Amygdala - Knowledge (XXG)

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reduce appetitive learning in rats. Lesions of the basolateral regions do not exhibit the same effect. Research like this indicates that different nuclei within the amygdala have different functions in appetitive conditioning. Nevertheless, researchers found an example of appetitive emotional learning showing an important role for the basolateral amygdala: The naïve female mice are innately attracted to non-volatile pheromones contained in male-soiled bedding, but not by the male-derived volatiles, become attractive if associated with non-volatile attractive pheromones, which act as unconditioned stimulus in a case of Pavlovian associative learning. In the vomeronasal, olfactory and emotional systems, Fos (gene family) proteins show that non-volatile pheromones stimulate the vomeronasal system, whereas air-borne volatiles activate only the olfactory system. Thus, the acquired preference for male-derived volatiles reveals an olfactory-vomeronasal associative learning. Moreover, the reward system is differentially activated by the primary pheromones and secondarily attractive odorants. Exploring the primary attractive pheromone activates the basolateral amygdala and the shell of nucleus accumbens but neither the ventral tegmental area nor the orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, exploring the secondarily attractive male-derived odorants involves activation of a circuit that includes the basolateral amygdala, prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area. Therefore, the basolateral amygdala stands out as the key center for vomeronasal-olfactory associative learning.

1076:, and controlling anxiety-like behavior. The protein is involved in controlling the function of other proteins and plays a role in development of the ability to consume a large amount of ethanol. The duration of chronic alcohol consumption and abstinence may affect dynamic brain network adaptations. When excessive drinking occurs, the amygdala is affected through behavioral changes and reduces the brain's plasticity. Brain plasticity is how our brain grows and develops; it is also how our neurons can make connections with other neurons. This ultimately increases our neural pathways allowing us to increase our knowledge of the world around us. When our brain plasticity decreases, it makes it difficult for neurons to make connections to other neurons. Often when binge drinking, or alcoholism occurs, our amygdala is affected and leads to behavior damage. These behavioral damages can be lack of control, inability to conduct oneself in a mature manner, aggressive behavior, loss of conduct, anxiety, depression, personality disorders, excessive drug intake, bi-polar disorder, confusion, higher tolerance levels, irritability, and inappropriate sexual behaviors with others and self. 539:. The results of the study showed a different lateralization of the amygdala in men and women. Enhanced memory for the film was related to enhanced activity of the left, but not the right, amygdala in women, whereas it was related to enhanced activity of the right, but not the left, amygdala in men. Similarly, a study of decision-making ability in patients with unilateral amygdala damage suggested that men with right (but not left) amygdala damage were more likely to be impaired in decision-making ability, while women with left (but not right) amygdala damage were more likely to be impaired in decision-making ability. One study found evidence that on average, women tend to retain stronger memories for emotional events than men. 1193:

triggered by the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream. Consequently, blood sugar rises, becoming immediately available to the muscles for quick energy. Shaking may occur in an attempt to return blood to the rest of the body. Apart from initiation of stress, long-term changes in amygdala neurons may also increase anxiety after long-term or traumatic stress, led by the action of stress-related hormones within the amygdala. On the flip side, blocking the action of stress hormones in the amygdala reduces anxiety. A better understanding of the amygdala and its various functions may lead to a new way of treating clinical anxiety.

643:, a sustained enhancement of signaling between affected neurons. There have been studies that show that damage to the amygdala can interfere with memory that is strengthened by emotion. One study examined a patient with bilateral degeneration of the amygdala. He was told a violent story accompanied by matching pictures and was observed based on how much he could recall from the story. The patient had less recollection of the story than patients with functional amygdala, showing that the amygdala has a strong connection with emotional learning. 1009:. Individuals with larger amygdalae had larger and more complex social networks. The amygdala is responsible for facial recognition and allows others to respond appropriately to different emotional expressions. They were also better able to make accurate social judgments about other persons' faces. The amygdala's role in the analysis of social situations stems specifically from its ability to identify and process changes in facial features. It does not, however, process the direction of the gaze of the person being perceived. 1277: 1313: 1265: 371: 1241: 1253: 1301: 691: 532:

right amygdala is associated with response to fearful stimuli as well as face recognition. It is inferred that the early development of the left amygdala functions to provide infants the ability to detect danger. In childhood, the amygdala is found to react differently to same-sex versus opposite-sex individuals. This reactivity decreases until a person enters adolescence, where it increases dramatically at puberty.

1170:. Conditioned fear is the framework used to explain the behavior produced when an originally neutral stimulus is consistently paired with a stimulus that evokes fear. The amygdala represents a core fear system in the human body, which is involved in the expression of conditioned fear. Fear is measured by changes in autonomic activity including increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, as well as in simple 382: 490:, which occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires aversive properties, occurs within the right hemisphere. When an individual is presented with a conditioned, aversive stimulus, it is processed within the right amygdala, producing an unpleasant or fearful response. This emotional response conditions the individual to avoid fear-inducing stimuli and more importantly, to assess threats in the environment. 1090: 847: 592: 670:. The central nuclei are involved in the genesis of many fear responses such as defensive behavior (freezing or escape responses), autonomic nervous system responses (changes in blood pressure and heart rate/tachycardia), neuroendocrine responses (stress-hormone release), etc. Damage to the amygdalae impairs both the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning, a form of 524:

1.5 years before the peak of male development. The structural development of the male amygdala occurs over a longer period than in women. Because of the early development of female amygdalae, they reach their growth potential sooner than males, whose amygdalae continue to develop. The larger relative size of the male amygdala may be attributed to this extended developmental period.

1185:– areas directly related to fear and anxiety. This connection is evident from studies of animals that have undergone amygdalae removal. Such studies suggest that animals lacking an amygdala have less fear expression and indulge in non-species-like behavior. Many projection areas of the amygdala are critically involved in specific signs that are used to measure fear and anxiety. 1229: 173: 1289: 1189:

rodents and humans alike observe a dangerous situation, the amygdala playing a crucial role in this assessment. By observing the amygdalae's functions, it can determine why one rodent may be much more anxious than another. There is a direct relationship between the activation of the amygdala and the level of anxiety the subject feels.

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hormonal systems, women have lower levels of testosterone than men. The abundance of testosterone in the male hormonal system may contribute to development. In addition, the grey matter volume on the amygdala is predicted by testosterone levels, which may also contribute to the increased mass of the male amygdala.

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Mammals have very similar ways of processing and responding to danger. Scientists have observed similar areas in the brain – specifically in the amygdala – lighting up or becoming more active when a mammal is threatened or beginning to experience anxiety. Similar parts of the brain are activated when

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The clusters of the amygdala are activated when an individual expresses feelings of fear or aggression. This occurs because the amygdala is the primary structure of the brain responsible for fight or flight response. Anxiety and panic attacks can occur when the amygdala senses environmental stressors

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The amygdalae are also involved in appetitive (positive) conditioning. It seems that distinct neurons respond to positive and negative stimuli, but there is no clustering of these distinct neurons into clear anatomical nuclei. However, lesions of the central nucleus in the amygdala have been shown to

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Hormonal factors may contribute to these sex-specific developmental differences. The amygdala is rich in androgen receptors – nuclear receptors that bind to testosterone. Androgen receptors play a role in the DNA binding that regulates gene expression. Though testosterone is present within the female

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Animal studies have shown that stimulating the amygdala appears to increase both sexual and aggressive behavior. Likewise, studies using brain lesions have shown that harm to the amygdala may produce the opposite effect. Thus, it appears that this part of the brain may play a role in the display and

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tend to show more masculine patterns in the amygdala than heterosexual females do. It was observed that amygdala connections were more widespread from the left amygdala in homosexual males, as is also found in heterosexual females. Amygdala connections were more widespread from the right amygdala in

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Amygdala activity at the time of encoding information correlates with retention for that information. However, this correlation depends on the relative "emotionalness" of the information. More emotionally arousing information increases amygdalar activity, and that activity correlates with retention.

1205:. Multiple studies have found that the amygdalae may be responsible for the emotional reactions of PTSD patients. One study in particular found that when PTSD patients are shown pictures of faces with fearful expressions, their amygdalae tended to have a higher activation than someone without PTSD. 523:

There is considerable growth within the first few years of structural development in both male and female amygdalae. Within this early period, female limbic structures grow at a more rapid pace than the male ones. Amongst female subjects, the amygdala reaches its full growth potential approximately

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There are observable developmental differences between the right and left amygdala. The left amygdala reaches its developmental peak approximately 1.5–2 years prior to the right amygdala. Despite the early growth of the left amygdala, the right increases in volume for a longer period of time. The

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blot 03 finds that the number of unique responses to this random figure links to larger sized amygdalae. The researchers note, "Since previous reports have indicated that unique responses were observed at higher frequency in the artistic population than in the nonartistic normal population, this

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During the consolidation period, the memory can be modulated. In particular, it appears that emotional arousal following the learning event influences the strength of the subsequent memory for that event. Greater emotional arousal following a learning event enhances a person's retention of that

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tasks such as inhibitory avoidance, where a rat learns to associate a mild footshock with a particular compartment of an apparatus, and more complex tasks such as spatial or cued water maze, where a rat learns to swim to a platform to escape the water. If a drug that activates the amygdalae is

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Feelings of anxiety start with a catalyst – an environmental stimulus that provokes stress. This can include various smells, sights, and internal sensations that result in anxiety. The amygdala reacts to this stimuli by preparing to either stand and fight or to turn and run. This response is

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showed a correlation with increased response in the amygdala. Similarly, depressed patients showed exaggerated left amygdala activity when interpreting emotions for all faces, and especially for fearful faces. This hyperactivity was normalized when patients were administered antidepressant

618:. The lateral amygdalae, which send impulses to the rest of the basolateral complexes and to the centromedial nuclei, receive input from the sensory systems. The centromedial nuclei are the main outputs for the basolateral complexes, and are involved in emotional arousal in rats and cats. 870:

Early research on primates provided explanations as to the functions of the amygdala, as well as a basis for further research. As early as 1888, rhesus monkeys with a lesioned temporal cortex (including the amygdala) were observed to have significant social and emotional deficits.

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was found to increase in the amygdala immediately after exposure to stress. Stress was induced by 30 minutes of restraint or by forced swimming. By seven days after exposure to these stresses, increased DNA damage was no longer detectable in the amygdala, probably because of

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accordingly, and later research proved it was specifically due to amygdala lesions. Monkey mothers who had amygdala damage showed a reduction in maternal behaviors towards their infants, often physically abusing or neglecting them. In 1981, researchers found that selective

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consists of the autobiographical aspects of memory, permitting recall of emotional and sensory experience of an event. This type of memory does not require conscious recall. The right amygdala plays a role in the association of time and places with emotional properties.

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Amunts K, Kedo O, Kindler M, Pieperhoff P, Mohlberg H, Shah NJ, Habel U, Schneider F, Zilles K (December 2005). "Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human amygdala, hippocampal region and entorhinal cortex: intersubject variability and probability maps".

639:, sensory stimuli reach the basolateral complexes of the amygdalae, particularly the lateral nuclei, where they form associations with memories of the stimuli. The association between stimuli and the aversive events they predict may be mediated by 475:, especially fear and sadness. In contrast, stimulation of the left amygdala was able to induce either pleasant (happiness) or unpleasant (fear, anxiety, sadness) emotions. Other evidence suggests that the left amygdala plays a role in the brain's 2678:

Kamali, A.; Riascos, R. F.; Pillai, J. J.; Sair, H. I.; Patel, R.; Nelson, F. M.; Lincoln, J. A.; Tandon, N.; Mirbagheri, S.; Rabiei, P.; Keser, Z.; Hasan, K. M. (2018). "Mapping the trajectory of the amygdalothalamic tract in the human brain".

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Kamali, A.; Sair, H. I.; Blitz, A. M.; Riascos, R. F.; Mirbagheri, S.; Keser, Z.; Hasan, K. M. (2016). "Revealing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway of the human limbic system using high spatial resolution diffusion tensor tractography".

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Increased activity in the amygdala following compassion-oriented meditation may contribute to social connectedness. Similarly, the structural white matter connectivity to other brain regions is also associated with social network size.

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Sheline YI, Barch DM, Donnelly JM, Ollinger JM, Snyder AZ, Mintun MA (November 2001). "Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: an fMRI study".

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and Paul Bucy later expanded upon this same observation by showing that large lesions to the anterior temporal lobe produced noticeable changes, including overreaction to all objects, hypoemotionality, loss of fear,

784:. These laboratories have trained animals on a variety of learning tasks and found that drugs injected into the amygdala after training affect the animals' subsequent retention of the task. These tasks include basic 3604:

Moncho-Bogani J, Martinez-Garcia F, Novejarque A, Lanuza E (April 2005). "Attraction to sexual pheromones and associated odorants in female mice involves activation of the reward system and basolateral amygdala".

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Each side holds a specific function in how we perceive and process emotion. The right and left portions of the amygdala have independent memory systems, but work together to store, encode, and interpret emotion.

658:). These connections are not the sole site of fear memories given that the nuclei of the amygdala receive and send information to other brain regions that are important for memory such as the hippocampus. Some 4306:

Blumberg HP, Kaufman J, Martin A, Whiteman R, Zhang JH, Gore JC, Charney DS, Krystal JH, Peterson BS (December 2003). "Amygdala and hippocampal volumes in adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder".

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when people observe that others are physically close to them, such as when a person being scanned knows that an experimenter is standing immediately next to the scanner, versus standing at a distance.

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The amygdala, especially the basolateral nuclei, are involved in mediating the effects of emotional arousal on the strength of the memory for the event, as shown by many laboratories including that of

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showed significantly greater left amygdala activity than normal control subjects. Some borderline patients even had difficulties classifying neutral faces or saw them as threatening. Individuals with

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Studies in 2004 and 2006 showed that normal subjects exposed to images of frightened faces or faces of people from another race will show increased activity of the amygdala, even if that exposure is

5785: 908:, neuroscientists have made significant findings concerning the amygdala in the human brain. A variety of data shows the amygdala has a substantial role in mental states, and is related to many 3169:

Uematsu A, Tan BZ, Ycu EA, Cuevas JS, Koivumaa J, Junyent F, et al. (November 2017). "Modular organization of the brainstem noradrenaline system coordinates opposing learning states".

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injected into the amygdalae, the animals had better memory for the training in the task. If a drug that inactivates the amygdalae is injected, the animals had impaired memory for the task.

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Solano-Castiella E, Anwander A, Lohmann G, Weiss M, Docherty C, Geyer S, Reimer E, Friederici AD, Turner R (February 2010). "Diffusion tensor imaging segments the human amygdala in vivo".

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Cahill L, Haier RJ, White NS, Fallon J, Kilpatrick L, Lawrence C, et al. (January 2001). "Sex-related difference in amygdala activity during emotionally influenced memory storage".

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Recent studies have suggested possible correlations between brain structure, including differences in hemispheric ratios and connection patterns in the amygdala, and sexual orientation.

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In complex vertebrates, including humans, the amygdalae perform primary roles in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events. Research indicates that, during

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Ferry B, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (November 1999). "Role of norepinephrine in mediating stress hormone regulation of long-term memory storage: a critical involvement of the amygdala".

497:, which consists of facts and information from previously experienced events and must be consciously recalled. It also plays a significant role in the retention of episodic memory. 404:

The basolateral complex can be further subdivided into the lateral, the basal, and the accessory basal nuclei. It has extensive connections with higher-order cortical areas in the

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Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Tancer ME (March 2006). "Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia".

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throughout the brain. Fear memories, for example, are considered to be stored in the neuronal connections from the lateral nuclei to the central nucleus of the amygdalae and the

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for the event is not formed instantaneously. Rather, information regarding the event is slowly assimilated into long-term (potentially lifelong) storage over time, possibly via

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Amygdala volume correlates positively with both the size (the number of contacts a person has) and the complexity (the number of different groups to which a person belongs) of

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Other functional and structural differences between male and female amygdalae have been observed. Subjects' amygdala activation was observed when watching a horror film and

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Hines M, Allen LS, Gorski RA (May 1992). "Sex differences in subregions of the medial nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat".

1016:. It is particularly hypothesized that larger amygdalae allow for greater emotional intelligence, enabling greater societal integration and cooperation with others. 3561:

Moncho-Bogani J, Lanuza E, Hernández A, Novejarque A, Martínez-García F (September 2002). "Attractive properties of sexual pheromones in mice: innate or learned?".

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The right hemisphere of the amygdala is associated with negative emotion. It plays a role in the expression of fear and in the processing of fear-inducing stimuli.

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Caviness VS, Kennedy DN, Richelme C, Rademacher J, Filipek PA (1996). "The human brain age 7-11 years: a volumetric analysis based on magnetic resonance images".

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tend to have a smaller left amygdala. In the majority of the cases, there was an association between an increase in the size of the left amygdala with the use of

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and would approach animate and inanimate objects indiscriminately, exhibiting a loss of fear towards the experimenters. This behavioral disorder was later named

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of emotional responses. Accumulating evidence has suggested that multiple neuromodulators acting in the amygdala regulates the formation of emotional memories.

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Lanteaume L, Khalfa S, Régis J, Marquis P, Chauvel P, Bartolomei F (June 2007). "Emotion induction after direct intracerebral stimulations of human amygdala".

148: 1300: 1857: 1288: 1240: 6305: 1052:, to be dubbed the "woman with no fear". This finding reinforces the conclusion that the amygdala "plays a pivotal role in triggering a state of fear". 389:

Over a dozen nuclei have been identified, each with their own subdivisions and distinct connections to the rest of the brain. The chief nuclei are the

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Parkinson JA, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (January 2000). "Dissociable roles of the central and basolateral amygdala in appetitive emotional learning".

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Variability in amygdala connectivity has been related to a variety of behaviors and outcomes such as fear recognition and social network size.

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Markowitsch, H. (1998). Differential contribution of right and left amygdala to affective information processing. IOS Press. 11(4), 233–244.

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Killcross S, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (July 1997). "Different types of fear-conditioned behaviour mediated by separate nuclei within amygdala".

839:(which is involved in memory retention) by increasing interactions between neocortical storage sites and temporal lobe structures involved in 4920: 3899:

Asari T, Konishi S, Jimura K, Chikazoe J, Nakamura N, Miyashita Y (January 2010). "Amygdalar enlargement associated with unique perception".

1762: 820: 124: 3653: 1023:. These reactions are absent in persons in whom the amygdala is damaged bilaterally. Furthermore, the amygdala is found to be activated in 957:. A 2003 study found that adult and adolescent bipolar patients tended to have considerably smaller amygdala volumes and somewhat smaller 2722:

Kamali, A.; Milosavljevic, S.; Gandhi, A.; Lano, K. R.; Shobeiri, P.; Sherbaf, F. G.; Sair, H. I.; Riascos, R. F.; Hasan, K. M. (2023).

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Thomas LA, Kim P, Bones BL, Hinton KE, Milch HS, Reynolds RC, Adleman NE, Marsh AA, Blair RJ, Pine DS, Leibenluft E (January 2013).

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Mitra, Rupshi; Sapolsky, Robert (2010). "Expression of chimeric estrogen-glucocorticoid-receptor in the amygdala reduces anxiety".

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The basolateral complex is surrounded the intercalated cell net that is inhibitory and projects to a broad variety of areas in the

1667: 50: 1217:. Individuals with bipolar disorder showed greater amygdala activity (especially the amygdala/medial-prefrontal-cortex circuit). 862:

positive correlation suggests that amygdalar enlargement in the normal population might be related to creative mental activity."

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Anatomically, the amygdala and more particularly, its central and medial nuclei have sometimes been classified as a part of the

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Huijgen J, Dinkelacker V, Lachat F, Yahia-Cherif L, El Karoui I, Lemaréchal JD, Adam C, Hugueville L, George N (November 2015).

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McDonald, Alexander J. (2020). "Functional neuroanatomy of the basolateral amygdala: Neurons, neurotransmitters, and circuits".

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Schultz RT (2005). "Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area".

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Donegan NH, Sanislow CA, Blumberg HP, Fulbright RK, Lacadie C, Skudlarski P, Gore JC, Olson IR, et al. (December 2003).

1111: 581: 38: 5399:"Separation-induced receptor changes in the hippocampus and amygdala of Octodon degus: influence of maternal vocalizations" 4116: 1463: 948:

in the amygdala when patients were shown threatening faces or confronted with frightening situations. Patients with severe

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show reduced autonomic responses to instructed fear cues than otherwise healthy individuals. In 2006, researchers observed

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Aggleton JP, Passingham RE (December 1981). "Syndrome produced by lesions of the amygdala in monkeys (Macaca mulatta)".

973: 933: 726: 5770: 5667:"Dissociable patterns of medial prefrontal and amygdala activity to face identity versus emotion in bipolar disorder" 3214:"A VTA to basal amygdala dopamine projection contributes to signal salient somatosensory events during fear learning" 3068:

Ressler K, Davis M (May 2003). "Genetics of childhood disorders: L. Learning and memory, part 3: fear conditioning".

2297:""The Cooties Effect": Amygdala Reactivity to Opposite- versus Same-sex Faces Declines from Childhood to Adolescence" 2806:"Amygdala central nucleus function is necessary for learning, but not expression, of conditioned auditory orienting" 6559: 6390: 6043: 3856:

Paré D, Collins DR, Pelletier JG (July 2002). "Amygdala oscillations and the consolidation of emotional memories".

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A simple view of the information processing through the amygdala follows as: the amygdala sends projections to the

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Keener MT, Fournier JC, Mullin BC, Kronhaus D, Perlman SB, LaBarbara E, Almeida JC, Phillips ML (September 2012).

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Hutcherson CA, Seppala EM, Gross JJ (October 2008). "Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness".

2724:"The Cortico-Limbo-Thalamo-Cortical Circuits: An Update to the Original Papez Circuit of the Human Limbic System" 1107: 894: 20: 1854: 334:. It consists of many nuclei, each made up of further subnuclei. The subdivision most commonly made is into the 6423: 6132: 5951: 3771: 3467:

Balleine BW, Killcross S (May 2006). "Parallel incentive processing: an integrated view of amygdala function".

2238:"Developmental trajectories of amygdala and hippocampus from infancy to early adulthood in healthy individuals" 812: 82: 1228: 769:, a type of memory that is impaired following amygdala damage, is mediated in part by long-term potentiation. 2389:"Sex-related functional asymmetry of the amygdala: preliminary evidence using a case-matched lesion approach" 1158:

in the amygdala but females lost them. This led to the males being less affected by the stressful situation.

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to mice immediately after they learn something enhances their retention when they are tested two days later.

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pups were removed from their mother but allowed to hear her call. In response, the males produced increased

949: 921: 889: 564:(via the amygdalofugal tract), the dorsomedial thalamus (via the amygdalothalamic tract), the nuclei of the 2962: 2149:

Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Horton NJ, Makris N, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT (June 2001).

6589: 6551: 6385: 6258: 6150: 6076: 6012: 5990: 5889: 4164:"The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: functional contributions and dysfunction in psychopathy" 4002:

Bucher K, Myers RE, Southwick C (April 1970). "Anterior temporal cortex and maternal behavior in monkey".

1610:"An investigation of the structural, connectional, and functional subspecialization in the human amygdala" 1502:"An investigation of the structural, connectional, and functional subspecialization in the human amygdala" 1044:

There are cases of human patients with focal bilateral amygdala lesions due to the rare genetic condition

1013: 785: 762: 671: 640: 573: 359: 311: 131: 119: 3799:"Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: effects of meditative expertise" 6473: 6461: 6451: 6253: 6174: 6120: 6005: 5618:"Elevated amygdala responses to emotional faces in youths with chronic irritability or bipolar disorder" 5157:"Review. Cognitive and emotional consequences of binge drinking: role of amygdala and prefrontal cortex" 1045: 765:. Recent studies suggest that the amygdala regulates memory consolidation in other brain regions. Also, 734: 520:. The amygdala is larger in males than females, in children aged 7 to 11, adult humans, and adult rats. 4117:"Amygdala hyperreactivity in borderline personality disorder: implications for emotional dysregulation" 6328: 5733: 5459: 5448:"Acute corticosterone treatment is sufficient to induce anxiety and amygdaloid dendritic hypertrophy" 5291:

Lesscher HM, Wallace MJ, Zeng L, Wang V, Deitchman JK, McMahon T, Messing RO, Newton PM (July 2009).

5064: 4551: 3810: 3519: 3380: 3323: 2909:"Neural connections foster social connections: a diffusion-weighted imaging study of social networks" 2249: 884:, a condition in which inappropriate objects are placed in the mouth. Some monkeys also displayed an 754: 742: 472: 390: 335: 5207:

Marinkovic K, Oscar-Berman M, Urban T, O'Reilly CE, Howard JA, Sawyer K, Harris GJ (November 2009).

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Telzer EH, Flannery J, Humphreys KL, Goff B, Gabard-Durman L, Gee DG, Tottenham N (September 2015).

99: 6268: 6179: 5995: 5592: 3312:"The primate amygdala represents the positive and negative value of visual stimuli during learning" 3145: 3112: 2780: 836: 315: 2151:"Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging" 6368: 6345: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 5870: 5530: 5137: 4472: 4463: 4367: 4288: 4245: 4236: 4144: 4027: 3924: 3881: 3752: 3700: 3649: 3630: 3586: 3543: 3492: 3449: 3194: 3003: 2855:"An afferent white matter pathway from the pulvinar to the amygdala facilitates fear recognition" 2704: 2660: 2510: 2369: 2215: 1904: 1727: 1444: 1155: 969: 840: 828: 738: 630: 536: 494: 327: 5342:"Cognitive and emotional consequences of binge drinking: role of amygdala and prefrontal cortex" 4760:

Bzdok D, Langner R, Caspers S, Kurth F, Habel U, Zilles K, Laird A, Eickhoff SB (January 2011).

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Klüver H, Bucy PC (1939). "Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys".

2587:"Optogenetic dissection of neural circuits underlying emotional valence and motivated behaviors" 872: 4809:

Mormann F, Niediek J, Tudusciuc O, Quesada CM, Coenen VA, Elger CE, Adolphs R (November 2015).

3944:"An investigation into the functions of the occipital and temporal lobes of the monkey's brain" 6610: 6456: 6402: 6088: 6000: 5934: 5865: 5696: 5647: 5596: 5565: 5522: 5487: 5428: 5379: 5361: 5322: 5273: 5238: 5186: 5129: 5094: 4970: 4916: 4908: 4889: 4840: 4791: 4698: 4649: 4614: 4579: 4520: 4455: 4416: 4359: 4324: 4280: 4228: 4193: 4136: 4097: 4062: 4019: 3916: 3873: 3838: 3744: 3692: 3622: 3578: 3535: 3484: 3441: 3406: 3349: 3292: 3243: 3186: 3149: 3116: 3085: 3047: 2995: 2940: 2886: 2835: 2784: 2753: 2696: 2652: 2616: 2564: 2502: 2467: 2418: 2361: 2326: 2277: 2207: 2172: 2131: 2087: 2038: 1974: 1939: 1896: 1835: 1817: 1778: 1758: 1719: 1639: 1590: 1539: 1521: 1436: 1167: 1147: 953:

medication. By contrast, the amygdala has been observed to respond differently in people with

766: 730: 655: 636: 585: 517: 487: 405: 3988: 6584: 6513: 6493: 6468: 6338: 6333: 6155: 5977: 5941: 5860: 5741: 5686: 5678: 5637: 5629: 5584: 5557: 5514: 5477: 5467: 5418: 5410: 5369: 5353: 5312: 5304: 5265: 5228: 5220: 5176: 5168: 5121: 5084: 5074: 4960: 4952: 4879: 4871: 4830: 4822: 4781: 4773: 4688: 4680: 4641: 4606: 4569: 4559: 4510: 4502: 4447: 4406: 4398: 4351: 4316: 4272: 4220: 4183: 4175: 4128: 4089: 4054: 4011: 3984: 3955: 3908: 3865: 3828: 3818: 3734: 3684: 3614: 3570: 3527: 3476: 3433: 3396: 3388: 3369:"Bidirectional switch of the valence associated with a hippocampal contextual memory engram" 3339: 3331: 3282: 3274: 3233: 3225: 3178: 3137: 3104: 3077: 3037: 2985: 2977: 2930: 2920: 2876: 2866: 2825: 2817: 2772: 2743: 2735: 2688: 2644: 2606: 2598: 2554: 2544: 2494: 2457: 2449: 2408: 2400: 2353: 2316: 2308: 2267: 2257: 2199: 2162: 2123: 2077: 2069: 2028: 2020: 1966: 1931: 1888: 1825: 1809: 1768: 1750: 1709: 1701: 1629: 1621: 1580: 1570: 1529: 1513: 1428: 1214: 989: 954: 913: 758: 651: 615: 565: 561: 435: 232: 187: 4997: 4385:

Williams LM, Liddell BJ, Kemp AH, Bryant RA, Meares RA, Peduto AS, Gordon E (August 2006).

2453: 988:

tend to exhibit more feminine patterns in the amygdala than heterosexual males do, just as

6446: 6397: 6360: 6125: 6103: 6071: 5982: 5961: 5879: 5851: 5841: 4080:

Arehart-Treichel J (2005). "Changes in Children's Amygdala Seen After Anxiety Treatment".

1861: 1714: 1334: 1163: 774: 667: 659: 599: 577: 498: 424: 370: 358:(including fear, anxiety, and aggression). The amygdala was first identified and named by 351: 5585: 4434:

Cunningham WA, Johnson MK, Raye CL, Chris Gatenby J, Gore JC, Banaji MR (December 2004).

3138: 3105: 3026:"Synaptic plasticity in the lateral amygdala: a cellular hypothesis of fear conditioning" 2804:

Groshek F, Kerfoot E, McKenna V, Polackwich AS, Gallagher M, Holland PC (February 2005).

2773: 1992:

Murray EA, Izquierdo A, Malkova L (2009). "Amygdala function in positive reinforcement".

1500:

Bzdok, Danilo; Laird, Angela R.; Zilles, Karl; Fox, Peter T.; Eickhoff, Simon B. (2013).

5737: 5561: 5463: 5161:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

5069: 4555: 4168:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

3814: 3523: 3384: 3327: 2748: 2723: 2253: 1830: 1797: 6380: 6314: 6263: 6228: 6053: 6026: 5970: 5691: 5666: 5642: 5617: 5482: 5447: 5423: 5414: 5398: 5374: 5341: 5317: 5292: 5233: 5208: 5181: 5156: 5089: 5052: 4965: 4940: 4884: 4859: 4835: 4810: 4786: 4761: 4693: 4668: 4574: 4539: 4515: 4490: 4411: 4386: 4188: 4163: 3833: 3798: 3401: 3368: 3344: 3311: 3287: 3262: 3238: 3213: 3081: 2963:"Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: a mechanism for emotional learning and memory" 2935: 2908: 2881: 2854: 2830: 2805: 2611: 2586: 2559: 2532: 2462: 2437: 2413: 2388: 2321: 2296: 2272: 2237: 2082: 2057: 2033: 2008: 1773: 1754: 1663: 1634: 1609: 1585: 1558: 1534: 1501: 1369: 1061: 1049: 1020: 1006: 985: 909: 885: 877: 858: 850: 816: 804: 663: 611: 413: 293: 4435: 4276: 4132: 3869: 3688: 3647:"Researchers Prove A Single Memory Is Processed in Three Separate Parts of the Brain" 3574: 2981: 1935: 1892: 823:

study, more intensive insula activity was found in expert meditators than in novices.

690: 6604: 6223: 5815: 5802: 5308: 5224: 4476: 4451: 4249: 4031: 3650:"Researchers Prove a Single Memory is Processed in Three Separate Parts of the Brain" 3618: 3547: 3437: 2664: 2203: 1705: 945: 781: 595: 476: 456: 449: 409: 331: 323: 5534: 5141: 4371: 4240: 3928: 3885: 3756: 3704: 3634: 3590: 3496: 3453: 3198: 3007: 2514: 2373: 1908: 1731: 1389: 6537: 6517: 6245: 6142: 6063: 5926: 5724: 5518: 4355: 4292: 4224: 4148: 3797:

Lutz A, Brefczynski-Lewis J, Johnstone T, Davidson RJ (March 2008). Baune B (ed.).

3278: 3229: 2708: 2602: 2236:

Uematsu A, Matsui M, Tanaka C, Takahashi T, Noguchi K, Suzuki M, Nishijo H (2012).

1448: 1359: 1354: 1178: 920:(antidepressant medication) or psychotherapy. The left amygdala has been linked to 901: 832: 569: 553: 428: 2485:

Hamann S (August 2005). "Sex differences in the responses of the human amygdala".

2219: 5112:

Staut CC, Naidich TP (April 1998). "Urbach-Wiethe disease (Lipoid proteinosis)".

4467: 3912: 3823: 2262: 112: 87: 16:

Each of two small structures deep within the temporal lobe of complex vertebrates

6350: 6196: 6188: 6169: 6112: 6035: 5824: 5806: 4320: 3739: 3722: 2821: 1813: 1467: 1151: 1089: 958: 941: 846: 591: 557: 417: 5633: 5269: 4610: 4597:

Swaab DF (September 2007). "Sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior".

4544:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3480: 2739: 961:

volumes. Many studies have focused on the connections between the amygdala and

172: 5746: 5719: 5682: 5079: 4777: 2648: 2404: 2167: 2150: 1432: 1201:

There seems to be a connection with the amygdalae and how the brain processes

1146:. In particular, there is a higher prevalence of females that are affected by 798: 319: 94: 42:

Location of amygdalae in the human brain (view from below, anterior is at top)

5365: 4762:"ALE meta-analysis on facial judgments of trustworthiness and attractiveness" 4667:

Bickart KC, Wright CI, Dautoff RJ, Dickerson BC, Barrett LF (February 2011).

4101: 4093: 2549: 2498: 2127: 1821: 1575: 1525: 136: 6235: 5912: 5765: 5761: 5472: 4811:"Neurons in the human amygdala encode face identity, but not gaze direction" 4564: 3367:

Redondo RL, Kim J, Arons AL, Ramirez S, Liu X, Tonegawa S (September 2014).

1970: 1866: 1182: 1012:

The amygdala is also thought to be a determinant of the level of a person's

607: 442: 381: 5700: 5651: 5491: 5432: 5383: 5357: 5326: 5277: 5242: 5190: 5172: 5098: 4974: 4893: 4844: 4795: 4702: 4653: 4618: 4583: 4524: 4459: 4420: 4363: 4328: 4284: 4232: 4197: 4179: 4140: 3960: 3943: 3920: 3877: 3842: 3748: 3696: 3626: 3582: 3488: 3445: 3410: 3353: 3296: 3247: 3190: 3089: 3051: 2999: 2944: 2890: 2839: 2757: 2700: 2656: 2620: 2568: 2506: 2471: 2422: 2365: 2357: 2330: 2281: 2176: 2091: 2042: 1978: 1839: 1782: 1723: 1643: 1594: 1543: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1440: 808: 5569: 5526: 5133: 4875: 4860:"Amygdala processing of social cues from faces: an intracrebral EEG study" 4066: 4023: 3539: 2925: 2211: 2135: 2073: 2024: 1943: 1900: 1213:

Amygdala dysfunction during face emotion processing is well-documented in

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Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

2990: 2312: 1922:

Swanson, Larry W.; Petrovich, Gorica D. (1998). "What is the amygdala?".

1608:

Bzdok, D.; Laird, A. R.; Zilles, K.; Fox, P. T.; Eickhoff, S. B. (2013).

1069: 647: 355: 106: 5256:

Newton PM, Ron D (June 2007). "Protein kinase C and alcohol addiction".

4491:"Intact rapid detection of fearful faces in the absence of the amygdala" 4436:"Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces" 3392: 3335: 2871: 2007:

Barrett LF, Bliss-Moreau E, Duncan SL, Rauch SL, Wright CI (June 2007).

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The amygdala is one of the best-understood brain regions with regard to

176:

Human brain in the coronal orientation. Amygdalae are shown in dark red.

5846: 5209:"Alcoholism and dampened temporal limbic activation to emotional faces" 1143: 1114: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1073: 5346:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Tsuchiya N, Moradi F, Felsen C, Yamazaki M, Adolphs R (October 2009).

4402: 4387:"Amygdala-prefrontal dissociation of subliminal and supraliminal fear" 2692: 2056:

Berntson GG, Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Cacioppo JT (June 2007).

1625: 1517: 161: 49: 4645: 4599:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

4058: 3042: 3025: 1339: 1171: 1064:, being damaged by repeated episodes of intoxication and withdrawal. 1048:. Such patients fail to exhibit fear-related behaviors, leading one, 962: 347: 4956: 4826: 4684: 4506: 3775: 3182: 1068:

in the amygdala is important for regulating behavioral responses to

471:

In one study, electrical stimulations of the right amygdala induced

3772:"Cultivating compassion: Neuroscientific and behavioral approaches" 1798:"Anatomical Connectivity of the Intercalated Cells of the Amygdala" 1177:

The central nucleus of the amygdala has direct correlations to the

6412: 4540:"Sexual orientation and its basis in brain structure and function" 3531: 3070:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

1065: 845: 590: 380: 369: 289: 171: 70: 3212:

Tang W, Kochubey O, Kintscher M, Schneggenburger R (April 2020).

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Swanson LW, Petrovich GD (August 1998). "What is the amygdala?".

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Davis M (1992). "The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety".

5293:"Amygdala protein kinase C epsilon controls alcohol consumption" 1024: 929: 917: 6287: 5774: 3024:

Blair HT, Schafe GE, Bauer EP, Rodrigues SM, LeDoux JE (2001).

37: 3310:

Paton JJ, Belova MA, Morrison SE, Salzman CD (February 2006).

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Amygdala along with other subcortical regions, in glass brain.

1083: 905: 685: 463:"The amygdala is neither a structural nor a functional unit". 374: 5053:"The human amygdala and the induction and experience of fear" 5051:

Feinstein JS, Adolphs R, Damasio A, Tranel D (January 2011).

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Kennedy DP, Gläscher J, Tyszka JM, Adolphs R (October 2009).

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have been shown to modulate their amygdala, along with their

304: 3721:

Consiglio AR, Ramos AL, Henriques JA, Picada JN (May 2010).

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Hampton, WH; Unger, A; Von Der Heide, RJ; Olson, IR (2016).

729:

neurons in the basolateral amygdala send projections to the

3263:"Dopamine is necessary for cue-dependent fear conditioning" 1282:

Left lateral view of the amygdala in an average human brain

268: 259: 253: 235: 214: 208: 190: 2058:"Amygdala contribution to selective dimensions of emotion" 1318:

Amygdala highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images

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The amygdala processes reactions to violations concerning

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The medial nucleus is involved in the sense of smell and

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Ziabreva I, Poeggel G, Schnabel R, Braun K (June 2003).

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Stained brain slice images which include the "amygdala"

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Amygdala highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images

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Frontal view of the amygdalae in an average human brain

702: 346:. The amygdala has a primary role in the processing of 3261:

Fadok JP, Dickerson TM, Palmiter RD (September 2009).

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Gupta R, Koscik TR, Bechara A, Tranel D (March 2011).

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Amygdala highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images

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Dorsal view of the amygdalae in an average human brain

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shell and core. Activation of these projections drive

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Stephens, David N; Duka, Theodora (12 October 2008).

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Stern, Daniel B.; Wilke, Anna; Root, Cory M. (2023).

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event. Experiments have shown that administration of

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The central nucleus has extentive projections to the

1559:"Evolutionary development of the amygdaloid complex" 397:, the cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, and the 265: 256: 250: 211: 205: 6572: 6550: 6526: 6502: 6482: 6439: 6430: 6411: 6359: 6321: 6244: 6187: 6168: 6141: 6111: 6101: 6062: 6034: 6025: 5925: 5900: 5832: 5823: 5814: 4669:"Amygdala volume and social network size in humans" 4344:

International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience

4047:

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

1166:response. The amygdala is directly associated with 897:of the whole amygdala caused Klüver-Bucy syndrome. 835:. These synchronized neuronal events could promote 753:The amygdala is also involved in the modulation of 241: 238: 196: 193: 142: 130: 118: 105: 93: 81: 69: 64: 59: 30: 1687: 1685: 1142:There may also be a link between the amygdala and 866:Neuropsychological correlates of amygdala activity 4941:"Personal space regulation by the human amygdala" 3948:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 972:. However, the amygdala is not necessary for the 2533:"Optogenetic dissection of amygdala functioning" 2526: 2524: 434:The cortical and medial nuclei connect with the 342:, cortical, and medial nuclei together with the 3716: 3714: 2585:Nieh EH, Kim SY, Namburi P, Tye KM (May 2013). 1462:University of Idaho College of Science (2004). 646:Emotional memories are thought to be stored in 5213:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2956: 2954: 2231: 2229: 1390:"Amygdala - Define Amygdala at Dictionary.com" 993:homosexual females, as in heterosexual males. 598:section of brain through intermediate mass of 6299: 5786: 3019: 3017: 2902: 2900: 8: 3727:Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 932:, as well as more broadly to separation and 737:. The ability of these projections to drive 459:and Gorica Petrovich, in an article titled, 4864:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2913:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2580: 2578: 2062:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2013:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2009:"The amygdala and the experience of affect" 584:. The basolateral amygdala projects to the 297: 282: 6436: 6418: 6306: 6292: 6284: 6184: 6108: 6031: 5829: 5820: 5793: 5779: 5771: 4934: 4932: 4718:"How to Win Friends: Have a Big Amygdala?" 48: 36: 5745: 5690: 5641: 5481: 5471: 5422: 5373: 5316: 5232: 5180: 5088: 5078: 5068: 4964: 4907:Buchanan TW, Tranel D, Adolphs R (2009). 4883: 4834: 4785: 4692: 4573: 4563: 4514: 4410: 4187: 3959: 3832: 3822: 3738: 3400: 3343: 3286: 3237: 3041: 2989: 2934: 2924: 2880: 2870: 2829: 2747: 2610: 2558: 2548: 2461: 2412: 2320: 2271: 2261: 2166: 2081: 2032: 1829: 1772: 1749:. Vol. 26. Elsevier. pp. 1–38. 1713: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1633: 1584: 1574: 1533: 1130:Learn how and when to remove this message 5446:Mitra, Rupshi; Sapolsky, Robert (2008). 4915:. New York: Guilford. pp. 289–318. 3989:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270240017001 912:. Some studies have shown children with 610:-processing. It receives input from the 5020:Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach 4990:"Event: Sweat in the City: The Sequel!" 4909:"The Human Amygdala in Social Function" 3723:"DNA brain damage after stress in rats" 1381: 1224: 1060:The amygdala appears to play a role in 886:inability to recognize familiar objects 827:Amygdala neurons show various types of 493:The right hemisphere is also linked to 4746:Lynn Ladel, Oxford University Press. " 3656:from the original on 12 September 2017 2454:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.029 159: 27: 5202: 5200: 3063: 3061: 7: 5155:Stephens DN, Duka T (October 2008). 3977:Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 3607:The European Journal of Neuroscience 3426:The European Journal of Neuroscience 2537:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 1396:from the original on 18 October 2007 1112:adding citations to reliable sources 757:. Following any learning event, the 5562:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033 2346:Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 1747:Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience 310:, 'almond', 'tonsil') is a paired 223: 5415:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-12-05329.2003 4988:Brown, Kimberly (9 October 2014). 4911:. In Whalen PJ, Phelps EA (eds.). 3082:10.1097/01.CHI.0000046835.90931.32 2438:"The amygdala and decision-making" 1755:10.1016/b978-0-12-815134-1.00001-5 1350:List of regions in the human brain 1345:Intercalated cells of the amygdala 1330:Accessory olfactory cortical areas 974:processing of fear-related stimuli 926:obsessive and compulsive disorders 831:during emotional arousal, such as 652:bed nuclei of the stria terminalis 385:Subdivisions of the mouse amygdala 377:coronal view of the right amygdala 14: 5029:from the original on 3 March 2016 4748:Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion 4728:from the original on 17 July 2011 2387:Tranel D, Bechara A (June 2009). 2301:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1670:from the original on 9 March 2007 1234:Frontal and side view of amygdala 936:. In a 2003 study, subjects with 5309:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00485.x 5225:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01026.x 4716:Szalavitz M (28 December 2010). 4452:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00760.x 3619:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04036.x 3438:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00960.x 2681:Journal of Neuroscience Research 1706:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.027 1311: 1299: 1287: 1275: 1263: 1251: 1239: 1227: 1088: 689: 231: 186: 156:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy 4750:." 9 October 2014. 1 July 2019. 1664:"The Amygdala and the Emotions" 1174:such as flinching or blinking. 1099:needs additional citations for 938:borderline personality disorder 819:, during their practice. In an 512:Neuroscience of sex differences 506:Development and sex distinction 322:. It is considered part of the 5583:Carlson NR (12 January 2012). 5519:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.092 4766:Brain Structure & Function 4356:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012 4309:Archives of General Psychiatry 4225:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012 3279:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1616-09.2009 3230:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1796-19.2020 3136:Carlson NR (12 January 2012). 3103:Carlson NR (12 January 2012). 2637:Brain Structure & Function 2603:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.001 1715:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-ABE5-F 602:. Amygdala is shown in purple. 588:, including the medial shell. 582:laterodorsal tegmental nucleus 1: 6049:Anterior perforated substance 5550:Annual Review of Neuroscience 4277:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01263-X 4133:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00636-X 3870:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01924-1 3689:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00157-2 3575:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00842-9 2982:10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01465-4 2771:Carlson N (12 January 2012). 1936:10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01265-X 1893:10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01265-X 1203:posttraumatic stress disorder 1197:Posttraumatic stress disorder 1056:Alcoholism and binge drinking 930:posttraumatic stress disorder 518:differences between the sexes 326:. In primates, it is located 5013:"Unit 4: The Nervous System" 3913:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.08.001 3858:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3824:10.1371/journal.pone.0001897 2263:10.1371/journal.pone.0046970 2204:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90068-K 934:generalized anxiety disorder 305: 54:Subdivisions of the amygdala 5403:The Journal of Neuroscience 4321:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1201 3740:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.004 3267:The Journal of Neuroscience 3218:The Journal of Neuroscience 2822:10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.202 1814:10.1523/ENEURO.0238-23.2023 1808:(10): ENEURO.0238–23.2023. 467:Hemispheric specializations 6627: 6560:Anterior olfactory nucleus 6044:Anterior olfactory nucleus 5634:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.04.007 5270:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.04.008 4611:10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.003 3942:Brown S, Shafer E (1888). 3481:10.1016/j.tins.2006.03.002 2853:McFadyen, Jessica (2019). 2740:10.1007/s10548-023-00955-y 1036:modulation of aggression. 628: 509: 399:intercalated cell clusters 344:intercalated cell clusters 18: 6421: 5809:and associated structures 5747:10.4249/scholarpedia.2698 5683:10.1017/S0033291711002935 5297:Genes, Brain and Behavior 5080:10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.042 4778:10.1007/s00429-010-0287-4 3563:Physiology & Behavior 2961:Maren S (December 1999). 2649:10.1007/s00429-015-1119-3 2405:10.1080/13554790902775492 1563:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 1433:10.1007/s00429-005-0025-5 298: 154: 47: 35: 21:Amygdala (disambiguation) 6424:Primary olfactory cortex 6133:Nucleus of diagonal band 5452:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 5258:Pharmacological Research 4162:Blair RJ (August 2008). 4094:10.1176/pn.40.9.00400037 2550:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00107 2499:10.1177/1073858404271981 1576:10.3389/fnana.2013.00027 1066:Protein kinase C-epsilon 813:temporoparietal junction 6534:Medial forebrain bundle 6432:Lateral olfactory stria 6415:areas involved in smell 6082:Lateral olfactory stria 5473:10.1073/pnas.0705615105 4565:10.1073/pnas.0805542105 3469:Trends in Neurosciences 2970:Trends in Neurosciences 2810:Behavioral Neuroscience 2168:10.1093/cercor/11.6.490 1924:Trends in Neurosciences 1881:Trends in Neurosciences 1365:Amygdalohippocampectomy 922:social anxiety disorder 910:psychological disorders 895:radio frequency lesions 314:complex present in the 6590:Evolution of olfaction 6552:Medial olfactory stria 6151:Diagonal band of Broca 6077:Medial olfactory stria 6013:Subthalamic fasciculus 5991:Pallidothalamic tracts 5671:Psychological Medicine 5587:Physiology of Behavior 5358:10.1098/rstb.2008.0097 5173:10.1098/rstb.2008.0097 5114:Pediatric Neurosurgery 4538:Swaab DF (July 2008). 4180:10.1098/rstb.2008.0027 3961:10.1098/rstb.1888.0011 3140:Physiology of Behavior 3107:Physiology of Behavior 2775:Physiology of behavior 2358:10.1006/nlme.2000.3999 2128:10.1093/cercor/6.5.726 1421:Anatomy and Embryology 1014:emotional intelligence 854: 786:classical conditioning 763:long-term potentiation 672:classical conditioning 641:long-term potentiation 603: 574:ventral tegmental area 386: 378: 360:Karl Friedrich Burdach 283: 177: 6474:Periamygdaloid cortex 6462:Hippocampal formation 6452:EC-hippocampus system 6175:Hippocampal formation 6121:Substantia innominata 6006:Lenticular fasciculus 4440:Psychological Science 4265:Biological Psychiatry 4213:Biological Psychiatry 4121:Biological Psychiatry 3677:Biological Psychiatry 3224:(20): JN–RM–1796-19. 3030:Learning & Memory 2531:Lalumiere RT (2014). 1971:10.1093/cercor/bhl041 1046:Urbach-Wiethe disease 849: 809:compassion meditation 735:motivational salience 594: 461:What is the amygdala? 384: 373: 175: 5622:NeuroImage: Clinical 5011:Brink, T.L. (2008). 4016:10.1212/wnl.20.4.402 2313:10.1162/jocn_a_00813 1150:. In an experiment, 1108:improve this article 890:Klüver-Bucy syndrome 755:memory consolidation 743:dopamine receptor D1 431:, and the amygdala. 316:cerebral hemispheres 284:corpus amygdaloideum 76:corpus amygdaloideum 19:For other uses, see 6269:Schaffer collateral 6180:Hippocampus anatomy 5996:Thalamic fasciculus 5738:2008SchpJ...3.2698L 5591:. Pearson. p. 5464:2008PNAS..105.5573M 5352:(1507): 3169–3179. 5070:2011CBio...21...34F 4945:Nature Neuroscience 4876:10.1093/scan/nsv048 4815:Nature Neuroscience 4673:Nature Neuroscience 4556:2008PNAS..10510273S 4495:Nature Neuroscience 4391:Human Brain Mapping 3815:2008PLoSO...3.1897L 3524:1997Natur.388..377K 3393:10.1038/nature13725 3385:2014Natur.513..426R 3336:10.1038/nature04490 3328:2006Natur.439..865P 3171:Nature Neuroscience 3144:. Pearson. p. 3111:. Pearson. p. 2926:10.1093/scan/nsv153 2872:10.7554/eLife.40766 2779:. Pearson. p. 2254:2012PLoSO...746970U 2074:10.1093/scan/nsm008 2025:10.1093/scan/nsl042 1614:Human Brain Mapping 1506:Human Brain Mapping 1156:serotonin receptors 904:technology such as 837:synaptic plasticity 391:basolateral complex 356:emotional responses 6369:Olfactory receptor 6346:Sustentacular cell 6197:Hippocampus proper 5871:Olfactory tubercle 5718:LeDoux JE (2008). 4913:The Human Amygdala 2487:The Neuroscientist 1994:The Human Amygdala 1860:7 May 2008 at the 980:Sexual orientation 855: 841:declarative memory 741:is dependent upon 739:incentive salience 701:. You can help by 631:Emotion and memory 625:Emotional learning 604: 537:subliminal stimuli 495:declarative memory 438:and hypothalamus. 416:cortices, and the 387: 379: 178: 6598: 6597: 6568: 6567: 6546: 6545: 6457:Entorhinal cortex 6403:Olfactory trigone 6281: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6164: 6163: 6097: 6096: 6089:Olfactory trigone 6021: 6020: 6001:Ansa lenticularis 5935:Centrum semiovale 5921: 5920: 5866:Nucleus accumbens 5766:BrainMaps project 5167:(1507): 3169–79. 5126:10.1159/000028653 5000:on 29 March 2019. 4994:Manifest Yourself 4922:978-1-60623-033-6 4403:10.1002/hbm.20208 4174:(1503): 2557–65. 3177:(11): 1602–1611. 2693:10.1002/jnr.24235 1996:. Guilford Press. 1764:978-0-12-815134-1 1662:Ben Best (2004). 1626:10.1002/hbm.22138 1620:(12): 3247–3266. 1518:10.1002/hbm.22138 1512:(12): 3247–3266. 1221:Additional images 1148:anxiety disorders 1140: 1139: 1132: 914:anxiety disorders 900:With advances in 767:fear conditioning 749:Memory modulation 731:nucleus accumbens 719: 718: 656:extended amygdala 637:fear conditioning 586:nucleus accumbens 488:Fear conditioning 473:negative emotions 170: 169: 165: 6618: 6585:Olfactory system 6514:Stria terminalis 6494:Habenular nuclei 6490:Stria medullaris 6469:Prepyriform area 6437: 6419: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6285: 6185: 6156:Stria terminalis 6109: 6032: 5978:External capsule 5942:Internal capsule 5861:Ventral striatum 5830: 5821: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5772: 5751: 5749: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5590: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5485: 5475: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5236: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5092: 5082: 5072: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5017: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4996:. 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Archived from 1459: 1453: 1452: 1415: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1386: 1315: 1303: 1291: 1279: 1267: 1255: 1243: 1231: 1215:bipolar disorder 1209:Bipolar disorder 1168:conditioned fear 1135: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1092: 1084: 990:homosexual women 955:bipolar disorder 759:long-term memory 714: 711: 693: 686: 616:olfactory cortex 566:trigeminal nerve 436:olfactory system 308: 301: 300: 286: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 262: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 225: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 162:edit on Wikidata 52: 40: 28: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6564: 6542: 6522: 6498: 6478: 6447:Piriform cortex 6426: 6407: 6398:Olfactory tract 6361:Olfactory nerve 6355: 6317: 6312: 6282: 6273: 6240: 6178: 6173: 6160: 6137: 6126:Nucleus basalis 6104:basal forebrain 6093: 6072:Olfactory tract 6058: 6017: 5983:Extreme capsule 5962:Optic radiation 5917: 5896: 5880:Globus pallidus 5852:Caudate nucleus 5842:Dorsal striatum 5810: 5799: 5758: 5717: 5714: 5712:Further reading 5709: 5708: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5409:(12): 5329–36. 5396: 5395: 5391: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5219:(11): 1880–92. 5206: 5205: 5198: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5057:Current Biology 5050: 5049: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4957:10.1038/nn.2381 4938: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4870:(11): 1568–76. 4857: 4856: 4852: 4827:10.1038/nn.4139 4821:(11): 1568–70. 4808: 4807: 4803: 4772:(3–4): 209–23. 4759: 4758: 4754: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4685:10.1038/nn.2724 4666: 4665: 4661: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4550:(30): 10273–4. 4537: 4536: 4532: 4507:10.1038/nn.2380 4488: 4487: 4483: 4475:available from 4433: 4432: 4428: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4350:(2–3): 125–41. 4341: 4340: 4336: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4248:available from 4210: 4209: 4205: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4127:(11): 1284–93. 4114: 4113: 4109: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3778:on 14 July 2010 3769: 3768: 3764: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3183:10.1038/nn.4642 3168: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3023: 3022: 3015: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2155:Cerebral Cortex 2148: 2147: 2143: 2116:Cerebral Cortex 2113: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1959:Cerebral Cortex 1956: 1955: 1951: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1862:Wayback Machine 1851: 1847: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1765: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1661: 1660: 1651: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1499: 1498: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1427:(5–6): 343–52. 1417: 1416: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1335:Amygdala hijack 1326: 1319: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1295: 1292: 1283: 1280: 1271: 1268: 1259: 1256: 1247: 1244: 1235: 1232: 1223: 1211: 1199: 1164:fight or flight 1162:that stimulate 1136: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1105: 1093: 1082: 1058: 1042: 1033: 1007:social networks 999: 982: 873:Heinrich Klüver 868: 857:Research using 775:stress hormones 751: 724: 715: 709: 706: 699:needs expansion 684: 668:central nucleus 660:sensory neurons 633: 627: 600:third ventricle 578:locus coeruleus 550: 545: 514: 508: 499:Episodic memory 469: 425:basal forebrain 395:central nucleus 368: 352:decision-making 264: 234: 230: 189: 185: 166: 55: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6624: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6603: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6416: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6381:Olfactory bulb 6378: 6377: 6376: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6264:Perforant path 6261: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6229:Fascia dentata 6221: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6117: 6115: 6106: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6054:Olfactory bulb 6051: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6029: 6027:Rhinencephalon 6023: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971:Corona radiata 5967: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5957:Posterior limb 5954: 5949: 5938: 5937: 5931: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5838: 5836: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5757: 5756:External links 5754: 5753: 5752: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5677:(9): 1913–24. 5657: 5628:(2): 637–645. 5608: 5602:978-0205239399 5601: 5575: 5540: 5497: 5458:(14): 5573–8. 5438: 5389: 5332: 5283: 5248: 5196: 5147: 5104: 5040: 5022:. p. 61. 5003: 4980: 4951:(10): 1226–7. 4928: 4921: 4899: 4850: 4801: 4752: 4739: 4708: 4659: 4624: 4589: 4530: 4501:(10): 1224–5. 4481: 4446:(12): 806–13. 4426: 4377: 4334: 4315:(12): 1201–8. 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(patient) 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1210: 1207: 1198: 1195: 1138: 1137: 1096: 1094: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1062:binge drinking 1057: 1054: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1021:personal space 998: 995: 986:Homosexual men 981: 978: 878:hypersexuality 867: 864: 859:Rorschach test 851:Rorschach test 833:theta activity 805:Buddhist monks 750: 747: 723: 720: 717: 716: 696: 694: 683: 680: 664:axon terminals 662:project their 629:Main article: 626: 623: 612:olfactory bulb 549: 546: 544: 541: 507: 504: 468: 465: 367: 364: 332:temporal lobes 168: 167: 158: 152: 151: 146: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 122: 116: 115: 110: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 73: 67: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6623: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6297: 6295: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6224:Dentate gyrus 6222: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6100: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:Anterior limb 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:Basal ganglia 5813: 5808: 5804: 5803:basal ganglia 5796: 5791: 5789: 5784: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5579: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605:(3): 431–44. 4604: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4477:Science Daily 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4397:(8): 652–61. 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4250:Science Daily 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4053:(6): 961–77. 4052: 4048: 4041: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3983:(4): 606–20. 3982: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3777: 3773: 3770:Davidson RJ. 3766: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3668: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3569:(1): 167–76. 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532:10.1038/41097 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3432:(1): 405–13. 3431: 3427: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3036:(5): 229–42. 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2991:2027.42/56238 2987: 2983: 2979: 2976:(12): 561–7. 2975: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816:(1): 202–12. 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493:(4): 288–93. 2492: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399:(3): 217–34. 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122:(5): 726–36. 2121: 2117: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1887:(8): 323–31. 1886: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1266: 1261: 1254: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1134: 1131: 1123: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1097:This section 1095: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1039: 1037: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 996: 994: 991: 987: 979: 977: 975: 971: 966: 964: 960: 956: 951: 950:social phobia 947: 946:hyperactivity 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 865: 863: 860: 852: 848: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 800: 795: 790: 787: 783: 782:James McGaugh 778: 776: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 748: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Glutamatergic 721: 713: 704: 700: 697:This section 695: 692: 688: 687: 681: 679: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 654:(part of the 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 632: 624: 622: 619: 617: 613: 609: 601: 597: 593: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558:septal nuclei 555: 547: 542: 540: 538: 533: 529: 525: 521: 519: 513: 505: 503: 500: 496: 491: 489: 484: 480: 478: 477:reward system 474: 466: 464: 462: 458: 457:Larry Swanson 455:According to 453: 451: 450:basal ganglia 446: 444: 439: 437: 432: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 383: 376: 372: 365: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 324:limbic system 321: 317: 313: 309: 307: 295: 291: 287: 285: 279: 273: 229: 219: 183: 174: 163: 157: 153: 150: 147: 145: 141: 138: 135: 133: 129: 126: 123: 121: 117: 114: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 96: 92: 89: 86: 84: 80: 77: 74: 72: 68: 63: 58: 51: 46: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6538:Hypothalamus 6518:Hypothalamus 6509: 6391:mitral cells 6322:Microanatomy 6246:White matter 6143:White matter 6064:White matter 5989: 5927:White matter 5907: 5729: 5725:Scholarpedia 5723: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5586: 5578: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5303:(5): 493–9. 5300: 5296: 5286: 5264:(6): 570–7. 5261: 5257: 5251: 5216: 5212: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5120:(4): 212–4. 5117: 5113: 5107: 5060: 5056: 5031:. Retrieved 5019: 5006: 4998:the original 4993: 4983: 4948: 4944: 4912: 4902: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4742: 4730:. Retrieved 4721: 4711: 4679:(2): 163–4. 4676: 4672: 4662: 4640:(5): 720–4. 4637: 4633: 4627: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4271:(9): 651–8. 4268: 4264: 4257: 4219:(5): 424–9. 4216: 4212: 4206: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3809:(3): e1897. 3806: 3802: 3792: 3780:. Retrieved 3776:the original 3765: 3733:(4): 652–6. 3730: 3726: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3658:. Retrieved 3643: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3475:(5): 272–9. 3472: 3468: 3462: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3139: 3131: 3106: 3098: 3076:(5): 612–5. 3073: 3069: 3033: 3029: 2973: 2969: 2916: 2912: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2774: 2766: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2594: 2590: 2540: 2536: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2448:(4): 760–6. 2445: 2441: 2431: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2245: 2241: 2198:(2): 321–6. 2195: 2191: 2185: 2161:(6): 490–7. 2158: 2154: 2144: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2100: 2068:(2): 123–9. 2065: 2061: 2051: 2019:(2): 73–83. 2016: 2012: 2002: 1993: 1987: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1853: 1848: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1746: 1740: 1697: 1693: 1672:. Retrieved 1617: 1613: 1603: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1509: 1505: 1472:. Retrieved 1468:the original 1457: 1424: 1420: 1398:. Retrieved 1384: 1360:Amygdalotomy 1355:Triune brain 1212: 1200: 1191: 1187: 1179:hypothalamus 1176: 1160: 1141: 1126: 1117: 1106:Please help 1101:verification 1098: 1059: 1043: 1034: 1018: 1011: 1004: 1000: 983: 967: 902:neuroimaging 899: 882:hyperorality 869: 856: 825: 803: 791: 779: 771: 752: 725: 707: 703:adding to it 698: 676: 645: 634: 620: 605: 570:facial nerve 554:hypothalamus 551: 534: 530: 526: 522: 515: 492: 485: 481: 470: 460: 454: 447: 440: 433: 429:hypothalamus 422: 403: 388: 303: 281: 277: 227: 181: 179: 125:A14.1.09.402 113:birnlex_1241 75: 25: 6351:Tufted cell 6189:Grey matter 6170:Archicortex 6113:Grey matter 6036:Grey matter 5825:Grey matter 5807:human brain 5732:(4): 2698. 5513:(1): 33–8. 5063:(1): 34–8. 4732:30 December 4473:Lay summary 4246:Lay summary 3954:: 303–327. 3907:(1): 94–9. 3660:28 February 959:hippocampal 942:psychopathy 829:oscillation 548:Connections 418:hippocampus 336:basolateral 330:within the 320:vertebrates 65:Identifiers 6329:Epithelium 5720:"Amygdala" 5556:: 353–75. 5033:7 February 4010:(4): 415. 2352:(1): 1–9. 1694:NeuroImage 1464:"amygdala" 1400:9 November 1376:References 1120:April 2023 1031:Aggression 970:subliminal 799:DNA repair 794:DNA damage 710:April 2023 580:, and the 510:See also: 406:prefrontal 95:NeuroNames 6386:glomeruli 6236:Subiculum 5913:Claustrum 5507:Brain Res 5366:0962-8436 4102:0033-2704 4088:(9): 37. 4032:219204628 4004:Neurology 3548:205028225 2665:253982337 2597:: 73–92. 2393:Neurocase 1867:BrainInfo 1822:2373-2822 1526:1065-9471 1183:brainstem 792:In rats, 608:pheromone 443:brainstem 366:Structure 362:in 1822. 278:amygdalas 228:amygdalae 6611:Amygdala 6605:Category 6510:Amygdala 5908:Amygdala 5834:Striatum 5801:Rostral 5701:22273442 5652:23977455 5535:26769079 5492:18391224 5433:12832558 5384:18640918 5327:19243450 5278:17566760 5243:19673745 5191:18640918 5142:46862405 5099:21167712 5024:Archived 4975:19718035 4894:25964498 4845:26479589 4796:20978908 4726:Archived 4703:21186358 4654:18837623 4619:17875490 4584:18653758 4525:19718036 4460:15563325 4421:16281289 4372:17078137 4364:15749240 4329:14662552 4285:11704071 4241:34105191 4233:16256956 4198:18434283 4141:14643096 3929:30109156 3921:18922517 3886:10421580 3878:12110364 3843:18365029 3803:PLOS ONE 3757:38959073 3749:20226828 3705:36848472 3697:10560021 3654:Archived 3635:17056127 3627:15869515 3591:10583550 3583:12213516 3497:14958970 3489:16545468 3454:25351636 3446:10651899 3411:25162525 3354:16482160 3297:19741115 3248:32277045 3199:34732905 3191:28920933 3090:12707566 3052:11584069 3008:18787168 3000:10542437 2945:26755769 2891:30648533 2840:15727525 2758:37148369 2749:10164017 2701:29607550 2657:26454651 2621:23142759 2569:24723867 2515:15324475 2507:16061516 2472:20920513 2423:19308794 2374:25492047 2366:11124043 2331:25848681 2282:23056545 2242:PLOS ONE 2177:11375910 2092:18414599 2043:18392107 1979:16880223 1909:11826564 1869:database 1858:Archived 1855:Amygdala 1840:37775310 1831:10576262 1783:34220399 1732:17137887 1724:19931398 1674:15 March 1668:Archived 1644:22806915 1595:24009561 1544:22806915 1474:15 March 1441:16208455 1394:Archived 1324:See also 1172:reflexes 1070:morphine 648:synapses 568:and the 543:Function 410:temporal 328:medially 306:amygdalē 299:ἀμυγδαλή 182:amygdala 107:NeuroLex 31:Amygdala 6573:General 6259:Fimbria 5847:Putamen 5805:of the 5764:at the 5734:Bibcode 5692:3685204 5643:3746996 5570:1575447 5527:2038147 5483:2291109 5460:Bibcode 5424:6741186 5375:2607328 5318:2714877 5234:3543694 5182:2607328 5134:9732251 5090:3030206 5065:Bibcode 4966:2753689 4885:4631154 4836:4624486 4787:4020344 4694:3079404 4634:Emotion 4575:2492513 4552:Bibcode 4516:2756300 4412:6871444 4293:8927264 4189:2606709 4149:7493725 4067:7320283 4024:4998075 3834:2267490 3811:Bibcode 3540:9237754 3520:Bibcode 3402:4169316 3381:Bibcode 3345:2396495 3324:Bibcode 3288:2759996 3239:7219297 2936:4847692 2882:6335057 2831:1255918 2709:4565237 2612:4099056 2560:3972463 2543:: 107. 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