174:, which states that the effects of gravity on an object are indistinguishable from acceleration. When held fixed in a gravitational field by, for example, applying a ground reaction force or an equivalent upward thrust, the reference frame for an accelerometer (its own casing) accelerates upwards with respect to a free-falling reference frame. The effects of this acceleration are indistinguishable from any other acceleration experienced by the instrument so that an accelerometer cannot detect the difference between sitting in a rocket on the launch pad, and being in the same rocket in deep space while it uses its engines to accelerate at 1 g. For similar reasons, an accelerometer will read
1067:, either by moving optical elements to adjust the light path to the sensor to cancel out unintended motions or digitally shifting the image to smooth out detected motion. Some stills cameras use accelerometers for anti-blur capturing. The camera holds off capturing the image when the camera is moving. When the camera is still (if only for a millisecond, as could be the case for vibration), the image is captured. An example of the application of this technology is the Glogger VS2, a phone application which runs on
491:) in the dome measures the temperature in one location of the dome. This measures the location of the heated bubble within the dome. When the dome is accelerated, the colder, higher density fluid pushes the heated bubble. The measured temperature changes. The temperature measurement is interpreted as acceleration. The fluid provides the damping. Gravity acting on the fluid provides the spring. Since the proof mass is very lightweight gas, and not held by a beam or lever, thermal accelerometers can survive high
886:
562:
which an animal is expending energy in the wild, by either determination of limb-stroke frequency or measures such as overall dynamic body acceleration Such approaches have mostly been adopted by marine scientists due to an inability to study animals in the wild using visual observations, however an increasing number of terrestrial biologists are adopting similar approaches. For example, accelerometers have been used to study flight energy expenditure of
610:
241:
2251:"Design of an integrated strapdown guidance and control system for a tactical missile" WILLIAMS, D. E.RICHMAN, J.FRIEDLAND, B. (Singer Co., Kearfott Div., Little Falls, NJ) AIAA-1983-2169 IN: Guidance and Control Conference, Gatlinburg, TN, 15–17 August 1983, Collection of Technical Papers (A83-41659 19–63). New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1983, p. 57-66.
109:
570:). Researchers are also using smartphone accelerometers to collect and extract mechano-biological descriptors of resistance exercise. Increasingly, researchers are deploying accelerometers with additional technology, such as cameras or microphones, to better understand animal behaviour in the wild (for example, hunting behaviour of
375:, acting against a bed of hairs connected to neurons. The hairs form the springs, with the neurons as sensors. The damping is usually by a fluid. Many vertebrates, including humans, have these structures in their inner ears. Most invertebrates have similar organs, but not as part of their hearing organs. These are called
1048:, a handheld Linux device launched in 2004, was the first commercial handheld to have a built-in accelerometer. It incorporated many gesture-based interactions using this accelerometer, including page-turning, zoom-in and zoom-out of images, change of portrait to landscape mode, and many simple gesture-based games.
433:). They are unmatched in high frequency measurements, low packaged weight, and resistance to high temperatures. Piezoresistive accelerometers resist shock (very high accelerations) better. Capacitive accelerometers typically use a silicon micro-machined sensing element. They measure low frequencies well.
463:
Under the influence of external accelerations, the proof mass deflects from its neutral position. This deflection is measured in an analog or digital manner. Most commonly, the capacitance between a set of fixed beams and a set of beams attached to the proof mass is measured. This method is simple,
166:
because the Earth's surface exerts a normal force upwards relative to the local inertial frame (the frame of a freely falling object near the surface). To obtain the acceleration due to motion with respect to the Earth, this "gravity offset" must be subtracted and corrections made for effects caused
711:
Under structural applications, measuring and recording how a structure dynamically responds to these inputs is critical for assessing the safety and viability of a structure. This type of monitoring is called Health
Monitoring, which usually involves other types of instruments, such as displacement
973:
systems to measure the vehicle's actual movement. A computer compares the vehicle's actual movement to the driver's steering and throttle input. The stability control computer can selectively brake individual wheels and/or reduce engine power to minimize the difference between driver input and the
561:
Accelerometers are also increasingly used in the biological sciences. High frequency recordings of bi-axial or tri-axial acceleration allows the discrimination of behavioral patterns while animals are out of sight. Furthermore, recordings of acceleration allow researchers to quantify the rate at
2191:
1275:
Accelerometer data, which can be accessed by third-party apps without user permission in many mobile devices, has been used to infer rich information about users based on the recorded motion patterns (e.g., driving behavior, level of intoxication, age, gender, touchscreen inputs, geographic
780:
An accelerometer alone is unsuitable to determine changes in altitude over distances where the vertical decrease of gravity is significant, such as for aircraft and rockets. In the presence of a gravitational gradient, the calibration and data reduction process is numerically unstable.
1015:
A microphone or eardrum is a membrane that responds to oscillations in air pressure. These oscillations cause acceleration, so accelerometers can be used to record sound. A 2012 study found that voices can be detected by smartphone accelerometers in 93% of typical daily situations.
182:. This includes use in a coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth, an airplane in a parabolic "zero-g" arc, or any free-fall in a vacuum. Another example is free-fall at a sufficiently high altitude that atmospheric effects can be neglected.
495:. Another variation uses a wire to both heat the gas and detect the change in temperature. The change of temperature changes the resistance of the wire. A two dimensional accelerometer can be economically constructed with one dome, one bubble and two measurement devices.
777:(direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. Other terms used to refer to inertial navigation systems or closely related devices include inertial guidance system, inertial reference platform, and many other variations.
811:
deployment systems for modern automobiles. In this case, the accelerometers are used to detect the rapid negative acceleration of the vehicle to determine when a collision has occurred and the severity of the collision. Another common automotive use is in
1622:
Shepard, Emily L. C.; Wilson, Rory P.; Quintana, Flavio; Laich, Agustina Gómez; Liebsch, Nikolai; Albaredas, Diego A.; Halsey, Lewis G.; Gleiss, Adrian; Morgan, David T.; Myers, Andrew E.; Newman, Chris; Macdonald, David W.
596:, or bearing fault which, if not attended to promptly, can lead to costly repairs. Accelerometer vibration data allows the user to monitor machines and detect these faults before the rotating equipment fails completely.
545:, inclination, machine vibration, dynamic distance and speed with or without the influence of gravity. Applications for accelerometers that measure gravity, wherein an accelerometer is specifically configured for use in
1019:
Conversely, carefully designed sounds can cause accelerometers to report false data. One study tested 20 models of (MEMS) smartphone accelerometers and found that a majority were susceptible to this attack.
1135:. Though the essential principle of design is the same as in accelerometers, gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive than accelerometers in order to measure very tiny changes within the
116:
When two or more accelerometers are coordinated with one another, they can measure differences in proper acceleration, particularly gravity, over their separation in space—that is, the gradient of the
352:
causes the spring's compression to adjust to exert an equivalent force on the mass to counteract the acceleration. Since the spring's force scales linearly with amount of compression (according to
869:
and resulting data loss upon impact. This device is included in the many common computer and consumer electronic products that are produced by a variety of manufacturers. It is also used in some
468:
in the springs to detect spring deformation, and thus deflection, is a good alternative, although a few more process steps are needed during the fabrication sequence. For very high sensitivities
2101:
193:, upon reaching terminal velocity, does not feel as though he or she were in "free-fall", but rather experiences a feeling similar to being supported (at 1 g) on a "bed" of uprushing air.
127:
A single-axis accelerometer measures acceleration along a specified axis. A multi-axis accelerometer detects both the magnitude and the direction of the proper acceleration, as a
356:) and because the spring constant and mass are known constants, a measurement of the spring's compression is also a measurement of acceleration. The system is damped to prevent
227:, a knowledge of local gravity is required. This can be obtained either by calibrating the device at rest, or from a known model of gravity at the approximate current position.
1520:
588:
Accelerometers are also used for machinery health monitoring to report the vibration and its changes in time of shafts at the bearings of rotating equipment such as turbines,
1890:
992:
that contains a three-axis accelerometer and was designed primarily for motion input. Users also have the option of buying an additional motion-sensitive attachment, the
670:
Accelerometers are used to measure the motion and vibration of a structure that is exposed to dynamic loads. Dynamic loads originate from a variety of sources including:
1007:
use accelerometric sensors to detect movement of a sleeper, so that it can wake the person when he/she is not in REM phase, in order to awaken the person more easily.
205:
2290:
143:, which is the acceleration it experiences relative to freefall and is the acceleration felt by people and objects. Put another way, at any point in spacetime the
1556:
2271:
966:. Many accelerometer-equipped smartphones also have ACN software available for download. ACN systems are activated by detecting crash-strength accelerations.
394:. Since the circuit's electronic behavior can be carefully designed, and the proof mass does not move far, these designs can be very stable (i.e. they do not
1075:. Some digital cameras contain accelerometers to determine the orientation of the photo being taken and also for rotating the current picture when viewing.
854:
Accelerometers are increasingly being incorporated into personal electronic devices to detect the orientation of the device, for example, a display screen.
382:
Mechanical accelerometers are often designed so that an electronic circuit senses a small amount of motion, then pushes on the proof mass with some type of
367:
Many animals have sensory organs to detect acceleration, especially gravity. In these, the proof mass is usually one or more crystals of calcium carbonate
1923:
1853:
712:
sensors -Potentiometers, LVDTs, etc.- deformation sensors -Strain Gauges, Extensometers-, load sensors -Load Cells, Piezo-Electric
Sensors- among others.
1955:
2093:
943:
861:(FFS) is an accelerometer used to detect if a system has been dropped and is falling. It can then apply safety measures such as parking the head of a
479:) accelerometer. It contains a small heater in a very small dome. This heats the air or other fluid inside the dome. The thermal bubble acts as the
510:
device, three axes can be measured. Such a combination may have much lower misalignment error than three discrete models combined after packaging.
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and sometimes an accelerometer for the purpose of auto image rotation, motion-sensitive mini-games, and correcting shake when taking photographs.
1635:
1028:
A number of 21st-century devices use accelerometers to align the screen depending on the direction the device is held (e.g., switching between
2132:
1503:
1470:
1438:
1408:
1375:
1803:
Studd, Emily K.; Derbyshire, Rachael E.; Menzies, Allyson K.; Simms, John F.; Humphties, Murray M.; Murray, Dennis M.; Boutin, Stan (2021).
816:
systems, which use a lateral accelerometer to measure cornering forces. The widespread use of accelerometers in the automotive industry has
1688:"Exploring the relationship between flapping behaviour and accelerometer signal during ascending flight, and a new approach to calibration"
472:
is also used; this requires a dedicated process making it very expensive. Optical measurement has been demonstrated in laboratory devices.
1686:
Walsum, Tessa A. Van; Perna, Andrea; Bishop, Charles M.; Murn, Campbell P.; Collins, Philip M.; Wilson, Rory P.; Halsey, Lewis G. (2020).
185:
However, this does not include a (non-free) fall in which air resistance produces drag forces that reduce the acceleration until constant
2424:
2189:, Hayward, Kirk W. and Stephenson, Larry G., "Method and system of determining altitude of flying object", issued 2003-10-28
734:
In
Belgium, accelerometer-based step counters are promoted by the government to encourage people to walk a few thousand steps each day.
1805:"The Purr-fect Catch: Using accelerometers and audio recorders to document kill rates and hunting behaviour of a small prey specialist"
2563:
981:
use an accelerometer to more accurately measure the number of steps taken and distance traveled than a mechanical sensor can provide.
1528:
657:
324:
2537:
Kröger, Jacob Leon; Raschke, Philip (January 2019). "Privacy implications of accelerometer data: a review of possible inferences".
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721:
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are usually less for gravimeters, so that resolution can be increased by processing the output with a longer "time constant".
946:(ACN) systems also use accelerometers in a system to call for help in event of a vehicle crash. Prominent ACN systems include
1982:
The gear set on a critical turbo-compressor was monitored with a standard industrial accelerometer at very low frequencies...
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804:
635:
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262:
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1738:"Using smartphone accelerometer data to obtain scientific mechanical-biological descriptors of resistance exercise training"
305:
124:
is useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect and depends on the local density of the Earth, which is quite variable.
2026:
277:
197:
64:, which may or may not be accelerating. For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an
2287:
1084:
970:
813:
45:
1994:
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since the 4th generation. Along with orientation view adjustment, accelerometers in mobile devices can also be used as
81:
Accelerometers have many uses in industry, consumer products, and science. Highly sensitive accelerometers are used in
1212:
418:
148:
57:
2308:
2262:
620:
506:. By integrating two devices perpendicularly on a single die a two-axis accelerometer can be made. By adding another
284:
877:. The length of time in free fall is used to calculate the height of drop and to estimate the shock to the package.
824:(NVH), conditions that cause discomfort for drivers and passengers and may also be indicators of mechanical faults.
727:
Within the last several years, several companies have produced and marketed sports watches for runners that include
2589:
2435:
1332:
1131:, that cause oscillatory accelerations. This is counteracted in the gravimeter by integral vibration isolation and
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760:
224:
82:
65:
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For the practical purpose of finding the acceleration of objects with respect to the Earth, such as for use in an
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is reached. At terminal velocity, the accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration upwards. For the same reason a
151:, and an accelerometer measures the acceleration relative to that frame. Such accelerations are popularly denoted
1327:
513:
Micromechanical accelerometers are available in a wide variety of measuring ranges, reaching up to thousands of
60:). Proper acceleration is different from coordinate acceleration, which is acceleration with respect to a given
1864:
291:
201:
86:
1966:
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Many laptops feature an accelerometer which is used to detect drops. If a drop is detected, the heads of the
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422:
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of the mass and spring interfering with measurements. However, the damping causes accelerometers to have a
2072:"Welcome to GoHerman.com innovator of interactive personal training for fitness, – MARTIAL ARTS & MMA"
996:, so that motion input could be recorded from both of the user's hands independently. Is also used on the
838:
Modern electronic accelerometers are used in remote sensing devices intended for the monitoring of active
273:
131:
quantity, and is usually implemented as several single-axis accelerometers oriented along different axes.
2624:
1234:
796:
Accelerometers are also being used in
Intelligent Compaction rollers. Accelerometers are used alongside
465:
410:
171:
144:
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s. The designer must compromise between sensitivity and the maximum acceleration that can be measured.
349:
2186:
885:
731:, containing accelerometers to help determine the speed and distance for the runner wearing the unit.
2368:
2226:
2115:
Irvin
Hussein López-Nava (2010). "Towards Ubiquitous Acquisition and Processing of Gait Parameters".
1816:
1749:
1624:
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1257:
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Plus uses CPR-D•padz which contain an accelerometer to measure the depth of CPR chest compressions.
101:
and orientation of these devices. Vibration in industrial machinery is monitored by accelerometers.
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1148:
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1064:
503:
140:
121:
117:
98:
37:
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Accelerometers can be used to measure vehicle acceleration. Accelerometers can be used to measure
1834:
1736:
Viecelli, Claudio; Graf, David; Aguayo, David; Hafen, Ernst; Füchslin, Rudolf M. (15 July 2020).
1718:
1591:
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817:
469:
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751:, such as stance and swing phase. This kind of sensor can be used to measure or monitor people.
1368:
Relativistic Flight
Mechanics and Space Travel: A Primer for Students, Engineers and Scientists
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contain accelerometers for user interface control; often the accelerometer is used to present
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61:
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1123:. A gravimeter is a type of accelerometer, except that accelerometers are susceptible to all
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vehicle's actual movement. This can help prevent the vehicle from spinning or rolling over.
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492:
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69:
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aid that uses a computer and motion sensors (accelerometers) to continuously calculate via
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2294:
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538:
345:
737:
Herman
Digital Trainer uses accelerometers to measure strike force in physical training.
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An accelerometer at rest relative to the Earth's surface will indicate approximately 1 g
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1820:
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1579:
1051:
As of
January 2009, almost all new mobile phones and digital cameras contain at least a
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2151:. In 9th Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Hidalgo, Mexico.
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502:, that is, they are designed to be sensitive only to a direction in the plane of the
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387:
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location). If done without a user's knowledge or consent, this is referred to as an
1433:(second, completely revised, extended and updated ed.). Springer. p. 83.
1337:
1322:
1229:
997:
383:
41:
2426:
IEEE 2012, Speech
Activity Detection using Accelerometer, Aleksandar Matic, et.al.
2539:
Proceedings of the
International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy
2124:
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105:
are sensitive accelerometers for monitoring ground movement such as earthquakes.
2094:"NFL Testing Helmets With Impact-Sensing Accelerometers for Concussion Analysis"
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1004:
870:
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102:
94:
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helmets with accelerometers in order to measure the impact of head collisions.
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Mukherjee, Rahul; Basu, Joydeep; Mandal, Pradip; Guha, Prasanta Kumar (2017).
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are parked to avoid data loss and possible head or disk damage by the ensuing
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550:
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456:). Damping results from the residual gas sealed in the device. As long as the
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209:
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17:
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2001:
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978:
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444:), and are often very simple MEMS devices, consisting of little more than a
395:
179:
108:
75:
53:
2400:
2357:"Sleep Monitoring Based on a Tri-Axial Accelerometer and a Pressure Sensor"
2117:
Towards Ubiquitous Acquisition and Processing of Gait Parameters – Springer
2071:
1789:
1625:"Identification of animal movement patterns using tri-axial accelerometry"
1312:
1045:
774:
457:
49:
2564:"Millions of Smartphones Could Be Vulnerable to Hacking Via Sound Waves"
2119:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6437. pp. 410–421.
1307:
1147:
or more, and many perform multi-axial measurements. The constraints on
1143:. In contrast, other accelerometers are often designed to measure 1000
1068:
839:
368:
338:
265: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
152:
2381:
1706:
1458:
680:
Construction work – driving piles, demolition, drilling and excavating
170:
The reason for the appearance of a gravitational offset is Einstein's
93:(MEMS) accelerometers are used in handheld electronic devices such as
2437:
IEEE Spectrum Smartphone Accelerometers Can Be Fooled by Sound Waves.
2027:"Bearing Failure: Causes and Cures Bearing Failure: Causes and Cures"
947:
917:
890:
808:
426:
398:), very linear with a controlled frequency response. (This is called
2415:
Using MEMS Accelerometers as Acoustic Pickups in Musical Instruments
1570:
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of the device's screen, based on the way the device is being held.
541:
systems and safety installations. They can also be used to measure
1128:
884:
843:
830:
use accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate the required tilt.
820:
dramatically. Another automotive application is the monitoring of
790:
107:
2149:
Towards ubiquitous acquisition and processing of gait parameters
1248:
921:
589:
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is not too low, damping does not result in a lower sensitivity.
2498:"Sensor Guardian: prevent privacy inference on Android sensors"
1956:"Low Frequency Vibration Measurements on a Compressor Gear Set"
677:
Working machines – inside a building or in the surrounding area
405:
In mechanical accelerometers, measurement is often electrical,
1430:
Robotics, Vision and Control: Fundamental Algorithms In MATLAB
985:
603:
386:
to keep the proof mass from moving far. The motor might be an
234:
1486:
Penrose, Roger (2005) . "17.4 The Principle of Equivalence".
2230:
74:≈ 9.81 m/s. By contrast, an accelerometer that is in
2355:
Nam, Yunyoung; Kim, Yeesock; Lee, Jinseok (23 May 2016).
1891:"Guidance for mounting 4–20 mA vibration sensors on fans"
89:, accelerometers help to stabilize flight. Micromachined
2594:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
2590:"Smartphone Accelerometers Can Be Fooled by Sound Waves"
1400:
Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological
674:
Human activities – walking, running, dancing or skipping
167:
by the Earth's rotation relative to the inertial frame.
2447:
2166:, by Ed Hahn in sci.aeronautics.airliners, 1996-11-22"
2000:. Wilcoxon Research. 11 September 2014. Archived from
348:. When the accelerometer experiences an acceleration,
916:
has included an accelerometer in every generation of
692:
Concussion loads – internal and external explosions
1552:"A review of micromachined thermal accelerometers"
1487:
475:Another MEMS-based accelerometer is a thermal (or
52:) of the object relative to an observer who is in
436:Modern mechanical accelerometers are often small
1370:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. p. 33.
2496:Bai, Xiaolong; Yin, Jie; Wang, Yu-Ping (2017).
2331:"These Apps Are Made For Walking - NYTimes.com"
2297:. Memagazine.org. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
2147:Lopez-Nava I. H. et Munoz-Melendez A. (2010).
1557:Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering
1403:(illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 61.
1207:Pendulous integrating gyroscopic accelerometer
988:video game console uses a controller called a
793:in both professional and in amateur rocketry.
1071:based phones with accelerometers such as the
483:. An accompanying temperature sensor (like a
8:
2061:The Contender 3 Episode 1 SPARQ testing ESPN
498:Most micromechanical accelerometers operate
1217:Quantum (rubidium atom cloud, laser cooled)
638:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1463:Relativity: The Special and General Theory
1164:Bulk micromachined piezoelectric resistive
1115:or gravitometer, is an instrument used in
2546:
2513:
2390:
2380:
1828:
1779:
1761:
1569:
1392:
1390:
704:Loss of support because of ground failure
658:Learn how and when to remove this message
325:Learn how and when to remove this message
40:of an object. Proper acceleration is the
97:, cameras and video-game controllers to
27:Device that measures proper acceleration
2502:EURASIP Journal on Information Security
2104:from the original on 12 September 2014.
1521:"Accelerometer Design and Applications"
1358:
464:reliable, and inexpensive. Integrating
337:A basic mechanical accelerometer is a
1465:. New York: Henry Holt. p. 168.
7:
1641:from the original on 7 November 2012
636:adding citations to reliable sources
263:adding citations to reliable sources
147:guarantees the existence of a local
2288:Tilting trains shorten transit time
969:Accelerometers are used in vehicle
873:to monitor handling operations for
765:An inertial navigation system is a
66:acceleration due to Earth's gravity
2277:from the original on 11 June 2014.
1965:. 14 November 2014. Archived from
1240:Surface micromachined capacitive (
1167:Capacitive spring mass system base
1063:Camcorders use accelerometers for
936:, in conjunction with specialized
889:Tri-axis Digital Accelerometer by
789:Accelerometers are used to detect
600:Building and structural monitoring
196:Acceleration is quantified in the
25:
2562:Dockrill, Peter (18 March 2017).
2541:. ACM, New York. pp. 81–87.
2471:DDR100 Accelerometer Double Diode
2092:Nosovitz, Dan (12 January 2011).
747:Accelerometers have been used to
390:or in very small accelerometers,
2261:Andrejašic, Matej (March 2008).
1922:Klubnik, Renard; Sullivan, Ron.
1852:Klubnik, Renard; Sullivan, Ron.
1809:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
1258:Vacuum diode with flexible anode
944:Automatic Collision Notification
803:One of the most common uses for
800:in inertial navigation systems.
608:
438:micro-electro-mechanical systems
239:
212:(Gal), or popularly in terms of
78:will measure zero acceleration.
2329:Eaton, Kit (18 February 2014).
1924:"Know the Health of your Pumps"
1610:Journal of Experimental Biology
822:noise, vibration, and harshness
773:the position, orientation, and
740:It has been suggested to build
695:Collapse of structural elements
421:use piezoceramic sensors (e.g.
250:needs additional citations for
91:micro-electromechanical systems
2588:Nordrum, Amy (17 March 2017).
537:on cars, machines, buildings,
85:for aircraft and missiles. In
36:is a device that measures the
1:
1271:Exploits and privacy concerns
1161:Bulk micromachined capacitive
1032:). Such devices include many
689:Impact loads – falling debris
2361:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
2125:10.1007/978-3-642-16761-4_36
1763:10.1371/journal.pone.0235156
1494:. New York: Knopf. pp.
1280:. Additionally, millions of
1197:Modally tuned impact hammers
1085:Active hard-drive protection
1030:portrait and landscape modes
971:Electronic stability control
904:, digital audio players and
814:electronic stability control
419:Piezoelectric accelerometers
202:metres per second per second
2309:"USGS – volcano monitoring"
2270:. University of Ljubljana.
1366:Tinder, Richard F. (2007).
1213:Piezoelectric accelerometer
910:landscape or portrait views
906:personal digital assistants
707:Earthquakes and aftershocks
425:) or single crystals (e.g.
371:(Latin for "ear stone") or
83:inertial navigation systems
58:inertial frame of reference
2641:
2164:Vertical Speed Measurement
1856:Know the Age of your Pumps
1333:Inertial navigation system
1104:
1082:
761:Inertial navigation system
758:
581:
225:inertial navigation system
139:An accelerometer measures
68:straight upwards of about
2515:10.1186/s13635-017-0061-8
1674:Journal of Animal Ecology
1457:Einstein, Albert (1920).
1328:Inertial measurement unit
749:calculate gait parameters
698:Wind loads and wind gusts
155:; i.e., in comparison to
56:(that is, relative to an
1588:10.1088/1361-6439/aa964d
1226:Shear mode accelerometer
1119:for measuring the local
842:to detect the motion of
87:unmanned aerial vehicles
2548:10.1145/3309074.3309076
1830:10.1111/2041-210X.13605
1284:could be vulnerable to
1265:LVDT type accelerometer
1247:Thermal (submicrometre
1223:Seat pad accelerometers
956:Toyota's Safety Connect
683:Moving loads on bridges
423:lead zirconate titanate
1155:Types of accelerometer
952:Ford Link's 911 Assist
928:, as well as in every
897:
818:pushed their cost down
113:
2187:US patent 6640165
1672:Wilson et al. (2006)
1659:Kawabe et al. (2003)
1427:Corke, Peter (2017).
1235:Surface acoustic wave
1177:(servo force balance)
888:
807:accelerometers is in
172:equivalence principle
145:equivalence principle
111:
2043:on 22 September 2015
1397:Rindler, W. (2013).
1348:Vibration calibrator
1288:via accelerometers.
850:Consumer electronics
716:Medical applications
632:improve this section
584:Condition monitoring
568:Parabuteo unicinctus
259:improve this article
2373:2016Senso..16..750N
2293:4 June 2011 at the
2264:MEMS ACCELEROMETERS
2233:on 19 December 2005
2007:on 14 November 2012
1972:on 14 November 2012
1936:on 14 November 2012
1889:Wilcoxon Research.
1870:on 14 November 2012
1821:2021MEcEv..12.1277S
1754:2020PLoSO..1535156V
1676::75 (5):1081 – 1090
1608:Yoda et al. (2001)
1580:2017JMiMi..27l3002M
1531:on 13 December 2008
1490:The Road to Reality
1262:potentiometric type
1187:Laser accelerometer
1149:temporal resolution
1121:gravitational field
1065:image stabilization
1059:Image stabilization
1024:Orientation sensing
875:shipping containers
178:during any type of
141:proper acceleration
135:Physical principles
122:Gravity gradiometry
118:gravitational field
38:proper acceleration
2335:The New York Times
1995:"Gearbox tutorial"
1446:Extract of page 83
1416:Extract of page 61
1383:Extract of page 33
1303:Degrees of freedom
1194:Magnetic induction
1173:Electromechanical
898:
701:Air blast pressure
686:Vehicle collisions
470:quantum tunnelling
362:frequency response
350:Newton's third law
114:
2382:10.3390/s16050750
2307:Michael Randall.
2206:"Dual Deployment"
2134:978-3-642-16760-7
1963:wilcoxon research
1707:10.1111/ibi.12710
1661:Fisheries Science
1505:978-0-470-08578-3
1472:978-1-58734-092-5
1440:978-3-319-54413-7
1410:978-1-4757-1135-6
1377:978-1-59829-130-8
1286:software cracking
1133:signal processing
668:
667:
660:
592:, fans, rollers,
335:
334:
327:
309:
187:terminal velocity
62:coordinate system
16:(Redirected from
2632:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2229:. Archived from
2227:"PICO altimeter"
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2036:. Archived from
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1929:. Archived from
1928:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1896:. Archived from
1895:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1863:. Archived from
1862:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1815:(7): 1277–1287.
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1765:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1663:69 (5):959 – 965
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1629:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1573:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1527:. Archived from
1519:Doscher, James.
1516:
1510:
1509:
1493:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1363:
1278:inference attack
1183:High temperature
1079:Device integrity
859:free-fall sensor
663:
656:
652:
649:
643:
612:
604:
543:seismic activity
519:
330:
323:
319:
316:
310:
308:
267:
243:
235:
214:standard gravity
157:standard gravity
112:An accelerometer
21:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2295:Wayback Machine
2286:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2098:Popular Science
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1903:on 4 March 2016
1900:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1748:(7): e0235156.
1735:
1734:
1730:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1612:204(4): 685–690
1607:
1603:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1456:
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1441:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1294:
1273:
1268:
1157:
1137:Earth's gravity
1109:
1103:
1087:
1081:
1061:
1042:digital cameras
1026:
1013:
1011:Sound recording
883:
852:
836:
787:
763:
757:
718:
664:
653:
647:
644:
629:
613:
602:
586:
580:
559:
539:process control
531:
526:
517:
452:(also known as
446:cantilever beam
331:
320:
314:
311:
274:"Accelerometer"
268:
266:
256:
244:
233:
137:
99:detect movement
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2620:Accelerometers
2612:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2580:
2554:
2529:
2488:
2460:
2439:
2428:
2417:
2406:
2347:
2321:
2299:
2280:
2253:
2244:
2218:
2197:
2178:
2153:
2140:
2133:
2107:
2084:
2063:
2054:
2018:
1986:
1947:
1914:
1881:
1844:
1795:
1728:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1614:
1601:
1564:(12): 123002.
1542:
1525:Analog Devices
1511:
1504:
1478:
1471:
1449:
1439:
1419:
1409:
1386:
1376:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1105:Main article:
1102:
1099:
1083:Main article:
1080:
1077:
1060:
1057:
1025:
1022:
1012:
1009:
950:AACN service,
882:
879:
851:
848:
835:
832:
828:Tilting trains
786:
783:
771:dead reckoning
759:Main article:
756:
753:
717:
714:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
666:
665:
616:
614:
607:
601:
598:
582:Main article:
579:
576:
558:
555:
530:
527:
525:
522:
466:piezoresistors
411:piezoresistive
402:mode design.)
333:
332:
247:
245:
238:
232:
229:
204:(m/s), in the
149:inertial frame
136:
133:
46:rate of change
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2637:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2558:
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2549:
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2525:
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2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
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2464:
2461:
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2414:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
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2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2273:
2266:
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2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Accelerograph
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:Low frequency
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
975:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
895:Motorola Xoom
892:
887:
880:
878:
876:
872:
868:
865:to prevent a
864:
860:
855:
849:
847:
845:
841:
833:
831:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
806:
801:
799:
794:
792:
784:
782:
778:
776:
772:
768:
762:
754:
752:
750:
745:
743:
738:
735:
732:
730:
725:
723:
715:
713:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
671:
662:
659:
651:
648:November 2019
641:
637:
633:
627:
626:
622:
617:This section
615:
611:
606:
605:
599:
597:
595:
591:
585:
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
564:Harris's Hawk
556:
554:
552:
549:, are called
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
523:
521:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:piezoelectric
403:
401:
397:
393:
392:electrostatic
389:
388:electromagnet
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
329:
326:
318:
307:
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:
279:
276: –
275:
271:
270:Find sources:
264:
260:
254:
253:
248:This section
246:
242:
237:
236:
230:
228:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
168:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
132:
130:
125:
123:
119:
110:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:accelerometer
30:
19:
18:Accelerometry
2625:Acceleration
2597:. Retrieved
2593:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2568:ScienceAlert
2567:
2557:
2538:
2532:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2470:
2463:
2453:12 September
2451:. Retrieved
2442:
2431:
2420:
2409:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2340:12 September
2338:. Retrieved
2334:
2324:
2314:12 September
2312:. Retrieved
2302:
2283:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2237:12 September
2235:. Retrieved
2231:the original
2221:
2211:12 September
2209:. Retrieved
2200:
2181:
2171:12 September
2169:. Retrieved
2163:
2156:
2143:
2116:
2110:
2097:
2087:
2077:12 September
2075:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2047:11 September
2045:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2034:wilcoxon.com
2033:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1989:
1981:
1976:11 September
1974:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1962:
1950:
1940:11 September
1938:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1917:
1907:11 September
1905:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1855:
1847:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1701:(1): 13–26.
1698:
1694:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1645:11 September
1643:. Retrieved
1631:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1561:
1555:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1514:
1489:
1481:
1462:
1452:
1429:
1422:
1399:
1367:
1361:
1338:Magnetometer
1323:Inclinometer
1274:
1230:Strain gauge
1200:Null-balance
1180:High gravity
1144:
1140:
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1027:
1018:
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1005:alarm clocks
1003:Sleep phase
1002:
998:Nintendo 3DS
983:
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938:applications
899:
881:Motion input
871:data loggers
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630:Please help
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384:linear motor
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358:oscillations
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257:Please help
252:verification
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103:Seismometers
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2473:data sheet"
1632:int-res.com
1535:23 December
1343:Seismometer
1282:smartphones
1170:DC response
1053:tilt sensor
1038:smartphones
984:Nintendo's
902:smartphones
834:Volcanology
594:compressors
572:Canada lynx
551:gravimeters
529:Engineering
354:Hooke's law
95:smartphones
2614:Categories
2469:"Mullard:
2367:(5): 750.
1571:1801.07297
1354:References
1127:including
1125:vibrations
1117:gravimetry
1113:gravimeter
1107:gravimeter
1101:Gravimetry
1034:tablet PCs
990:Wii Remote
979:pedometers
964:BMW Assist
960:Lexus Link
934:pedometers
926:iPod touch
867:head crash
798:gyroscopes
767:navigation
755:Navigation
547:gravimetry
489:thermopile
485:thermistor
481:proof mass
477:convective
450:proof mass
431:tourmaline
415:capacitive
377:statocysts
373:statoconia
342:proof mass
315:April 2024
285:newspapers
2524:2510-523X
2448:"Glogger"
2011:9 January
1874:9 January
1839:235537052
1772:1932-6203
1715:1474-919X
1596:116232359
1318:Gyroscope
1220:Resonance
1091:hard disk
1073:Nokia N96
1036:and some
930:iPod nano
893:, inside
863:hard disk
840:volcanoes
785:Transport
619:does not
535:vibration
396:oscillate
231:Structure
180:free fall
76:free fall
54:free fall
2599:13 March
2573:13 March
2401:27223290
2291:Archived
2272:Archived
2102:Archived
1790:32667945
1742:PLOS ONE
1723:92209276
1636:Archived
1313:Geophone
1292:See also
1254:Triaxial
1251:process)
1046:Simputer
1000:system.
775:velocity
742:football
729:footpods
578:Industry
500:in-plane
458:Q-factor
369:otoliths
191:skydiver
50:velocity
2392:4883440
2369:Bibcode
1817:Bibcode
1781:7363108
1750:Bibcode
1576:Bibcode
1496:393–394
1308:g-force
1203:Optical
1139:, of 1
1069:Symbian
994:Nunchuk
720:Zoll's
640:removed
625:sources
557:Biology
448:with a
299:scholar
164:upwards
153:g-force
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948:OnStar
924:, and
918:iPhone
891:Kionix
809:airbag
791:apogee
493:shocks
427:quartz
346:spring
339:damped
301:
294:
287:
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129:vector
2508:(1).
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2476:(PDF)
2275:(PDF)
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1998:(PDF)
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1835:S2CID
1719:S2CID
1691:(PDF)
1639:(PDF)
1628:(PDF)
1592:S2CID
1566:arXiv
1237:(SAW)
1175:servo
1129:noise
1095:shock
977:Some
962:, or
914:Apple
900:Some
844:magma
590:pumps
518:'
487:; or
400:servo
344:on a
306:JSTOR
292:books
208:unit
200:unit
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2601:2019
2575:2019
2520:ISSN
2506:2017
2483:2013
2455:2014
2397:PMID
2342:2014
2316:2014
2239:2014
2213:2014
2173:2014
2129:ISBN
2079:2014
2049:2014
2013:2009
1978:2014
1942:2014
1909:2014
1876:2009
1786:PMID
1768:ISSN
1711:ISSN
1695:Ibis
1647:2014
1537:2008
1500:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1459:"20"
1435:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1249:CMOS
1242:MEMS
1040:and
922:iPad
805:MEMS
623:any
621:cite
442:MEMS
278:news
176:zero
2543:doi
2510:doi
2387:PMC
2377:doi
2121:doi
1825:doi
1776:PMC
1758:doi
1703:doi
1699:162
1584:doi
986:Wii
722:AED
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