872:
continued use of the faulty present-day
European Africanist paradigm. Darker skinned Maghrebians, particularly in Morocco, have grown weary of the lack of discretion foreign academics have shown toward them, bear resentment toward the way they have been depicted by foreign academics, and consequently, find the intended activities of foreign academics to be predictable. Rather than continuing to rely on the faulty present-day European Africanist paradigm, Mohamed (2012) recommends revising and improving the current Africanist paradigm (e.g., critical inspection of the origins and introduction of the present characterization of the Saharan caravan; reconsideration of what makes the trans-Saharan slave trade, within its own context in Africa, distinct from the trans-Atlantic slave trade; realistic consideration of the experiences of darker-skinned Maghrebians within their own regional context).
859:) of 19th century European abolitionists about Africa and Africans are silenced, but still preserved, in the secularist narratives of the present-day European Africanist paradigm. The Orientalist stereotyped hypersexuality of the Moors were viewed by 19th century European abolitionists as deriving from the Quran. The reference to times prior, often used in concert with biblical references, by 19th century European abolitionists, may indicate that realities described of Moors may have been literary fabrications. The purpose of these apparent literary fabrications may have been to affirm their view of the
430:
collaborations) became increasingly temporary, which subsequently stifled the ability for innovative studies to be undertaken. Additionally, research focuses became increasingly narrowed to what would be the most likely to attract grant money. With the transition of academic publications from print to
Internet media, colonial and racial hierarchies were generally reinforced as online Anglophone media publications mediated international/non-African academic discourses and print-based media publications mediated African academic discourses. Further, African scholars continue to experience
42:
988:. Among studies in the Francophone world, ties between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa have been denied or downplayed, while the ties (e.g., religious, cultural) between the regions and peoples (e.g., Arab language and literature with Berber language and literature) of the Middle East and North Africa have been established by diminishing the differences between the two and selectively focusing on the similarities between the two. In the Francophone world, construction of racialized regions, such as
896:, whereas, the study of sub-Saharan Africa was viewed as conceptually distinct from North Africa, and as its own region, viewed as inherently the same. The common pattern of conceptual separation of continental Africa into two regions and the view of conceptual sameness within the region of sub-Saharan Africa has continued until present-day. Yet, with increasing exposure of this problem, discussion about the conceptual separation of Africa has begun to develop.
485:) in Africa, much of the funding sources for research originate from sources abroad. Non-African Africanists tend to operate in the role as perceived experts of the field, who shape the image and view of Africa to countries abroad, whereas African researchers tend to operate in the role of consultants/assistants. Consequently, the narrative in African studies tends to reflect non-African interests and views rather than African interests and views.
788:, and the amount of forcibly enslaved Africans transported across the Sahara are alleged to be numerically comparable to the considerably large amount of forcibly enslaved Africans transported across the Atlantic Ocean. The simulated narrative of comparable numbers is contradicted by the limited presence of darker skinned North Africans in the present-day Maghreb. As part of this simulated narrative, post-classical
388:). A considerable number of African studies organizations, which have been financed or financially influenced by foreign government aid provided from North America, Europe, and Asia, have undergone volatility as the pattern of foreign government aid has become volatile; consequently, trends in Africanist scholarship has tended to reflect general optimism or pessimism (e.g.,
1039:. While Berber studies has largely sought to be establish ties between Berbers and North Africa with Arabs and the Middle East, Merolla (2017) indicated that efforts to establish ties between Berbers and North Africa with sub-Saharan Africans and sub-Saharan Africa have recently started to being undertaken.
408:
Given increasing indications that a post-Cold War world did not lead to increasing peace, Africa became a greater focal point of study for North
America and Europe by the early 2000s. Reasons for increased study range from the restoration of civil and democratic institutions and government in Africa,
903:
has served as a trans-regional zone for peoples in Africa. Authors from various countries (e.g., Algeria, Cameroon, Sudan) in Africa have critiqued the conceptualization of the Sahara as a regional barrier, and provided counter-arguments supporting the interconnectedness of continental Africa; there
871:
Due to a lack of considerable development in field research regarding enslavement in
Islamic societies, this has resulted in the present-day European Africanist paradigm relying on unreliable estimates for the trans-Saharan slave trade. However, insufficient data has also used as a justification for
764:
in North Africa and the
Islamic world. Altogether, darker skinned North Africans (e.g., "black" and apparently "mixed" Maghrebians), darker skinned Africans in the Islamic world, the inherited status of servant associated with dark skin, and the trans-Saharan slave trade are conflated and modeled in
396:
in Africa, and their use of scholarship from
African studies, this has resulted in funders of non-governmental organizations also influencing the focus and development of the scholarship of renowned Africanists; the scholarship then becomes used in future development policies of funders and renowned
854:
Despite being an inherited part of the 19th century religious polemical narratives, the use of race in the secularist narrative of the present-day
European Africanist paradigm has given the paradigm an appearance of possessing scientific quality. The religious polemical narrative (e.g., holy cause,
457:
contribute to perceptions of
European scholars being experts and bearers of universal truth and African scholars and other scholars of color as bearing only a limited expertise in their cultural heritage and identity. The imperialistic power dynamics between non-Africans and Africans in shaping the
115:
Africanists argue that there is a need to "deexoticize" Africa and banalise it, rather than understand Africa as exceptionalized and exoticized. African scholars, in recent times, have focused on decolonizing
African studies, and reconfiguring it to reflect the African experience through an African
867:
and to affirm the viewpoints held by the readers of their composed works. The adoption of 19th century
European abolitionists' religious polemical narrative into the present-day European Africanist paradigm may have been due to its correspondence with the established textual tradition. The use of
812:
have been used as an explanatory bridge between the allegation of comparable numbers of forcibly enslaved Africans and the limited amount of present-day darker skinned Maghrebians who have been characterized as their diasporic descendants. Eunuchs were characterized as sentinels who guarded these
365:
analyses and criticisms expanded, which sought to frame the condition of Africa in terms of pathology and power as it relates to principles of good governance and market efficiency. Under the guise of African development, African systems of higher education (e.g., university missions, visions,
429:
The marketization of African higher education has resulted in the funding of grants rather than posts, as well as a transition toward contract-based (e.g., fixed term, part-time) hiring of academic professionals. Due to these market forces, long-term academic relationships (e.g., networks,
1684:
1376:
2603:(Provides (1) a directory of more than 2,100 journals about Africa with their URLs, and where to find tables of contents, abstracts, and full text of articles online, and (2) a full-text archive of back issues of 11 African scholarly journals in the social sciences and humanities.)
259:
had ceased, African intellectuals constructed and organized the African higher education system in Africa, and in response to this development, during the 1950s and 1960s, Europeans in the United Kingdom created African studies institutions. The shortcomings of Western
724:. Consequently, reliable history, as opposed to an antiquated analogy-based history, for darker skinned North Africans and darker skinned Africans in the Islamic world are limited. Part of the textual tradition generally associates an inherited status of servant with
2336:
The African Heritage Studies Association (AHSA) was founded in 1969 as an association of scholars of African descent, dedicated to the exploration, preservation, and academic presentation of the heritage of African people on the ancestral soil of Africa and in the
976:
having become Africanized throughout the centuries it has been present in Africa has shown that the conceptual separation of Africa remains pervasive in the Francophone world; this denial may stem from historic development of the characterization of an
963:
of the Anglophone and Francophone world. While studies in the Anglophone world have more clearly followed the trend of the conceptual separation of Africa, the Francophone world has been more nuanced, which may stem from imperial policies relating to
283:
and its effects began to set in, question and criticism of the fundamental ideas of African studies began to occur as well as improvement of scientific theories and research methods, which developed an African studies that studied African affairs and
700:
of enslaved "Hartani" (a vague term, which, by merit of it needing further definition, is implicit evidence for its historicity being questionable). The narratives derived from Shurafa historians would later become analogically incorporated into the
620:
may not date much earlier than the 18th century CE and has been involuntarily assigned to darker skinned Maghrebians. Prior to the modern use of the term Haratin as an identifier, and utilized in contrast to bidan or bayd (white), sumr/asmar,
196:) refused to accept the presumptions of European imperialism and advocated for Africans to have a knowledge of themselves due to this being essential to the political and economic wellness of their citizenry. Consequently, the
488:
Since African independence, the long-term effects and persisting elements of enslavement and colonialism (e.g., racist fantasies and projections, silencing of the past) continue to affect Africans on the continent and in the
164:, which had increasing policy relevance in this emerging environment, this resulted in the mass development of African Studies organizations (e.g., centers, institutes) throughout continental Africa after 1945. Following
2628:
This African study focuses on the dearth of teaching and learning materials in African languages required to deliver effective bilingual education, and on the potential role of translation in offering solutions for this
350:, Tunde Zack-Williams) in the United Kingdom steered development of African studies in the newer direction of accountability of African leaders and in including the African diaspora in the scope of its research focus.
413:
in Africa and the next up-and-coming scholars inspired by the literature, to Africa being projected to have the largest youth demographic in the world by 2050, to increasing investment by Asian countries, including
171:
Following African independence and the end of World War II, colonial methods of producing knowledge underwent challenges and changes. Due to World War II occurring and Africa not being directly partaking in it, the
2567:
688:, this made way for changes in latter behaviors toward dark-skinned Africans. As a result of changing behaviors toward dark-skinned Africans, darker skinned Maghrebians were forcibly recruited into the army of
716:
darker skinned North Africans in North Africa and darker skinned Africans throughout the Islamic world at-large, is primarily rooted in an Americanized textual tradition inherited from 19th century European
696:, based on the claim of them having descended from enslaved peoples from the times of the Saadian invasion. Shurafa historians of the modern period would later utilize these events in narratives about the
462:
357:, collapse of the culture of research, collapse of local/epistemic communities and professional associations, decline in the ability of scholars to travel locally, infrastructure decay). The nationalist
2619:
1549:
323:
of evidence, data, and truth interfered with the ability of researchers to engage with the ideas and conceptualizations that were held by and lived out by Africans in their daily lives.
326:
While research focus on Africa decreased in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, this was counterbalanced by an increasing research focus on Africa in the United States. After the
353:
As African countries experienced economic turmoil in the middle of the 1980s, the African higher education system and African studies also experienced turmoil (e.g., book famine,
999:
Despite having invoked and utilized identities in reference to the racialized conceptualizations of Africa (e.g., North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa) to oppose imposed identities,
705:
narratives (e.g., the trans-Saharan slave trade, imported enslaved Sub-Saharan West Africans, darker skinned Magrebian freedmen) of the present-day European Africanist paradigm.
2904:
947:
In African and Berber literary studies, scholarship has remained largely separate from one another. The conceptual separation of Africa in these studies may be due to how
740:). The European Africanist paradigm uses this as the primary reference point for its construction of origins narratives for darker skinned North Africans (e.g., imported
2610:
2606:
1462:
1444:
1365:
423:
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2742:
1348:
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633:. "Haratin" is considered to be an offensive term by the darker skinned Maghrebians it is intended to identify; for example, people in the southern region (e.g.,
924:
has been conceptually compartmentalized into meaning "Black Africa", "Africa South of the Sahara", and "sub-Saharan Africa." North Africa has been conceptually "
676:
serves as the precursor to later narratives that grouped darker skinned Maghrebians together and identified their origins as being Sub-Saharan West Africa. With
2579:
Gershenhorn, Jerry. "'Not an Academic Affair': African American Scholars and the Development of African Studies Programs in the United States, 1942–1960."
1255:
2616:
1343:
1094:
60:, especially the continent's cultures and societies (as opposed to its geology, geography, zoology, etc.). The field includes the study of Africa's
868:
stereotyped hypersexuality for Moors are what 19th century European abolitionists and the present-day European Africanist paradigm have in common.
366:
curriculums, conceptual tools and theoretical foundations of social research) were subsequently revised to conform to the vision and principles of
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1332:
1209:
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configuration of African studies. With some degree of interaction (e.g., collaboration, debate) with their African counterparts, by 1963, the
596:
As a result of these racialized constructions and the conceptual separation of Africa, darker skinned North Africans, such as the so-called
376:
became increasingly interconnected with African studies, as it had undergone growth as a discipline and was enriched by other fields (e.g.,
577:
is also considered to be a part of the same racialized construction as Sub-Saharan Africa. North Africa serves as a racialized region of "
334:
scholars. African scholars played a valuable role, via their research and direct cultural connections to/in Africa, in the development of
2754:
422:. The increasing interest in the study of Africa has contributed to the growth of African Studies Associations, including ASAUK and the
2890:
2203:
1457:
1088:
2869:
2667:
570:
1693:, undergraduate major and minor in Afroamerican and African Studies. Also, a certificate in African Studies for graduate students.
1260:
Center for African and Development Studies (CEsA, ISEG-ULisboa), Instituto Superior de Economia e GestĂŁo da Universidade de Lisboa
813:
harems. The simulated narrative is also based on the major assumption that the indigenous peoples of the Maghreb were once purely
2833:
1729:
1660:
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with black concubines (existing within a geographic racial binary of pale-skinned Moors residing further north, closer to the
2698:
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389:
165:
129:
1687:, undergraduate major and minor in African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian Languages and Literatures, with a regional focus
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in narratives that analogically explain the origins of darker skinned North Africans in North Africa and the Islamic world.
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being questionable, European colonialists and European Africanists have used the term Haratin as identifiers for groups of "
1678:
1523:
1176:
1169:
1147:
1126:
393:
208:, to begin to contest colonial ideas and standards (e.g., requirements of documentary evidence like what was used for the
2431:
530:. African and African-American scholars also bear some responsibility in perpetuating this European Africanist preserved
3336:
2640:
1595:
1467:
1229:
609:
493:. After roughly 40 years, Africanization of the curriculums (e.g., theory, method, evidence) in Africa remains ongoing.
109:
2144:
1574:
1432:
1426:
1213:
844:
has also been adapted to fit the simulated narrative of a comparable number of enslaved Africans being transported by
550:
46:
928:" and separated from sub-Saharan Africa. While its historic development has occurred within a longer time frame, the
1487:, Institute of African Studies - Combined Honours Undergraduate Degrees and Collaborative Masters in African Studies
2750:
1139:
1083:
770:
401:
analysis of African policy economy and society, the international institutions informed by these analyzes, and the
2586:
Gershenhorn, Jerry. "St. Clair Drake, Pan-Africanism, African Studies, and the Politics of Knowledge, 1945-1965."
2126:
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1401:
1285:
757:
225:
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foundations for much of the knowledge about Africa in modern academic fields, including African studies, are the
31:
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3392:
3020:
2773:
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1102:
149:
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506:
The current major problem in African studies that Mohamed (2010/2012) identified is the inherited religious,
3270:
3195:
1635:
1420:
1407:
1371:
1321:
1293:
1279:
77:
168:, many colonial staff in Europe and Africa became the staff of the emergent African Studies organizations.
3185:
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960:
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1183:
402:
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Africanists may even serve as policy consultants to the European countries providing the funding (e.g.,
339:
327:
968:
in North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. As the study of North Africa has largely been initiated by the
581:
Africa", which is conceptually disconnected from Sub-Saharan Africa, and conceptually connected to the
446:
in the higher education system of the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the exclusivity and predominance of
34:. For the multidisciplinary study of the peoples of African origin in Africa and across the world, see
1669:, undergraduate minor and major in African Studies, Masters in African Studies, PhD in African Studies
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241:
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748:). With darker skinned North Africans or darker skinned Africans in the Islamic world treated as an
465:(CODESRIA) contributes considerable funding to African studies research to various countries (e.g.,
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in the present-day European Africanist paradigm, which conceptually alienates, dehistoricizes, and
426:(AEGIS), as well as increased research focus on Africa by African studies organizations in Africa.
373:
343:
288:, and was undertaken and driven by Africans; the African intellectuals that drove this nationalist
265:
261:
245:
141:
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3371:
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3000:
2990:
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2000:
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796:. Another part of this simulated narrative is an Orientalist construction of hypersexualized
3351:
3331:
3300:
3240:
3205:
3180:
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3110:
3100:
3080:
3050:
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1900:
1802:
1562:
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1202:
1108:
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35:
1889:"The future of African Studies: what we can do to keep Africa at the heart of our research"
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in highlighting the patterns of domination and inequality between Europeans and Africans.
272:(ASAUK) was founded, and by 1964, its first yearly conference was organized and attended.
193:
173:
101:
2671:
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reality in North Africa. While the origin of the term "Haratin" remains speculative, the
319:
methods contributed to the increasing realization that European imperialistic ideas and
3341:
3305:
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3275:
3265:
3260:
3225:
3215:
3160:
3150:
3090:
3015:
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685:
527:
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316:
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205:
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1651:, African Studies Minor - Interdisciplinary undergraduate minor field of concentration
3386:
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3295:
3135:
3030:
2980:
2948:
2705:. USA: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University Library. Archived from
2497:
2204:
Abbink, J.: African studies in the Netherlands: a brief survey, SCOLMA 87, 3-10, 2001
2078:
2004:
1912:
1814:
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caravans, from the south of Saharan Africa, into North Africa and the Islamic world.
829:
825:
721:
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542:
519:
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Field of academic study of Africa, especially the continent's cultures and societies
3326:
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1008:
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989:
909:
885:
814:
654:
622:
558:
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293:
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125:
2803:. USA: Northwestern University, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies.
2706:
1904:
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2070:
1996:
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Department of African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian Languages and Literatures
1032:
1028:
1004:
956:
925:
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by Europeans developed with North Africa being conceptually subsumed within the
793:
785:
745:
697:
693:
646:
582:
511:
507:
454:
354:
276:
229:
145:
30:
This article is about the study of the African continent. For the journal, see
3070:
3060:
2933:
2686:
1806:
969:
952:
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893:
801:
666:
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497:
Historiographic and conceptual problems of North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa
377:
285:
237:
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137:
2721:
3356:
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3285:
3120:
3045:
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929:
856:
837:
725:
718:
650:
347:
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collaborating with ASAUK to keep it viable, various African scholars (e.g.,
197:
112:). A specialist in African studies is often referred to as an "Africanist".
2537:
2148:
1756:
Citizen and Subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism
17:
2808:
2414:"Bachelor Area Studies Asia/Africa—Institute of Asian and African Studies"
1681:, undergraduate minor and major in African Studies, Dual Title PhD program
549:, European Africanists conceptually separated continental Africa into two
216:
being dismissed. The inherent dynamics of Africa and the value and use of
3255:
3125:
3105:
3035:
2349:
1278:
Department of African Studies, Institute of Asian and African Countries,
1254:
Centre for International Studies (formerly, Centre for African Studies),
1118:
840:
narrative involving the suffering of enslaved European Christians of the
821:
761:
753:
749:
737:
634:
613:
531:
490:
249:
153:
2859:
2758:
629:
terms utilized as identifiers for darker skinned Maghrebians before the
303:
and colonialism that were still present during the middle of the 1970s,
2617:
AFRICAN STUDY: African Language Publishing For Children In South Africa
2374:"Home - The African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific"
1089:
School of Asian and African Studies, Beijing Foreign Studies University
1000:
978:
948:
917:
817:
805:
733:
709:
662:
642:
601:
597:
478:
474:
320:
300:
2055:"Africanists and Africans of the Maghrib II: casualties of secularity"
996:
Africa (North Africans, e.g., Berbers and Arabs), has also developed.
760:
and their presence in these regions are treated as that of an African
458:
narrative in African studies about Africa remains an ongoing problem.
1303:
1036:
981:
921:
900:
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region, and dark-skinned Moors residing further south, closer to the
809:
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617:
605:
578:
562:
538:
431:
419:
312:
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communities while partaking in the international academic community.
57:
2781:
2215:
1526:, Bachelor in Area Studies Asia/Africa and Master in African Studies
264:
approaches to the study of Africa resulted in the development of an
2240:
2185:
2475:
1441:
African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific (ASAAP)
1268:
864:
860:
797:
789:
729:
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region of "Africa proper", "Africa noire," or "Black Africa." The
546:
470:
466:
415:
40:
2538:"MPhil in African Studies Overview â€" Centre of African Studies"
2518:
2289:
514:
paradigm that European Africanists have preserved in present-day
2863:
1981:"Africanists and Africans of the Maghrib: casualties of Analogy"
1386:
708:
As opposed to having been developed through field research, the
677:
638:
586:
463:
Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa
435:
200:
of African independence made way for European scholars, such as
176:
was viewed by many Africans as a distinct option apart from the
2886:
2878:
Open Access Guide for researchers based in Africa (ilissAfrica)
2265:
2167:"Master African Studies—Institute of Asian and African Studies"
1571:, Centre for African Studies - Master's and PhD African Studies
904:
are historic and cultural connections as well as trade between
2670:. New York, USA: Columbia University Libraries. Archived from
1712:
for a categorised list of publications in the field since 1984
1598:- MA African Studies and MPhil Research Master African Studies
2127:"Beyond 'two Africas' in African and Berber literary studies"
1605:
University of Lagos, Masters in African and Diaspora Studies
2636:
2373:
2301:
279:, once the African higher education system began to undergo
2350:"African Studies Association of Africa - ASAA - About ASAA"
2202:
For the history of African studies in the Netherlands, see
1657:, Africana Studies minor, undergraduate area studies degree
418:, to the United Kingdom seeking to reposition itself after
1201:
Department of African Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences
405:
employed to induce neo-liberal market reforms in Africa).
220:
as a form of evidence was underscored by African scholar,
2216:"CEI-IUL – Centro de Estudos Internacionais do ISCTE-IUL"
1663:, Masters in African Studies, African Studies Certificate
392:
in African studies during the 1990s). With the factor of
299:
With an increasing realization of the lasting impacts of
2394:
1060:
Austria: Institut fĂĽr Afrikawissenschaften (est. 2007),
936:
conceptual separation of Africa came as a result of the
880:
Merolla (2017) has indicated that the academic study of
330:, there was increased collaboration between African and
2815:. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, Bodleian Libraries.
1625:, Center for African Studies Basel - MA African Studies
2494:"Centre for African Studies Basel: MA African Studies"
2319:
1638:, Centre of African Studies - MPhil in African Studies
608:
Africa, have become analogically alienated from their
2601:
African e-Journals Project, Michigan State University
932:
development (e.g., form, content) of the present-day
2780:. USA: New York University Libraries. Archived from
2320:"Supporting exploration, education and preservation"
2290:
Centro de Estudos Africanos da Universidade do Porto
3314:
2921:
1191:Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah Institute of African Studies,
361:that had spread earlier began to contract, even as
2873:. Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala. 3rd ed., 2014
1463:Internet library sub-saharan Africa (ilissAfrica)
1445:African Studies Association of the United Kingdom
1366:African Studies Center, Michigan State University
776:The trans-Saharan slave trade has been used as a
645:consider it to be an offensive term. Despite its
424:Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies
270:African Studies Association of the United Kingdom
228:was developed by various African scholars (e.g.,
2743:London School of Economics and Political Science
1754:Mamdani, M. (1996), Chapter 1 from Mamdani, M.,
1349:University of Florida Center for African Studies
1292:South Africa: Centre for African Studies (CAS),
1107:Egypt: Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies,
2693:. Washington DC: Georgetown University Library.
756:, another part of the textual tradition is the
1552:, Bachelor, Masters and PhD in African Studies
1550:UniversitĂ degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"
1003:have invoked North African identity to oppose
2898:
2266:"ISEG - School of Economics & Management"
2186:"The Institute for Asian and African Studies"
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
8:
2326:. African Heritage Studies Association. 2022
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1612:, Nigeria Masters and PhD in African Studies
1438:African Studies Association of Africa (ASAA)
1011:identities, and sub-Saharan Africans (e.g.,
2554:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1784:
1500:, Institute of African Research and Studies
1381:Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey
1243:Institute of African and Diaspora Studies,
2905:
2891:
2883:
2568:ASA Distinguished Africanist Award Winners
2432:"African Studies (MA) - Leiden University"
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
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1956:
1954:
1952:
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1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
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2090:
2088:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1737:for a list of articles relating to Africa
1344:African Studies Center, Boston University
1175:Institute for Asian and African Studies,
1095:Shanghai International Studies University
2131:Scholarly Publications Leiden University
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
2871:Studying Africa. A guide to the sources
2687:"African Studies & African History"
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1747:
502:Historiographic and conceptual problems
2547:
2160:
2158:
1791:"African scholars and African Studies"
1579:Indian School of International Studies
1333:School of Oriental and African Studies
1256:ISCTE – University Institute of Lisbon
1210:Indian School of International Studies
1152:University of Pau and the Adour Region
1113:Ethiopia: Center for African Studies,
1072:Canada: Institute of African Studies,
792:has also been characterized as having
674:Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire
565:geographic construction, serves as an
1093:School of Asian and African Studies,
972:and Francophone world, denial of the
625:, or sudan/sudani (black/brown) were
7:
2827:. USA: Princeton University Library.
2728:. USA: University of Iowa Libraries.
2609:(Excerpt of the website database of
2588:Journal of African American History,
2581:Journal of African American History,
2450:"Research Master in African Studies"
2302:"Centre for African Studies (LUCAS)"
2059:The Journal of North African Studies
1985:The Journal of North African Studies
1539:, Masters and PhD in African Studies
1427:African Heritage Studies Association
1298:Sweden: Center for African Studies,
1135:Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University
1101:Denmark: Centre of African Studies,
2755:Michigan State University Libraries
2145:"Institut fĂĽr Afrikawissenschaften"
1893:Journal of African Cultural Studies
1789:Olukoshi, Adebayo (November 2006).
680:serving as a motivation behind the
2653:Library Guides for African Studies
2476:"Home - Zentrum fĂĽr Afrikastudien"
2147:. 27 February 2013. Archived from
1581:- Master's and PhD African Studies
1458:Bamum Scripts and Archives Project
1396:National and transnational centers
984:existing as a diametric binary to
25:
2699:"African Studies Internet Portal"
2668:"African Studies Research Guides"
2607:African Studies Centres worldwide
1353:Department of African Studies at
311:. African scholars added to this
158:international development agendas
2703:University of Illinois LibGuides
2536:jw571@cam.ac.uk (23 July 2013).
2133:. African Studies Centre Leiden.
2053:Mohamed, Mohamed Hassan (2012).
1979:Mohamed, Mohamed Hassan (2010).
1730:List of African studies journals
1661:Florida International University
537:Following conceptualizations of
309:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
1284:Department of African Studies,
1168:Department of African Studies,
600:, who have long resided in the
2660:"Help for Researchers: Africa"
2645:Africana social science titles
1370:Program of African Studies at
1312:Centre of West African Studies
1263:African Studies Centre of the
1237:Institute of African Studies,
1230:African Studies Centre, Leiden
1182:Institute of African Studies,
1161:Institute of African Studies,
1082:Institute of African Studies,
394:non-governmental organizations
307:theorized about and authored,
130:European exploration of Africa
1:
2691:Research & Subject Guides
2454:African Studies Centre Leiden
1905:10.1080/13696815.2019.1584552
1148:Bordeaux Montaigne University
1127:Institut des mondes africains
920:learning in Niger and Mali).
604:, and do not reside south of
184:, and African leaders (e.g.,
2866:, University of Cambridge UK
2751:"Africana (African Studies)"
2641:Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden
2071:10.1080/13629387.2011.635450
1997:10.1080/13629387.2010.486573
1675:, Masters in African Studies
1513:, Center for African Studies
1468:Timbuktu Manuscripts Project
1326:Centre for African Studies,
1219:Centre for African Studies,
1208:Centre for African Studies;
1027:) have invoked and utilized
2821:"African Studies Resources"
2519:"Centre of African Studies"
2376:. Afsaap.org.au. 2020-03-01
1575:Jawaharlal Nehru University
1433:African Studies Association
1359:African Studies Program at
1335:, SOAS University of London
1320:Centre of African Studies,
1214:Jawaharlal Nehru University
992:(sub-Saharan Africans) and
951:policies of studies in the
561:. Sub-Saharan Africa, as a
3414:
2590:98 (Summer 2013), 422–433.
1140:Les Afriques dans le monde
1084:Zhejiang Normal University
1046:
959:world are affected by the
863:as being greater than the
771:trans-Atlantic slave trade
732:labor, Negro cultivators,
442:as well as continue to be
29:
2864:Centre of African Studies
2436:www.universiteitleiden.nl
1807:10.1080/09614520600958116
1511:University of Addis Ababa
1402:Africa Research Institute
1286:St. Petersburg University
758:trans-Saharan slave trade
226:General History of Africa
32:African Studies (journal)
2753:. Research Guides. USA:
2635:Davis Bullwinkle (ed.).
2583:94 (Winter 2009), 44–68.
1720:Ethiopian historiography
1655:Brigham Young University
1643:United States of America
1385:African Studies Center,
1316:University of Birmingham
1131:Aix-Marseille University
1103:University of Copenhagen
1054:University-based centers
150:decolonization of Africa
140:as well as the colonial
2860:African Studies Library
2270:cesa.rc.iseg.ulisboa.pt
2245:cesa.rc.iseg.ulisboa.pt
1795:Development in Practice
1636:University of Cambridge
1408:Nordic Africa Institute
1372:Northwestern University
1322:University of Cambridge
1294:University of Cape Town
1280:Moscow State University
784:have been equated with
212:) that resulted in the
47:orthographic projection
2832:University Libraries.
1691:University of Michigan
1596:African Studies Centre
1163:University of Bayreuth
1144:University of Bordeaux
1115:Addis Ababa University
961:international politics
50:
2542:www.african.cam.ac.uk
2523:www.african.cam.ac.uk
2418:www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de
2190:www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de
2171:www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de
1679:Penn State University
1429:(AHSA, North America)
1184:University of Leipzig
409:to the third wave of
340:Royal African Society
338:. In addition to the
328:Civil Rights movement
257:period of colonialism
110:traditional religions
44:
2151:on 27 February 2013.
1887:Nolte, Insa (2019).
1610:University of Ibadan
1569:University of Mumbai
1435:(ASA, North America)
1239:University of Ibadan
1221:University of Mumbai
1062:University of Vienna
403:conditional policies
242:Djibril Tamsir Niane
166:African independence
148:. With the start of
134:Atlantic slave trade
3337:Culture by location
2840:. New Jersey, USA:
2825:Princeton LibGuides
1725:List of africanists
1710:Africa Bibliography
1623:University of Basel
1537:University of Ghana
1524:Humboldt University
1485:Carleton University
1328:University of Leeds
1265:University of Porto
1245:University of Lagos
1223:Mumbai, Maharashtra
1193:University of Ghana
1177:Humboldt University
1170:Humboldt University
1074:Carleton University
1049:List of Africanists
1043:Notable Africanists
1031:identity to oppose
1017:Black Consciousness
942:Scramble for Africa
876:Conceptual problems
842:Barbary slave trade
374:Development studies
344:Reginald Cline-Cole
275:With the spread of
246:Bethwell Allan Ogot
142:Scramble for Africa
3372:Vernacular culture
3096:Germanic languages
2842:Rutgers University
2774:"Africana Studies"
2662:. British Library.
2622:2012-05-07 at the
2125:Merolla, Daniela.
1697:Indiana University
1685:Rutgers University
1361:Indiana University
1300:Dalarna University
1025:Black is Beautiful
966:French colonialism
882:sub-Saharan Africa
820:, who then became
661:" people found in
657:" and apparently "
555:sub-Saharan Africa
411:African literature
346:, Raufu Mustapha,
321:conceptualizations
51:
3380:
3379:
3362:Political culture
2834:"African Studies"
2809:"African Studies"
2735:"African Studies"
2722:"African Studies"
2306:lucas.leeds.ac.uk
1735:Outline of Africa
1716:Ethiopian studies
1667:Howard University
1592:Leiden University
1355:Howard University
938:Berlin Conference
836:). The religious
767:African-Americans
744:from Sub-Saharan
690:Ismail Ibn Sharif
571:compartmentalized
448:European-American
399:neopatrimonialist
317:Deconstructionist
266:interdisciplinary
214:history of Africa
210:history of Europe
136:by explorers and
16:(Redirected from
3405:
3352:Official culture
3332:Cultural studies
3021:Central European
2915:cultural studies
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2844:. Archived from
2828:
2816:
2813:Oxford LibGuides
2804:
2792:
2790:
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2767:
2766:
2757:. Archived from
2746:
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2496:. Archived from
2490:
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2483:
2482:. 27 March 2024.
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1976:
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1752:
1563:Delhi University
1498:Cairo University
1203:Delhi University
1109:Cairo University
1068:Ghent University
1021:African diaspora
808:. Concubines in
684:invasion of the
575:African diaspora
444:underrepresented
386:natural sciences
336:Africana studies
332:African American
292:drew from local
56:is the study of
36:Africana studies
21:
3413:
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3408:
3407:
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3271:Southeast Asian
3196:Native American
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2838:Research Guides
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2778:Research Guides
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2655:
2637:"AfricaBib.org"
2634:
2624:Wayback Machine
2597:
2576:
2574:Further reading
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1673:Ohio University
1476:
1474:Degree programs
1454:
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1398:
1393:
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1051:
1045:
974:Arabic language
878:
778:literary device
669:, and Morocco.
504:
499:
382:social sciences
224:. In 1964, the
218:African orature
194:Leopold Senghor
126:anthropological
122:
64:(pre-colonial,
54:African studies
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2648:(Bibliography)
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2595:External links
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686:Songhai Empire
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451:epistemologies
440:discrimination
390:Afro-pessimism
359:historiography
290:historiography
281:Africanization
206:Thomas Hodgkin
202:Basil Davidson
186:Nnamdi Azikiwe
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3322:Anthropology
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3166:Kremlinology
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254:
222:Kenneth Dike
170:
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146:imperialists
144:by European
138:missionaries
123:
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3041:Circumpolar
2986:Assyriology
2611:ilissAfrica
1617:Switzerland
1586:Netherlands
1205:, New Delhi
1033:colonialism
1009:Islamicized
957:Francophone
914:East Africa
906:West Africa
890:Middle East
794:plantations
786:slave ships
746:West Africa
698:manumission
694:Black Guard
647:historicity
610:indigeneity
583:Middle East
567:objectified
508:Orientalist
355:brain drain
301:enslavement
277:nationalism
230:Jacob Ajayi
45:Africa. An
18:Africanists
3387:Categories
3176:Macedonian
3156:Kartvelian
3071:Eskimology
3061:Egyptology
3056:East Asian
3001:Belarusian
2991:Australian
2934:Albanology
2852:2014-02-07
2797:"Africana"
2788:2013-05-26
2765:2017-06-12
2713:2013-05-26
2678:2013-06-08
2504:2014-06-17
2380:2022-04-14
2359:2023-01-07
2324:ahsa50.org
2184:luederst.
2165:kiesewea.
1899:(3): 3–8.
1742:References
1251:Portugal:
1019:) and the
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894:Arab world
857:neologisms
802:concubines
667:Mauritania
589:, and the
553:regions –
551:racialized
524:Anglophone
516:secularist
461:While the
378:humanities
363:neoliberal
255:After the
238:Ali Mazrui
234:Adu Boahen
198:dialectics
124:The early
74:demography
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3347:Ethnology
3291:Ukrainian
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3191:Mongolian
3121:Hispanism
3116:Hungarian
3076:Ethiopian
3046:Coptology
2976:Aromanian
2913:Regional
2801:LibGuides
2733:Library.
2726:LibGuides
2354:as-aa.org
2337:diaspora.
2330:9 January
2079:144763718
2005:145782335
1913:150547666
1815:154032909
1410:, Uppsala
1234:Nigeria:
1216:New Delhi
1186:, Germany
1179:, Germany
1172:, Germany
1165:, Germany
1158:Germany:
1066:Belgium:
1013:Negritude
930:epistemic
838:polemical
726:dark skin
719:Christian
651:etymology
348:Ola Uduku
294:epistemic
286:phenomena
94:languages
3301:Yugoslav
3256:Sinology
3241:Scottish
3206:Oriental
3181:Mandaean
3146:Japanese
3126:Indology
3111:Hellenic
3101:Hawaiian
3081:European
3051:Croatian
3011:Canadian
2971:Armenian
2939:American
2629:problem.
2620:Archived
2550:cite web
2412:chayes.
1704:See also
1505:Ethiopia
1452:Projects
1423:(Europe)
1404:, London
1275:Russia:
1129:(IMAF),
1123:France:
1119:Ethiopia
1076:, Ottawa
1005:Arabized
940:and the
855:hostile
824:through
782:Caravans
769:and the
762:diaspora
754:alterity
750:allegory
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736:slaves,
635:Wad Noun
614:historic
579:European
532:paradigm
526:African
512:colonial
491:diaspora
250:Ki-Zerbo
154:Cold War
132:and the
98:religion
86:politics
66:colonial
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3251:Serbian
3246:Semitic
3231:Russian
3221:Romance
3211:Pacific
3141:Italian
3131:Iranian
3106:Hebraic
3066:English
3036:Chinese
3026:Chicano
2966:Aramaic
2929:African
2460:Aug 13,
2395:"ASAUK"
2275:Aug 13,
2250:Aug 13,
2225:Aug 13,
1603:Nigeria
1518:Germany
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1198:India:
1142:(LAM),
1079:China:
1023:(e.g.,
1001:Berbers
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949:editing
918:Islamic
818:Berbers
806:eunuchs
734:Negroid
728:(e.g.,
710:analogy
692:as the
682:Saadian
663:Algeria
643:Morocco
606:Saharan
602:Maghreb
598:Haratin
479:Senegal
475:Nigeria
120:History
90:economy
82:culture
62:history
49:, 2009.
3306:Zhuang
3281:Taiwan
3276:Syriac
3266:Somali
3261:Slavic
3226:Romani
3216:Polish
3161:Korean
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2996:Balkan
2954:Latino
2741:. UK:
2241:"CESA"
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1037:racism
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912:, and
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810:harems
804:, and
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438:, and
432:racism
420:Brexit
160:, and
152:, the
116:lens.
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3136:Irish
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2981:Asian
2949:Black
2922:Local
2075:S2CID
2001:S2CID
1909:S2CID
1811:S2CID
1557:India
1544:Italy
1531:Ghana
1492:Egypt
1421:AEGIS
1269:Porto
1029:black
994:White
865:Quran
861:Bible
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798:Moors
790:Egypt
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659:mixed
655:black
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547:Hegel
471:Kenya
467:Ghana
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2556:link
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2252:2022
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