
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Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States § 427, at 303
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discussed the types of problem Hobbes refers to as absurdities under the term "
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grouped absurdities with "flat contradictions to scripture" and "heresies".
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theory that reason and faith may be hostile to each other. The statement
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693:, reducing to an absurdity, is a method of proof in polemics, logic and
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Although common usage now considers "absurdity" to be synonymous with "
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to make people laugh or to make a sophisticated point. One example is
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rectified an irrational absurdity in reasoning with empiricism using
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1258:"to justify this 'absurdity' is the primordial object of this note"
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The psychology of adaptation to absurdity: tactics of make-believe
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1271:"On the Absurdity of Kafka's Works from Transformer", G Yan-li,
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using illogic and inverting logical methods. Argentine novelist
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Medical commentators have criticized methods and reasoning in
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is a concept in philosophy related to the notion of absurdity.
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1111:, Volume 52, Number 2, Spring 2009, pp. 289–303, Edzard Ernst
670:"The common sense of man approves the judgment mentioned by
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study how humans adapt to constant absurdities in life. In
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Logic, methodology and philosophy of science: Proceedings
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On the Flesh of Christ, Fathers of the Church, New Advent
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Logic, methodology and philosophy of science: Proceedings
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used absurdities in his short stories to make points.
149:, considered to be unreasonable fantasy and not real.
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The History of Reduction to Absurdity, Yao-yong, 2006
617:
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There
513:("I believe because it is absurd") is attributed to
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suggests searching for irony amongst the absurdity.
116:In general usage, absurdity may be synonymous with
733:The absurdity rule is a rule in logic, as used by
366:: the conflict between the human tendency to seek
249:". This is known as "Hobbes' Table of Absurdity".
112:. Absurdity is contrasted with being realistic or
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620:(1872). Carroll was a logician and parodied
595:"My, you must have good eyes" – Cheshire Cat
534:In the 15th century, the Spanish theologian
1134:A Philosophical Dictionary: From the French
840:Absurdities – Webster's Timeline Dictionary
721:, denoted by a constant "false" in several
589:"I can see nothing" – Alice in Wonderland
1292:Scalia, Antonin; Garne, Bryan A. (2012).
386:philosophers who contemplate the absurd.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1260:, Labyrinths, Jorge Luis Borges, p. 39,
1217:, by Seymour Fisher, Rhoda Lee Fisher,
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1455:Concepts in the philosophy of language
459:alternative and complementary medicine
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929:. Alpine Lakes Design. Archived from
902:. Alpine Lakes Design. Archived from
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1057:Dotterweich, John (March 11, 2019).
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1157:"Pharisaic", Your Diciontionary.com
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84:is the state or condition of being
888:Aristotle in Poetics, S.H. Butcher
41:tone or style may not reflect the
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1176:The Churches of the New Testament
952:The Essays of Michel De Montaigne
638:is considered absurdist by some.
100:meaning "out of tune". The Latin
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1122:The Medical Journal of Australia
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487:"I believe because it is absurd"
51:guide to writing better articles
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16:Extremely unreasonable, foolish
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1059:"An Argument for the Absurd"
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662:and not reach further into
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954:, Michel de Montaigne name
679:Logic and computer science
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445:The Theatre and Its Double
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1337:Dougherty, Veronica M., "
1063:Southern Cross University
92:, or so unsound as to be
1084:Journal of Camus Studies
287:According to Martinich,
135:' 5th century BC comedy
1460:Existentialist concepts
218:, an early promoter of
21:Absurd (disambiguation)
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1193:July 18, 2011, at the
1162:July 18, 2011, at the
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963:Essays, Francis Bacon
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723:programming languages
703:model transformations
602:Absurdity is used in
578:Further information:
428:Theatre of the Absurd
348:Further information:
322:Further information:
255:scholastic philosophy
1245:Wonderland Revisited
807:Webster's Dictionary
691:Reductio ad absurdum
685:Reductio ad absurdum
527:. According to the
463:integrative medicine
333:analytic philosopher
257:according to Hobbes.
19:For other uses, see
1188:Your Dictionary.com
933:on October 28, 2014
719:logical proposition
509:Credo quia absurdum
472:scientific evidence
202:Michel de Montaigne
235:Aloysius Martinich
141:, his protagonist
1404:, Patrick Suppes
1390:Classical harmony
978:Hobbes Dictionary
818:Wordreference.com
709:Constant in logic
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635:The Metamorphosis
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937:October 28,
910:October 28,
695:mathematics
664:purposivism
630:Franz Kafka
612:Jabberwocky
568:advertising
329:G. E. Moore
308:superiority
208:and modern
90:meaningless
1449:Categories
1136:, Voltaire
1068:October 8,
862:Parmenides
792:References
771:Ridiculous
660:textualism
559:Psychology
547:pharisaism
515:Tertullian
492:Tertullian
416:surrealism
391:The Absurd
364:the absurd
344:The Absurd
220:empiricism
210:skepticism
187:likelihood
173:Parmenides
153:Philosophy
143:Philocleon
114:reasonable
94:irrational
1438:absurdity
1425:absurdity
1007:Chapter V
1002:Leviathan
985:Leviathan
850:The Wasps
781:Stupidity
776:Silliness
756:Illogical
672:Pufendorf
540:antipodes
360:absurdism
350:Absurdism
312:deformity
183:Aristotle
138:The Wasps
126:Absurdism
110:stupidity
82:Absurdity
1191:Archived
1160:Archived
761:Nonsense
745:See also
699:polemics
536:Tostatus
525:Voltaire
490:—
482:Theology
467:evidence
453:Medicine
437:—
304:laughter
225:boldness
191:Rhetoric
118:nonsense
98:absurdum
876:, Plato
874:Gorgias
864:, Plato
652:winning
499:fideism
378:) with
271:essence
243:Galileo
177:Gorgias
104:means "
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715:falsum
656:losing
426:, the
310:, and
281:per se
247:Harvey
102:surdus
622:logic
604:humor
517:from
501:, an
206:essay
175:. In
168:Plato
1298:ISBN
1070:2019
988:5.7.
939:2014
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