75:
1130:
comparable epinephrine blood concentrations between epinephrine nasal spray and approved epinephrine injection products. Epinephrine nasal spray also demonstrated similar increases in blood pressure and heart rate as epinephrine injection products, two critical effects of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis. A study of epinephrine nasal spray in children weighing more than 66 pounds showed that epinephrine concentrations in children were similar to adults who received epinephrine nasal spray.
60:
1043:
7082:
2806:
1106:
delivers a 0.3 mg epinephrine injection (0.3 mL, 1:1000). It is indicated in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis to stings, contrast agents, medicines, or people with a history of anaphylactic reactions to known triggers. A lower-strength product is available for
1121:
In August 2024, an epinephrine nasal spray (brand name Neffy) was approved in the United States for the emergency treatment of allergic reactions (type I), including those that are life-threatening (anaphylaxis), in people who weigh at least 30 kilograms (66 lb). It is the first nasal spray for
1312:
The most common side effects of epinephrine nasal spray include throat irritation, tingling nose (intranasal paresthesia), headache, nasal discomfort, feeling jittery, tingling sensation (paresthesia), fatigue, tremor, runny nose (rhinorrhea), itchiness inside the nose (nasal pruritus), sneezing,
1133:
The most common side effects of epinephrine nasal spray include throat irritation, tingling nose (intranasal paresthesia), headache, nasal discomfort, feeling jittery, tingling sensation (paresthesia), fatigue, tremor, runny nose (rhinorrhea), itchiness inside the nose (nasal pruritus), sneezing,
1189:-form is the active component. Racemic adrenaline works by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors in the airway, with resultant mucosal vasoconstriction and decreased subglottic edema, and by stimulating the β adrenergic receptors, with resultant relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle.
1129:
The approval epinephrine nasal spray is based on four studies in 175 healthy adults, without anaphylaxis, that measured the epinephrine concentrations in the blood following administration of epinephrine nasal spray or approved epinephrine injection products. Results from these studies showed
1725:
adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product
Eurneffy, intended for emergency treatment of allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) due to insect stings or bites, foods, medicinal products, and other allergens as well as idiopathic or
1547:
receptors. The goal of reducing peripheral circulation is to increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures and therefore increase oxygen exchange at the cellular level. While epinephrine does increase aortic, cerebral, and carotid circulation pressure, it lowers carotid blood flow and
3076:
1644:
and his assistant Keizo Uenaka independently discovered adrenaline in 1900. In 1901, Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen. Adrenaline was first synthesized in the laboratory by
1217:, and used for local anesthesia or intrathecal injection, it prolongs the numbing effect and motor block effect of the anesthetic by up to an hour. Epinephrine is frequently combined with local anesthetic and can cause panic attacks.
3741:
Burnett AM, Segal N, Salzman JG, McKnite MS, Frascone RJ (August 2012). "Potential negative effects of epinephrine on carotid blood flow and ETCO2 during active compression-decompression CPR utilizing an impedance threshold device".
1161:
Because of the high intrinsic efficacy (receptor binding ability) of epinephrine, high drug concentrations cause adverse side effects when treating asthma. The value of using nebulized epinephrine in acute asthma is unclear.
2685:
Lin S, Callaway CW, Shah PS, Wagner JD, Beyene J, Ziegler CP, et al. (June 2014). "Adrenaline for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
2237:
Epinephrine occurs in only a small number of central neurons, all located in the medulla. Epinephrine is involved in visceral functions, such as the control of respiration. It is also produced by the adrenal
4324:
408:
4128:
1313:
abdominal pain, gum (gingival) pain, numbness in the mouth (hypoesthesia oral), nasal congestion, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. The FDA granted the application of epinephrine nasal spray
1134:
abdominal pain, gum (gingival) pain, numbness in the mouth (hypoesthesia oral), nasal congestion, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. The FDA granted the application of epinephrine nasal spray
4098:
4740:
3362:"Benefit and Harm of Adding Epinephrine to a Local Anesthetic for Neuraxial and Locoregional Anesthesia: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With Trial Sequential Analyses"
7162:
1726:
exercise-induced anaphylaxis. The applicant for this medicinal product is ARS Pharmaceuticals IRL Limited. Eurneffy was approved for medical use in the
European Union in August 2024.
7167:
2590:
Kempton H, Vlok R, Thang C, Melhuish T, White L (March 2019). "Standard dose epinephrine versus placebo in out of hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
272:
3506:
Nazir S, Lohani S, Tachamo N, Ghimire S, Poudel DR, Donato A (February 2017). "Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with epinephrine use: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
3400:
7127:
4317:
3821:
3077:"ARS Pharmaceuticals Receives FDA Approval of Neffy (epinephrine nasal spray), the First and Only Needle-Free Treatment for Type I Allergic Reactions, Including Anaphylaxis"
1760:
A common concentration for epinephrine is 2.25% w/v epinephrine in solution, which contains 22.5 mg/mL, while a 1% solution is typically used for aerosolization.
2723:"Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
1291:. The use of epinephrine based eye-drops, commonly used to treat glaucoma, may also lead to a buildup of adrenochrome pigments in the conjunctiva, iris, lens, and retina.
2979:
2891:"Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
4310:
1718:
122:
4733:
872:
3133:
Abroug F, Dachraoui F, Ouanes-Besbes L (March 2016). "Our paper 20 years later: the unfulfilled promises of nebulised adrenaline in acute severe asthma".
3798:
2831:
2164:
3569:
Arnall DA, Marker JC, Conlee RK, Winder WW (June 1986). "Effect of infusing epinephrine on liver and muscle glycogenolysis during exercise in rats".
2221:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely
Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
7048:
1709:. Epinephrine is sold under various brand names including Asthmanefrin, Micronefrin, Neffy, Nephron, VapoNefrin, and Primatene Mist, amonog others.
4120:
4726:
4176:
4090:
7030:
7021:
3604:
Raz I, Katz A, Spencer MK (March 1991). "Epinephrine inhibits insulin-mediated glycogenesis but enhances glycolysis in human skeletal muscle".
1876:
Text was copied from this source which is copyright
European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
7137:
7012:
4067:
4033:
3996:
3651:
3553:
3434:
1023:
3963:
1915:
El-Bahr SM, Kahlbacher H, Patzl M, Palme RG (May 2006). "Binding and clearance of radioactive adrenaline and noradrenaline in sheep blood".
2783:
1516:, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body. In the heart, the coronary arteries have a predominance of β
2450:
2362:
2332:
2301:
2267:
2142:
2108:
7039:
2858:"2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 10.6: Anaphylaxis"
2419:
1863:
7102:
3361:
7112:
2444:
2413:
2356:
2326:
2295:
2261:
2230:
2136:
2102:
1679:
1619:
1091:
892:
2380:
1563:
levels. It appears that epinephrine may improve macrocirculation at the expense of the capillary beds where perfusion takes place.
3813:
4150:
1822:
7107:
555:
393:
154:
2538:
848:
7057:
4450:
3228:
Thomas LP, Friedland LR (January 1998). "The cost-effective use of nebulized racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup".
2568:
2508:
2067:
249:
4222:"Nebulized racemic epinephrine used in the treatment of severe asthmatic exacerbation: a case report and literature review"
1114:, or may be injected intravenously in error, or the wrong strength used. Intramuscular injection gives a faster and higher
6048:
1460:. Epinephrine's binding to these receptors triggers several metabolic changes. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits
484:
380:
7072:
7147:
7132:
7003:
4502:
4180:
2789:
1958:
Franksson G, Anggård E (March 2009). "The plasma protein binding of amphetamine, catecholamines and related compounds".
1123:
681:
173:
7117:
5882:
5432:
5172:
4760:
4472:
4194:
1595:
1528:
1493:
1433:
1426:
261:
5337:
1688:
1576:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1090:, it has not been shown to improve long-term survival or mental function after recovery. It does, however, improve
1067:
7157:
7152:
2472:
1783:
1722:
1637:
7142:
5355:
4530:
4394:
1735:
1295:
1103:
993:
6003:
3778:
1779:"Structural Studies of Metabolic Products of Dopamine. III. Crystal and Molecular Structure of (−)-Adrenaline"
3719:
3452:"'Moffett's' solution: a review of the evidence and scientific basis for the topical preparation of the nose"
3337:
2824:
630:
7122:
2156:
355:
222:
1197:
There is a lack of consensus as to whether inhaled nebulized epinephrine is beneficial in the treatment of
5768:
5460:
5450:
5021:
4778:
4696:
4636:
4609:
4508:
1889:
1111:
1110:
Intramuscular injection can be complicated in that the depth of subcutaneous fat varies and may result in
461:
241:
4302:
5967:
5743:
5386:
3843:
Yamashima T (May 2003). "Jokichi
Takamine (1854-1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin".
1701:
1607:
621:
3311:"A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis"
1225:
965:, and sweating. A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur. Occasionally, it may result in an
4817:
2930:
Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Kemp SF, Lang DM, Bernstein DI, et al. (September 2010).
1030:. In 2021, it was the 221st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1
750:
6626:
4646:
4526:
4351:
1746:
1650:
514:
360:
245:
79:
6305:
6171:
5647:
5553:
4950:
4856:
4749:
4640:
4626:
4545:
4368:
4121:"Meeting highlights from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) 24-27 June 2024"
1641:
1418:
1326:
1306:
1170:
1019:
576:
5682:
5662:
2131:(4 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 175.
4752:
4660:
4458:
3933:
3914:
3868:
3392:
3291:
3158:
2615:
2024:
1940:
1276:
1027:
966:
184:
3001:
2721:
Link MS, Berkow LC, Kudenchuk PJ, Halperin HR, Hess EP, Moitra VK, et al. (November 2015).
74:
3669:"Norepinephrine elicits beta2-receptor-mediated dilation of isolated human coronary arterioles"
2971:
771:
30:
This article is about the medication. For this substance as a naturally occurring hormone, see
6736:
6711:
6631:
5509:
5259:
5124:
4288:
4243:
4063:
4029:
4023:
3992:
3955:
3906:
3860:
3790:
3759:
3690:
3647:
3621:
3586:
3549:
3523:
3473:
3430:
3384:
3342:
3283:
3245:
3207:
3150:
3115:
3058:
2953:
2912:
2889:
Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al. (November 2010).
2744:
2703:
2664:
2650:
2607:
2440:
2434:
2409:
2352:
2346:
2322:
2316:
2291:
2285:
2257:
2251:
2226:
2203:
2132:
2126:
2098:
2090:
2016:
1975:
1932:
1801:
1629:
1591:
761:
730:
480:
434:
421:
376:
237:
100:
87:
6390:
5717:
4970:
3986:
3098:
Koninckx M, Buysse C, de Hoog M (June 2013). "Management of status asthmaticus in children".
2403:
1855:
6706:
6270:
6113:
5912:
5490:
5252:
5242:
4803:
4278:
4270:
4233:
4057:
3945:
3898:
3852:
3751:
3680:
3613:
3578:
3515:
3463:
3376:
3332:
3322:
3275:
3237:
3197:
3189:
3142:
3107:
3048:
3040:
2943:
2902:
2869:
2734:
2695:
2654:
2646:
2599:
2480:
2195:
2006:
1967:
1924:
1791:
1754:
1750:
1536:
1392:
1314:
1260:
1135:
1115:
989:
794:
527:
453:
64:
3889:
Bennett MR (June 1999). "One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors".
690:
7172:
7086:
5504:
4812:
1646:
1497:
1288:
670:
504:
471:
367:
265:
1640:
discovered adrenaline's usage for eye surgeries prior to 20 April 1896. Japanese chemist
1243:
Upper airway obstruction with edema and stridor can be treated with racemic epinephrine.
3755:
2699:
2376:
585:
6616:
6285:
6250:
5971:
5727:
5637:
5390:
5255:
4975:
4930:
4283:
4262:
3685:
3668:
3202:
3177:
2856:
ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the
American Heart Association (2005).
2659:
2634:
1971:
1603:
1540:
1505:
1469:
1373:
1147:
1087:
1051:
1022:
first isolated epinephrine in 1901, and it came into medical use in 1905. It is on the
1009:
1005:
997:
962:
935:
3667:
Sun D, Huang A, Mital S, Kichuk MR, Marboe CC, Addonizio LJ, et al. (July 2002).
3241:
3193:
3053:
3028:
2907:
2890:
2874:
2857:
7096:
6766:
6606:
6290:
6234:
6191:
5852:
5776:
5642:
5581:
5470:
5359:
5271:
5025:
4945:
4940:
4884:
4871:
4551:
4536:
4517:
4482:
4463:
4435:
4359:
3468:
3451:
2810:
1796:
1778:
1625:
1580:
1509:
1198:
981:
974:
955:
347:
233:
146:
3988:
The
Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies
3918:
3872:
3617:
3582:
3396:
3309:
Kirolos A, Manti S, Blacow R, Tse G, Wilson T, Lister M, et al. (August 2019).
3295:
3162:
2619:
6791:
6776:
6721:
6216:
6038:
5983:
5975:
5947:
5907:
5826:
5792:
5607:
5402:
5394:
5375:
5363:
5247:
5116:
5092:
5052:
4687:
4589:
4561:
4522:
4342:
3950:
2560:
2530:
2059:
2028:
1944:
1675:
1588:
1521:
1485:
1396:
1302:
1284:
1268:
1063:
1059:
497:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
132:
2500:
1042:
1016:, but the medication is produced synthetically and is not harvested from animals.
958:, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin.
4718:
4091:"First nasal adrenaline spray for emergency treatment against allergic reactions"
3519:
3380:
2739:
2722:
1102:
Epinephrine is the only life-saving treatment for anaphylaxis. The commonly used
610:
6916:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6771:
6746:
6731:
6716:
6681:
6666:
6646:
6641:
6611:
6591:
6566:
6551:
6496:
6441:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6320:
6315:
6221:
6206:
6176:
6166:
6151:
6122:
6093:
5937:
5927:
5902:
5892:
5857:
5800:
5763:
5692:
5687:
5667:
5632:
5568:
5543:
5533:
5514:
5475:
5345:
5222:
5217:
5177:
5152:
5142:
5132:
5102:
5097:
5072:
5047:
5041:
5006:
4965:
4960:
4925:
4910:
4905:
4851:
4841:
4822:
4783:
4682:
4666:
4632:
4622:
4584:
4541:
4477:
4416:
4379:
4364:
1739:
1549:
1256:
1252:
1210:
1055:
1001:
931:
229:
140:
3856:
3111:
2948:
2931:
2603:
2011:
1994:
900:
InChI=1S/C9H13NO3/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3/t9-/m0/s1
6981:
6971:
6961:
6946:
6941:
6926:
6906:
6901:
6876:
6871:
6856:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6796:
6786:
6781:
6751:
6741:
6701:
6691:
6671:
6621:
6601:
6581:
6576:
6556:
6541:
6536:
6526:
6506:
6501:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6461:
6446:
6436:
6416:
6395:
6380:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6330:
6325:
6310:
6295:
6280:
6275:
6265:
6255:
6211:
6196:
6186:
6161:
6156:
6137:
6127:
6108:
6103:
6083:
6078:
6068:
6063:
6053:
6043:
6033:
6023:
6018:
5962:
5952:
5942:
5932:
5872:
5862:
5842:
5837:
5822:
5796:
5788:
5784:
5758:
5753:
5702:
5697:
5677:
5672:
5627:
5617:
5612:
5602:
5563:
5548:
5538:
5499:
5485:
5381:
5371:
5332:
5327:
5317:
5312:
5302:
5287:
5263:
5237:
5227:
5212:
5207:
5197:
5192:
5162:
5147:
5120:
5082:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5037:
5033:
4996:
4955:
4935:
4915:
4900:
4866:
4846:
4798:
4793:
4702:
4692:
4656:
4651:
4599:
4411:
4403:
4274:
4238:
4221:
3427:
Local
Anesthesia in Dentistry: Articaine and Epinephrine for Dental Anesthesia
3146:
3044:
2256:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 312.
2199:
1928:
1513:
1481:
1229:
1182:
1075:
923:
824:
661:
492:
256:
83:
31:
3959:
2932:"The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis practice parameter: 2010 update"
6976:
6966:
6951:
6931:
6921:
6896:
6866:
6846:
6841:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6761:
6756:
6726:
6696:
6686:
6651:
6636:
6596:
6586:
6571:
6561:
6546:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6476:
6471:
6451:
6421:
6385:
6340:
6335:
6300:
6260:
6201:
6181:
6142:
6088:
6073:
6058:
6028:
5989:
5957:
5922:
5917:
5887:
5832:
5814:
5810:
5780:
5772:
5712:
5652:
5622:
5597:
5558:
5524:
5480:
5418:
5349:
5341:
5322:
5307:
5297:
5292:
5277:
5267:
5232:
5202:
5187:
5182:
5167:
5157:
5136:
5107:
5087:
5076:
5029:
5016:
5011:
5001:
4991:
4920:
4861:
4832:
4788:
4707:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4440:
4427:
4374:
3327:
3310:
1501:
1404:
1214:
970:
943:
537:
210:
126:
51:
42:
38:
4292:
4247:
4198:
3910:
3864:
3794:
3763:
3694:
3527:
3477:
3388:
3346:
3287:
3211:
3154:
3119:
3062:
2957:
2916:
2748:
2707:
2668:
2611:
2477:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
2207:
2020:
1936:
17:
3625:
3590:
3249:
1979:
1805:
1636:, contained adrenaline and other catecholamines. American ophthalmologist
6861:
6851:
6801:
6676:
6661:
6656:
6466:
6431:
6426:
6400:
6375:
6242:
6132:
6098:
5979:
5877:
5867:
5847:
5818:
5804:
5748:
5722:
5707:
5589:
5519:
5408:
5398:
5282:
5128:
5112:
5056:
4892:
4827:
4488:
4468:
4334:
1489:
1465:
1272:
1013:
641:
168:
2485:
2097:(7th ed.). Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 557.
650:
59:
6956:
6936:
6911:
6806:
6531:
6456:
5897:
5465:
5413:
5367:
4594:
3902:
3279:
1461:
1422:
1264:
1232:
1221:
1178:
985:
927:
859:
596:
476:
372:
4177:"FDA statement on approval of OTC Primatene Mist to treat mild asthma"
1317:
designation and granted the approval of Neffy to ARS Pharmaceuticals.
1138:
designation and granted the approval of Neffy to ARS Pharmaceuticals.
6226:
5573:
5455:
4876:
4338:
4059:
Concise
Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms
1477:
1280:
1151:
951:
939:
930:. As a medication, it is used to treat several conditions, including
741:
3029:"Adrenaline in the treatment of anaphylaxis: what is the evidence?"
2223:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
977:
is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account.
710:
3708:
3360:
Tschopp C, Tramèr MR, Schneider A, Zaarour M, Elia N (July 2018).
3027:
McLean-Tooke AP, Bethune CA, Fay AC, Spickett GP (December 2003).
2635:"Epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A critical review"
1473:
1380:
1367:
1347:
1174:
1041:
947:
847:
838:
777:
721:
4263:"Nebulized racemic epinephrine for extubation of newborn infants"
2825:"Epipen- epinephrine injection, Epipen Jr- epinephrine injection"
2809:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2225:(2nd ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 157.
1294:
Rarely, exposure to medically administered epinephrine may cause
5657:
2972:"Let's Stop this "Epi"demic!—Preventing Errors with Epinephrine"
1357:
701:
440:
415:
4722:
4306:
1352:
Increases heart rate; contractility; conduction across AV node
1050:
Epinephrine is used to treat a number of conditions, including
428:
163:
2408:(3 ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 13.
1058:, and superficial bleeding. It has been used historically for
3934:"Proceedings of the Physiological Society: December 14, 1901"
2784:"FDA Approves First Nasal Spray for Treatment of Anaphylaxis"
2351:(5 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1997. p. 510.
2186:
Everard ML (February 2009). "Acute bronchiolitis and croup".
3002:"An Update on the "Epi"demic: Events Involving Epinephrine"
1571:
Epinephrine, or adrenaline, also known as 3,4,β-trihydroxy-
402:
195:
2253:
Medical physiology : principles for clinical medicine
1757:. It was introduced in 1963 by Armstrong Pharmaceuticals.
1425:
of all adrenergic receptors, including the major subtypes
1209:
When epinephrine is mixed with local anesthetics, such as
1680:
1524:
of the coronary arteries in the presence of epinephrine.
3779:"Polish thread in the history of circulatory physiology"
3429:(1 st ed.). Seefeld, Germany: 3M ESPE. p. 44.
2489:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1598:(noradrenaline; 3,4,β-trihydroxyphenethylamine) and the
1066:, but newer treatments for these that are selective for
2318:
Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Venomous Vertebrates
1024:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
2128:
Marks' Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach
1923:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 423–32.
7070:
3814:"The Use of Extract of Suprarenal Capsule in the Eye"
3709:"Guideline 11.5: Medications in Adult Cardiac Arrest"
3266:
Malhotra A, Krilov LR (January 2001). "Viral croup".
1995:"Measurement of catecholamines and their metabolites"
1201:, with most guidelines recommending against its use.
954:
when other treatments are not effective. It is given
113:
Epinephrine, adrenaline, adrenalin; 3,4,β-Trihydroxy-
3546:
Illustrated Pharmacology Memory Cards: PharMnemonics
567:)-4-(1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
6409:
6011:
6002:
5736:
5443:
5431:
4984:
4771:
4759:
4675:
4608:
4560:
4501:
4449:
4425:
4402:
4393:
4350:
4017:
4015:
3079:(Press release). ARS Pharmaceuticals. 9 August 2024
2778:
996:by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output,
946:epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of
858:
836:
823:
793:
788:
760:
740:
720:
700:
680:
660:
640:
629:
620:
595:
575:
546:
536:
526:
513:
503:
491:
470:
460:
452:
392:
387:
366:
354:
346:
271:
255:
221:
209:
183:
153:
139:
121:
109:
99:
94:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
1689:
1488:in muscle. β adrenergic receptor binding triggers
3338:20.500.11820/7d4708e3-7cdc-49f7-a9b3-a29040f4ff4e
2565:The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
2064:The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
1817:
1815:
1301:Use is contraindicated in people on nonselective
4151:"Primatene Mist- epinephrine inhalation aerosol"
3539:
3537:
1122:the treatment of anaphylaxis approved by the US
864:1.283±0.06 g/cm @ 20 °C, 760 Torr
609:
4028:. Medpharm Scientific Publishers. p. 451.
3884:
3882:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1527:Its actions increase peripheral resistance via
1004:. Epinephrine does this through its effects on
584:
7163:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
2936:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2095:Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets
1719:Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
7168:World Health Organization essential medicines
4734:
4318:
3637:
3635:
3450:Benjamin E, Wong DK, Choa D (December 2004).
2348:Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment
1884:
1882:
1702:
980:Epinephrine is normally produced by both the
8:
1417:Epinephrine acts by binding to a variety of
1362:Increases respiratory rate; bronchodilation
1118:profile compared to subcutaneous injection.
172:
50:
4267:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4197:. Armstrong Pharmaceuticals. Archived from
4025:Index Nominum: International Drug Directory
3456:Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences
3261:
3259:
2120:
2118:
1628:were first obtained by Polish physiologist
7128:Chemical substances for emergency medicine
6008:
5440:
4768:
4741:
4727:
4719:
4399:
4325:
4311:
4303:
3230:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
2680:
2678:
2592:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
669:
4282:
4237:
4022:Schweizerischer Apotheker-Verein (2004).
3949:
3684:
3467:
3336:
3326:
3223:
3221:
3201:
3052:
2947:
2906:
2873:
2738:
2658:
2651:10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.02.001
2484:
2279:
2277:
2010:
1795:
1685:Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name
1632:in 1895. These extracts, which he called
1158:agonists are unavailable or ineffective.
1086:While epinephrine is often used to treat
689:
3646:. Thieme Publishing Group. p. 536.
3176:Bjornson CL, Johnson DW (January 2008).
1330:
1251:Adverse reactions to adrenaline include
7077:
1993:Peaston RT, Weinkove C (January 2004).
1769:
1181:adrenaline is a 1:1 mixture of the two
1046:Epinephrine vial 1 mg (Adrenalin).
1012:. It is found in many animals and some
961:Common side effects include shakiness,
897:
877:
649:
560:
145:
4226:Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine
3783:Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
2439:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 541.
2422:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2365:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2335:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2304:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2270:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2145:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2111:from the original on 8 September 2017.
49:
3406:from the original on 22 February 2020
3006:Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority
2976:Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority
2531:"Epinephrine - Drug Usage Statistics"
2479:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2167:from the original on 1 September 2015
2125:Lieberman M, Marks A, Peet A (2013).
2070:from the original on 6 September 2015
1492:secretion in the pancreas, increased
1305:because severe hypertension and even
969:. While the safety of its use during
770:
749:
729:
131:
7:
3966:from the original on 14 January 2023
2982:from the original on 2 February 2014
2837:from the original on 1 February 2014
2511:from the original on 15 January 2024
2453:from the original on 10 January 2023
2383:from the original on 26 January 2024
1894:Union Register of medicinal products
992:. It plays an essential role in the
776:
334:
324:
314:
304:
294:
284:
4062:. Springer Netherlands. p. 6.
3801:from the original on 10 March 2011.
3756:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.03.018
2700:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.03.008
2639:World Journal of Emergency Medicine
2405:The practice of medicinal chemistry
1960:Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica
1508:. Together, these effects increase
709:
600:
3722:from the original on 12 March 2015
3686:10.1161/01.CIR.0000023896.70583.9F
3606:The American Journal of Physiology
3571:The American Journal of Physiology
2188:Pediatric Clinics of North America
2005:(Pt 1). SAGE Publications: 17–38.
1972:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1970.tb00546.x
1917:Veterinary Research Communications
1694:Tooltip United States Adopted Name
25:
4131:from the original on 12 July 2024
4101:from the original on 29 June 2024
3824:from the original on 3 April 2015
3777:Skalski JH, Kuch J (April 2006).
2908:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988
2875:10.1161/circulationaha.105.166568
2571:from the original on 7 March 2011
1866:from the original on 29 June 2024
1620:History of catecholamine research
1092:return of spontaneous circulation
988:in the brain, where it acts as a
7080:
3716:Australian Resuscitation Council
3469:10.1111/j.1365-2273.2004.00894.x
2804:
2541:from the original on 8 July 2020
2287:Essentials of Medical Physiology
1797:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.29b-0239
1753:in the United States to relieve
1421:. Epinephrine is a nonselective
811:
805:
86:form of adrenaline found in the
73:
58:
7049:Monoamine metabolism modulators
4451:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
4097:(Press release). 28 June 2024.
3618:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.3.E430
3583:10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.6.E641
2433:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
2290:. Elsevier India. p. 460.
1999:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
1734:Epinephrine is available in an
1610:(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine).
905:Key:UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQESA-N
4220:Wiebe K, Rowe BH (July 2007).
3951:10.1113/jphysiol.1902.sp000893
3100:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
2794:(Press release). 9 August 2024
1890:"Eurneffy Product information"
1484:and inhibits insulin-mediated
1333:Physiologic responses by organ
1146:Epinephrine is also used as a
814:
799:
1:
7031:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
7004:Receptor/signaling modulators
4503:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
3242:10.1016/S0735-6757(98)90073-0
3194:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60170-1
2436:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
1707:Tooltip British Approved Name
7138:Peripherally selective drugs
4261:Davies MW, Davis PG (2002).
4181:Food and Drug Administration
3932:Takamine J (December 1902).
3845:Journal of Medical Biography
3520:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.266
3381:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003417
2790:Food and Drug Administration
2740:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000261
2633:Reardon PM, Magee K (2013).
1575:-methylphenethylamine, is a
1124:Food and Drug Administration
942:, and superficial bleeding.
6114:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
5491:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
5338:Tetracyclic antidepressants
4804:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
4056:Morton IK, Hall JM (2012).
3991:. Springer US. p. 16.
3891:Clinical Autonomic Research
3321:(Supplement_7): S672–S679.
2868:(24 suppl): IV–143–IV–145.
1856:"European Medicines Agency"
1494:adrenocorticotropic hormone
262:Adrenergic receptor agonist
105:Epipen, Adrenaclick, others
7189:
7040:Monoamine releasing agents
4195:"Frequent Asked Questions"
3857:10.1177/096777200301100211
3112:10.1016/j.prrv.2013.03.003
3087:– via GlobeNewswire.
2949:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.022
2604:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.12.055
2012:10.1258/000456304322664663
1823:"Neffy- epinephrine spray"
1653:, independently, in 1904.
1617:
1577:substituted phenethylamine
1324:
1220:Epinephrine is mixed with
950:. It may also be used for
789:Chemical and physical data
36:
29:
27:Hormone used as a medicine
7103:Alpha-adrenergic agonists
6994:
5356:Tricyclic antidepressants
4275:10.1002/14651858.CD000506
4239:10.1017/s1481803500015220
4125:European Medicines Agency
4095:European Medicines Agency
3938:The Journal of Physiology
3548:. Minireview. p. 4.
3147:10.1007/s00134-016-4210-1
3045:10.1136/bmj.327.7427.1332
2473:World Health Organization
2321:. Elsevier. p. 478.
2200:10.1016/j.pcl.2008.10.007
1929:10.1007/s11259-006-3244-1
1723:European Medicines Agency
1388:
888:
868:
551:
72:
57:
7113:Beta-adrenergic agonists
3818:New York Medical Journal
1745:There is an epinephrine
1496:(ACTH) secretion by the
1296:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
1239:Upper airway obstruction
1104:epinephrine autoinjector
994:fight-or-flight response
37:Not to be confused with
5769:Atypical antipsychotics
5022:Atypical antipsychotics
4610:Prostaglandin analogues
4183:(FDA). 8 November 2018.
3425:Rahn R, Ball B (2001).
3135:Intensive Care Medicine
2901:(18 Suppl 3): S729–67.
2733:(18 Suppl 2): S444-64.
2091:"Emergency Medications"
1520:receptors, which cause
1034:million prescriptions.
1026:. It is available as a
1014:single-celled organisms
7108:Antihypotensive agents
5968:Typical antipsychotics
5451:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
5387:Typical antipsychotics
3491:Markovchick V (2007).
2093:. In Pollak AN (ed.).
1738:delivery system and a
1173:has been used for the
1112:subcutaneous injection
1047:
984:and a small number of
7058:Monoamine neurotoxins
3812:Bates WH (May 1896).
3493:Critical Care Secrets
3328:10.1093/infdis/jiz240
2830:. FDA Product Label.
2823:Mylan Specialty L.P.
2501:"The Top 300 of 2021"
2161:Guide to Pharmacology
1045:
967:abnormal heart rhythm
117:-methylphenethylamine
6627:Dichloroisoprenaline
4647:Latanoprostene bunod
4562:Beta blocking agents
4395:Parasympathomimetics
4201:on 25 September 2011
3268:Pediatrics in Review
2978:. 1 September 2006.
1966:(3). Wiley: 209–14.
1777:Andersen AM (1975).
1747:metered-dose inhaler
1678:of the drug and its
1651:Henry Drysdale Dakin
1543:via its binding to β
1419:adrenergic receptors
880:CNC(O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1
361:Adrenergic receptors
80:Ball-and-stick model
7148:Respiratory therapy
7133:Ophthalmology drugs
6306:Phenylpropanolamine
6172:Ethylnorepinephrine
5648:Phenylpropanolamine
5554:Ethylnorepinephrine
4951:Phenylpropanolamine
4857:Ethylnorepinephrine
4750:Adrenergic receptor
2942:(3): 477–80.e1–42.
2402:Wermuth CG (2008).
2194:(1): 119–33, x–xi.
1657:Society and culture
1411:Muscle contraction
1335:
1327:Adrenergic receptor
1321:Mechanism of action
1307:cerebral hemorrhage
1185:of adrenaline. The
1171:Racemic epinephrine
424:(Prescription only)
411:(Prescription only)
54:
7118:Cardiac stimulants
3903:10.1007/BF02281628
3644:Medical Physiology
3612:(3 Pt 1): E430–5.
3577:(6 Pt 1): E641–9.
3495:(fourth ed.).
3280:10.1542/pir.22-1-5
3008:. 1 September 2009
2315:Buckley E (2013).
2089:Hummel MD (2012).
1717:In June 2024, the
1602:-methylated and β-
1331:
1226:Moffett's solution
1175:treatment of croup
1048:
1028:generic medication
528:Duration of action
477:Adrenergic synapse
373:Adrenergic synapse
7068:
7067:
7061:
7052:
7043:
7034:
7025:
7016:
7007:
6990:
6989:
6737:Iodocyanopindolol
6712:Hydroxytertatolol
6632:Dihydroalprenolol
6245:
6237:
6229:
6146:
5998:
5997:
5592:
5584:
5576:
5528:
5510:Dihydroergotamine
5427:
5426:
5260:hydroxynefazodone
5125:dihydroergotamine
4895:
4887:
4879:
4836:
4716:
4715:
4497:
4496:
4337:preparations and
4069:978-94-011-4439-1
4035:978-3-88763-101-7
3998:978-1-4757-2085-3
3789:(Suppl 1): 5–41.
3718:. December 2010.
3653:978-3-13-144061-7
3642:Sircar S (2007).
3555:978-1-59541-101-3
3436:978-3-00-008562-8
1784:Acta Chem. Scand.
1630:Napoleon Cybulski
1480:, and stimulates
1464:secretion by the
1415:
1414:
1205:Local anesthetics
1188:
1078:, are preferred.
913:
912:
849:Interactive image
444:
432:
419:
406:
199:
166:
88:crystal structure
16:(Redirected from
7180:
7158:Vasoconstrictors
7153:Sympathomimetics
7085:
7084:
7083:
7076:
7055:
7046:
7037:
7028:
7019:
7010:
6998:
6707:Hydroxycarteolol
6271:Methoxyphenamine
6243:
6235:
6230:-DOPA (levodopa)
6227:
6144:
6118:-methyldopamine)
6009:
5913:Phenoxybenzamine
5590:
5582:
5577:-DOPA (levodopa)
5574:
5526:
5495:-methyldopamine)
5441:
5253:Phenylpiperazine
5243:Phenoxybenzamine
4893:
4885:
4880:-DOPA (levodopa)
4877:
4834:
4818:Dexisometheptene
4808:-methyldopamine)
4769:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4720:
4400:
4352:Sympathomimetics
4327:
4320:
4313:
4304:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4127:. 28 June 2024.
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3953:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3188:(9609): 329–39.
3173:
3167:
3166:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3039:(7427): 1332–5.
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2780:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2284:Khurana (2008).
2281:
2272:
2271:
2250:Bell DR (2009).
2247:
2241:
2240:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:"(-)-adrenaline"
2153:
2147:
2146:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2056:
2033:
2032:
2014:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1896:. 23 August 2024
1886:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1862:. 27 June 2024.
1852:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1829:. 20 August 2024
1819:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1774:
1755:bronchial asthma
1751:over the counter
1708:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1642:Jōkichi Takamine
1638:William H. Bates
1624:Extracts of the
1537:vasoconstriction
1500:, and increased
1393:Vasoconstriction
1336:
1334:
1186:
1033:
1020:Jōkichi Takamine
990:neurotransmitter
918:, also known as
851:
831:
816:
813:
807:
801:
780:
774:
753:
733:
713:
693:
673:
653:
633:
613:
603:
602:
588:
518:
442:
439:
430:
427:
417:
414:
404:
401:
338:
328:
318:
308:
298:
288:
197:
194:
176:
165:
162:
149:
135:
77:
65:Skeletal formula
62:
55:
53:
21:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7143:Phenethylamines
7093:
7092:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7071:
7069:
7064:
6986:
6405:
5994:
5732:
5505:Dexmedetomidine
5436:
5423:
5256:antidepressants
4980:
4813:Desglymidodrine
4764:
4755:
4747:
4717:
4712:
4671:
4615:
4604:
4556:
4506:
4493:
4445:
4421:
4389:
4346:
4333:Drugs used for
4331:
4301:
4300:
4269:(1): CD000506.
4260:
4259:
4255:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3985:Elks J (2014).
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3544:Shen H (2008).
3543:
3542:
3535:
3508:Int. J. Cardiol
3505:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2756:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2298:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2264:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2139:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2105:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2058:
2057:
2036:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1869:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1732:
1715:
1706:
1693:
1684:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1647:Friedrich Stolz
1622:
1616:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1532:
1519:
1498:pituitary gland
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1289:pulmonary edema
1249:
1247:Adverse effects
1241:
1207:
1195:
1168:
1157:
1144:
1116:pharmacokinetic
1100:
1084:
1071:
1064:low blood sugar
1040:
1031:
909:
906:
901:
896:
895:
884:
881:
876:
875:
854:
829:
819:
810:
804:
784:
756:
736:
716:
696:
676:
656:
636:
616:
599:
591:
571:
568:
559:
558:
516:
505:Onset of action
462:Protein binding
454:Pharmacokinetic
448:
342:
266:Sympathomimetic
224:
212:
205:
186:
179:
90:
68:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7186:
7184:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7123:Catecholamines
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7053:
7044:
7035:
7026:
7017:
7008:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6617:Dexpropranolol
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6286:Norepinephrine
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:Levosalbutamol
6248:
6240:
6238:-Phenylalanine
6232:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5972:chlorpromazine
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5808:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5728:Xylometazoline
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5638:Norepinephrine
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5585:-Phenylalanine
5579:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5391:chlorpromazine
5384:
5379:
5353:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5050:
5045:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4976:Xylometazoline
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4931:Norepinephrine
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4890:
4888:-Phenylalanine
4882:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4630:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4534:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4475:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4298:
4253:
4212:
4186:
4168:
4142:
4112:
4082:
4068:
4048:
4034:
4011:
3997:
3977:
3924:
3878:
3835:
3804:
3769:
3733:
3700:
3659:
3652:
3631:
3596:
3561:
3554:
3533:
3498:
3483:
3442:
3435:
3417:
3375:(1): 228–239.
3352:
3315:J. Infect. Dis
3301:
3255:
3217:
3168:
3125:
3090:
3068:
3019:
2993:
2963:
2922:
2881:
2848:
2815:
2754:
2713:
2674:
2625:
2598:(3): 511–517.
2582:
2552:
2522:
2492:
2464:
2445:
2425:
2414:
2394:
2368:
2357:
2338:
2327:
2307:
2296:
2273:
2262:
2242:
2231:
2213:
2178:
2148:
2137:
2114:
2103:
2081:
2034:
1985:
1950:
1907:
1878:
1840:
1811:
1790:(2): 239–244.
1768:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1731:
1730:Delivery forms
1728:
1714:
1711:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1618:Main article:
1615:
1612:
1596:norepinephrine
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1541:cardiac output
1530:
1517:
1506:adipose tissue
1470:glycogenolysis
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:glycogenolysis
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1322:
1319:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1148:bronchodilator
1143:
1140:
1099:
1096:
1088:cardiac arrest
1083:
1082:Heart problems
1080:
1069:
1052:cardiac arrest
1039:
1036:
1010:beta receptors
998:pupil dilation
982:adrenal glands
936:cardiac arrest
911:
910:
908:
907:
904:
902:
899:
891:
890:
889:
886:
885:
883:
882:
879:
871:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
844:
842:
834:
833:
827:
821:
820:
817:
808:
802:
797:
791:
790:
786:
785:
783:
782:
766:
764:
758:
757:
755:
754:
746:
744:
738:
737:
735:
734:
726:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:
706:
704:
698:
697:
695:
694:
686:
684:
678:
677:
675:
674:
666:
664:
658:
657:
655:
654:
646:
644:
638:
637:
635:
634:
626:
624:
618:
617:
615:
614:
606:
604:
593:
592:
590:
589:
581:
579:
573:
572:
570:
569:
562:
554:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
540:
534:
533:
530:
524:
523:
520:
511:
510:
507:
501:
500:
495:
489:
488:
474:
468:
467:
464:
458:
457:
450:
449:
447:
446:
437:
425:
412:
398:
396:
390:
389:
385:
384:
370:
364:
363:
358:
352:
351:
344:
343:
341:
340:
277:
275:
269:
268:
259:
253:
252:
227:
225:administration
219:
218:
215:
207:
206:
204:
203:
201:
191:
189:
181:
180:
178:
177:
159:
157:
151:
150:
143:
137:
136:
129:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
103:
97:
96:
92:
91:
78:
70:
69:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7185:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7088:
7078:
7074:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7022:Serotonergics
7018:
7015:
7014:
7013:Dopaminergics
7009:
7006:
7005:
7002:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Levobetaxolol
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:Cyanopindolol
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6291:Orciprenaline
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6192:Hexoprenaline
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5853:Esmirtazapine
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5777:brexpiprazole
5774:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:Oxymetazoline
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Apraclonidine
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5430:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5360:amitriptyline
5357:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5272:triazoledione
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5053:Beta blockers
5051:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5026:brexpiprazole
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:Phenylephrine
4944:
4942:
4941:Oxymetazoline
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4872:Isometheptene
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4552:Methazolamide
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Diclofenamide
4535:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Acetazolamide
4516:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4483:Physostigmine
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Acetylcholine
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Apraclonidine
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4213:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4157:. 5 June 2024
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4049:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3978:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3897:(3): 145–59.
3896:
3892:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:(2): 95–102.
3850:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3750:(8): 1021–4.
3749:
3745:
3744:Resuscitation
3737:
3734:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:Anesth. Analg
3363:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:(3): 429–31.
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2811:public domain
2793:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:(6): 732–40.
2693:
2689:
2688:Resuscitation
2681:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:"Epinephrine"
2556:
2553:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2446:9783527607495
2442:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2415:9780080568775
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2382:
2378:
2377:"Epinephrine"
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2358:9781107268500
2354:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2328:9781483262888
2324:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2297:9788131215661
2293:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2263:9780781768528
2259:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2232:9780071481274
2228:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2138:9781608315727
2134:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2104:9781449645861
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:"Epinephrine"
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1865:
1861:
1860:Eurneffy EPAR
1857:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:adrenal gland
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:catecholamine
1578:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1554:
1542:
1539:and increase
1538:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1510:blood glucose
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:, stimulates
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1199:bronchiolitis
1193:Bronchiolitis
1192:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:if specific β
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:adrenoceptors
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
975:breastfeeding
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
956:intravenously
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
903:
898:
894:
887:
878:
874:
867:
863:
861:
857:
850:
846:
845:
843:
840:
835:
828:
826:
822:
798:
796:
792:
787:
779:
778:RCSB PDB
773:
768:
767:
765:
763:
759:
752:
748:
747:
745:
743:
739:
732:
728:
727:
725:
723:
719:
712:
708:
707:
705:
703:
699:
692:
688:
687:
685:
683:
679:
672:
668:
667:
665:
663:
659:
652:
648:
647:
645:
643:
639:
632:
628:
627:
625:
623:
619:
612:
608:
607:
605:
598:
594:
587:
583:
582:
580:
578:
574:
566:
561:
557:
550:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
519:
512:
508:
506:
502:
499:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
473:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445: Rx-only
438:
436:
426:
423:
413:
410:
400:
399:
397:
395:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:
369:
365:
362:
359:
357:
353:
349:
348:Physiological
345:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
279:
278:
276:
274:
270:
267:
263:
260:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:intramuscular
231:
228:
226:
220:
216:
214:
208:
202:
193:
192:
190:
188:
182:
175:
170:
161:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
102:
98:
95:Clinical data
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
71:
67:of adrenaline
66:
61:
56:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7056:
7047:
7038:
7029:
7020:
7011:
7000:
6999:
6792:Metipranolol
6777:Levomoprolol
6722:Idropranolol
6217:Isoprenaline
6115:
6039:Arformoterol
5984:thioridazine
5976:fluphenazine
5948:Spiroxatrine
5908:Phentolamine
5827:tandospirone
5793:paliperidone
5683:Tasipimidine
5663:Rezatomidine
5608:Medetomidine
5492:
5403:thioridazine
5395:fluphenazine
5376:trimipramine
5364:clomipramine
5248:Phentolamine
5117:acetergamine
5093:Corynanthine
4805:
4697:+latanoprost
4688:Guanethidine
4676:Other agents
4590:Metipranolol
4531:+brimonidine
4523:Brinzolamide
4509:sulfonamides
4473:Fluostigmine
4384:
4266:
4256:
4232:(4): 304–8.
4229:
4225:
4215:
4205:22 September
4203:. Retrieved
4199:the original
4189:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4154:
4145:
4133:. Retrieved
4124:
4115:
4103:. Retrieved
4094:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4058:
4051:
4039:. Retrieved
4024:
4002:. Retrieved
3987:
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3941:
3937:
3927:
3894:
3890:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3826:. Retrieved
3817:
3807:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3715:
3703:
3679:(5): 550–5.
3676:
3672:
3662:
3643:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3545:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3492:
3486:
3462:(6): 582–7.
3459:
3455:
3445:
3426:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3372:
3368:
3355:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3271:
3267:
3233:
3229:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3106:(2): 78–85.
3103:
3099:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3071:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3005:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2975:
2966:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2839:. Retrieved
2818:
2796:. Retrieved
2787:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2691:
2687:
2645:(2): 85–91.
2642:
2638:
2628:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2504:
2495:
2486:10665/325771
2476:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2435:
2428:
2404:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2371:
2347:
2341:
2317:
2310:
2286:
2252:
2245:
2236:
2222:
2216:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2163:. IUPS/BPS.
2160:
2151:
2127:
2094:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2063:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1893:
1868:. Retrieved
1859:
1831:. Retrieved
1826:
1787:
1782:
1772:
1759:
1744:
1736:autoinjector
1733:
1716:
1713:Legal status
1697:
1676:generic name
1671:
1670:
1633:
1623:
1606:analogue of
1604:hydroxylated
1599:
1584:
1583:. It is the
1572:
1570:
1550:end-tidal CO
1526:
1522:vasodilation
1486:glycogenesis
1416:
1397:vasodilation
1311:
1309:may result.
1300:
1293:
1287:, and acute
1285:hypertension
1269:panic attack
1253:palpitations
1250:
1242:
1219:
1208:
1196:
1169:
1160:
1145:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1109:
1101:
1085:
1060:bronchospasm
1049:
1038:Medical uses
1018:
979:
960:
919:
915:
914:
564:
515:Elimination
498:Metanephrine
394:Legal status
388:Legal status
242:intracardiac
238:endotracheal
155:License data
114:
84:zwitterionic
47:
6917:Spirendolol
6892:Propranolol
6887:Propafenone
6882:Pronethalol
6772:Levobunolol
6747:Isoxaprolol
6732:Indopanolol
6717:ICI-118,551
6682:Eugenodilol
6667:Ersentilide
6647:Draquinolol
6642:Diprafenone
6612:Dalbraminol
6592:Cicloprolol
6567:Carpindolol
6552:Butofilolol
6497:Bornaprolol
6442:Alprenoxime
6410:Antagonists
6371:Tulobuterol
6366:Tretoquinol
6361:Terbutaline
6321:Ractopamine
6316:Prenalterol
6222:Isoxsuprine
6207:Indacaterol
6177:Eugenodilol
6167:Etilevodopa
6152:Epinephrine
6143:Droxidopa (
6123:Dipivefrine
6094:Clenbuterol
5938:Setiptiline
5928:Rauwolscine
5903:Pardoprunox
5893:Mirtazapine
5858:Fenmetozole
5801:risperidone
5764:Atipamezole
5737:Antagonists
5693:Tiamenidine
5688:Tetryzoline
5668:Rilmenidine
5633:Naphazoline
5569:Guanoxabenz
5544:Epinephrine
5534:Etilevodopa
5525:Droxidopa (
5515:Dipivefrine
5476:Brimonidine
5346:maprotiline
5223:Pardoprunox
5218:Niguldipine
5178:Mepiprazole
5153:Hydroxyzine
5143:Etoperidone
5133:nicergoline
5103:Domesticine
5098:Dapiprazole
5073:eugenodilol
5048:Benoxathian
5042:risperidone
5007:Anisodamine
4985:Antagonists
4966:Tiamenidine
4961:Tetryzoline
4926:Naphazoline
4911:Methoxamine
4906:Metaraminol
4852:Etilevodopa
4842:Epinephrine
4833:Droxidopa (
4823:Dipivefrine
4784:Amidephrine
4683:Dapiprazole
4667:Unoprostone
4637:+netarsudil
4633:Latanoprost
4623:Bimatoprost
4585:Levobunolol
4542:Dorzolamide
4478:Neostigmine
4464:Ecothiopate
4426:muscarinic/
4417:Pilocarpine
4385:Epinephrine
4380:Dipivefrine
4365:Brimonidine
3820:: 647–650.
3673:Circulation
3410:10 December
3274:(1): 5–12.
3236:(1): 87–9.
2895:Circulation
2862:Circulation
2727:Circulation
1833:5 September
1740:nasal spray
1672:Epinephrine
1667:Brand names
1634:nadnerczyna
1535:-dependent
1514:fatty acids
1372:Stimulates
1257:tachycardia
1211:bupivacaine
1183:enantiomers
1098:Anaphylaxis
1056:anaphylaxis
1002:blood sugar
932:anaphylaxis
916:Epinephrine
832: g·mol
731:CHEBI:28918
547:Identifiers
532:Few minutes
493:Metabolites
230:Intravenous
174:Epinephrine
141:MedlinePlus
110:Other names
101:Trade names
52:Epinephrine
18:Adrenaclick
7097:Categories
6982:Xipranolol
6972:Toliprolol
6962:Tiprenolol
6947:Tienoxolol
6942:Tertatolol
6927:Sulfinalol
6907:Soquinolol
6902:Ronactolol
6877:Procinolol
6872:Primidolol
6857:Penbutolol
6837:Pacrinolol
6832:Oxprenolol
6827:Nipradilol
6797:Metoprolol
6787:Mepindolol
6782:Medroxalol
6752:Isamoltane
6742:Iprocrolol
6702:Flusoxolol
6692:Falintolol
6672:Esatenolol
6622:Diacetolol
6602:Cloranolol
6582:Celiprolol
6577:Carvedilol
6557:Capsinolol
6542:Butaxamine
6537:Bupranolol
6527:Bunitrolol
6507:Bucindolol
6502:Brefonalol
6492:Bopindolol
6487:Bisoprolol
6482:Bevantolol
6462:Arotinolol
6447:Amosulalol
6437:Alprenolol
6417:Acebutolol
6396:Zilpaterol
6381:Vilanterol
6356:Solabegron
6351:Salmeterol
6346:Salbutamol
6331:Reproterol
6326:Procaterol
6311:Pirbuterol
6296:Oxyfedrine
6281:Mirabegron
6276:Methyldopa
6266:Melevodopa
6256:Lubabegron
6212:Isoetarine
6197:Higenamine
6187:Formoterol
6162:Etilefrine
6157:Etafedrine
6138:Dopexamine
6128:Dobutamine
6109:Denopamine
6104:Corbadrine
6084:Carmoterol
6079:Carbuterol
6069:Broxaterol
6064:Bitolterol
6054:Bambuterol
6044:Arotinolol
6034:Arbutamine
6024:Alifedrine
6019:Abediterol
5963:Tolazoline
5953:Sunepitron
5943:Spegatrine
5933:Rotigotine
5873:Ketanserin
5863:Fluparoxan
5843:Cirazoline
5838:Buflomedil
5823:ipsapirone
5811:Azapirones
5797:quetiapine
5789:olanzapine
5785:lurasidone
5759:Aptazapine
5754:Amesergide
5703:Tolonidine
5698:Tizanidine
5678:Talipexole
5673:Romifidine
5628:Moxonidine
5618:Methyldopa
5613:Melevodopa
5603:Lofexidine
5564:Guanfacine
5549:Etilefrine
5539:Ergotamine
5500:Detomidine
5486:Corbadrine
5382:Trimazosin
5372:imipramine
5333:Tolazoline
5328:Tiodazosin
5318:Tamsulosin
5313:Talipexole
5303:Spegatrine
5288:Quinazosin
5264:nefazodone
5238:Phendioxan
5228:Pelanserin
5213:Niaprazine
5208:Neldazosin
5198:Naftopidil
5193:Moxisylyte
5163:Ketanserin
5148:Fenspiride
5121:ergotamine
5083:Buflomedil
5069:carvedilol
5065:arotinolol
5061:amosulalol
5038:quetiapine
5034:olanzapine
4997:Ajmalicine
4956:Synephrine
4936:Octopamine
4916:Methyldopa
4901:Melevodopa
4867:Indanidine
4847:Etilefrine
4799:Corbadrine
4794:Cirazoline
4753:modulators
4703:Omidenepag
4693:Netarsudil
4657:Travoprost
4652:Tafluprost
4600:Mepindolol
4459:Demecarium
4412:Aceclidine
4404:muscarinic
2986:22 January
2841:22 January
2545:14 January
2515:14 January
1764:References
1698:adrenaline
1589:methylated
1482:glycolysis
1325:See also:
1315:fast track
1303:β-blockers
1261:arrhythmia
1228:, used in
1136:fast track
1107:children.
1076:salbutamol
1074:, such as
924:medication
920:adrenaline
837:3D model (
825:Molar mass
762:PDB ligand
691:YKH834O4BH
662:ChemSpider
622:IUPHAR/BPS
577:CAS Number
556:IUPAC name
472:Metabolism
368:Metabolism
257:Drug class
32:Adrenaline
7001:See also:
6977:Xibenolol
6967:Tolamolol
6952:Tilisolol
6932:Talinolol
6922:SR 59230A
6897:Ridazolol
6867:Practolol
6847:Pamatolol
6842:Pafenolol
6822:Nifenalol
6817:Nebivolol
6812:Nadoxolol
6762:Landiolol
6757:Labetalol
6727:Indenolol
6697:Flestolol
6687:Exaprolol
6652:Ecastolol
6637:Dilevalol
6597:Cinamolol
6587:Cetamolol
6572:Carteolol
6562:Carazolol
6547:Butidrine
6522:Bufuralol
6517:Bufetolol
6512:Bucumolol
6477:Betaxolol
6472:Befunolol
6452:Ancarolol
6422:Adaprolol
6386:Xamoterol
6341:Ritodrine
6336:Rimiterol
6301:PF-610355
6261:Mabuterol
6246:-Tyrosine
6202:Ibopamine
6182:Fenoterol
6089:Cimaterol
6074:Buphenine
6059:Befunolol
6029:Amibegron
5990:Yohimbine
5958:Terguride
5923:Piribedil
5918:Piperoxan
5888:Mianserin
5833:BRL-44408
5815:buspirone
5781:clozapine
5773:asenapine
5713:Vatinoxan
5653:Piperoxan
5623:Mivazerol
5598:Ibopamine
5593:-Tyrosine
5559:Guanabenz
5481:Clonidine
5419:Zolertine
5350:mianserin
5342:amoxapine
5323:Terazosin
5308:Spiperone
5298:Silodosin
5293:Quinidine
5278:Piperoxan
5268:trazodone
5233:Perlapine
5203:Nantenine
5188:Monatepil
5183:Metazosin
5168:L-765,314
5158:Indoramin
5137:terguride
5113:Ergolines
5108:Doxazosin
5088:Bunazosin
5077:labetalol
5030:clozapine
5017:Atiprosin
5012:Anisodine
5002:Alfuzosin
4992:Abanoquil
4921:Midodrine
4896:-Tyrosine
4862:Ibopamine
4789:Buspirone
4708:Ripasudil
4580:Carteolol
4575:Betaxolol
4570:Befunolol
4441:Carbachol
4428:nicotinic
4375:Clonidine
4161:10 August
4075:31 August
4041:31 August
4004:31 August
3970:29 August
3960:0022-3751
3944:(suppl).
3514:: 67–70.
3083:10 August
2798:10 August
2457:29 August
2171:21 August
2074:15 August
1900:27 August
1567:Chemistry
1502:lipolysis
1405:lipolysis
1403:Triggers
1389:Systemic
1215:lidocaine
971:pregnancy
751:ChEMBL679
538:Excretion
522:2 minutes
517:half-life
356:Receptors
223:Routes of
213:liability
211:Addiction
185:Pregnancy
133:Monograph
127:Drugs.com
43:ephedrine
39:ephedrone
7087:Medicine
6862:Pindolol
6852:Pargolol
6802:Moprolol
6677:Esprolol
6662:Ericolol
6657:Epanolol
6467:Atenolol
6432:Afurolol
6427:Adimolol
6401:Zinterol
6376:Vibegron
6133:Dopamine
6099:Colterol
6012:Agonists
5980:loxapine
5878:Lisuride
5868:Idazoxan
5848:Efaroxan
5819:gepirone
5805:zotepine
5749:Adimolol
5723:Xylazine
5708:Urapidil
5520:Dopamine
5444:Agonists
5409:Urapidil
5399:loxapine
5283:Prazosin
5129:lisuride
5057:adimolol
4828:Dopamine
4772:Agonists
4661:+timolol
4641:+timolol
4627:+timolol
4546:+timolol
4527:+timolol
4489:Paraoxon
4469:Stigmine
4369:+timolol
4335:glaucoma
4293:11869578
4248:17626698
4155:DailyMed
4129:Archived
4099:Archived
3964:Archived
3919:20999106
3911:10454061
3873:32540165
3865:12717538
3828:16 March
3822:Archived
3799:Archived
3795:16766800
3764:22445865
3720:Archived
3695:12147535
3528:27889211
3478:15533141
3401:Archived
3397:29154283
3389:29782398
3347:31541233
3296:41978318
3288:11139641
3212:18295000
3163:37328426
3155:26825950
3120:23578933
3063:14656845
3012:9 August
2980:Archived
2958:20692689
2917:20956224
2832:Archived
2749:26472995
2708:24642404
2669:25215099
2620:58580872
2612:30658877
2569:Archived
2539:Archived
2535:ClinCalc
2509:Archived
2505:ClinCalc
2475:(2019).
2451:Archived
2420:Archived
2387:19 April
2381:Archived
2363:Archived
2333:Archived
2302:Archived
2268:Archived
2238:medulla.
2208:19135584
2165:Archived
2143:Archived
2109:Archived
2068:Archived
2021:14713382
1937:16502110
1864:Archived
1827:DailyMed
1696:, while
1608:dopamine
1592:analogue
1533:receptor
1490:glucagon
1466:pancreas
1342:Effects
1277:anorexia
1273:headache
1224:to form
642:DrugBank
273:ATC code
250:eye drop
187:category
169:DailyMed
6957:Timolol
6937:Tazolol
6912:Sotalol
6807:Nadolol
6532:Bunolol
6457:Arnolol
6391:XP21279
5970:(e.g.,
5898:NAN-190
5813:(e.g.,
5771:(e.g.,
5718:XP21279
5466:Amitraz
5414:WB-4101
5389:(e.g.,
5368:doxepin
5358:(e.g.,
5340:(e.g.,
5258:(e.g.,
5115:(e.g.,
5055:(e.g.,
5024:(e.g.,
4971:XP21279
4595:Timolol
4284:7038644
4179:. U.S.
4135:12 July
4105:29 June
3726:7 March
3626:1900669
3591:3521311
3250:9451322
3203:7138055
3178:"Croup"
2660:4129833
2575:3 April
2029:2330329
1980:5468075
1945:9054777
1870:29 June
1806:1136652
1721:of the
1700:is its
1674:is the
1614:History
1472:in the
1462:insulin
1423:agonist
1265:anxiety
1233:surgery
1222:cocaine
1179:Racemic
1126:(FDA).
986:neurons
963:anxiety
944:Inhaled
928:hormone
922:, is a
860:Density
830:183.207
795:Formula
651:DB00668
597:PubChem
586:51-43-4
333: (
331:S01EA01
323: (
321:R03AA01
313: (
311:R01AA14
303: (
301:C01CA24
293: (
291:B02BC09
289:)
283: (
281:A01AD01
200: A
171::
147:a603002
82:of the
7173:Triols
7073:Portal
6147:-DOPS)
5529:-DOPS)
5456:4-NEMD
4837:-DOPS)
4339:miosis
4291:
4281:
4246:
4066:
4032:
3995:
3958:
3917:
3909:
3871:
3863:
3793:
3762:
3693:
3650:
3624:
3589:
3552:
3526:
3476:
3433:
3395:
3387:
3345:
3294:
3286:
3248:
3210:
3200:
3182:Lancet
3161:
3153:
3118:
3061:
3054:286326
3051:
2956:
2915:
2747:
2706:
2667:
2657:
2618:
2610:
2443:
2412:
2355:
2325:
2294:
2260:
2229:
2206:
2135:
2101:
2027:
2019:
1978:
1943:
1935:
1804:
1478:muscle
1453:, and
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