Algaculture - Knowledge

1106: 186: 1324: 1307: 2129: 5644: 1528: 741: 1063:. Cultivators dilute either a wild sample or a lab sample containing the desired algae with filtered water and introduce small aliquots (measures of this solution) into a large number of small growing containers. Dilution follows a microscopic examination of the source culture that predicts that a few of the growing containers contain a single cell of the desired species. Following a suitable period on a light table, cultivators again use the microscope to identify containers to start larger cultures. 1745:

of glass or plastic and can be arranged in various configurations to optimize light exposure. Flat panel PBRs are generally used for low-to-medium density cultivation and are well-suited for species that require lower light intensity and maximum surface area for optimum light exposure. The temperature control in Flat panel PBR system is carried out by cooling down the culture in reservoir chamber using chilled water jacket as well as by sprinkling cold water on the flat panel surface.

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to circulate water in a continuous loop or raceway, allowing algae to grow in a controlled environment. Open system is a low-cost method of algae cultivation, and it is relatively easy to construct and maintain. The pond is typically lined with a synthetic material, such as polyethylene (HDPE) or polyvinyl chloride, to prevent the loss of water and nutrients. The pond is also equipped with paddlewheels or other types of mechanical devices to provide mixing and aeration.

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either continuously or intermittently circulated to promote mixing and prevent stagnation. Tubular PBRs are generally used for high-density cultivation and are well-suited for species that require high light intensity. The temperature control in tubular PBR is a difficult task which is generally achieved by external sprinkling of deionized water which allow cooling of the tubes and subsequently reduces the temperature of culture circulating inside the tubes.

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several steps. First, a suitable site in the ocean is identified, based on factors such as water depth, temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability. Once a site is chosen, ropes or rafts are anchored in the water, and the seed pieces of seaweed are attached to them using specialized equipment. The seaweed is then left to grow for several months, during which it absorbs nutrients from the water and sunlight through photosynthesis.

1649:, and bio-stimulants. Seaweed extracts act as bio-stimulants, reducing biotic stress and increasing crop production. Additionally, it presents opportunities for creating animal and human nutrition products that can improve immunity and productivity. Open ocean seaweed cultivation is an eco-friendly technology that doesn't require land, fresh water, or chemicals. It also helps mitigate the effects of climate change by sequestering CO 6265: 948: 1789:

bags that serves kind of flat PBR system, etc. Many plastic bag-based designs are proposed but few are utilized on commercial scale due to their productivities. Operation of plastic bags is tedious as they need to be replaced after every use to maintain the sterility, which is a laborious task for large scale facility.

1280:(K) serve as fertilizer for algae, and are generally necessary for growth. Silica and iron, as well as several trace elements, may also be considered important marine nutrients as the lack of one can limit the growth of, or productivity in, a given area. Carbon dioxide is also essential; usually an input of CO 1753:

Tubular PBRs consist of long, transparent tubes that are either vertically or horizontally oriented. Algae are grown inside the tubes, which are typically made of glass or plastic. The tubes are arranged in a helical or serpentine pattern to increase surface area for light exposure. The tubing can be

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High-Rate Algal Ponds (HRAPs) are a type of open algae cultivation system that has gained popularity in recent years due to their efficiency and low cost of operation. HRAPs are shallow ponds, typically between 0.1 to 0.4 meters deep, that are used for the cultivation of algae. The ponds are equipped

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In a typical algal-cultivation system, such as an open pond, light only penetrates the top 3 to 4 inches (76–102 mm) of the water, though this depends on the algae density. As the algae grow and multiply, the culture becomes so dense that it blocks light from reaching deeper into the water.

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Large-scale seaweed farming could sequester significant amounts of carbon. Wild seaweed will sequester large amount of carbon through dissolved particles of organic matter being transported to deep ocean seafloors where it will become buried and remain for long periods of time. With respect to carbon

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are often used in the extraction of the oils. The downside to using solvents for oil extraction are the dangers involved in working with the chemicals. Care must be taken to avoid exposure to vapors and skin contact, either of which can cause serious health damage. Chemical solvents also present an

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and lakes are open to the elements. They are one of the most common and economic methods of large-scale algae cultivation, and offer several advantages over other cultivation methods. An open raceway pond is a shallow, rectangular-shaped pond used for the cultivation of algae. Because it is designed

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in V-shaped plastic bags was found to be higher than any other shaped plastic bags. Different designs of plastic bags based PBR is developed from sealing the plastic bags at different places that generated, flat bottom hanging plastic bags, V-shaped hanging plastic bags, horizontally laying plastic

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Flat panel PBRs consist of a series of flat, transparent panels that are stacked on top of each other, creating a thin layer of liquid between them. Algae are grown in this thin layer of liquid, which is continuously circulated to promote mixing and prevent stagnation. The panels are typically made

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Enclosing a pond with a transparent or translucent barrier effectively turns it into a greenhouse. This solves many of the problems associated with an open system. It allows more species to be grown, it allows the species that are being grown to stay dominant, and it extends the growing season – if

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the amount of light they receive from direct sunlight; however, exposing an algae culture to direct sunlight (rather than shading it) is often the best course for strong growth, as the algae underneath the surface is able to utilize more of the less intense light created from the shade of the algae

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grow in shallow and coastal areas, and capture significant amounts of carbon that can be transported to the deep ocean by oceanic mechanisms; seaweed reaching the deep ocean sequester carbon and prevent it from exchanging with the atmosphere over millennia. Growing seaweed offshore with the purpose

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Open sea cultivation method involves the use of rafts or ropes anchored in the ocean, where the seaweed grows attached to them. This method is widely used for commercial seaweed farming, as it allows for large-scale production and harvesting. The process of open sea cultivation of seaweed involves

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is a type of aquatic ecosystem that is characterized by a shallow body of water that is separated from the open ocean by natural barriers such as sandbars, barrier islands, or coral reefs. The Australian company Cognis Australia is a well-known company that specializes in producing β-carotene from

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V-shaped plastic bags are commonly used in closed systems of algae cultivation for several reasons. These bags are made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and are designed to hold algae cultures in a closed environment, providing an ideal environment for algae growth. V-shaped plastic bags are

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grow in extremely salty water; these unusual media exclude other types of organisms, allowing the growth of pure cultures in open ponds. Open culture can also work if there is a system of harvesting only the desired algae, or if the ponds are frequently re-inoculated before invasive organisms can

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An open system of algae cultivation involves the growth of algae in shallow water streams which could originate from a natural system or artificially prepared. In this system, algae can be cultivated in natural water bodies like lakes, rivers, and in oceans, as well as artificial ponds made up of

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Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Camus, Carolina; Infante, Javier; Neori, Amir; Israel, Álvaro; Hernández-González, María C.; Pereda, Sandra V.; Gomez-Pinchetti, Juan Luis; Golberg, Alexander; Tadmor-Shalev, Niva; Critchley, Alan T. (2 October 2017). "Seaweed production: overview of the global state of

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Biofilm PBRs include packed bed and porous substrate PBRs. Packed bed PBRs can be different shapes, including flat plate or tubular. In Porous Substrate Bioreactors (PSBRs), the biofilm is exposed directly to the air and receives its water and nutrients by capillary action through the substrate

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mode", which involves restocking the reactor after each harvest, but it is also possible to grow and harvest continuously. Continuous operation requires precise control of all elements to prevent immediate collapse. The grower provides sterilized water, nutrients, air, and carbon dioxide at the

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Several species of algae are raised for food. While algae have qualities of a sustainable food source, "producing highly digestible proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and are rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals" and e.g. having a high protein productivity per acre, there are

84:, also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and the specific requirements of the environment in which they need to grow, they do not lend themselves as readily to cultivation (this may change, however, with the advent of newer seaweed cultivators, which are basically 1546:

Open ponds are highly vulnerable to contamination by other microorganisms, such as other algal species or bacteria. Thus cultivators usually choose closed systems for monocultures. Open systems also do not offer control over temperature and lighting. The growing season is largely dependent on

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Open pond systems are cheaper to construct, at the minimum requiring only a trench or pond. Large ponds have the largest production capacities relative to other systems of comparable cost. Also, open pond cultivation can exploit unusual conditions that suit only specific algae. For instance,

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in Montana, United States used newly-developed Algae Aquaculture Technology within a system that uses sunlight and woody debris waste from a lumber mill for providing nutrients to eight algae ponds of the AACT that cover its floor. Identified challenges of algae façades include durability of

1256:. They give a musty or earthy odor that can be quite strong. Eventual death of the cyanobacteria releases additional gas that is trapped in the cells. These chemicals are detectable at very low levels – in the parts per billion range – and are responsible for many "taste and odor" issues in 1913:

of algae warrant different methods of oil pressing, including the use of screw, expeller and piston. Many commercial manufacturers of vegetable oil use a combination of mechanical pressing and chemical solvents in extracting oil. This use is often also adopted for algal oil extraction.

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With mixed cultures, one species comes to dominate over time and if a non-dominant species is believed to have particular value, it is necessary to obtain pure cultures in order to cultivate this species. Individual species cultures are also much needed for research purposes.

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farming, the potential growth of seaweed for carbon farming would see the harvested seaweed transported to the deep ocean for long-term burial. Seaweed farming occurs mostly in the Asian Pacific coastal areas where it has been a rapidly increasing market. The IPCC

1736:. Biofilm-based PBRs have the advantage that they can produce far higher yields for a given water volume, but they can suffer from problems with cells separating from the substrate due to the water flow required to transport gases and nutrients to the culture. 145:

Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just over 30 million tonnes in 2016. Cultured microalgae already contribute to a wide range of sectors in the emerging

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itself. This avoids problems with cells becoming suspended because there is no water flow across the biofilm surface. The culture could become contaminated by airborne organisms, but defending against other organisms is one of the functions of a biofilm.

1129:, minerals and light are all important factors in cultivation, and different algae have different requirements. The basic reaction for algae growth in water is carbon dioxide + light energy + water = glucose + oxygen + water. This is called 1888:

Algae oils have a variety of commercial and industrial uses, and are extracted through a variety of methods. Estimates of the cost to extract oil from microalgae vary, but are likely to be around three times higher than that of extracting

1729:" algae. Algal culture is the culturing of algae in ponds or other resources. Maximum productivity occurs when the "exchange rate" (time to exchange one volume of liquid) is equal to the "doubling time" (in mass or volume) of the algae. 2687:

Arterburn, Linda M.; Oken, Harry A.; Bailey Hall, Eileen; Hamersley, Jacqueline; Kuratko, Connye N.; Hoffman, James P. (1 July 2008). "Algal-Oil Capsules and Cooked Salmon: Nutritionally Equivalent Sources of Docosahexaenoic Acid".

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cultivation is a method of cultivating seaweed in the open ocean, as well as on a costal line in shallow water. Seaweed farming industry serves commercial needs for various products such as food, feed, pharma chemicals, cosmetics,

1488:(FAO) reported that world production in 2019 was over 35 million tonnes. North America produced some 23,000 tonnes of wet seaweed. Alaska, Maine, France, and Norway each more than doubled their seaweed production since 2018 3371:

Talaei, Maryam; Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad; Azari, Rahman; Haghighi, Hadi Motevali; Atashdast, Ali (1 August 2022). "Thermal and energy performance of a user-responsive microalgae bioreactive façade for climate adaptability".

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Huang C; Chen, MW; Hsieh, JL; Lin, WH; Chen, PC; Chien, LF (2006). "Expression of mercuric reductase from Bacillus megaterium MB1 in eukaryotic microalga Chlorella sp. DT: an approach for mercury phytoremediation".

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concrete, plastic, pond liners or variety of materials. The open system of algae cultivation is simple and cost-effective, making it an attractive option for commercial production of algae-based products.

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with a paddlewheel or other type of mechanical agitation system that provides mixing and aeration, which promotes algae growth. HRAP system is also recommended in wastewater treatment using algae.

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Lane, Katie; Derbyshire, Emma; Li, Weili; Brennan, Charles (January 2014). "Bioavailability and Potential Uses of Vegetarian Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Review of the Literature".

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of sinking the seaweed in the depths of the sea to sequester carbon has been suggested. In addition, seaweed grows very fast and can theoretically be harvested and processed to generate

5493: 7356: 835:, the carbon in algae is released into the atmosphere more rapidly than carbon captured on land. Algae have been proposed as a short-term storage pool of carbon that can be used as a 3553: 4787:

Sierra, E.; Acién, F.G.; Fernández, J.M.; García, J.L.; González, C.; Molina, E. (2008-05). "Characterization of a flat plate photobioreactor for the production of microalgae".

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per year from the atmosphere and sustainably produce 200 kg per year of fish, per person, for 10 billion people.Ideal species for such farming and conversion include

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Vanegasa, C. H.; Bartletta, J. (February 11, 2013). "Green energy from marine algae: biogas production and composition from the anaerobic digestion of Irish seaweed species".

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the result. After one or two days in a greenhouse or outdoors, the resulting thin soup of mixed algae is ready for the larvae. An advantage of this method is low maintenance.

772:. One study suggested that if seaweed farms covered 9% of the ocean they could produce enough biomethane to supply Earth's equivalent demand for fossil fuel energy, remove 53 2031:

Other methods are still being developed, including ones to extract specific types of oils, such as those with a high production of long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids.

339:) is a blue-green microalgae with a long history as a food source in East Africa and pre-colonial Mexico. Spirulina is high in protein and other nutrients, finding use as a 2731:

Ryan, Lisa; Symington, Amy M. (1 December 2015). "Algal-oil supplements are a viable alternative to fish-oil supplements in terms of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA)".

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Diaz, Crisandra J.; Douglas, Kai J.; Kang, Kalisa; Kolarik, Ashlynn L.; Malinovski, Rodeon; Torres-Tiji, Yasin; Molino, João V.; Badary, Amr; Mayfield, Stephen P. (2023).

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Peteiro, César; Sánchez, Noemí; Dueñas-Liaño, Clara; Martínez, Brezo (2013-08-07). "Open-sea cultivation by transplanting young fronds of the kelp Saccharina latissima".

6050: 2167:"The laboratory environmental algae pond simulator (LEAPS) photobioreactor: Validation using outdoor pond cultures of Chlorella sorokiniana and Nannochloropsis salina" 2039:

Specific algal strains can be acquired from algal culture collections, with over 500 culture collections registered with the World Federation for Culture Collections.

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is liquefied under pressure and heated to the point that it becomes supercritical (having properties of both a liquid and a gas), allowing it to act as a solvent.

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and for malnutrition. Spirulina thrives in open systems and commercial growers have found it well-suited to cultivation. One of the largest production sites is

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Siva Kiran, RR; Madhu, GM; Satyanarayana, SV; Kalpana, P; Bindiya, P; Subba Rangaiah, G (2015). "Equilibrium and kinetic studies of lead biosorption by three

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fixation (net global primary production of ~50 Pg C per year) and half of the oxygen production despite amounting to only ~1% of global plant biomass.

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Chen, Yu Pei; Huang, Yao Hsin; Huang, Hsiang Chin (2021-03-01). "Different plastic-bag type photobioreactor for biomass production of Chlorella species".

5454: 4285: 2579: 386:, which is used as a stiffening agent in instant puddings, sauces, and dairy products such as ice cream. Irish moss is also used by beer brewers as a 4993:

Bosma, Rouke; Van Spronsen, Wim A; Tramper, Johannes; Wijffels, René H (March 2003). "Ultrasound, a new separation technique to harvest microalgae".

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Huang, Qingshan; Jiang, Fuhua; Wang, Lianzhou; Yang, Chao (2017-06). "Design of Photobioreactors for Mass Cultivation of Photosynthetic Organisms".

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Klein, Bruno; Davis, Ryan (2022-04-05). "Algal Biomass Production via Open Pond Algae Farm Cultivation: 2021 State of Technology and Future Research

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Buerger, P.; Alvarez-Roa, C.; Coppin, C. W.; Pearce, S. L.; Chakravarti, L. J.; Oakeshott, J. G.; Edwards, O. R.; Oppen, M. J. H. van (1 May 2020).

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Talaei, Maryam; Mahdavinejad, Mohammadjavad; Azari, Rahman (1 March 2020). "Thermal and energy performance of algae bioreactive façades: A review".

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growth. It is also possible to grow certain types of algae without light, these types of algae consume sugars (such as glucose). This is known as

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Chung, I. K.; Beardall, J.; Mehta, S.; Sahoo, D.; Stojkovic, S. (2011). "Using marine macroalgae for carbon sequestration: a critical appraisal".

4309:"A Guide to Geosmin and MIB-producing Cyanobacteria in the United States", Izaguirre and Taylor, Water Science Technology, 2004, 49(9): pp. 19-24 3475:

Ortega, Alejandra; Geraldi, N.R.; Alam, I.; Kamau, A.A.; Acinas, S.; Logares, R.; Gasol, J.; Massana, R.; Krause-Jensen, D.; Duarte, C. (2019).

7276: 6667: 5424: 2065: 3450: 3044:"Utilizing high-purity carbon dioxide sources for algae cultivation and biofuel production in the United States: Opportunities and challenges" 2954: 6535: 4817: 3866: 2937: 2909: 2282: 3821: 925:

Cultivated algae serve many other purposes, including cosmetics, animal feed, bioplastic production, dyes and colorant production, chemical

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are being sought out. The carbon dioxide that a carbon-fuel burning plant produces can feed into open or closed algae systems, fixing the CO

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Xu, Zhijun; Wang, Shengliang; Zhao, Chunyu; Li, Shangsong; Liu, Xiaoman; Wang, Lei; Li, Mei; Huang, Xin; Mann, Stephen (25 November 2020).

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Ou, Longwen; Banerjee, Sudhanya; Xu, Hui; Coleman, André M.; Cai, Hao; Lee, Uisung; Wigmosta, Mark S.; Hawkins, Troy R. (25 October 2021).

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container could be called a PBR; however, the term is more commonly used to define a closed system, as opposed to an open tank or pond.

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often results in the death of aquatic animals. In a system where algae is intentionally cultivated, maintained, and harvested, neither

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is required for fast-paced algal growth. These elements must be dissolved into the water, in bio-available forms, for algae to grow.

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Xie, Shuangxi; Jiao, Niandong; Tung, Steve; Liu, Lianqing (June 2016). "Controlled regular locomotion of algae cell microrobots".

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Wilkinson, Sara; Stoller, Paul; Ralph, Peter; Hamdorf, Brenton; Catana, Laila Navarro; Kuzava, Gabriela Santana (1 January 2017).

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The water must be in a temperature range that will support the specific algal species being grown mostly between 15˚C and 35˚C.

1121:, which produce dormant eggs (pictured). The eggs can then be hatched on demand and fed to cultured fish larvae and crustaceans. 6500: 6095: 2814: 2165:

Huesemann, M.; Williams, P.; Edmundson, Scott J.; Chen, P.; Kruk, R.; Cullinan, V.; Crowe, B.; Lundquist, T. (September 2017).

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Moreira, Diana; Pires, José C.M. (September 2016). "Atmospheric CO2 capture by algae: Negative carbon dioxide emission path".

1921:, this can cause cells in a solution to rupture. Osmotic shock is sometimes used to release cellular components, such as oil. 178: 6100: 4905:

D. Bilanovic; A. Sukenik; G. Shelef (1988). "Flocculation of microalgae with cationic polymers. Effects of medium salinity".

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Spolaore, Pauline; Joannis-Cassan, Claire; Duran, Elie; Isambert, Arsène (2006-02). "Commercial applications of microalgae".

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offer precise control over light intensity, and distribute it more evenly. They are seldom used, however, due to high cost.

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Wang, Bei; Lan, Christopher Q.; Horsman, Mark (2012-07). "Closed photobioreactors for production of microalgal biomasses".

4240: 3785:"A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO 3151: 6475: 5895: 5797: 5224: 2864: 1012: 696:

in order to supply warm water to the building. The technology is still in an early stage and not yet fit for a wider use.

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In the first step of extraction, the oil must be separated from the rest of the algae. The simplest method is mechanical

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is a commonly grown genus of microalgae which flourishes in extremely salty water that few other organisms can tolerate.

7341: 6148: 5999: 5772: 4258:"Identification and quantification of bacteria associated with cultivated Spirulina and impact of physiological factors" 984: 965: 485:

have been experimenting with using marine microalgae to produce proteins for human consumption, creating products like "

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treatment and distribution. Cyanobacteria can also produce chemical toxins that have been a problem in drinking water.

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with a little water and beating with a fork to produce a pinkish jelly. Harvesting also occurs along the west coast of

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several challenges "between current biomass production and large-scale economic algae production for the food market".

7266: 6777: 6115: 5954: 5850: 4559: 2351:"Circular Bio-economy—Paradigm for the Future: Systematic Review of Scientific Journal Publications from 2015 to 2021" 2128: 2011:

of the oil much easier. The costs of this extraction process are estimated to be much greater than hexane extraction.

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Mumford, T.F.; Miura, A (1988). "Porphyra as food: cultivation and economics". In Lembi, C.A.; Waaland, J.R. (eds.).

1481:(0.3%). Seaweed farming has frequently been developed to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure. 1353:. In its simplest form farmers gather from natural beds, while at the other extreme farmers fully control the crop's 1066:

Another approach is to use a special medium which excludes other organisms, including invasive algae. For example,

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cloth is tied over the outflow pipe allowing other algae to escape. The chain diatoms are held in the bag and feed

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Quantifying Nitrogen Bioextraction by Seaweed Farms – A Real-time Modeling-Monitoring Case Study in Hood Canal, WA

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correct rates. This allows the reactor to operate for long periods. An advantage is that algae that grows in the "

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coming from the bottom lifts algae from the lower regions. Agitation also helps prevent over-exposure to the sun.

7311: 6070: 6045: 5913: 5782: 5685: 2984:"A Review on Culture, Production and Use of Spirulina as Food for Humans and Feeds for Domestic Animals and Fish" 1503: 1172:

To use deeper ponds, growers agitate the water, circulating the algae so that it does not remain on the surface.

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Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (2022-07-12).

1931:, can greatly accelerate extraction processes. Using an ultrasonic reactor, ultrasonic waves are used to create 517:

contents could be increased, and flavours changed to make them more palatable. These foods leave a much lighter

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Greene, Charles; Scott-Buechler, Celina; Hausner, Arjun; Johnson, Zackary; Lei, Xin Gen; Huntley, Mark (2022).

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Khawam, George; Waller, Peter; Gao, Song; Edmundson, Scott J.; Wigmosta, Mark S.; Ogden, Kimberly (May 2019).

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Cultured microalgae is used in research and development for potential medical applications, in particular for

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Business, academia and governments are exploring the possibility of using algae to make gasoline, bio-diesel,

5245: 4076: 2785: 1847:, or saline requires larger amounts of flocculant. Flocculation is often too expensive for large operations. 998: 7251: 7231: 6697: 6065: 5757: 4289: 2060: 2055: 1228: 958: 206: 194: 155: 150:. Research suggests there are large potentials and benefits of algaculture for the development of a future 7261: 7113: 6624: 6555: 6530: 6160: 6004: 5885: 5840: 2861:"Sensory properties of strawberry- and vanilla-flavored ice cream supplemented with an algae oil emulsion" 1515: 1499: 919: 915: 740: 136: 3846: 1732:

PBRs can hold the culture in suspension, or they can provide a substrate on which the culture can form a

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as well as sequestered carbon from the atmosphere can be used, with potential significant benefits for

3152:"Research creates hydrogen-producing living droplets, paving way for alternative future energy source" 1600:

heated, the pond can produce year round. Open race way ponds were used for removal of lead using live

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Algae cultivation is under study for uranium/plutonium sequestration and purifying fertilizer runoff.

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Mcleod, E.; Chmura, G. L.; Bouillon, S.; Salm, R.; Björk, M.; Duarte, C. M.; Silliman, B. R. (2011).

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and other fuels. Algae itself may be used as a biofuel, and additionally be used to create hydrogen.

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in a special glassware. The value of this technique is that the solvent is reused for each cycle.

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Froehlich, Halley E.; Afflerbach, Jamie C.; Frazier, Melanie; Halpern, Benjamin S. (2019-09-23).

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production and go to considerable lengths to maintain the purity of their cultures. However, the

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extraction uses enzymes to degrade the cell walls with water acting as the solvent. This makes

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bubbles in a solvent material. When these bubbles collapse near the cell walls, the resulting

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conditions, the bacteria inhabiting algae cultures break down the organic material and produce

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Verdelho Vieira, Vítor; Cadoret, Jean-Paul; Acien, F. Gabriel; Benemann, John (January 2022).

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Zhang, Lizhu; Liao, Wei; Huang, Yajun; Wen, Yuxi; Chu, Yaoyao; Zhao, Chao (13 October 2022).

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and liquid jets cause those cells walls to break and release their contents into a solvent.

7138: 7118: 7042: 6916: 6863: 6802: 6432: 6309: 5598: 5525: 5411: 5374: 5364: 5329: 5319: 5292: 5221:"Nutraceuticals and Supercritical Fluid Applications: Production of Astaxanthin Concentrate" 5069: 5010: 4956: 4948: 4914: 4888: 4863: 4838: 4796: 4722: 4684: 4659: 4578: 4568: 4535: 4447: 4409: 4335: 4200: 4163: 4153: 4106: 4042: 3959: 3905: 3854: 3811: 3765: 3720: 3681: 3627: 3504: 3496: 3389: 3302: 3255: 3218: 3202: 3125: 3055: 3024: 2955:"Adelaide scientists turn marine microalgae into 'superfoods' to substitute animal proteins" 2897: 2740: 2697: 2556: 2514: 2504: 2444: 2426: 2370: 2321: 2311: 2270: 2231: 2186: 2080: 1985:

extraction. In this method, oils from the algae are extracted through repeated washing, or

1959: 1918: 1910: 1722: 1717: 1220: 707: 651: 526: 518: 411: 372: 313: 73: 19: 1827:, more commonly used for water purification, is far more expensive. The powdered shells of 1211:, and other stagnant waters can be due to oxygen depletion caused by the decay of deceased 728: 7246: 7123: 6949: 6933: 6921: 6662: 6510: 6427: 6199: 5938: 5928: 5695: 5603: 5583: 5466: 5448: 5418: 5406: 4244: 3476: 2269:. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. pp. 389–404. 2103: 2097: 1994: 1905:. When algae is dried it retains its oil content, which then can be "pressed" out with an 1854: 1806: 1687: 1335: 1299: 1079:. First, the cultivator filters the sea water to remove algae which are too large for the 1060: 904: 745: 340: 124: 6437: 6406: 2767: 2608:"Microbial Protein: a promising and sustainable food and feed ingredient – North-CCU-hub" 1005: 706:

In 2022, news outlets reported about the development of algae biopanels by a company for

5006: 4718: 4443: 4149: 3955: 3807: 3761: 3677: 3623: 3492: 3385: 3198: 2366: 2182: 658: 591:

can supply additional nutrients, thus turning two pollutants into valuable commodities.

7316: 7047: 6962: 6838: 6480: 6422: 6239: 6009: 5989: 5710: 5665: 5618: 5613: 5553: 5513: 5334: 5307: 4961: 4553:

Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).

4168: 4133: 3892:

Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).

3858: 3707:

Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).

3223: 3182: 2449: 2414: 2326: 2299: 2022: 1865: 1836: 1813: 1798: 1328: 1257: 1232: 1177: 1126: 1084: 791: 777: 693: 689: 573: 522: 172: 91:

Commercial and industrial algae cultivation has numerous uses, including production of

85: 36: 5430: 4238:

A place in the sun – Algae is the crop of the future, according to researchers in Geel

3028: 2835: 2652: 367:. It is also used as a nutritional supplement with possible effects on metabolic rate. 7371: 7326: 7296: 7181: 7176: 6903: 6880: 6817: 6787: 6782: 6575: 6565: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6229: 5974: 5870: 5865: 5690: 5670: 5633: 5588: 5573: 5073: 4918: 4220: 4118: 3518: 3409: 3349: 3275: 3077: 2493:"Clarification of Most Relevant Concepts Related to the Microalgae Production Sector" 2392: 2300:"Alternative Sources of Omega-3 Fats: Can We Find a Sustainable Substitute for Fish?" 2085: 2008: 1971: 1928: 1840: 1816:

supply can cause algae to flocculate on its own, which is called "autoflocculation".

1701:

Because PBR systems are closed, the cultivator must provide all nutrients, including

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Some living algae and bacteria also produce odorous chemicals, particularly certain

704:

microalgae panels, the need for maintenance, and construction and maintenance costs

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Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; Arístegui, J.; et al. (2019).

4062: 3995:

Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; Arístegui, J.; et al. (2019).

3583: 3574: 3350:"Growing Sustainability - Integrating Algae Cultivation into the Built Environment" 3129: 2133: 1802: 1665: 1531: 1118: 1045: 896: 765: 634: 630:– e.g. micro-droplets for algal cells or synergistic algal-bacterial multicellular 445: 398: 344: 190: 151: 6264: 4808:

Torzillo, Giuseppe; Chini Zittelli, Graziella (2015), "Tubular Photobioreactors",

4774:

SA, Local Government Association of (2020-06-19). "High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAP)".

4524:

Wang, Taiping; Yang, Zhaoqing; Davis, Jonathan; Edmundson, Scott J. (2022-05-01).

4451: 3546:"Companies hoping to grow carbon-sucking kelp may be rushing ahead of the science" 3060: 3043: 1534:

used to cultivate microalgae. The water is kept in constant motion with a powered

858:

recommends "further research attention" on seaweed farming as a mitigation tactic.

60:

The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of

5153: 4952: 3631: 3307: 3290: 2235: 1629:. These ponds are primarily used for wastewater treatment, and the production of 438:

Extracts and oils from algae are also used as additives in various food products.

347:

in central Mexico. The plants produce a variety of nutrients and high amounts of

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farmers, as the growth conditions for Chlorella do not exclude competing algae.

1493: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1415: 1343: 1317: 1212: 1131: 1113: 947: 769: 733: 627: 502: 393: 383: 305: 293: 271: 116: 69: 50: 4933: 4932:

Gilbert V. Levin; John R. Clendenning; Ahron Gibor; Frederick D. Bogar (1961).

4414: 4397: 4101:

Cornwall, Warren (13 May 2020). "Lab-evolved algae could protect coral reefs".

3451:"Algae-filled panels could generate oxygen and electricity while absorbing CO2" 3393: 3259: 3206: 2701: 2375: 2350: 7171: 7108: 7037: 7029: 6827: 6822: 6767: 6442: 6374: 6324: 6224: 6219: 5835: 5762: 5324: 5199: 5014: 4555:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 4204: 4046: 3964: 3939: 3894:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 3709:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?" 3685: 3500: 2901: 2744: 2431: 2088: – Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products 1975: 1940: 1932: 1924: 1883: 1871: 1824: 1691: 1573: 1435: 1378: 1273: 1192: 1188: 1068: 809: 805: 773: 757: 685: 614: 542: 506: 277: 239: 227: 218:) is perhaps the most widely domesticated marine algae. In Asia it is used in 147: 128: 112: 77: 61: 5297: 5284: 4736: 4592: 4573: 4554: 4459: 4349: 3973: 3940:"Blue Growth Potential to Mitigate Climate Change through Seaweed Offsetting" 3919: 3910: 3893: 3845:

Alam, Sahib (2022-01-01), Ahmad, Ashfaq; Banat, Fawzi; Taher, Hanifa (eds.),

3734: 3725: 3708: 3401: 3316: 3267: 3214: 3069: 2752: 2709: 2580:"Nutrient-rich algae could help meet global food demand: Cornell researchers" 2570: 2561: 2548: 2528: 2472: 2440: 2384: 2200: 2141: 7241: 7226: 7166: 7148: 7128: 7103: 7064: 7052: 6892: 6304: 5890: 5652: 5623: 5369: 5285:"Transforming the Future of Marine Aquaculture: A Circular Economy Approach" 4110: 2983: 2549:"Transforming the Future of Marine Aquaculture: A Circular Economy Approach" 2100: – Bioreactor with a light source to grow photosynthetic microorganisms 2004: 1906: 1726: 1559: 1446: 1431: 1277: 926: 899:

are researched as a potential way to increase corals' thermal tolerance for

871: 836: 546: 494: 416: 355: 301: 297: 100: 6334: 5343: 5081: 4970: 4357: 4340: 4323: 4212: 4177: 4158: 4077:"Scientists successfully develop 'heat resistant' coral to fight bleaching" 4054: 3981: 3639: 3232: 3137: 2717: 2631:

as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988.

2458: 2335: 2298:

Lenihan-Geels, Georgia; Bishop, Karen; Ferguson, Lynnette (18 April 2013).

2243: 1966:, which is widely used in the food industry and is relatively inexpensive. 1430:; the rest are eaten after limited processing. Seaweeds are different from 675: 5471: 4324:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet" 1570: 1547:

location and, aside from tropical areas, is limited to the warmer months.

521:

than other forms of protein, as the microalgae absorb rather than produce

7291: 6997: 6956: 6938: 6712: 6649: 6640: 6447: 6389: 6359: 6344: 6314: 5563: 5379: 5174: 5040:"Microalgae separator apparatus and method, United States Patent 6524486" 4608:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities" 3997:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities" 3769: 3748:

Behrenfeld, Michael J. (2014). "Climate-mediated dance of the plankton".

1890: 1844: 1820: 1641: 1589: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1366: 1312: 1269: 1244: 1076: 911: 840: 812:

are being investigated as possible means of carbon sequestration. Marine

631: 514: 482: 403: 214: 5390:

How to Rear a Plankton Menagerie (home grow micro algae in soda bottles)

4583: 3509: 3424:"Algae biopanel windows make power, oxygen and biomass, and suck up CO2" 1585: 300:, and which have been shown to have positive health benefits, including 7351: 7281: 7158: 6897: 6349: 6329: 6279: 6234: 5538: 5125:"Essential Fatty Acids and Herb FAQ's: What are the hazards of Hexane?" 4525: 3092:"Brilliant Planet is running algae farms to pull carbon out of the air" 2519: 2509: 2492: 2074: 1982: 1967: 1902: 1733: 1646: 1626: 1558:

multiply significantly. The latter approach is frequently employed by

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Direct sunlight is too strong for most algae, which can use only about

972: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 752: 663: 538: 510: 420: 387: 348: 326: 318: 289: 285: 255: 251: 243: 81: 4744: 4134:"Heat-evolved microalgal symbionts increase coral bleaching tolerance" 3477:"Important contribution of macroalgae to oceanic carbon sequestration" 2316: 2265:

Winwood, R.J. (2013). "Algal oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids".

2208: 7013: 6984: 6401: 6384: 6364: 6254: 5277: 4615:

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

4004:

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

1998: 1990: 1963: 1832: 1613: 1569:

since they can be filtered from a stream of water flowing through an

1566: 1438:, as they are photosynthetic algal organisms and are non-flowering. 1208: 828: 641:

oxygen as well as hydrogen via photosynthesis in daylight under air.

620: 588: 550: 486: 322: 267: 40: 5353:"Marine Microalgae: Climate, Energy, and Food Security from the Sea" 4539: 2143:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

3816: 351:. Spirulina is often used commercially as a nutritional supplement. 6369: 5396:

breeding algae in batch and continuous flow systems on small scale

5249: 3847:"Chapter 9 - Algae: An emerging feedstock for biofuels production" 3579:"Climate crisis: seaweed, coffee and cement could save the planet" 2789: 1861: 1526: 1478: 1462: 1442: 1322: 1112: 1104: 1080: 870:, particularly a transgenic strain which carries an extra mercury 845: 824: 739: 727: 657: 490: 444:

species are an important group of seaweeds. These algae have many

364: 359:, another popular microalgae, has similar nutrition to spirulina. 259: 235: 231: 223: 184: 176: 54: 30: 18: 3659: 3657: 7331: 2989:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2008. 1850: 1581: 1510:

recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.

1508:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

1427: 1361: 1339: 1204: 874: 856:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

561: 461: 435:

similar to spirulina, which is used as a nutritional supplement.

219: 177: 108: 104: 24: 6613: 6181: 5731: 5511: 5475: 3291:"Exploring the Feasibility of Algae Building Technology in NSW" 3015:

McKenna, Phil (7 October 2006). "From smokestack to gas tank".

1868:

the water into a froth, and then skims the algae from the top.

1248:. The most well known of these odor-causing chemicals are MIB ( 6354: 6339: 5459: 5436: 1874:

and other harvesting methods are currently under development.

1565:

The former approach can be employed in the case of some chain

941: 498: 247: 1075:

Alternatively, mixed algae cultures can work well for larval

5460:

Microphyt – Microalgae Production and Photobioreactor Design

4398:"Global seaweed farming and processing in the past 20 years" 2474:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

1772:

effective for growing a variety of algae species, including

1331:(Indonesia) gathers edible seaweed that has grown on a rope. 6609: 3933: 3931: 3929: 2653:"Transgenic Plants Produce Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids" 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 1191:

made from sheets of plastic or glass and placed within the

5455:

Instructables.com – Simple Home Algae Culture and Breeding

2542: 2540: 2538: 5034: 5032: 4988: 4986: 4947:(2). Research Resources, Inc, Washington, D.C.: 169–175. 1083:

to eat. Next, the cultivator adds nutrients and possibly

557:. Some types of microalgae can be used this way as well. 119:, chemical feedstock (raw material), protein-rich animal/ 5425:

Blog Posts | gerd-kloeck-141049 | Renewable Energy World

5106:. Prince Edward Island Government Food Technology Centre 4831:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

4812:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 187–212, 1839:

found in the shells, from which chitosan is derived via

4430:

exploitation, farming and emerging research activity".

2070:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1441:

The largest seaweed-producing countries as of 2022 are

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Another means of supplying light is to place the light

4485:. Philippines: FMC BioPolymer Corporation. p. 52. 3328: 3326: 1621:

harvested from hypersaline extensive ponds located in

4494: 4492: 4317: 4315: 258:. Preparation also can involve frying or heating the 5427:

List of companies involved in microalgae production.

5175:"Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Oil from Rapeseeds" 1725:" is generally of higher nutrient content than old " 680:

built in 2013 in Germany is a showcase experimental

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Photobioreactor using polyethylene and chicken wire

1974:can also separate oil. Benzene is classified as a 457:) is eaten in salads and ceviche in Peru and Chile. 5198:. Supercritical Fluid Technologies. Archived from 2923: 2921: 88:using upflowing air bubbles in small containers). 5431:Photobioreactors : Scale-up and optimisation 2788:. Energy For Life Wellness Center. Archived from 1981:Another method of chemical solvent extraction is 1694:which incorporates a light source. Virtually any 1242:(previously classed as blue-green algae) such as 684:using glass facade panels for the cultivation of 5246:"Home Pages of Culture Collections in the World" 5060:Chisti, Y. (2007). "Biodiesel from microalgae". 2117: – Vitamin used in animal cells' metabolism 2021:can also be used as a solvent. In this method, 722:Carbon sequestration § Seaweed farming and algae 560:Both microalgae and macroalgae are used to make 460:Both microalgae and macroalgae are used to make 325:. It is eaten raw, fresh, dried, or cooked like 5308:"Developing algae as a sustainable food source" 5177:. Institute for Applied Environmental Economics 3374:Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 3333:Nazareth, Aaron (2018). "Bionic architecture". 2930:Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential 2415:"Developing algae as a sustainable food source" 2136:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 4532:Office of Scientific and Technical Information 2887: 2885: 2224:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2094: – Natural linear sulfated polysaccharide 2068: – Hydrogen that is produced biologically 1797:Algae can be harvested using microscreens, by 1518:publicly support expanded seaweed cultivation. 1492:As of 2019, seaweed represented 30% of marine 1059:A common method of obtaining pure cultures is 895:Cultured strains of a common coral microalgal 189:Algaculture may become an important part of a 6625: 5487: 576:, new methods for the thorough and efficient 209:used as a powder or in a variety of products. 8: 2690:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2132: This article incorporates text from a 929:production, and pharmaceutical ingredients. 816:perform half of the global photosynthetic CO 662:The Bio-Intelligent Quotient (BIQ) House in 5559:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 5351:Greene, Charles; et al. (2016-12-04). 4232: 4230: 2786:"Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae Blue Green Algae" 2052: – Spread of planktonic algae in water 7091: 6885: 6632: 6618: 6610: 6189: 6178: 5745: 5728: 5521: 5508: 5494: 5480: 5472: 4483:Cottonii and Spinosum Cultivation Handbook 4328:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 16:Aquaculture involving the farming of algae 5378: 5368: 5333: 5323: 5296: 4960: 4726: 4582: 4572: 4413: 4402:Food Production, Processing and Nutrition 4376:Point Reyes National Seashore Association 4339: 4247:Flanders Today, Retrieved 8 December 2012 4167: 4157: 3963: 3909: 3815: 3724: 3508: 3306: 3222: 3059: 2560: 2518: 2508: 2448: 2430: 2374: 2325: 2315: 2190: 1457:(4.19%). Other notable producers include 1032:Learn how and when to remove this message 933:Growing, harvesting, and processing algae 587:and accelerating algae growth. Untreated 5306:Diaz, Crisandra J.; et al. (2023). 4934:"Harvesting of Algae by Froth Flotation" 4652:Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 3796:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2267:Food Enrichment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids 1943:can enhance basic enzymatic extraction. 1305: 406:, where it is added to soups and salads. 3556:from the original on September 19, 2021 3337:. Unitec Institute of Technology: 1–69. 2635:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2154: 1917:Osmotic shock is a sudden reduction in 1784:. The growth rate and biomass yield of 5437:Research on algae within Wageningen UR 3875:from the original on February 26, 2023 3591:from the original on November 24, 2015 2813:. United States Fisheries Department. 2658:. School of Biology and Biochemistry, 2066:Biological hydrogen production (Algae) 5283:Greene, Charles; et al. (2022). 5127:. Health From The Sun. Archived from 3162:from the original on 16 December 2020 2892:Chapman, V.J.; Chapman, D.J. (1980). 892:to the less toxic elemental mercury. 415:) is eaten either fresh or cooked in 131:, and can also be used as a means of 7: 2160: 2158: 970:adding citations to reliable sources 545:. It is also an excellent source of 53:involving the farming of species of 5196:"How Do Supercritical Fluids Work?" 4866::10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.019. 3354:Edinburgh Architecture Research EAR 2963:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2817:from the original on 26 August 2006 2669:from the original on 28 August 2006 2355:Circular Economy and Sustainability 1101:Culture of microalgae in hatcheries 877:, has been studied as an agent for 626:Microalgae are also researched for 296:, which are commonly also found in 5421:Indian experience with algal ponds 5248:. 10 December 2009. Archived from 4841::10.1088/1757-899x/1113/1/012004. 3859:10.1016/b978-0-323-90476-6.00003-0 2811:"Nutritional value of micro-algae" 2110:SERI microalgae culture collection 2106: – Farming of aquatic seaweed 1989:, with an organic solvent such as 1857:are used as chemical flocculants. 652:Algae bioreactor § Microgeneration 505:. By manipulating microalgae in a 205:Micro-algae can be used to create 181:Dulse is one of many edible algae. 14: 6453:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers 5778:Geothermal energy and aquaculture 5042:. United States Patent Department 4634:Journal of Biochemical Technology 4236:Starckx, Senne (31 October 2012) 4013:from the original on May 28, 2020 2928:Guiry, M.D.; Blunden, G. (1991). 1486:Food and Agriculture Organization 1235:nor hypoxia are likely to occur. 1109:A microalgae cultivation facility 6736: 6263: 6183:Seafood processing and marketing 5642: 5152:. cyberlipid.org. Archived from 5074:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001 4499:Jones, Nicola (March 15, 2023). 3525:from the original on May 6, 2021 2896:. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. 2127: 1502:crop, with a high potential for 1298:This section is an excerpt from 946: 720:This section is an excerpt from 692:can also be extracted through a 650:This section is an excerpt from 464:(see below), which is used as a 246:it is collected and made into a 4630:Spirulina (Arthrospira) species 3827:from the original on 2016-12-20 3248:Journal of Building Engineering 2077: – Type of biological fuel 1052:are still under investigation. 957:needs additional citations for 99:(as algal oil) or natural food 6051:Federated States of Micronesia 5150:"Automatic soxhlet extraction" 3853:, Elsevier, pp. 165–185, 3449:Paleja, Ameya (13 July 2022). 3130:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.060 2953:Leckie, Evelyn (14 Jan 2021). 2627:Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 4. 2577:News article about the study: 2349:Venkatesh, G. (1 March 2022). 1227:, which causes the odor. This 1117:Microalgae is used to culture 839:for the production of various 1: 6668:High lipid content microalgae 4501:"Banking on the Seaweed Rush" 4452:10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175 4432:European Journal of Phycology 3061:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128779 3048:Journal of Cleaner Production 3029:10.1016/S0262-4079(06)60667-2 2865:Pennsylvania State University 1686:Algae can also be grown in a 881:due to its ability to reduce 764:to generate electricity, via 708:sustainable energy generation 242:, a traditional food, and in 4995:Journal of Applied Phycology 4953:10.1128/am.10.2.169-175.1962 4919:10.1016/0144-4565(88)90071-6 4891::10.1016/j.eng.2017.03.020. 4789:Chemical Engineering Journal 4687::10.1007/s10811-013-0096-2. 4677:Journal of Applied Phycology 4372:"Seaweeds: Plants or Algae?" 3666:Journal of Applied Phycology 3632:10.1080/09593330.2013.765922 3544:Temple, James (2021-09-19). 3308:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.272 2768:"The Imp With a Mighty Kick" 2236:10.1080/10408398.2011.596292 2138:license statement/permission 1050:microbiological contaminants 409:Dabberlocks or badderlocks ( 7267:Fish diseases and parasites 6778:Photosynthetic picoplankton 5851:Fish diseases and parasites 4728:10.1016/j.algal.2019.101448 4560:Frontiers in Marine Science 3898:Frontiers in Marine Science 3713:Frontiers in Marine Science 2733:Journal of Functional Foods 2275:10.1533/9780857098863.4.389 2192:10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.017 1342:farming is the practice of 688:. Once the panels heat up 525:, which contributes to the 317:) is a red species sold in 284:as the plants also produce 7394: 7257:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate 6758:Heterotrophic picoplankton 5924:Microalgal bacterial flocs 4913:(1). Elsevier Ltd: 65–76. 4799::10.1016/j.cej.2007.06.004 4415:10.1186/s43014-022-00103-2 4243:September 5, 2013, at the 3455:interestingengineering.com 3394:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101894 3260:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101011 3207:10.1038/s41467-020-19823-5 2702:10.1016/j.jada.2008.04.020 2376:10.1007/s43615-021-00084-3 1881: 1864:flotation, the cultivator 1360:The seven most cultivated 1297: 1094: 850:Women working with seaweed 719: 649: 612: 170: 7312:Marine primary production 7094: 6888: 6734: 6261: 6188: 6177: 5744: 5727: 5686:Illegal fishing in Africa 5640: 5520: 5507: 5433:PhD thesis Wageningen UR. 5325:10.3389/fnut.2022.1029841 4205:10.1007/s10544-016-0074-y 4047:10.1007/s00253-005-0250-0 4035:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 3965:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.041 3686:10.1007/s10811-010-9604-9 3501:10.1038/s41561-019-0421-8 3348:Proksch, Gundula (2012). 2902:10.1007/978-94-009-5806-7 2863:. Dept. of Food Science, 2836:"Chlorella Growth Factor" 2745:10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.023 2432:10.3389/fnut.2022.1029841 2035:Algal culture collections 1831:are processed to acquire 1602:Spirulina (Arthospira) sp 1504:climate change mitigation 1203:The odor associated with 879:environmental remediation 600:climate change mitigation 477:Australian scientists at 7232:Algal nutrient solutions 6974:Thalassiosira pseudonana 6846:Flavobacterium columnare 6833:Enteric redmouth disease 5788:Integrated multi-trophic 5298:10.5670/oceanog.2022.213 5223:. Phasex. Archived from 4632:in open raceway ponds". 4574:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 3911:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 3726:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100 3612:Environmental Technology 2633:Algae and Human Affairs. 2562:10.5670/oceanog.2022.213 1927:extraction, a branch of 1633:is a secondary benefit. 768:or as a replacement for 428:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 7252:Diel vertical migration 6768:Microphyte (microalgae) 6753:Eukaryotic picoplankton 6698:Paradox of the plankton 5758:Aquaculture engineering 5502:Fishing industry topics 5370:10.5670/oceanog.2016.91 5015:10.1023/A:1023807011027 4778:. Retrieved 2023-03-23. 4193:Biomedical Microdevices 4111:10.1126/science.abc7842 3002:Algae and Human Affairs 2932:. John Wiley and Sons. 2894:Seaweeds and their Uses 2140:). Text taken from 2061:Aquatic Species Program 2056:Algal nutrient solution 1523:Open system cultivation 1176:can stir the water and 916:biohybrid microswimmers 710:with unclear viability. 423:, Scotland and Ireland. 376:), often confused with 195:sustainable food system 156:sustainable food system 7114:Gelatinous zooplankton 5312:Frontiers in Nutrition 5062:Biotechnology Advances 4856:Biotechnology Advances 4820:, retrieved 2023-03-23 4159:10.1126/sciadv.aba2498 3118:Bioresource Technology 2419:Frontiers in Nutrition 2146:, FAO, FAO. 1716:A PBR can operate in " 1539: 1516:The Nature Conservancy 1332: 1320: 1122: 1110: 920:targeted drug delivery 851: 749: 737: 666: 197: 182: 43: 28: 7307:Marine microorganisms 7077:Velvet (fish disease) 6812:Aeromonas salmonicida 6678:Marine microorganisms 5701:World fish production 4662::10.1263/jbb.101.87. 3750:Nature Climate Change 3577:(November 20, 2015). 3550:MIT Technology Review 3187:Nature Communications 1843:. Water that is more 1530: 1498:Seaweed farming is a 1449:(28.6%); followed by 1373:Kappaphycus alvarezii 1326: 1309: 1293:Farming of macroalgae 1116: 1108: 849: 743: 731: 661: 613:Further information: 454:Durvillaea antarctica 379:Mastocarpus stellatus 337:Arthrospira platensis 188: 180: 171:Further information: 64:(also referred to as 34: 22: 7059:Pfiesteria piscicida 6859:Marine bacteriophage 6763:Marine microplankton 5681:Fisheries management 5156:on 27 September 2006 4941:Applied Microbiology 4530:(Technical report). 4341:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190 4006:. pp. 447–587. 3950:(18): 3087–3093.e3. 3770:10.1038/nclimate2349 3295:Procedia Engineering 1596:new tanks or ponds. 1327:A seaweed farmer in 1044:Most growers prefer 966:improve this article 798:Saccharina latissima 715:Carbon sequestration 594:Waste high-purity CO 140:carbon sequestration 80:, commonly known as 7302:Ocean acidification 7237:Artificial seawater 7004:Coscinodiscophyceae 6870:Streptococcus iniae 6853:Pelagibacter ubique 6320:Fish protein powder 5252:on 21 November 2009 5007:2003JAPco..15..143B 4810:Algal Biorefineries 4776:LGA South Australia 4719:2019AlgRe..3901448K 4617:. pp. 447–587. 4444:2017EJPhy..52..391B 4286:"Biology Resources" 4150:2020SciA....6.2498B 3956:2019CBio...29E3087F 3851:Algal Biotechnology 3808:2011FrEE....9..552M 3762:2014NatCC...4..880B 3678:2011JAPco..23..877C 3624:2013EnvTe..34.2277V 3493:2019NatGe..12..748O 3386:2022SETA...5201894T 3199:2020NatCo..11.5985X 2367:2022CirES...2..231V 2183:2017AlgRe..26...39H 1958:A common choice of 1947:Chemical extraction 1897:Physical extraction 1588:larvae (in Eastern 1514:, Oceans 2050, and 1512:World Wildlife Fund 1414:are attractive for 1403:Sargassum fusiforme 1391:Undaria pinnatifida 1385:Saccharina japonica 905:bleaching tolerance 762:anaerobic digestion 628:hydrogen production 549:for manufacture of 533:Fertilizer and agar 479:Flinders University 382:, is the source of 363:is very popular in 97:omega-3 fatty acids 6591:Waterfront (Dubai) 6193:Seafood processing 5676:Fishing by country 5549:Declawing of crabs 5544:Commercial fishing 5465:2020-02-21 at the 5447:2009-12-25 at the 5417:2007-02-16 at the 5405:2009-07-04 at the 3004:. pp. 87–117. 2660:University of Bath 2510:10.3390/pr10010175 1955:explosion hazard. 1786:Chlorella vulgaris 1690:(PBR). A PBR is a 1666:Raceway-type ponds 1540: 1333: 1321: 1268:Nutrients such as 1250:2-methylisoborneol 1123: 1111: 1097:Seaweed cultivator 901:climate resilience 852: 833:terrestrial plants 786:Laminaria digitata 750: 738: 667: 635:microbial reactors 572:With concern over 282:dietary supplement 198: 183: 44: 29: 23:A seaweed farm in 7365: 7364: 7205: 7204: 7192:Siphonostomatoida 7187:Poecilostomatoida 7139:Crustacean larvae 7043:Choanoflagellates 7024: 7023: 7014:Bacillariophyceae 7009:Fragilariophyceae 6928:Emiliania huxleyi 6773:Nanophytoplankton 6693:Milky seas effect 6607: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6481:English (Ireland) 6416:Seafood marketing 6215:Fish preservation 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 5965:Freshwater prawns 5723: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5579:Midwater trawling 5534:Artisanal fishing 5400:Making Algae Grow 5227:on 27 August 2006 4818:978-3-319-20199-3 4481:Ask, E.I (1990). 3868:978-0-323-90476-6 3618:(15): 2277–2283. 3481:Nature Geoscience 2939:978-0-471-92947-5 2911:978-94-009-5808-1 2586:. 20 October 2022 2317:10.3390/nu5041301 2284:978-0-85709-428-5 1952:Chemical solvents 1812:Interrupting the 1619:Dunaliella salina 1554:Dunaliella salina 1412:K. alvarezii 1042: 1041: 1034: 1016: 827:lack the complex 701:Green Power House 609:Energy production 568:Pollution control 555:potassium nitrate 541:has been used as 207:microbial protein 133:pollution control 7385: 7119:Hunting copepods 7092: 6917:Chaetocerotaceae 6886: 6803:Bacterioplankton 6740: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6611: 6433:Shrimp marketing 6310:Fish hydrolysate 6273:Seafood products 6267: 6190: 6179: 6096:Papua New Guinea 6076:Marshall Islands 5746: 5738:farmed fisheries 5729: 5646: 5526:Fishing industry 5522: 5509: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5473: 5384: 5382: 5372: 5347: 5337: 5327: 5302: 5300: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5001:(2–3): 143–153. 4990: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4964: 4938: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4902: 4896: 4877: 4871: 4852: 4846: 4827: 4821: 4806: 4800: 4795:(1–3): 136–147. 4785: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4730: 4698: 4692: 4673: 4667: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4612: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4586: 4576: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4343: 4319: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4288:. Archived from 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4234: 4225: 4224: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4161: 4144:(20): eaba2498. 4138:Science Advances 4129: 4123: 4122: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4012: 4001: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3967: 3935: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3793: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3728: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3512: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3335:Research Project 3330: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3226: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3063: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2867:. Archived from 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2696:(7): 1204–1209. 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2668: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2574: 2564: 2544: 2533: 2532: 2522: 2512: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2452: 2434: 2410: 2397: 2396: 2378: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2329: 2319: 2310:(4): 1301–1315. 2295: 2289: 2288: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2194: 2162: 2131: 2081:Bio Fuel Systems 2071: 1960:chemical solvent 1919:osmotic pressure 1823:", a commercial 1767:Plastic bag PBRs 1712: 1711: 1710: 1682:Photobioreactors 1453:(5.09%) and the 1221:hydrogen sulfide 1167: 1166: 1162: 1153:Light and mixing 1037: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1015: 974: 950: 942: 891: 890: 889: 831:associated with 766:cogeneration/CHP 679: 527:greenhouse gases 519:carbon footprint 473:Lab manipulation 412:Alaria esculenta 373:Chondrus crispus 314:Palmaria palmata 238:, it is used in 74:planktonic algae 7393: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7292:Marine mucilage 7247:Biological pump 7201: 7153: 7124:Ichthyoplankton 7081: 7048:Dinoflagellates 7020: 6979: 6950:Nannochloropsis 6934:Eustigmatophyte 6922:Coccolithophore 6875: 6797: 6741: 6732: 6663:CLAW hypothesis 6643: 6638: 6608: 6595: 6457: 6428:Live fish trade 6411: 6268: 6259: 6200:Fish processing 6184: 6165: 6111:Solomon Islands 6014: 5943: 5929:Photobioreactor 5900: 5822: 5740: 5715: 5696:Ocean fisheries 5647: 5638: 5619:Fishing vessels 5604:Lobster fishing 5584:Bottom trawling 5516: 5503: 5500: 5467:Wayback Machine 5449:Wayback Machine 5419:Wayback Machine 5407:Wayback Machine 5394:io.uwinnipeg.ca 5350: 5305: 5282: 5270: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5180: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5134: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5109: 5107: 5104:"Sonochemistry" 5102: 5101: 5097: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5045: 5043: 5038: 5037: 5030: 4992: 4991: 4984: 4975: 4973: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4878: 4874: 4853: 4849: 4828: 4824: 4807: 4803: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4674: 4670: 4649: 4645: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4540:10.2172/1874372 4523: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4490: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4321: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4245:Wayback Machine 4235: 4228: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4010: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3944:Current Biology 3937: 3936: 3927: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3876: 3869: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3802:(10): 552–560. 3791: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3756:(10): 880–887. 3747: 3746: 3742: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3663: 3662: 3655: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3331: 3324: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3023:(2572): 28–29. 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2840:Naturalways.com 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662:, England, UK. 2655: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2546: 2545: 2536: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2412: 2411: 2400: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2125: 2120: 2104:Seaweed farming 2098:Photobioreactor 2069: 2045: 2037: 2026: 2020: 1995:petroleum ether 1949: 1941:Ultrasonication 1899: 1886: 1880: 1855:ferric chloride 1807:froth flotation 1795: 1782:Nannochloropsis 1769: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1740:Flat panel PBRs 1709: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1688:photobioreactor 1684: 1675: 1663: 1652: 1639: 1610: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1500:carbon negative 1336:Seaweed farming 1316:farming in the 1303: 1300:Seaweed farming 1290: 1283: 1266: 1201: 1199:Odor and oxygen 1164: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1103: 1093: 1061:serial dilution 1038: 1027: 1021: 1018: 975: 973: 963: 951: 940: 935: 888: 886: 885: 884: 882: 865: 860: 859: 819: 781: 748: 746:Seagrass meadow 736: 725: 717: 712: 711: 673: 655: 647: 645:Microgeneration 617: 611: 597: 586: 581: 570: 535: 475: 341:food supplement 175: 169: 164: 125:pharmaceuticals 86:algae scrubbers 35:Algaculture in 17: 12: 11: 5: 7391: 7389: 7381: 7380: 7370: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7317:Pseudoplankton 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7210:Related topics 7207: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7159:Copepod orders 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7006: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6970: 6965: 6963:Prasinophyceae 6960: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6839:Flavobacterium 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6807: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6423:Fish marketing 6419: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6240:Salmon cannery 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6140:United States 6138: 6136:United Kingdom 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5798:Antimicrobials 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5768:Best practices 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5742: 5741: 5732: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5711:Shrimp fishery 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5666:Crab fisheries 5663: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5554:Fish slaughter 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5518: 5517: 5514:Wild fisheries 5512: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5457: 5452: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5409: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5348: 5303: 5280: 5269: 5268:External links 5266: 5264: 5263: 5237: 5212: 5187: 5166: 5141: 5116: 5095: 5068:(3): 294–306. 5052: 5028: 4982: 4924: 4897: 4887:(3): 318–329. 4872: 4862:(4): 904–912. 4847: 4822: 4801: 4780: 4767: 4758: 4707:Algal Research 4693: 4683:(1): 519–528. 4668: 4643: 4620: 4598: 4545: 4516: 4505:Hakai Magazine 4488: 4473: 4438:(4): 391–406. 4421: 4388: 4363: 4334:(4): 855–861. 4311: 4302: 4277: 4265:Open.uct.ac.za 4249: 4226: 4183: 4124: 4093: 4068: 4041:(1): 197–205. 4024: 3987: 3925: 3884: 3867: 3837: 3817:10.1890/110004 3786: 3775: 3740: 3699: 3672:(5): 877–886. 3653: 3602: 3566: 3536: 3487:(9): 748–754. 3467: 3441: 3430:. 11 July 2022 3415: 3363: 3340: 3322: 3281: 3238: 3173: 3143: 3108: 3083: 3034: 3007: 2992: 2975: 2945: 2938: 2917: 2910: 2881: 2852: 2827: 2802: 2777: 2758: 2723: 2679: 2644: 2620: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2534: 2483: 2464: 2398: 2361:(1): 231–279. 2341: 2290: 2283: 2257: 2230:(5): 572–579. 2214: 2171:Algal Research 2153: 2151: 2148: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2024: 2018: 1948: 1945: 1898: 1895: 1882:Main article: 1879: 1878:Oil extraction 1876: 1837:polysaccharide 1814:carbon dioxide 1799:centrifugation 1794: 1791: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1707: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1662: 1659: 1650: 1638: 1635: 1609: 1606: 1524: 1521: 1426:is farmed for 1329:Nusa Lembongan 1304: 1296: 1289: 1286: 1281: 1265: 1262: 1258:drinking water 1233:eutrophication 1200: 1197: 1178:compressed air 1154: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1127:carbon dioxide 1092: 1089: 1040: 1039: 954: 952: 945: 939: 936: 934: 931: 887: 864: 861: 817: 792:Fucus serratus 779: 744: 732: 726: 718: 716: 713: 694:heat exchanger 690:thermal energy 656: 648: 646: 643: 610: 607: 595: 584: 579: 574:global warming 569: 566: 537:For centuries 534: 531: 523:carbon dioxide 474: 471: 470: 469: 458: 449: 439: 436: 424: 407: 402:), is used in 391: 368: 352: 330: 309: 275: 212:Purple laver ( 210: 173:Edible seaweed 168: 165: 163: 160: 93:nutraceuticals 37:Kibbutz Ketura 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7390: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7327:Tychoplankton 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7297:Microbial mat 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7182:Monstrilloida 7180: 7178: 7177:Harpacticoida 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7134:Marine larvae 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6985:Diatom orders 6982: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6904:Bacteriastrum 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6881:Phytoplankton 6878: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6818:Cyanobacteria 6816: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6788:Picoeukaryote 6786: 6784: 6783:Picobiliphyte 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516:La Nueva Viga 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6300:Fish emulsion 6298: 6296: 6295:Fish products 6293: 6291: 6290:Cod liver oil 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6230:Filleted fish 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6176: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5980:Marine shrimp 5978: 5976: 5975:Hirudiculture 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948:Other species 5946: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5896:US hatcheries 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Fish stocking 5869: 5867: 5866:Fish hatchery 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5818:Recirculating 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783:Inland saline 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:Copper alloys 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:Krill fishery 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5671:Cod fisheries 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5635: 5634:Shark finning 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5574:Pair trawling 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5380:11250/2436441 5376: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5202:on 2004-12-15 5201: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5131:on 2006-06-20 5130: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5053: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4837:(1): 012004. 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4640:(1): 894–909. 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4520: 4517: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4422: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4389: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4292:on 2008-12-08 4291: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4266: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4025: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3575:Flannery, Tim 3570: 3567: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3301:: 1121–1130. 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017:New Scientist 3011: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2871:on 2007-05-06 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2792:on 2006-04-26 2791: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2680: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641:0-521-32115-8 2638: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2484: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2086:Biotechnology 2084: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2016: 2015:Supercritical 2012: 2010: 2009:fractionation 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:sonochemistry 1926: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1885: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841:deacetylation 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1766: 1764: 1757: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1661:Raceway ponds 1660: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1608:Water lagoons 1607: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1477:, 0.5%), and 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445:(58.62%) and 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:gelling agent 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1325: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1308: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1240:cyanobacteria 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174:Paddle wheels 1170: 1152: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1138:heterotrophic 1134: 1133: 1128: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1091:Growing algae 1090: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1036: 1033: 1025: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 986: 983: – 982: 981:"Algaculture" 978: 977:Find sources: 971: 967: 961: 960: 955:This section 953: 949: 944: 943: 937: 932: 930: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 897:endosymbionts 893: 880: 876: 873: 869: 862: 857: 848: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 815: 814:phytoplankton 811: 807: 802: 800: 799: 794: 793: 788: 787: 782: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 747: 742: 735: 730: 723: 714: 709: 705: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 677: 672: 665: 660: 653: 644: 642: 640: 636: 633: 629: 624: 622: 616: 608: 606: 603: 601: 592: 590: 582: 578:capture of CO 575: 567: 565: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 532: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 472: 467: 466:gelling agent 463: 459: 456: 455: 450: 447: 446:phlorotannins 443: 440: 437: 434: 433:cyanobacteria 430: 429: 425: 422: 418: 414: 413: 408: 405: 401: 400: 395: 392: 389: 385: 381: 380: 375: 374: 369: 366: 362: 358: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 331: 328: 324: 321:and Atlantic 320: 316: 315: 310: 307: 303: 302:for cognition 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280:is used as a 279: 276: 273: 269: 265: 264:North America 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 216: 211: 208: 204: 203: 202: 196: 192: 187: 179: 174: 166: 162:Uses of algae 161: 159: 157: 153: 149: 143: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 66:phytoplankton 63: 58: 56: 52: 49:is a form of 48: 42: 38: 33: 26: 21: 7322:Stromatolite 7221: 7217:Aeroplankton 7144:Salmon louse 7099:Chaetognatha 7071:Symbiodinium 7069: 7057: 6972: 6968:Raphidophyte 6955: 6948: 6944:Stramenopile 6926: 6909: 6902: 6868: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6810: 6793:Picoplankton 6718:Spring bloom 6688:Mycoplankton 6683:Meroplankton 6673:Holoplankton 6521:Maine Avenue 6471:Billingsgate 6463:Fish markets 6438:Chasse-marée 6407:Surströmming 6397:Shrimp paste 6285:Fish as food 6210:Factory ship 6205:Fish factory 6116:South Africa 6000:Sea cucumber 5955:Brine shrimp 5934:Raceway pond 5905: 5876:Spawning bed 5856:Fish farming 5828:Fish farming 5661:Agulhas Bank 5360: 5357:Oceanography 5356: 5315: 5311: 5289:Oceanography 5288: 5254:. Retrieved 5250:the original 5240: 5229:. Retrieved 5225:the original 5215: 5204:. Retrieved 5200:the original 5190: 5179:. Retrieved 5169: 5158:. Retrieved 5154:the original 5144: 5133:. Retrieved 5129:the original 5119: 5108:. Retrieved 5098: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5044:. Retrieved 4998: 4994: 4974:. Retrieved 4944: 4940: 4927: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4809: 4804: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4761: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4658:(2): 87–96. 4655: 4651: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4614: 4601: 4584:10754/623247 4564: 4558: 4548: 4526: 4519: 4508:. Retrieved 4504: 4482: 4476: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4375: 4366: 4331: 4327: 4305: 4294:. Retrieved 4290:the original 4280: 4268:. Retrieved 4264: 4252: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4102: 4096: 4084:. Retrieved 4080: 4071: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4015:. Retrieved 4003: 3990: 3947: 3943: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3877:, retrieved 3850: 3840: 3829:. 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