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in 1989 prompted a unipolar global capitalist reality that meant the "end of history". Some see this as a flawed view, mired in US exceptionalism. John Fousek said "the triumphalism embedded in
Francis Fukuyama's view that the end of the Cold War marked the end of history, constitutes a new, historically contingent variation on the ideology that framed conflict in the beginning". Instead Americanisation, in the eyes of Mary Nolan, is not an all consuming force and what emerged during 1990 was "a multipolar global order". Therefore, the actual impact the U.S. and Americanisation has on the globe is hotly debated and runs deep into modern political policymaking. The traditional exceptional image of U.S. complete hegemonic power can be "quite dangerous" because it prompted American intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan, which just like in Vietnam, proved to show the limitations of American power across the globe.
752:
American-owned companies in the
European Economic Community employ only 2 or 3% of the total labor force. The basic reason for U.S. investments is no longer lower production costs, faster economic growth, or higher profits in Europe but the desire to maintain a competitive position based largely on American technological superiority. Opposition to U.S. investments was originally confined to France but later spread to other European countries. Public opinion began to resent American advertising and business methods, personnel policies, and the use of the English language by American companies. Criticism was also directed toward the international currency system which was blamed for inflationary tendencies as a result of the dominant position of the
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relevant work on this subject in the fields of economic and business history. Overall, the article tries to show that those who have applied the concept of 'Americanization' to their research on cultural or economic history have been well aware of the complexities of trans-Atlantic relations in this period, whether they were viewed as a two-way exchange or as a process of circulation.
518:
708:, by engineers and architects, by educators and academics, by middle-class feminists and social workers, by government officials and politicians of many parties. As ideology and practice, rationalization challenged and transformed not only machines, factories, and vast business enterprises but also the lives of middle-class and working-class Germans.
729:
818:, among many other American Internet-based corporations. European governments have increasingly expressed concern about privacy issues, as well as antitrust and taxation issues regarding the new American giants. There is a fear that they are significantly evading taxes and posting information that may violate European privacy laws.
2023:
858:
Berghahn (2010) analyzes the debate on the usefulness of the concepts of 'Americanization' and 'Westernization'. He reviews the recent research on the
European–American relationship during the Cold War that has dealt with the cultural influence of the United States upon Europe. He then discusses the
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and
Americanization may lead to the emergence of a third power or turn one of the two into the actor with the most bargaining power. In the midst of this competition, the interests and rights of local businesses may be violated. Others such as Francis Fukuyama argue that the fall of the Berlin Wall
258:
who focused on the economic dimension of the process, defined it as "an adapted transfer of values, behaviours, institutions, technologies, patterns of organization, symbols and norms from the to the economic life of other states". Mel van
Elteren defined this in a negative way, as "a process in
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Criteria for determining a movie's country of origin are mutable and subjective but are, in practice, based on fiscal contribution and head office locations, which creates a significant advantage for a country with the money and industrial support structure - i.e. Hollywood - to fund large-scale
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around the world. Education, schools, and particularly universities became the main target for
Americanization. Resistance to Americanization within the university community restrained its effectiveness, though it was still much more successful than Sovietization. Americanization has become more
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they rose ten times to $ 6.25 billion. Europe's share of
American investments increased from 15% to 28%. The investments were of very high visibility and generated much talk of Americanization. Even so, American investments in Europe represented only 50% of the total European investment and
259:
which economic, technological, political, social, cultural and/or socio–psychological influences emanating from
America or Americans impinge on values, norms, belief systems, mentalities, habits, rules, technologies, practices, institutions and behaviors of non-Americans".
2017:
364:(Petits Livres d'Or) to France under the publisher Cocorico after World War II is discussed as a subtle way of implementing cultural productions that "presented the economic principles of American liberalism in a favorable light" in a study by CĂ©cile Boulaire.
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around the world. Education, schools, and particularly universities became the main target for
Americanization. However, resistance to Americanization of the university community restrained it, although it was still much more successful than Sovietization.
329:
before the war. Its mission was to destroy Nazi cultural remnants and encourage democracy by exposing
Germans to the ways American culture operated. There was great detail on sports, politics, business, Hollywood, fashions, and international affairs.
142:
series, count as American productions for solely financial reasons. This coopting of the works of other nations and cultures into "American" works (and the hegemonic ability to do as such) forms part of many critical definitions of Americanization.
230:
in 1991, which left America as the world's sole superpower (the full soft power of China as a potential competing influence has yet to manifest within Occidental pop culture). Americanization found yet another gear with the advent of widespread
129:
were all made either entirely or partially in the United States or were financed by U.S. production companies, even with limited or no artistic involvement. The top 50 constituents set and filmed entirely in the United Kingdom, like some of the
700:. "Rationalization" meant higher productivity and greater efficiency and promised that science would bring prosperity. More generally, it promised a new level of modernity and was applied to economic production and consumption as well as
2250:(Stanford University Press; 2011) 400 pages; explores American influence on the culture and counterculture of metropolitan London from the 1950s to the 1970s, from "Swinging London" to black, feminist, and gay liberation.
450:
American films have been historically extremely popular around the world and often dominate cinemas as a result of a high demand of U.S. product exported to consumers to clear away the outlook of World War II. The top 50
778:
that attacked the American tendency to see itself as an exceptional indispensable nation. "It is extremely dangerous," Putin warned, "to encourage people to see themselves as exceptional, whatever the motivation."
600:, 124 are headquartered in the U.S. Coca-Cola, which previously held the top spot, is often viewed as a symbol of Americanization, giving rise to the term "Coca-Cola diplomacy" for anything emblematic of U.S.
711:
Department stores threatened the more local businesses, with low prices and chain-managed stores. The small businesses were determined and fought back to protect their source of income from the U.S. market.
1918:
Zachary Karabell, "The Upside of a 'De-Americanized' World: A reduced U.S. role is still a lot more powerful than 100 emerging markets, but it would force even greater internal focus for the U.S."
1969:
278:, has since the 1910s dominated most of the world's media markets. It is the chief medium by which people across the globe see American fashions, customs, scenery, and way of life. The
756:. However, by the 1970s, European investments in the U.S. had increased even more rapidly than vice versa, and Geir Lundestad finds there was less talk of the Americans buying Europe.
1947:
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on 31 January 1990 with approximately 38,000 customers waiting in hours long lines, breaking company records at the time. By 1997, there were 21 locations of the Russian chain.
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1925:
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has dominated most of the world's medias markets since the 1910s, and is the chief medium by which the international community sees American fashions, customs, scenery, and
75:
768:
in 1991. Until the late 1980s, the communist press could be counted on to be especially critical of the United States. To some extent, Russia continued that role under
2383:
2119:
Abdulrahim, Masoud A., Ali A. J. Al-Kandari, and Mohammed Hasanen, “The Influence of American Television Programs on University Students in Kuwait: A Synthesis,”
2516:
2745:
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Andrew Anglophone (Ed.), "Californication and Cultural Imperialism: Baywatch and the Creation of World Culture", 1997, Point Sur: Malibu University Press, .
427:
1028:
2174:
2423:
301:, the U.S. government played a major role in restructuring the media in those countries to eliminate totalitarianism and to promote democracy against
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Even as far back as 1900, some observers saw "Americanization" as synonymous with progress and innovation. In Germany during the 1920s, the American
286:
and most ticket selling movies in the world. The top 50 highest-grossing films of all time were all made entirely or partially in the United States.
242:
Criticism of Americanization has included opposition to U.S. investments in Europe during the 1960s, which subsided by the 1970s. A new dimension of
1986:
1612:
Boulaire, CĂ©cile (2023). "The Little Golden Books in the Shadow of the CIA, or the Americanization of Children's Publishing in Cold War France."
1963:
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186:, among others, have numerous outlets around the world. Of the top ten global brands (2017) by revenue, seven are based in the United States:
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plays only a facilitating role in the dissemination of films, television, books, journals etc. However, after the occupation of the former
1941:
1733:
309:. For example, in Germany, the American occupation headquarters, Office of Military Government (OMGUS), began its own newspaper based in
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was called "rationalization" and was a powerful social and economic force. In part, it looked explicitly at American models, especially
468:
2677:
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Natalia Tsvetkova. Failure of American and Soviet Cultural Imperialism in German Universities, 1945–1990. Boston, Leiden: Brill, 2013
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39:
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Glancy, Mark. "Temporary American citizens? British audiences, Hollywood films and the threat of Americanization in the 1920s."
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was previously the top global company by revenue, giving rise to the term "Coca-Cola diplomacy" for anything emblematic of U.S.
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953:
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industry, the world's first and largest, is also often viewed as being a symbol of U.S. marketing dominance. Companies such as
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107:
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383:). Many of the distributors broadcast American programming on their television channels. In 2006, a survey of 20 countries by
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Like many concepts in social sciences, the term has been called ambiguous, however, a rough consensus on its meaning exists.
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Jessica C.E. Gienow-Hecht, "Art is democracy and democracy is art: Culture, propaganda, and the Neue Zeitung in Germany",
898:
111:
35:
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United States-based commercial enterprises operating internationally are also associated with Americanization. Notably,
83:
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This article is about the influence the United States exerts on other countries through soft power. For hard power, see
3079:
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221:, Americanization was the primary soft power method chosen to counter the more hard power-orientated polar process of
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1996:
91:
1362:
Americanization of the European Economy: A compact survey of American economic influence in Europe since the 1800s
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in 2015 reported "deep concerns in Europe's highest policy circles about the power of U.S. technology companies."
1573:
3147:
2792:
2643:
2578:
2506:
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841:
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is fear of the pervasiveness of American Internet technology. Americanization has arrived through widespread
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are rebroadcast around the world, many of them through American broadcasters and their subsidiaries (such as
2918:
2774:
2725:
2211:
908:
820:
565:
346:
34:. For the process of acculturation by immigrants or native populations to American customs and values, see
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2428:
2350:
Kuisel, Richard F. "The End of Americanization? or Reinventing a Research Field for Historians of Europe"
1000:
Azaryahu, Maoz (October 22, 2017). "The Golden Arches of McDonald's: On the "Americanization" of Israel".
943:
621:
267:
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and Campbell note, "The occupies, also in global terms, a very strong position in the software sector."
2861:
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701:
561:
456:
397:
147:
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Nolan, Mary. "Housework Made Easy: the Taylorized Housewife in Weimar Germany's Rationalized Economy,"
1853:
Mary Nolan, "Housework Made Easy: the Taylorized Housewife in Weimar Germany's Rationalized Economy,"
1091:
114:
techniques. Some observers have described Americanization as synonymous with progress and innovation.
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753:
525:
403:
31:
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735:, one of the top universities in Turkey, is based on the American model. The university also has an
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The United States and Western Europe since 1945: from "Empire" by invitation to transatlantic drift
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686:
368:
361:
163:
1991:
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A Look Back at a Quarter Century of Globalization - Verifying the Thesis of Anglo-Americanization
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Family Spats: Perception, Illusion, and Sentimentality in the Anglo-American Special Relationship
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1141:
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774:
597:
279:
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Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated and Transformed American Culture since World War II
503:. This trend is more apparent in the events after World War II and the end of the Soviet Union.
47:
1737:
747:
From 1950 to 1965, American investments in Europe soared by 800% to $ 13.9 billion, and in the
646:
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2710:
2343:
Berghahn, Volker R. "The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians,"
2327:
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The Americanization of Brazil: A Study of U.S.Cold War Diplomacy in the Third World, 1945–54
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technology since 2008, with a large fraction of the new apps and hardware being designed in
783:
549:
512:
492:
482:, are popular worldwide and have sold over 500 million albums each. Michael Jackson's album
455:
were all made entirely or partially in the United States. Often, part of the negotiating in
434:
316:
243:
203:
95:
2147:
Transactions, Transgressions, Transformations: American Culture in Western Europe and Japan
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2600:
2556:
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2027:
1973:
1951:
1929:
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Karen DeBres, "A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK," Journal of Cultural Geography, 2005
1759:
Gonçalves, Bruno; Loureiro-Porto, LucĂa; Ramasco, JosĂ© J.; Sánchez, David (July 3, 2017).
958:
948:
787:
705:
500:
479:
421:
232:
103:
772:, and there are similar tendencies in China. Putin in 2013 published an opinion piece in
2016:
Reza Majidzadeh, "Americanization versus Sinicization; A look at global transformation"
1598:"McDonald's Cohon wary as market share slips: Charity book details struggle in Russia".
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2403:
2221:
Kroes, Rob. "American empire and cultural imperialism: A view from the receiving end."
1797:
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980:
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903:
888:
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placed by communist authorities, Americanization would continue to spread out over the
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franchise, or with deliberately and quintessentially British source material, like the
3131:
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2145:
Fehrenbach, Heide, and Uta G. Poiger. "Americanization Reconsidered," in idem, eds.,
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1145:
1029:"How the World Was Won: The Americanization of Everywhere review – a brilliant essay"
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609:
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541:
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159:
87:
56:
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1467:
Americanism and Americanization: A Critical History of Domestic and Global Influence
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To Lead the Free World: American nationalism and the cultural roots of the Cold War
868:
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322:
1893:
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During the Cold War, Americanization was the method to counter the processes of
685:, and much of the software bought worldwide is created by U.S.-based companies.
650:
613:
443:
385:
376:
171:
517:
488:, at 100 million sales, is the best-selling album of all time internationally.
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970:
791:
666:
601:
577:
557:
491:
By the study of vocabulary and spelling of English words in books and tweets,
391:
187:
151:
2071:(1st ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 31.
1987:"How a Navajo Scientist Is Helping to Restore Traditional Peach Horticulture"
1172:
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1113:
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Many of the world's biggest computer companies are also U.S.-based, such as
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585:
199:
195:
175:
167:
155:
52:
17:
2154:
Hollywood and the Americanization of Britain, from the 1920s to the present
1806:
798:. In Europe, there is growing concern about excess Americanization through
704:. Various versions of rationalization were promoted by industrialists and
596:, were founded and are headquartered in the United States. Of the world's
2234:
Pledge of Allegiance: The Americanization of Canada in the Mulroney Years
803:
639:
529:
372:
218:
207:
2361:
2268:
Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany
1114:"The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians"
1013:
855:, in which he discussed the growing popularity of the "American ideas".
807:
697:
674:
593:
589:
553:
302:
1317:
833:
811:
799:
654:
545:
522:
464:
350:
310:
306:
191:
2299:
Buffalo Bill in Bologna. The Americanization of the World, 1869–1922
2096:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 331.
728:
1777:
63:, are widely seen as a symbol of Americanization in many countries.
1053:
Beck, Ulrich; Sznaider, Natan; Winter, Rainer (October 22, 2017).
727:
670:
645:
630:
516:
433:
60:
2043:(Twentieth Anniversary ed.). London: Penguin. pp. 8–9.
1833:
Mode 3 Knowledge Production in Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems
1525:
Davis, Glyn; Dickinson, Kay; Patti, Lisa; Villarejo, Amy (2015).
815:
678:
2365:
467:, which abolished screen quotas after the establishment of the
1962:
Tom Fairless, "Europe’s Digital Czar Slams Google, Facebook,"
1940:
See ["Google under fire in Europe over user privacy concerns"
1630:
682:
246:
is fear of the pervasiveness of American Internet technology.
211:
179:
2292:
Rich relations: the American occupation of Britain, 1942-1945
1871:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 105.
1602:. Hamilton ON. Canadian Press. October 25, 1997. p. B4.
867:
Some critics believe that the result of the rivalry between
1441:
Global America?: The Cultural Consequences of Globalization
1439:. In Beck, Ulrich; Sznaider, Natan; Winter, Rainer (eds.).
1056:
Global America?: The Cultural Consequences of Globalization
2180:
2138:
DeBres, Karen. "A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK,"
2094:
The Transatlantic Century: Europe and America, 1890-2010
1761:"The Fall of the Empire: The Americanization of English"
628:, among others, have numerous outlets around the world.
2207:
The Americanisation of the European Economy after 1880
1985:
Dolan, Susan; Wytsalucy, Reagan; Lyons, Keith (2022).
1895:
Jeans in der DDR: vom tieferen Sinn einer Freizeithose
1196:
William Hoynes; David Croteau; Stefania Milan (2011).
764:
Americanization has become more prevalent since the
389:
found seven American shows in the ten most watched:
3052:
2985:
2953:
2927:
2129:Campbell, Neil, Jude Davies and George McKay, eds.
282:of the United States are the primary source of the
2248:Special Relations: The Americanization of Britain?
2062:
2060:
2168:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
1443:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 235–256.
1437:"The Internet An Instrument of Americanization?"
1400:
1398:
1388:Niels Grosse, "American Investments In Europe,"
1340:
1338:
1199:Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences
1312:
1310:
1308:
1266:"British Films on the Brink of Americanization"
2135:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
2377:
1497:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 18.
1384:
1382:
1223:
1221:
1219:
8:
1430:
1428:
1277:
1275:
1191:
1189:
459:between the U.S. and other nations involves
314:
1627:"CSI show 'most popular show in the world'"
1085:
1083:
428:The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
2924:
2384:
2370:
2362:
1869:The world Transformed: 1945 to the present
1658:The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present
1228:Michael Pokorny and John Sedgwick (2004).
2317:The Americanization of Germany, 1945–1949
1995:. Vol. 36, no. 1, Summer 2022.
1796:
1786:
1776:
1365:. Springer Science & Business Media.
851:used this term in the title of his book,
1682:"Dual forces fuel Mexican film industry"
1411:. Oxford University Press. p. 221.
1112:Berghahn, Volker R. (February 1, 2010).
46:
1464:Elteren, Mel van (September 14, 2006).
992:
2236:, Mcclelland & Stewart Ltd, 1993,
2019:Strategic Council on Foreign Relations
1637:from the original on September 2, 2007
1359:Schröter, Harm G. (December 5, 2005).
345:and accelerated afterwards. The first
2132:Issues in Americanisation and Culture
1660:. New York: Oxford. pp. 96–108.
1574:"McDonald's Marks 30 Years in Russia"
1354:
1352:
1350:
495:is more common in communities of the
7:
2121:European Journal of American Culture
1572:Maynes, Charles (February 1, 2020).
1531:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 299.
1161:"How American Culture Ate the World"
1107:
1105:
1103:
2277:Volume: 16. Issue: 3. pp. 549+
2041:The End of History and The Last Man
1528:Film Studies: A Global Introduction
469:North American Free Trade Agreement
471:(NAFTA) with the U.S. and Canada.
453:highest-grossing films of all time
127:highest-grossing films of all time
25:
2347:, Feb 2010, 10#1, pp. 107–30
2187:, 2011, retrieved: March 8, 2021.
1159:Fergie, Dexter (March 24, 2022).
1027:Fraser, Nick (November 2, 2014).
474:Many American musicians, such as
2218:, 2012, retrieved: June 6, 2012.
2156:(I.B. Tauris, 2013), 340 pages,
1392:1967, Vol. 22 Issue 1, pp. 23–32
1093:The Americanization of the World
1042:– via www.theguardian.com.
853:The Americanization of the World
321:was edited by German and Jewish
40:Americanization (disambiguation)
1898:(in German). Ch. Links Verlag.
954:Propaganda in the United States
847:In 1902 the British journalist
86:on other countries outside the
2297:Rydell, Robert W., Rob Kroes:
1857:Volume: 16. Issue: 3. pp. 549+
1096:. Horace Markley. p. 393.
1059:. Liverpool University Press.
416:CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
235:use in the mid-2000s (notably
27:Global influence of US culture
1:
2354:92#3 (Sept 2020) pp 602–634
2258:The Americanization of Canada
2216:Institute of European History
2185:Institute of European History
2181:EGO - European History Online
2140:Journal of Cultural Geography
899:Americanization (immigration)
367:Foreign versions of American
36:Americanization (immigration)
3143:Culture of the United States
2966:Romanization of the writings
2170:(2006) 26#4 pp. 461–84.
1788:10.1371/journal.pone.0197741
1708:"Frequently Asked Questions"
934:Debates over Americanization
766:collapse of the Soviet Union
343:collapse of the Soviet Union
284:most commercially successful
228:collapse of the Soviet Union
3080:Forced religious conversion
2303:University of Chicago Press
2194:, Scholarly Resources, 1993
1710:. Elvis.com. Archived from
832:The Americanization of the
749:European Economic Community
347:McDonald's in Soviet Russia
119:cinema of the United States
3164:
2039:Fukuyama, Francis (2012).
1997:U.S. National Park Service
1950:December 22, 2017, at the
1831:and David F. J. Campbell,
1684:. Adelante. Archived from
885:in the arts and literature
510:
78:) is the influence of the
29:
3043:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
2928:Assimilation by religions
2399:
2352:Journal of Modern History
1867:Hunt, Michael H. (2014).
1491:Kerrigan, Finola (2010).
1234:. Routledge. p. 25.
1130:10.1080/14682740903388566
1076:– via Google Books.
327:fled to the United States
263:Media and popular culture
237:heavily censored in China
55:franchises, such as this
2954:Assimilation by writings
2123:28 (no. 1, 2009), 57–74.
2026:August 14, 2021, at the
1892:Menzel, Rebecca (2004).
1231:Economic History of Film
842:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2252:excerpt and text search
2212:European History Online
1405:Geir Lundestad (2005).
1283:"The Coca-Cola Company"
909:Anti-American sentiment
840:was carried out by the
821:The Wall Street Journal
349:had a grand opening on
3060:Cultural globalization
2197:Hendershot, Robert M.
1928:June 28, 2017, at the
1656:Hunt, Michael (2016).
944:Military globalization
744:
658:
643:
622:Kentucky Fried Chicken
533:
447:
315:
64:
38:. For other uses, see
3138:Cultural assimilation
2393:Cultural assimilation
2225:23.3 (1999): 463-477
2067:Fousek, John (2000).
1972:July 8, 2017, at the
1740:on September 16, 2007
1736:. MTV. Archived from
1714:on September 26, 2007
1562:(1999) 23#1 pp. 21–43
1202:. SAGE. p. 333.
1090:Stead, W. T. (1901).
731:
702:public administration
649:
634:
598:500 largest companies
520:
457:free trade agreements
437:
148:the Coca-Cola Company
50:
3097:Internal colonialism
3065:Cultural imperialism
2746:Northern Afghanistan
2092:Nolan, Mary (2012).
1293:on December 15, 2011
929:Cultural imperialism
914:American stereotypes
894:American imperialism
536:Many of the world's
404:Desperate Housewives
226:prevalent since the
76:spelling differences
51:United States-based
32:American imperialism
3102:Jewish assimilation
3075:Forced assimilation
2613:or Castilianization
2322:Zenklusen, Stefan:
2256:Moffett, Samuel E.
1965:Wall Street Journal
1829:Elias G. Carayannis
1616:26 (fall): 390-418.
1435:Kroes, Rob (2003).
844:in the late 1800s.
788:high-speed Internet
782:A new dimension of
694:efficiency movement
540:companies, such as
507:Business and brands
463:. One such case is
369:television programs
362:Little Golden Books
360:The importation of
276:television industry
233:high-speed Internet
158:franchises such as
2726:Montenegrinization
2326:, Göttingen 2020,
2223:Diplomatic History
2190:Haines, Gerald K.
1688:on August 11, 2007
1560:Diplomatic History
775:The New York Times
745:
659:
644:
534:
448:
280:major film studios
100:business practices
65:
3125:
3124:
3092:Identity politics
2981:
2980:
2711:Macedonianization
2332:978-3-7369-7273-5
2290:Reynolds, David.
2275:Feminist Studies.
2232:Martn, Lawrence.
2204:Hilger, Susanne:
2162:978-1-84885-407-9
2103:978-1-139-56980-4
1905:978-3-86153-335-1
1855:Feminist Studies.
1667:978-0-19-937102-0
1633:. July 31, 2006.
1477:978-0-7864-2785-7
1450:978-0-85323-928-4
1418:978-0-19-928397-2
1372:978-1-4020-2934-9
939:Empire of Liberty
737:American football
381:CNN International
139:Lord of the Rings
16:(Redirected from
3155:
3070:Dominant culture
3053:Related concepts
3015:De-russification
3003:De-stalinization
2998:De-communization
2935:Christianization
2925:
2777:or Latinization
2731:Norwegianization
2707:or Hungarization
2681:
2522:Colombianization
2424:Native Americans
2386:
2379:
2372:
2363:
2345:Cold War History
2315:Willett, Ralph.
2280:Pells, Richard.
2262:full text online
2108:
2107:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2036:
2030:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1982:
1976:
1960:
1954:
1938:
1932:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
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1817:
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1800:
1790:
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1756:
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1730:
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1721:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1647:
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1644:
1642:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1578:Voice of America
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1488:
1482:
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1461:
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1402:
1393:
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1377:
1376:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1314:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1289:. Archived from
1279:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1255:motion pictures)
1252:
1246:
1245:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1165:The New Republic
1156:
1150:
1149:
1118:Cold War History
1109:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1024:
1018:
1017:
997:
924:Cocacolonization
883:American culture
838:Canyon de Chelly
784:anti-Americanism
706:social democrats
513:Cocacolonization
493:American English
341:even before the
320:
317:Die Neue Zeitung
289:In general, the
256:Harm G. Schröter
244:anti-Americanism
80:American culture
21:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3148:Western culture
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3117:Monoculturalism
3048:
3037:De-sinicization
3010:De-nazification
2986:Opposite trends
2977:
2949:
2923:
2805:Sanskritization
2770:Romanianization
2736:Pakistanization
2675:
2611:Hispanicization
2601:Hawaiianization
2557:Europeanization
2552:Estonianization
2507:Canadianization
2414:Americanization
2395:
2390:
2340:
2173:Gräser, Marcus
2116:
2114:Further reading
2111:
2104:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2028:Wayback Machine
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1974:Wayback Machine
1961:
1957:
1952:Wayback Machine
1939:
1935:
1930:Wayback Machine
1917:
1913:
1906:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1771:(5): e0197741.
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1268:. May 28, 2015.
1264:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1021:
999:
998:
994:
990:
985:
959:McDonaldization
949:Neo-colonialism
878:
865:
830:
762:
726:
604:. The American
515:
509:
501:British English
480:Michael Jackson
422:Without a Trace
291:U.S. government
270:, the American
265:
252:
104:popular culture
72:Americanisation
68:Americanization
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Language shift
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2993:De-arabization
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2919:Zairianization
2916:
2911:
2909:Westernization
2906:
2904:Vietnamization
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Turkmenization
2886:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Talibanization
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2812:
2810:Serbianization
2807:
2802:
2800:Saffronization
2797:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2753:Persianization
2750:
2749:
2748:
2741:Pashtunization
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:Lithuanization
2697:
2695:Latvianization
2692:
2687:
2682:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:Japanification
2653:
2651:Italianization
2648:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2629:Indigenization
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Georgification
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2562:Westernization
2554:
2549:
2547:Dutchification
2544:
2539:
2537:Cypriotization
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Bosniakization
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2473:Belarusization
2470:
2468:Araucanization
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2404:Africanization
2400:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2339:
2338:Historiography
2336:
2335:
2334:
2320:
2313:
2295:
2288:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2254:
2246:Malchow, H.L.
2244:
2230:
2219:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2171:
2164:
2152:Glancy, Mark.
2150:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2084:
2077:
2056:
2049:
2031:
2009:
1977:
1955:
1933:
1911:
1904:
1884:
1877:
1859:
1846:
1837:
1821:
1812:
1751:
1725:
1699:
1673:
1666:
1648:
1618:
1605:
1590:
1564:
1551:
1537:
1517:
1503:
1494:Film Marketing
1483:
1476:
1456:
1449:
1424:
1417:
1394:
1390:Europa-Archiv,
1378:
1371:
1346:
1334:
1304:
1271:
1257:
1247:
1240:
1215:
1208:
1185:
1151:
1124:(1): 107–130.
1099:
1079:
1065:
1045:
1019:
1002:Israel Studies
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:
981:Indigenization
978:
976:Westernization
973:
968:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
904:Amerika (song)
901:
896:
891:
889:American Dream
886:
879:
877:
874:
864:
861:
829:
828:Historiography
826:
796:Silicon Valley
770:Vladimir Putin
761:
758:
733:Koç University
725:
722:
626:Domino's Pizza
570:General Motors
511:Main article:
508:
505:
497:European Union
440:Hollywood Sign
355:Pushkin Square
295:Axis countries
264:
261:
251:
248:
184:Domino's Pizza
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3160:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Globalization
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Korenizatsiia
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Cyrillization
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Ukrainization
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:Turkification
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Taiwanization
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Swedification
2850:
2848:
2847:Swahilization
2845:
2843:
2842:Sovietization
2840:
2838:
2837:Slovakization
2835:
2833:
2832:Slavicization
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Sinhalization
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:Russification
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Mongolization
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:Magyarization
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Kurdification
2688:
2686:
2685:Koreanization
2683:
2679:
2674:
2673:Kazakhization
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:Israelization
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:Indianization
2615:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Hellenization
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Germanization
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Gaelicization
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Finnicization
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Chilenization
2515:
2513:
2512:Celticization
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Bulgarization
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:Bengalization
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Anglicization
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:0-226-73242-8
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:Nolan, Mary.
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2242:0-7710-5663-X
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2176:Model America
2172:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2078:0-8078-6067-0
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:9780141927763
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Toronto Star
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1878:9780199371020
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1844:Noland (1975)
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1739:
1735:
1734:"Jackos Back"
1729:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1600:The Spectator
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2899:Uzbekization
2872:Thaification
2867:Tamilization
2820:Sinicization
2775:Romanization
2765:Polonization
2716:Malayization
2668:Javanization
2656:Japanization
2634:Indonezation
2574:Francization
2542:Czechization
2532:Croatization
2527:Creolization
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1992:Park Science
1990:
1989:. Features.
1980:
1967:24 Feb. 2015
1964:
1958:
1945:8 April 2015
1942:
1936:
1923:17 Oct. 2013
1921:The Atlantic
1920:
1914:
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1738:the original
1728:
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1712:the original
1702:
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1686:the original
1676:
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1614:Book History
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1055:
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1033:The Observer
1032:
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133:Harry Potter
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1641:October 23,
1510:February 4,
1072:October 22,
1038:October 22,
754:U.S. dollar
651:Burger King
614:Burger King
444:Los Angeles
438:The iconic
386:Radio Times
377:CNBC Europe
250:Definitions
217:During the
172:Burger King
123:way of life
92:their media
3132:Categories
2882:placenames
2622:placenames
2490:placenames
2419:immigrants
1778:1707.00781
1744:August 30,
1718:August 30,
1692:August 29,
1544:August 24,
1327:August 25,
1297:August 24,
988:References
971:Soft Power
792:smartphone
739:team, the
724:Visibility
687:Carayannis
638:Coffee in
610:McDonald's
602:soft power
574:McDonald's
526:McDonald's
392:CSI: Miami
188:Apple Inc.
160:McDonald's
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657:, Turkey
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542:Alphabet
532:, Israel
530:Ashkelon
485:Thriller
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325:who had
219:Cold War
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2451:Berbers
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