937:
909:
873:
727:
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can be found around the
Mediterranean from Augustan times until the 3rd century AD. During the late empire period, north-African types dominated amphora production. The so-called African I and II types were widely used from the 2nd until the late 4th century AD. Other types from the eastern Mediterranean (Gaza), such as the so-called Late Roman 4, became very popular between the 4th and the 7th century AD, while Italic productions ceased.
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503:
186:
49:
610:
80:
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type of amphora presented some advantages in being lighter and with thinner walls. It has been calculated that while a ship could accommodate approximately 4500 Dressel 1, it was possible to fit 6000 Dressel 2–4 in the same space. Dressel 2-4 were often produced in the same workshops used for the production of
Dressel 1 which quickly ceased to be used.
304:, which makes available capacities between one-half and two and one-half tons. In contrast, the amphora holds under a half-ton, typically less than 50 kilograms (110 lb). The bodies of the two types have similar shapes. Where the pithos may have multiple small loops or lugs for fastening a rope harness, the amphora has two expansive
596:
been studied by
Laubenheimer in a study published in 1989, whereas the Cretan amphorae have been analyzed by Marangou-Lerat. Beltràn studied the Spanish types in 1970. Adriatic types have been studied by Lamboglia in 1955. For a general analysis of the Western Mediterranean types see Panella, and Peacock and Williams.
324:
rack, and ropes passed through their handles to prevent shifting or toppling during rough seas. Heather and reeds might be used as packing around the vases. Racks could be used in kitchens and shops. The base also concentrated deposits from liquids with suspended solid particles, such as olive oil and wines.
1017:
184, an amphora used for the transportation of
Rhodian wine all over the empire. Imitations of the Dressel 2-4 were produced on the island of Cos for the transportation of wine from the 4th century BC until middle imperial times. Cretan containers also were popular for the transportation of wine and
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for the winners of the athletic contests held to honour the goddess, and were evidently kept thereafter, and perhaps used to store wine, before being buried with the prize-winner. They depicted goddess Athena on one side (as seen on the second image on this page) and the athletic event on the other
556:
containers. During the production process the body was made first and then left to dry partially. Then coils of clay were added to form the neck, the rim, and the handles. Once the amphora was complete, the maker then treated the interior with resin that would prevent permeation of stored liquids.
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The first type of Roman amphora, Dressel 1, appears in central Italy in the late 2nd century BC. This type had thick walls and a characteristic red fabric. It was very heavy, although also strong. Around the middle of the 1st century BC the so-called
Dressel 2-4 starts to become widely used. This
738:
Besides coarse amphorae used for storage and transport, the vast majority, high-quality painted amphorae were produced in
Ancient Greece in significant numbers for a variety of social and ceremonial purposes. Their design differs vastly from the more functional versions; they are typified by wide
595:
Subsequent studies on Roman amphorae have produced more detailed classifications, which usually are named after the scholar who studied them. For the neo-Phoenician types see the work by Maña published in 1951, and the revised classification by Van der Werff in 1977–1978. The Gallic amphorae have
323:
Most were produced with a pointed base to allow upright storage by embedding in soft ground, such as sand. The base facilitated transport by ship, where the amphorae were packed upright or on their sides in as many as five staggered layers. If upright, the bases probably were held by some sort of
335:
and the geographic origin of the cargo. They are occasionally so well preserved that the original content is still present, providing information on foodstuffs and mercantile systems. Amphorae were too cheap and plentiful to return to their origin-point and so, when empty, they were broken up at
985:
regions (south-western and eastern Spain) were the main production areas between the 2nd and the 1st century BC due to the distribution of land to military veterans and the founding of new colonies. Spanish amphorae were widespread in the
Mediterranean area during early imperial times. The most
285:) is a type of container with a pointed bottom and characteristic shape and size which fit tightly (and therefore safely) against each other in storage rooms and packages, tied together with rope and delivered by land or sea. The size and shape have been determined from at least as early as the
308:
joining the shoulder of the body and a long neck. The necks of pithoi are wide for scooping or bucket access. The necks of amphorae are narrow for pouring by a person holding it by the bottom and a handle. Some variants exist. The handles might not be present. The size may require two or three
963:
amphorae, small containers, were produced for the transportation of wine. On the
Adriatic coast the older types were replaced by the Lamboglia 2 type, a wine amphora commonly produced between the end of the 2nd and the 1st century BC. This type develops later into the Dressel 6A which becomes
525:
There was a significant degree of standardisation in some variants; the wine amphora held a standard measure of about 39 litres (41 US qt), giving rise to the amphora quadrantal as a unit of measure in the Roman Empire. In all, approximately 66 distinct types of amphora have been identified.
521:
Amphorae varied greatly in height. The largest stands as tall as 1.5 metres (4.9 feet) high, while some were less than 30 centimetres (12 inches) high - the smallest were called amphoriskoi (literally "little amphorae"). Most were around 45 centimetres (18 inches) high.
391:
imported, manufactured, and exported amphorae extensively in their wine industry, and other Greek vase names were
Etruscanized, no Etruscan form of the word exists. There was perhaps an as yet unidentified native Etruscan word for the vase that pre-empted the adoption of
872:
757:. Especially in earlier periods, outsize vases were used as grave markers, while some amphorae were used as containers for the ashes of the dead. By the Roman period vase-painting had largely died out, and utilitarian amphorae were normally the only type produced.
908:
972:
during late
Augustan times. The type Oberaden 74 was produced to such an extent that it influenced the production of some Italic types. Spanish amphorae became particularly popular thanks to a flourishing production phase in late Republican times. The
1005:. Phoenician amphorae had characteristic small handles attached directly onto the upper body. This feature becomes the distinctive mark of late-Republican/early imperial productions, which are then called neo-Phoenician. The types produced in
747:
held between the 6th century BC to the 2nd century BC, filled with olive oil from a sacred grove. Surviving examples bear the inscription "I am one of the prizes from Athens", and usually depict the particular event they were awarded for.
967:
In the Gallic provinces the first examples of Roman amphorae were local imitations of pre-existent types such as Dressel 1, Dressel 2–4, Pascual 1, and Haltern 70. The more typical Gallic production begins within the ceramic ateliers in
479:
AMPHORA, which has a number of scribal variants. The two spellings are transcriptions of amphiphorēwes (plural) and amphorēwe (dual) in Mycenaean Greek from which it may be seen that the short form prevailed on the mainland.
320:, in which the neck and body form a continuous curve upwards. Neck amphorae were commonly used in the early history of ancient Greece, but were gradually replaced by the one-piece type from around the 7th century BC onward.
629:
Ceramics of shapes and uses falling within the range of amphorae, with or without handles, are of prehistoric heritage across Eurasia, from the Caucasus to China. Amphorae dated to approximately 4800 BC have been found in
574:, recorded the weight of the container and the contents, and were applied after the amphora was filled. Today, stamps are used to allow historians to track the flow of trade goods and recreate ancient trade networks.
826:
In contrast to the neck amphora, a belly amphora does not have a distinguished neck; instead, the belly reaches the mouth in a continuous curve. After the mid-5th century BC, this type was rarely produced. The
564:, and inscriptions. They provided information on the production, content, and subsequent marketing. A stamp usually was applied to the amphora at a partially dry stage. It indicates the name of the
959:
type starts (Dressel 21–22). These containers were mainly used for the transportation of fruit and were used until the middle imperial times. At the same time, in central Italy, the so-called
708:
and other East Asian ceramic cultures, especially as a fancy shape for high-quality decorative ceramics, and continued to be produced there long after they had ceased to be used further west.
149:
The shards are ubiquitous in any type of archaeological context. The vessels were used primarily to carry wine, which was drunk by all known peoples over Eurasia from at least the Neolithic.
586:. Following the exceptional amphora deposit uncovered in Rome in Castro Pretorio at the end of the 1800s, he collected almost 200 inscriptions from amphorae and included them in the
309:
handlers to lift. For the most part, however, an amphora was tableware, or sat close to the table, was intended to be seen, and was finely decorated as such by master painters.
1834:
861:. Some examples bear the inscription "ΤΩΝ ΑΘΗΝΗΘΕΝ ΑΘΛΩΝ" meaning " of the prizes from Athena". They contained the prize of oil from the sacred olive tree of the goddess
119:
Sometimes inscribed with an identifying mark, or, in the case of painted ware, the signature of the potter or artist and the names of the characters depicted in the scene.
592:. In his studies of the amphora deposit he was the first to elaborate a classification of types, the so-called "Dressel table", which still is used today for many types.
2336:
936:
1414:
773:
On a neck amphora, the handles are attached to the neck, which is separated from the belly by an angular carination. There are two main types of neck amphorae:
1889:
289:
Period. Amphorae were used in vast numbers for the transport and storage of various products, both liquid and dry, but mostly for wine. They are most often
3470:
1922:
994:(fruit sauce). In the Tarraconensis region the Pascual 1 was the most common type, a wine amphora shaped on the Dressel 1, and imitations of Dressel 2–4.
557:
The reconstruction of these stages of production is based primarily on the study of modern amphora production in some areas of the eastern Mediterranean.
3380:
1013:
were quite popular starting from the 3rd century BC due to local wine production which flourished over a long period. These types developed into the
739:
mouth and a ring base, with a glazed surface and decorated with figures or geometric shapes. They normally have a firm base on which they can stand.
1765:
1803:
384:. Undoubtedly, the word and the vase were introduced to Italy through the Greek settlements there, which traded extensively in Greek pottery.
1390:
1693:
Panella, Clementina (2001), "Le anfore di età imperiale del Mediterraneo occidentale", in Lévêque, Pierre; Morel, Jean Paul Maurice (eds.),
2782:
1839:
312:
Stoppers of perishable materials, which have rarely survived, were used to seal the contents. Two principal types of amphorae existed: the
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common types were all produced in Baetica and among these there were the Dressel 20, a typical olive oil container, the Dressel 7–13, for
3925:
3910:
2291:
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and Northern Tunisia are the Maña C1 and C2, later renamed Van der Werff 1, 2, and 3. In the Aegean area the types from the island of
530:
1717:
252:
3736:
2584:
1188:
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Dressel 1879, Di un grande deposito di anfore rinvenuto nel nuovo quartiere del Castro Pretorio, in BullCom, VII, 36–112, 143–196.
3706:
72:. The museum archaeologists have devised a rack and roping device to illustrate how the cargo might have been kept from shifting.
833:
is a special type of belly amphora, with the belly placed lower, so that the widest point of the vessel is near its bottom. The
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3294:
3139:
1915:
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use amphorae to provide a different palate and taste to their products from those that are available with other aging methods.
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588:
1225:
111:
Small-volume container varying from table-top size to half the height of a human, able to be carried by one or more people.
3656:
2609:
1931:
259:
1100:, earthenware and stoneware vessels used for storing and transporting various products in ancient maritime Southeast Asia
2812:
1758:
1283:
1259:
1242:
1203:
293:, but examples in metals and other materials have been found. Versions of the amphorae were one of many shapes used in
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294:
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1798:
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1237:
899:
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is the first known literary person to use it. The Romans turned the Greek form into a standard -a declension noun,
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3691:
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2619:
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2406:
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721:
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Laubenheimer, Les amphores gauloises sous l’empire: recherches nouvelles sur leur production et chronologie, in
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There are also some rarer special types of neck amphora, distinguished by specific features, for example:
246:
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The largest known wreck of an amphorae cargo ship, carrying 6,000 pots, was discovered off the coast of
476:
388:
1731:
434:("to carry"), referring to the vessel's two carrying handles on opposite sides. The amphora appears as
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1081:
919:
805:
744:
328:
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84:
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1059:
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The first systematic classification of Roman amphorae types was undertaken by the German scholar
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Marangou-Lerat, Le vin et les amphores de Crète de l’epoque classique à l’epoque impériale, in
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1793:
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1094:, a two-handled amphora whose opposing handles connect the aperture to the sides of the vessel
550:
345:
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2207:
2068:
2031:
1136:
975:
726:
705:
639:
618:
583:
373:
219:
1318:
The transport amphorae from Euesperides: The maritime trade of a Cyrenaican city 400-250 BC
997:
North-African production was based on an ancient tradition which may be traced back to the
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3804:
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Painted amphorae were also used for funerary purposes, often in special types such as the
349:
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622:
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361:
65:
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Miniature Roman Holy Land 1st–3rd century AD lead pilgrim's votive amphora "Ampulla"
697:. They were produced on an industrial scale until approximately the 7th century AD.
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3249:
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1103:
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has the short form. Ventris and Chadwick's translation is "carried on both sides."
185:
88:
817:, used for storing water during ritual ceremonies, such as marriages and funerals.
502:
79:
857:
and retaining the black-figure technique for centuries after the introduction of
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2150:
1884:
1320:. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 4o No. 25. Stockholm: Lund. p. 9.
1091:
854:
352:, 45 m (148 ft) high and more than 1 kilometre in circumference.
139:
48:
1685:
La ceramica e i materiali di Età Romana. Classi, produzioni, commerci e consumi
944:
By the Roman period utilitarian amphorae were normally the only type produced.
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3304:
3219:
3084:
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3019:
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2504:
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2105:
2089:
1960:
1683:
Bruno, Brunella (2005), "Le anfore da trasporto", in Gandolfi, Daniela (ed.),
553:
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131:
61:
57:
1726:
1400:
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1955:
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337:
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127:
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Circum-Mediterranean, Black Sea, Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
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2589:
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2125:
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1985:
1335:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: University Press. pp. 324, 328, 494, 532.
1069:
1064:
1002:
991:
568:(workshop) and/or the name of the owner of the workshop. Painted stamps,
445:
205:
135:
808:, with a notably pointed toe, sometimes ending in a knob-like protrusion
17:
3405:
3400:
3349:
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2807:
2662:
2232:
2005:
1995:
1975:
1965:
1385:. Edward Monroe Harris, David M. Lewis, Mark Woolmer. Cambridge. 2015.
1097:
449:
368:. The Romans acquired it during the Hellenization that occurred in the
290:
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2767:
2732:
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1990:
1980:
1950:
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829:
786:
765:
Various different types of amphorae were popular at different times:
731:
698:
686:
301:
266:
92:
69:
1900:
1382:
The Ancient Greek Economy : Markets, Households and City-States
1357:. Longman archaeology series. London; New York: Longman. p. 45.
103:
Ceramic, a small minority in metal, rare instances in stone or glass
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3129:
3029:
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2212:
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1970:
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538:
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481:
341:
201:
184:
1743:
701:
and skin containers seem to have supplanted amphorae thereafter.
3039:
2979:
2717:
1453:
Amphores de tradition punique à Uzita, in BaBesch 52-53, 171-200
782:
690:
674:
2273:
1904:
1747:
653:
In the Bronze and Iron Ages amphorae spread around the ancient
3134:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2707:
2677:
1501:"Sulla cronologia delle anfore romane di età repubblicana" in
1464:
Amphores romaines et histoire économiqué: dis ans de recherche
234:
1466:. Actes du Colloque de Sienne (22-24 mai 1986), Rome, 105-138
1292:
1284:
1260:
1226:
417:
407:
2269:
1709:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
316:, in which the neck and body meet at a sharp angle; and the
30:
This article is about the type of vase. For other uses, see
914:
Greek amphora; 2nd half of the 2nd century BC; glass; from
264:
237:
853:
decoration, produced exclusively as prize vessels for the
1546:
1544:
1542:
533:
for liquids. The volume of a Roman amphora was one cubic
225:
866:
side, e.g. a scene of wrestling or running contest etc.
64:, on display in the Museum of Underwater Archaeology at
1625:"Biggest ever Roman shipwreck found in the eastern Med"
1561:
1559:
1519:
Le anfore di età imperiale del Mediterraneo occidentale
1125:"Commercial Amphoras: The Earliest Consumer Packages?"
1687:, Bordighera: Istituto Internazionale di Studi Liguri
1355:
Amphorae and the Roman economy: an introductory guide
837:
was introduced around the end of the 6th century BC.
560:
Amphorae often were marked with a variety of stamps,
470:
453:
435:
231:
1835:
Belly Amphora by the Andokides Painter (Munich 2301)
1697:(in French), Paris: Belles Lettres, pp. 177–275
1072:, another large container used historically for wine
665:
as the principal means for transporting and storing
3775:
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3363:
2993:
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2307:
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2190:
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2014:
1938:
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228:
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153:
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115:
107:
99:
41:
1172:
348:(calce viva), remained to create a hill now named
1078:, scholar of the contents of shipwrecked amphorae
781:(late 5th century BC), named for its type site,
730:Large late Geometric Attic amphora; 725–700 BC;
2337:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
336:their destination. At a breakage site in Rome,
189:Silver amphora-rhyton with zoomorphic handles,
2285:
1916:
1759:
1440:Maña, Sobre tipologia de ánforas pùnicas, in
529:Further, the term also stands for an ancient
484:uses the long form for metrical reasons, and
8:
1442:VI Congreso Arqueologico del Sudeste Español
3471:Hazard analysis and critical control points
1353:Peacock, D. P. S.; Williams, D. F. (1986).
1166:
1164:
360:Amphora is a Greco-Roman word developed in
2292:
2278:
2270:
1923:
1909:
1901:
1845:
1766:
1752:
1744:
1413:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
56:designed for marine transport, taken from
38:
3381:Automatic identification and data capture
1695:Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines III
1523:Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines III
1331:Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1973).
1179:. New York, N.Y.: Facts on File. p.
712:Ancient Greece: fancy shapes for painting
511:1: rim; 2: neck; 3: handle; 4: shoulder;
1804:Neck Amphora by Exekias (Berlin F 1720)
1577:
1550:
1533:
1514:
1444:, Alcoy, 1950, Cartagena, 1951, 203–210
1206:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1115:
955:(southern Italy) the production of the
868:
178:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1406:
990:(fish sauce), and the Haltern 70, for
888:; terracotta; height: 62.2 cm (24
387:It is remarkable that even though the
331:, as they often indicate the age of a
1656:. Brasserie Cantillon. Archived from
1610:
1598:
1565:
1375:
1373:
7:
2783:Flexible intermediate bulk container
1840:Two-handled amphora (Boston 63.1515)
769:Neck amphora (c. 6th–5th century BC)
300:The amphora complements a vase, the
1623:Buckley, Julia (16 December 2019).
344:, the fragments, later wetted with
274:
3767:Vertical form fill sealing machine
1734:from the University of Southampton
1732:Roman Amphorae: a digital resource
1171:Adkins, L.; Adkins, R. A. (1994).
462:, at Mycenae, and the fragmentary
25:
3737:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
2585:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
646:. Amphorae first appeared on the
3881:
3880:
3707:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
1175:Handbook to life in Ancient Rome
964:dominant during Augustan times.
907:
871:
650:coast at approximately 3500 BC.
399:The Latin word derived from the
218:
78:
47:
3441:Electronic article surveillance
3295:Shock and vibration data logger
3140:Linear low-density polyethylene
1789:Amphora of Hermonax in Würzburg
426:("on both sides", "twain") and
3546:Radio-frequency identification
589:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1:
3657:Extended core stretch wrapper
2610:Single-serve coffee container
1490:Las anforas Romanas en Espana
882:
822:Belly amphora (c. 640–450 BC)
422:), a compound word combining
327:Amphorae are of great use to
190:
2813:Insulated shipping container
1333:Documents in Mycenaean Greek
1316:Göransson, Kristian (2007).
845:Another special type is the
265:
3702:Material-handling equipment
3586:Verification and validation
2818:Intermediate bulk container
2600:Self-heating food packaging
1041:Some modern winemakers and
743:were used as prizes in the
718:Ancient Greek vase painting
295:Ancient Greek vase painting
91:style, showing the goddess
3947:
3926:Wine packaging and storage
3911:Archaeological terminology
3345:Time temperature indicator
1799:Judgement of Paris Amphora
1293:
1285:
1261:
1227:
900:Metropolitan Museum of Art
715:
495:
471:
454:
436:
418:
408:
251:
250:
29:
3878:
3800:Environmental engineering
3762:Turntable stretch wrapper
3692:Lineshaft roller conveyor
3682:Injection molding machine
2620:Toothpaste pump dispenser
2480:Disposable food packaging
2322:Child-resistant packaging
2099:Perfume, oil, and wedding
1738:Roman Amphoras in Britain
1129:Journal of Macromarketing
879:Panathenaic prize amphora
847:Panathenaic prize amphora
841:Panathenaic prize amphora
722:Pottery of ancient Greece
657:world, being used by the
531:Roman unit of measurement
85:Panathenaic prize amphora
77:
46:
27:Type of storage container
3687:Label printer applicator
3556:Shearing (manufacturing)
3155:Low-density polyethylene
2575:Pharmaceutical packaging
2545:Low plastic water bottle
2435:Alternative wine closure
1029:island off the coast of
859:red-figure vase painting
466:at Pylos, designated by
198:Vassil Bojkov Collection
32:Amphora (disambiguation)
3717:Orbital stretch wrapper
3340:Temperature data logger
3260:Pressure-sensitive tape
3120:Humidity indicator card
2648:Aerosol spray dispenser
1740:in Internet Archaeology
1727:Bulletin amphorologique
1720:30 October 2014 at the
1503:Rivista Studi Liguri 21
1243:A Greek–English Lexicon
1141:10.1177/027467022001009
506:Dressel 1B type amphora
412:), a shortened form of
329:maritime archaeologists
3436:Die forming (plastics)
3145:Liquid packaging board
2848:Multilayered packaging
2580:Plastic milk container
2560:Optical disc packaging
2160:Funerary and religious
1589:Van der Werff 1977-78.
982:Hispania Tarraconensis
941:
735:
626:
518:
448:Bronze Age records of
209:
166:This article contains
3865:Sustainable packaging
3815:Life-cycle assessment
3795:Closed-loop box reuse
3742:Seed-counting machine
3075:Corrugated fiberboard
3025:Biodegradable plastic
2748:Corrugated box design
2402:Sustainable packaging
2392:Shelf-ready packaging
2367:Packaging engineering
1417:) CS1 maint: others (
1234:Liddell, Henry George
1055:Ancient Roman pottery
939:
745:Panathenaic Festivals
729:
716:Further information:
617:(China), made by the
612:
505:
188:
3835:PET bottle recycling
3697:Logistics automation
3225:Plastic-coated paper
2372:Resealable packaging
1877:Panathenaic amphorae
1715:The AMPHORAS project
1710:Amphorae ex Hispania
1650:"Back to the future"
1517:, pp. 177–275:
1082:Maritime archaeology
951:At the same time in
741:Panathenaic amphorae
549:Roman amphorae were
492:Weights and measures
3887:Category: Packaging
3722:Packaging machinery
3531:Product development
3330:Tamper-evident band
3170:Modified atmosphere
2510:Foam food container
1809:Nikosthenic amphora
761:Greek amphora types
605:Prehistoric origins
3850:Reusable packaging
3810:Industrial ecology
3571:Ultrasonic welding
3536:Production control
3486:Injection moulding
3371:Aseptic processing
3080:Corrugated plastic
2950:Steel and tin cans
2920:Shipping container
2858:Packet (container)
2595:Seasonal packaging
2495:Evidence packaging
2475:Currency packaging
2470:Cosmetic packaging
2377:Reusable packaging
1890:Euphiletos amphora
1850:Melian pithamphora
1819:Tyrrhenian amphora
1677:General references
1660:on 6 November 2014
1209:A Latin Dictionary
1123:Twede, D. (2002),
1060:Ayla-Axum Amphoras
942:
920:Roman-era Sardinia
794:Tyrrhenian amphora
736:
627:
519:
430:("carrier"), from
210:
168:special characters
3893:
3892:
3855:Reverse logistics
3840:Plastic recycling
3712:Multihead weigher
3632:Cartoning machine
3627:Cap torque tester
3541:Quality assurance
3516:Plastic extrusion
3481:Induction sealing
3451:Extrusion coating
3310:Staple (fastener)
3280:Security printing
3115:Hot-melt adhesive
2688:Biodegradable bag
2530:Glass milk bottle
2412:Tamper resistance
2352:Package pilferage
2327:Contract packager
2267:
2266:
1932:Greek vase shapes
1898:
1897:
1871:
1870:
1794:Horsehead Amphora
1479:, 30, Paris, 1995
1392:978-1-139-56553-0
613:Amphora found in
346:calcium hydroxide
318:one-piece amphora
263:
174:rendering support
161:
160:
16:(Redirected from
3938:
3884:
3883:
3870:Waste management
3860:Source reduction
3677:Industrial robot
3581:Vacuum packaging
3506:Package tracking
3461:Glass production
3421:Corona treatment
3411:Containerization
3275:Screw cap (wine)
3190:Oxygen scavenger
2653:Aluminium bottle
2605:Screw cap (wine)
2550:Luxury packaging
2382:Reuse of bottles
2347:Package delivery
2332:Edible packaging
2317:Active packaging
2294:
2287:
2280:
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1654:Cantillon.be/br/
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1367:Rizzo 2003, 141.
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1120:
976:Hispania Baetica
911:
897:
896:
892:
887:
884:
875:
706:Chinese ceramics
704:They influenced
640:Yangshao culture
621:; 5000–3000 BC;
619:Yangshao culture
584:Heinrich Dressel
474:
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154:Present location
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21:
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3939:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3931:Utility vessels
3921:Storage vessels
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3874:
3830:Paper recycling
3825:Packaging waste
3805:Glass recycling
3777:
3771:
3727:Pallet inverter
3647:Conveyor system
3602:Barcode printer
3590:
3566:Track and trace
3521:Plastic welding
3456:Flame treatment
3426:Curtain coating
3359:
3180:Nonwoven fabric
3165:Metallised film
3070:Container glass
2997:
2995:
2989:
2965:Tub (container)
2863:Padded envelope
2634:
2460:Case-ready meat
2427:
2421:
2357:Package testing
2309:
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2010:
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1722:Wayback Machine
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1087:Monte Testaccio
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934:
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912:
903:
902:(New York City)
894:
890:
889:
885:
876:
843:
824:
806:Pointed amphora
771:
763:
734:(Paris, France)
724:
714:
607:
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350:Monte Testaccio
340:, close to the
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172:Without proper
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3827:
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3817:
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3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Can collecting
3787:
3785:Biodegradation
3781:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Tape dispenser
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
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3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
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3609:
3607:Barcode reader
3604:
3598:
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3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Vacuum forming
3573:
3568:
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3548:
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3518:
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3473:
3468:
3466:Graphic design
3463:
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3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Blow fill seal
3383:
3378:
3376:Authentication
3373:
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3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
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3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Shock detector
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3265:Pump dispenser
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Plastic pallet
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Package handle
3192:
3187:
3182:
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3157:
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3062:
3057:
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3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Aluminium foil
3007:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
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2945:Stand-up pouch
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
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2911:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Plastic bottle
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2875:
2870:
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2845:
2840:
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2830:
2825:
2820:
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2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Folding carton
2790:
2785:
2780:
2778:Euro container
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Disposable cup
2755:
2750:
2745:
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2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
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2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Antistatic bag
2665:
2660:
2655:
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2627:
2622:
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2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Fuel container
2517:
2515:Food packaging
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
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2442:
2440:Ammunition box
2437:
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2409:
2407:Tamper-evident
2404:
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2041:Mixing vessels
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2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
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1865:
1860:
1858:Horses Amphora
1854:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1828:Belly amphorae
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:Greek amphorae
1773:
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1763:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1729:
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1712:
1705:
1704:External links
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1641:
1615:
1613:, p. 375.
1603:
1601:, p. 374.
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1580:, p. 207.
1570:
1568:, p. 369.
1555:
1553:, p. 194.
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1536:, p. 177.
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659:ancient Greeks
606:
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579:
578:Classification
576:
546:
543:
498:Amphora (unit)
496:Main article:
493:
490:
370:Roman Republic
357:
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176:, you may see
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3747:Shrink tunnel
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3642:Check weigher
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3612:Bottling line
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3561:Thermoforming
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Roll slitting
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Laser cutting
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Hermetic seal
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Security tape
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Polypropylene
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Packaging gas
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Shipping tube
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Flexible tank
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Package theft
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Overpackaging
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Lebes Gamikos
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:Water vessels
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1863:Rider Amphora
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Nolan amphora
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:Neck amphorae
1780:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:Scott, Robert
1235:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1190:9780816027552
1186:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:(1): 98–108,
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:Lionel Casson
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
984:
983:
978:
977:
971:
965:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
938:
931:
925:
921:
917:
910:
905:
901:
886: 530 BC
881:for runners;
880:
874:
869:
867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
840:
838:
836:
832:
831:
821:
816:
815:
810:
807:
803:
802:
801:
795:
791:
788:
784:
780:
779:Nolan amphora
776:
775:
774:
768:
766:
760:
758:
756:
755:
749:
746:
742:
733:
728:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:Mediterranean
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
624:
623:Guimet Museum
620:
616:
611:
604:
599:
597:
593:
591:
590:
585:
577:
575:
573:
572:
567:
563:
558:
555:
552:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
523:
517:body; 6: foot
516:
510:
504:
499:
491:
489:
487:
483:
478:
465:
461:
451:
447:
443:
442:a-pi-po-re-we
433:
429:
425:
415:
405:
402:
397:
395:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:ancient Greek
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
330:
325:
321:
319:
315:
310:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
271:
269:
261:
254:
248:
247:Ancient Greek
242:
215:
207:
203:
199:
194: 500 BC
187:
179:
175:
171:
169:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
76:
71:
67:
66:Bodrum Castle
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3776:Environment,
3391:Blow molding
3320:Stretch wrap
3250:Polyethylene
3240:Plastic wrap
3230:Plastic film
3215:Paper pallet
3150:Living hinge
3055:Coated paper
2935:Spray bottle
2915:Security bag
2908:Water sachet
2898:Salvage drum
2893:Retort pouch
2798:Glass bottle
2693:Blister pack
2658:Aluminum can
2625:Water bottle
2525:Gas cylinder
2500:Field ration
2397:Shelf-stable
2249:Band skyphos
2197:
2177:Loutrophoros
2131:Loutrophoros
1945:
1939:Wine vessels
1774:
1694:
1684:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:the original
1653:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1585:
1578:Panella 2001
1573:
1551:Panella 2001
1534:Panella 2001
1529:
1522:
1518:
1515:Panella 2001
1510:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1427:
1381:
1363:
1354:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1279:
1255:
1241:
1221:
1207:
1199:
1174:
1152:, retrieved
1132:
1128:
1118:
1104:Zafar, Yemen
1040:
1020:
1014:
1007:Tripolitania
996:
980:
974:
966:
957:cadii cumani
956:
950:
946:
943:
932:Ancient Rome
924:Altes Museum
851:black-figure
844:
834:
828:
825:
814:Loutrophoros
812:
799:
772:
764:
754:loutrophoros
752:
750:
737:
703:
693:, and other
652:
638:site of the
628:
594:
587:
581:
571:tituli picti
569:
565:
559:
551:wheel-thrown
548:
537:, c. 26.026
528:
524:
520:
514:
508:
468:Ideogram 209
463:
459:
441:
431:
427:
423:
414:amphiphoreus
413:
403:
398:
393:
386:
381:
377:
359:
326:
322:
317:
314:neck amphora
313:
311:
299:
282:
278:
267:
213:
211:
165:
89:black-figure
53:
36:
3672:Heat sealer
3637:Case sealer
3511:Papermaking
3431:Die cutting
3396:Calendering
3300:Shrink wrap
3175:Molded pulp
3160:Meat diaper
3125:Kraft paper
3105:Foam peanut
3095:Double seam
3065:Coextrusion
3035:Bubble wrap
3015:Bail handle
2960:Thermal bag
2883:Plastic bag
2698:Boil-in-bag
2630:Wine bottle
2615:Spray paint
2570:Popcorn bag
2565:Oyster pail
2450:Beer bottle
2151:Stirrup jar
1885:Burgon vase
1634:17 December
1092:Stirrup jar
1015:Camulodunum
855:Panathenaia
695:commodities
364:during the
140:Middle Ages
3900:Categories
3752:Staple gun
3732:Palletizer
3622:Can seamer
3491:Lamination
3416:Converting
3305:Slip sheet
3220:Paperboard
3085:Cushioning
3045:Cellophane
3020:Bioplastic
2998:components
2985:Wooden box
2955:Tetra Brik
2878:Paper sack
2853:Multi-pack
2803:Gunny sack
2673:Bag-in-box
2640:Containers
2505:Flour sack
2490:Egg carton
2465:Coffee bag
2445:Banana box
2387:Shelf life
2106:Alabastron
1961:Karkhesion
1664:6 November
1629:CNN Travel
1611:Bruno 2005
1599:Bruno 2005
1566:Bruno 2005
1492:, Zaragoza
1037:Modern use
1001:colony of
999:Phoenician
648:Phoenician
554:terracotta
545:Production
509:Key :
460:a-po-re-we
437:𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸
419:ἀμφιφορεύς
366:Bronze Age
273:; English
146:Discovered
132:Bronze Age
62:Bronze Age
58:shipwrecks
3845:Recycling
3652:Drum pump
3595:Machinery
3446:Extrusion
3364:Processes
3335:Tear tape
3325:Susceptor
3315:Strapping
3270:Screw cap
3245:Polyester
3090:Desiccant
2994:Materials
2975:Unit load
2930:Skin pack
2873:Paper bag
2743:Clamshell
2485:Drink can
2417:Wrap rage
2301:Packaging
2254:Epinetron
2111:Aryballos
2083:Tableware
1956:Kantharos
1488:Beltràn,
1409:cite book
1401:941031010
1298: in
1266: in
1149:154514559
1110:Citations
1023:Kefalonia
970:Marseille
671:olive oil
636:Neolithic
562:sgraffito
513:5: belly
486:Herodotus
477:Bennett's
444:, in the
404:amphoreus
389:Etruscans
356:Etymology
338:Testaccio
333:shipwreck
287:Neolithic
268:amphoreús
260:romanized
128:Neolithic
3906:Amphorae
3778:post-use
3667:Heat gun
3617:Calender
3526:Printing
3355:Velostat
3350:Tinplate
3185:Overwrap
3110:Gel pack
3100:Flip-top
3005:Adhesive
2940:Squround
2843:Mesh bag
2828:Jerrycan
2773:Envelope
2713:Bulk box
2590:Sand bag
2555:Milk bag
2540:Juicebox
2455:Box wine
2428:packages
2203:Calathus
2172:Lekythos
2126:Lekythos
2090:Pinakion
2062:Cookware
2027:Hydriske
1986:Oenochoe
1718:Archived
1505:, 252–60
1228:ἀμφορεύς
1070:Demijohn
1065:Carinate
1049:See also
1003:Carthage
992:defrutum
926:(Berlin)
455:𐀀𐀡𐀩𐀸
446:Linear B
409:ἀμφορεύς
382:amphorae
283:amphoras
279:amphorae
253:ἀμφορεύς
206:Bulgaria
136:Iron Age
100:Material
18:Amphorae
3916:Bottles
3501:Molding
3406:Coating
3401:Canning
3060:Coating
3050:Closure
2808:Inhaler
2663:Ampoule
2535:Growler
2426:Product
2308:General
2259:Luchnos
2233:Stamnos
2198:Amphora
2191:Storage
2006:Skyphos
1996:Psykter
1976:Lakaina
1966:Kyathos
1946:Amphora
1300:Liddell
1268:Liddell
1246:at the
1204:amphora
1154:19 June
1098:Tapayan
1043:brewers
893:⁄
849:, with
625:(Paris)
600:History
566:figlina
464:]-re-we
450:Knossos
432:pherein
428:phoreus
394:amphora
378:amphora
306:handles
291:ceramic
262::
214:amphora
124:Created
116:Writing
87:in the
60:of the
54:Amphora
42:Amphora
3885:
3820:Litter
3662:Filler
3205:Pallet
2903:Sachet
2768:Endcap
2733:Carton
2728:Carboy
2703:Bottle
2683:Barrel
2310:topics
2228:Situla
2223:Pithos
2218:Pelike
2182:Phiale
2167:Kernos
2141:Pelike
2136:Lydion
2053:Krater
2032:Kalpis
2022:Hydria
2001:Rhyton
1991:Pelike
1981:Mastos
1951:Kotyle
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