999:. Residency programs are typically five years long, consisting of 1.5 years of general medicine training followed by 3.5 years of anesthesia specific training. Canada, like the United States, uses a competency-based curriculum along with an evaluation method called "Entrustable Professional Activities" or "EPA" in which a resident is assessed based on their ability to perform certain tasks that are specific to the field of anesthesiology. Upon completion of a residency program, the candidate is required to pass a comprehensive objective examination consisting of a written component (two three-hour papers: one featuring 'multiple choice' questions, and the other featuring 'short-answer' questions) and an oral component (a two-hour session relating to topics on the clinical aspects of anesthesiology). The examination of a patient is not required. Upon completion of training, the anaesthesia graduate is then entitled to become a "Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada" and to use the post-nominal letters "FRCPC".
987:
programs can take place at training centers in university hospitals. These training centers are accredited by the
Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), or other referral hospitals accredited by the Ministry of Health. Most of the residents are trained in different areas, including ICU, pain management, and anesthesiology sub-specialties, including transplants and pediatrics. Residents may elect to pursue further specialization via a fellowship post-residency, but this is optional and only offered at few training centers. In order to be a certified anesthesiologist in Brazil, the residents must undergo exams (conducted by the SBA) throughout the residency program and at the end of the program. In order to be an instructor of a residency program certified by the SBA, the anesthesiologists must have the superior title in anaesthesia, in which the specialist undergoes a multiple choice test followed by an oral examination conducted by a board assigned by the national society.
1138:(Medicine Faculty Examination Board), and a chief physician who represents the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala. The examination includes a written section, an oral section, and a special examination of skills and knowledge relating to anaesthetic instruments, emergency treatment, pre-operative care, post-operative care, intensive care units, and pain medicine. After passing the examination, the college of medicine of Guatemala, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala and the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala grants the candidate a special license to practice anaesthesia as well as a diploma issued by the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala granting the degree of physician with specialization in anaesthesia. Anaesthetists in Guatemala are also subject to yearly examinations and mandatory participation in yearly seminars on the latest developments in anaesthetic practice.
634:
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646:, albeit with mixed results. On October 16, 1846, a day that would thereafter be referred to as "Ether Day", in the Bullfinch Auditorium at Massachusetts General Hospital, which would later be nicknamed the "Ether Dome", New England Dentist William Morton successfully demonstrated the use of diethyl ether using an inhaler of his own design to induce general anesthesia for a patient undergoing removal of a neck tumor. Reportedly, following the quick procedure, operating surgeon John Warren affirmed to the audience that had gathered to watch the exhibition, "Gentlemen, this is no humbug!", although this report has been disputed.
1020:), German physicians who want to become anaesthesiologists must undergo five years of additional training as outlined by the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, or DGAI). This specialist training consists of anaesthesiology, emergency medicine, intensive care and pain medicine, and also palliative care medicine. Similar to many other countries, the training includes rotations serving in the operation theatres to perform anaesthesia on a variety of patients being treated by various surgical subspecialties (e.g.
1168:. In the Nordic countries, anesthesiology is the medical specialty that is engaged in the fields of anesthesia, intensive care medicine, pain control medicine, pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medicine. Medical school graduates must complete a twelve-month internship, followed by a five-year residency program. SSAI currently hosts six training programs for anesthesiologists in the Nordics. These are Intensive care, Pediatric anesthesiology and intensive care, Advanced pain medicine, Critical care medicine, Critical emergency medicine, and Advanced obstetric anesthesiology.
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1269:. Specialist training takes at least seven years. On completion of specialist training, physicians are awarded CCT and are eligible for entry on the GMC Specialist register and are also able to work as consultant anaesthetist. A new consultant in anaesthetics must have completed a minimum of 14 years of training (including: five to six years of medical school training, two years of foundation training, and seven years of anaesthesia training).
59:
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procedures and vital function support in the controlled setting of the operating room, while then applying those skills in the more dangerous setting of the critically ill patient. In other countries, intensive care medicine has evolved further to become a separate medical specialty in its own right, or has become a "supra-specialty" which may be practiced by doctors from various base specialties such as anesthesiology,
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1337:. Both Boards are recognized by the major insurance underwriters in the U.S. as well as by all branches of the U.S. Uniformed Services. Board certification by the ABA involves both a written and an oral examination. AOBA certification requires the same exams, in addition to a practical examination with examining physicians observing the applicant actually administering anesthetics in the operating room.
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1249:. Following the completion of medical school training, doctors enter a two-year foundation program that consists of at least six, four-month rotations in various medical specialties. It is mandatory for all physicians to complete a minimum of three months of general medicine and general surgery training during this time. Following the foundation program, physicians compete for specialist training.
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wishing to hold dual accreditation in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine may enter anaesthesia training via the Acute Care Common Stem (ACCS) program which lasts four years and consists of experience in anaesthesia, emergency medicine, acute medicine and intensive care. Trainees in anaesthesia are called
Specialty Registrars (StR) or Specialist Registrars (SpR).
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experimental area with non-specialist practitioners using novel, untested drugs and techniques into what is now a highly refined, safe and effective field of medicine. In some countries anesthesiologists comprise the largest single cohort of doctors in hospitals, and their role can extend far beyond the traditional role of anesthesia care in the
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approved program (for a total of four years) for board certification eligibility in the specialty of anesthesiology. Anesthesiology residents face multiple examinations during their residency, including exams encompassing physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and other medical sciences addressed
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Those wishing for dual accreditation (in
Intensive care and anaesthesia) are required to undergo approximately an additional year of training and also complete the fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM). Pain specialists give the Fellowship of the Faculty of Pain Medicine of the
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to denote the medically induced state of amnesia, insensibility, and stupor that enabled physicians to operate with minimal pain or trauma to the patient. The original term had simply been "etherization" because at the time this was the only agent discovered that was capable of inducing such a state.
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Throughout human history, efforts have been made by almost every civilization to mitigate pain associated with surgical procedures, ranging from techniques such as acupuncture or phlebotomy to administration of substances such as mandrake, opium, or alcohol. However, by the mid-nineteenth century the
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The training program in the United
Kingdom currently consists of three years of core training and four years of higher training. Before the end of core training, all trainees must have passed the primary examination for the diploma of Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA). Trainees
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In Brazil, anesthesiology training is overseen by the
National Commission for Medical Residency (CNRM) and the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA). Approximately 650 physicians are admitted yearly to a three-year specialization program with a duty hour limit of 60 hours per week. The residency
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which can range from four to nine years. Anesthesiologists in training spend this time gaining experience in various different subspecialties of anesthesiology and undertake various advanced postgraduate examinations and skill assessments. These lead to the award of a specialist qualification at the
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Residency training in the U.S. encompasses the full scope of perioperative medicine, including pre-operative medical evaluation, management of pre-existing disease in the surgical patient, intraoperative life support, intraoperative pain control, intraoperative ventilation, post-operative recovery,
1256:
The
Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) in anaesthesia is divided into three levels: Basic, intermediate and advanced. During this time, physicians learn anaesthesia as applicable to all surgical specialties. The curriculum focuses on a modular format, with trainees primarily working in one
1146:
To be qualified as an anesthesiologist in Hong Kong, medical practitioners must undergo a minimum of six years of postgraduate training and pass three professional examinations. Upon completion of training, the
Fellowship of Hong Kong College of Anesthesiologists and subsequently the Fellowship of
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In the final written examination, there are many questions of clinical scenarios (including interpretation of radiological exams, EKGs and other special investigations). There are also two cases of real patients with complex medical conditions – for clinical examination and a following discussion.
352:
as well as a broad general knowledge of all areas of medicine and surgery in all ages of patients, with a particular focus on those aspects which may impact on a surgical procedure. In recent decades, the role of anesthesiologists has broadened to focus not just on administering anesthetics during
1340:
There are several non-physician anesthesia providers practicing in the United States. These include certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), anesthesiologist assistants (AAs), and dental anesthesiologists. CRNAs are the only type of non-physician anesthesia provider that have successfully
957:
and the New
Zealand Society of Anaesthetists. The ANZCA-approved training course encompasses an initial two-year long Pre-vocational Medical Education and Training (PMET), which may include up to 12 months training in anaesthesia or ICU medicine, plus at least five years of supervised clinical
460:
exist internationally: in the Anglo-American model, the patient is rapidly transported by non-physician providers to definitive care such as an emergency department in a hospital. Conversely, the Franco-German approach has a physician, often an anesthesiologist, come to the patient and provide
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In the
Netherlands, anaesthesiologists must complete medical school training, which takes six years. After successfully completing medical school training, they start a five-year residency training in anaesthesiology. In their fifth year they can choose to spend the year doing research, or to
396:
of anesthesiology, and anesthesiologists often rotate between duties in the operating room and the intensive care unit. This allows continuity of care when patients are admitted to the ICU after their surgery, and it also means that anesthesiologists can maintain their expertise at invasive
282:
The core element of the specialty is the prevention and mitigation of pain and distress using various anesthetic agents, as well as the monitoring and maintenance of a patient's vital functions throughout the perioperative period. Since the 19th century, anesthesiology has developed from an
699:
Over the next one hundred-plus years the specialty of anesthesiology developed rapidly as further scientific advancements meant that physicians' means of controlling peri-operative pain and monitoring patients' vital functions grew more sophisticated. With the isolation of
1232:
A medical doctor can enter training as a resident in anesthesiology and intensive care after obtaining a license to practice medicine, following an 18–24 month internship. The residency program then lasts at least five years, not including the internship. See also
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medications to produce a loss of sensation in patients, making it possible to carry out procedures that would otherwise cause intolerable pain or be technically unfeasible. Safe anesthesia requires in-depth knowledge of various invasive and non-invasive
713:
allowed the anesthesiologist to completely paralyze the patient pharmacologically and breathe for him or her via mechanical ventilation. With these new tools, the anesthetist could intensively manage the patient's physiology, bringing about
1341:
lobbied for the ability to provide all types of anesthesia for any surgery or procedure independently in some states. AAs must work under the supervision of an anesthesiologist, and dental anesthesiologists are limited to dental cases.
1302:
in medical school, along with multiple anesthesia knowledge tests which assess progress during residency. Successful completion of both a written and oral board exam after completion of residency is required for board certification.
1155:
In Italy, a medical school graduate must complete an accredited five-year residency in anesthesiology. Anesthesia training is overseen by the
Italian Society of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI).
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who has completed a nationally recognized specialist anesthesia training program. The length and format of anesthesiology training programs varies from country to country, as noted below. A candidate must first have completed
704:
in the mid-nineteenth century there began to be drugs available for local anesthesia. By the end of the nineteenth century, the number of pharmacological options had increased and had begun to be applied both peripherally and
958:
training at approved training sites. Trainees must pass both the primary and final examinations which consist of both written (multiple choice questions and short-answer questions) and, if successful in the written exams,
1306:
intensive care medicine, and chronic and acute pain management. After residency, many anesthesiologists complete an additional fellowship year of sub-specialty training in areas such as pain management, sleep medicine,
1398:
1147:
Hong Kong Academy of Medicine is awarded. Practicing anesthesiologists are required to register in the Specialist register of the Medical Council of Hong Kong and hence are under the regulation of the Medical Council.
2422:
609:, as well as the majority of their member societies. It is the also the most commonly used spelling found in the titles of medical journals. In fact, many countries, such as Ireland and Hong Kong, which formerly used
978:) course. On completion of training, the trainees are awarded the Diploma of Fellowship and are entitled to use the qualification of FANZCA – Fellow of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists.
3190:
Isaak RS, Chen F, Martinelli SM, Arora H, Zvara DA, Hobbs G, Stiegler MP (June 2018). "Validity of Simulation-Based Assessment for Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestone Achievement".
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and pain management. Trainees also have to complete an advanced project, such as a research publication or paper. They also undergo an EMAC (Effective Management of Anaesthetic Crises) or EMST (
3836:
4040:
1261:, ENT, maxillofacial, pain medicine, intensive care, and trauma. Traditionally (before the advent of the foundation program), trainees entered anaesthesia from other specialties, such as
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555:
Various names and spellings are used to describe this specialty and the individuals who practice it in different parts of the world. In North America, the specialty is referred to as
4070:
1131:
In Guatemala, a student with a medical degree must complete a residency of six years. This consists of five years in residency and one year of practice with an expert anaesthetist.
3043:
Further training regulations for doctors in Bavaria dated April 24, 2004 i. i.e. Version of the resolutions of October 14, 2007 Section C, 24. Emergency medicine, as of 01/01/2008
1823:
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specialize in a certain area, including general anaesthesiology, critical care medicine, pain and palliative medicine, paediatric anaesthesiology, cardiothoracic anaesthesiology,
927:
In Argentina, specialized training in the field of anesthesiology is overseen by the Argentine Federation of Associations of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Reanimation (in Spanish,
368:
arose in the 1950s and 1960s, with anesthesiologists taking organ support techniques that had traditionally been used only for short periods during surgical procedures (such as
2127:
Haridas RP (March 2016). ""Gentlemen! This Is No Humbug": Did John Collins Warren, M.D., Proclaim These Words on October 16, 1846, at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston?".
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1333:(AOBA). Osteopathic physician anesthesiologists can be certified by the ABA. The ABA is a member of the American Board of Medical Specialties, while the AOBA falls under the
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894:
602:
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composed of senior clinicians that are immediately summoned when a patient's heart stops beating, or when they deteriorate acutely while in hospital. Different models for
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In Sweden one speciality entails both anesthesiology and intensive care, i.e. one cannot become and anesthetist without also becoming an intensivist and vice versa. The
687:, "sensation" to describe the insensibility that accompanied the narcotic-like effect produced by the mandrake plant. However, following Morton's successful exhibition,
448:, as well as safe transfer of critically ill patients from one part of a hospital to another, or between healthcare facilities. Anesthesiologists commonly form part of
850:
A typical anesthesia machine, which an anesthesiologist can use to store equipment, administer inhalational anesthetics, and properly ventilate an anesthetized patient
507:
or international missions to retrieve citizens injured abroad. Ambulance services employ units staffed by anesthesiologists that can be called out to provide advanced
432:
from the operating room, and allowing continuity of care when patients are brought for surgery or intensive care. This branch of anesthesiology is collectively termed
2773:
3039:
Weiterbildungsordnung für die Ärzte Bayerns vom 24. April 2004 i. d. Fassung der Beschlüsse vom 14. Oktober 2007 Abschnitt C, 24. Notfallmedizin, Stand 01.01.2008
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2008:
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In Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, anesthesiologists' training is supervised by the respective national societies of anesthesiology as well as the
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units. Many German anaesthesiologists choose to complete an additional curriculum in emergency medicine, which once completed, enables them to be referred to as
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1330:
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This is a recreation of the ether inhaler apparatus used by William Morton, a Boston-based dentist, on October 16, 1846, at Massachusetts General Hospital.
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the surgical procedure itself, but also beforehand in order to identify high-risk patients and optimize their fitness, during the procedure to maintain
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601:
is most commonly used in written English, and a physician practicing in the field is termed an anaesthesiologist. This is the spelling adopted by the
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2238:"World Health Organization-World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WHO-WFSA) International Standards for a Safe Practice of Anesthesia"
1315:
428:, and caring for other patients outside the operating theatre who have critical emergencies that pose an immediate threat to life, again reflecting
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The role of anesthesiologists in ensuring adequate pain relief for patients in the immediate postoperative period as well as their expertise in
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epidemic during which many patients required prolonged artificial ventilation. In many countries, intensive care medicine is considered to be a
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1984:
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study and administration of anesthesia had become far more complex as physicians began experimenting with compounds such as chloroform and
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579:(AAs). In other countries – such as United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa – the medical specialty is referred to as
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regulates specialization for medical doctors in the country and defines the speciality of anesthesiology and intensive care as being:
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The course has a program of 12 modules such as obstetric anaesthesia, pediatric anaesthesia, cardiothoracic and vascular anaesthesia,
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techniques that are used to control patients' vital functions while under the effects of anaesthetic drugs; these include advanced
3821:
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Many procedures or diagnostic tests do not require "general anesthesia" and can be performed using various forms of sedation or
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1724:
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Following medical school training, anesthesiology residency programs in the United States require successful completion of an
376:, who might require vital function support for extended periods until the effects of the illness could be reversed. The first
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This painting by Robert C. Hinckley depicts the first successful public demonstration of using ether to induce anesthesia.
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2294:"Comparing Anesthesiology Residency Training Structure and Requirements in Seven Different Countries on Three Continents"
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end of their training indicating that they are an expert in the field and may be licensed to practice independently.
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of the surgery itself so as to improve safety, and afterwards to promote and enhance recovery. This has been termed "
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Effective practice of anesthesiology requires several areas of knowledge by the practitioner, some of which are:
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stabilizing care in the field. The patient is then triaged directly to the appropriate department of a hospital.
295:, transporting critically ill patients between facilities, management of hospice and palliative care units, and
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271:. In some countries, the terms are synonymous, while in other countries, they refer to different positions and
31:
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837:, and knowledge of anesthesia regarding how it affects certain age groups (neonates, pediatrics, geriatrics)
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89:
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2697:"Competency-based anesthesiology teaching: comparison of programs in Brazil, Canada and the United States"
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After residency, students take a board examination conducted by the college of medicine of Guatemala, the
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Anesthesiologists often perform interhospital transfers of critically ill patients, both on short range
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35:
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is used only to refer to a physician practicing in the field; non-physicians use other titles such as
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as a subspecialty in its own right. The field comprises individualized strategies for all forms of
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2172:"The etymology and use of the word 'anaesthesia' Oliver Wendell Holmes' letter to W. T. G. Morton"
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Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan MK, Stock MC, Ortega RA, Sharar SR, Holt NF (2017).
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to reduce labor pain while permitting the mother to be awake and active in labor and delivery.
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In the United States, anesthesiologists may also perform non-surgical pain management (termed
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3236:"Fellowships Represent a Logical Target for Cultivating Research in Academic Anesthesiology"
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2345:"The role of Argentine Federation of Associations of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Reanimation"
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Historically anesthesia providers were almost solely utilized during surgery to administer
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Gelb AW, Morriss WW, Johnson W, Merry AF, Abayadeera A, Belîi N, et al. (June 2018).
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The majority of anesthesiologists in the United States are board-certified, either by the
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The doctors' specialization service: regulations and general advice; goal descriptions
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International standards for the safe practice of anesthesia, jointly endorsed by the
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858:, which can be performed to induce analgesia in a region of the body. For example,
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1822:
Gellerfors, Mikael; Gryth, Dan; Lossius, Hans Morten; Linde, Joacim (2016-03-23).
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2645:"The anesthesiologist thoughts on medical residency in anesthesiology in Brazil"
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1994:
949:; note the extra "a" (or diphthong). Specialist training is supervised by the
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1776:[Last Night Swedish Help Took Off—With Intensive Care Capabilities].
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4594:
4458:
4436:
4311:
4275:
2608:
1826:[Rapid Development in Prehospital Physician Manned Intensive Care].
1049:
959:
768:
as well as numerous other drugs used in association with anesthetics (e.g.,
734:
560:
477:
410:
252:
63:
An anesthesiologist controlling a patient's airway while inducing anesthesia
3261:
3212:
3016:
2983:"Differences in training among prehospital emergency physicians in Germany"
2967:
2730:
2678:
2624:
2450:. Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. 2017. Archived from
2370:
2329:
2263:
2197:
2148:
2079:
1974:
1632:
571:
is used to refer to non-physician providers of anesthesia services such as
2361:
2344:
2023:
1542:
1456:"WFSA Position Statement on Anaesthesiology and Universal Health Coverage"
930:
Federación Argentina de Asociaciones de Anestesia, Analgesia y Reanimación
4363:
4140:
3677:
3376:
1262:
587:, with the "ae" diphthong. Contrary to the terminology in North America,
503:
or ground based missions, as well as longer range national transports to
200:
146:
2423:"Anestesiología | Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas | Universidad Austral"
2411:(in Spanish). Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. 2014.
2310:
2078:
Butterworth IV JF, Mackey DC, Wasnick JD, Morgan GE, Mikhail MS (2018).
4842:
4302:
4270:
4163:
3096:
2582:
1103: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1029:
914:, before embarking on a program of postgraduate specialist training or
738:
730:
718:, which, in many countries, is intimately connected to anesthesiology.
701:
527:
capabilities outside the hospital. Anesthesiologists often (along with
406:
232:
941:
In Australia and New Zealand, the medical specialty is referred to as
661:
was first used by the Greek philosopher Dioscorides, derived from the
307:
As a specialty, the core element of anesthesiology is the practice of
3307:
2607:
Yoshimura T, Mizuno J, Yunokawa S, Morita S, Davies M (August 2009).
1461:. World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists. Archived from
995:
In Canada, training is supervised by 17 universities approved by the
204:
182:
3234:
Eloy JD, Amin MD, Pashkova AA, Svider PF, Mauro KM, Eloy JA (2017).
2981:
Bollinger M, Mathee C, Shapeton AD, Thal SC, Russo SG (April 2022).
2747:. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Archived from
2934:"The current state of hospital-based emergency medicine in Germany"
1401:. European Society of Anaesthesiology. 12 June 2010. Archived from
1166:
Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
340:. Anesthesiologists are expected to have expert knowledge of human
3312:
1298:
1280:
1257:
special area during one module, for example: cardiac anaesthesia,
1048:. In pre-clinical settings the emergency physician is assisted by
845:
648:
632:
389:
27:
Medical specialty concerned with anesthesia and perioperative care
1876:""Anesthesia" or "Anaesthesia"—What's the difference? | Sapling"
877:) and provide care for patients in intensive care units (termed
726:
520:
4113:
3326:
1900:"Anesthetist vs. Anesthesiologist: Definitions and Differences"
1184:" characterized by a cross-professional approach and entailing
4026:
American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
2473:
1824:"Snabb utveckling inom prehospital läkarbemannad intensivvård"
1072:
544:
2581:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA).
2550:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA).
2495:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA).
2392:(in Spanish). Ministerio de Salud Argentino. 2021. p. 1.
933:
or FAAAAR). Residency programs are four to five years long.
677:
666:
2292:
Yamamoto S, Tanaka P, Madsen MV, Macario A (February 2017).
563:), and a physician of that specialty is therefore called an
4109:
1399:"Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology"
3990:
Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
3837:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
1205:
urgent care of patients with serious diseases and injuries
1007:
In Germany, after earning the right to practice medicine (
4041:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
1774:"I natt lyfte svensk hjälp – med plants för intensivvård"
1044:, an emergency physician working pre-clinically with the
1703:[Physician Manned Prehospital Units in Sweden].
3156:(in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Sverige. p. 521.
1370:. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Archived from
691:
sent a letter to Morton in which he first to suggested
4071:
European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
3145:
Läkarnas specialiseringstjänstgöring, Målbeskrivningar
1297:
plus three years of advanced residency training at an
1273:
Royal College of Anaesthetists (FFPMRCA) examination.
833:) to assess the risk of anesthesia to adequately have
2609:"[Anaesthesia training program in Australia]"
1314:, regional anesthesiology/ambulatory anesthesiology,
1245:
In the United Kingdom, training is supervised by the
1036:
procedures), followed by a rotation through various
953:(ANZCA), while anaesthetists are represented by the
4800:
4738:
4499:
4427:
4382:
4291:
4162:
4147:
4056:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
4013:
3977:
3926:
3880:
3814:
3746:
3665:
3629:
3576:
3515:
3364:
2386:
PROGRAMA DE RESIDENCIA RESIDENCIA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA
951:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
895:
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists
603:
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists
192:
157:
152:
140:
128:
123:
104:
84:
68:
3240:The Journal of Education in Perioperative Medicine
2803:"Fellowship and Areas of Focused Competence (AFC)"
1681:Akademiska sjukhuset (Uppsala University Hospital)
997:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
2695:Vinagre R, Tanaka P, Tardelli MA (3 March 2021).
1515:. Royal College of Anaesthetists. Archived from
1493:. National Institute of General Medical Sciences
372:) and applying these therapies to patients with
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
1701:"Läkarbemannade prehospitala enheter i Sverige"
1182:
725:in which a person is placed in a pharmacologic
2081:Morgan & Mikhail's clinical anesthesiology
4125:
3338:
3097:"Press release on sedation for minor surgery"
2774:"Format of the Examination in Anesthesiology"
2613:Masui. The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology
928:
8:
3718:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
3315:— the Anesthesiology Wiki (presented by the
3280:American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology
1331:American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology
539:to provide anesthesia and intensive care to
496:, and specialized pharmacological regimens.
118:
45:
2938:International Journal of Emergency Medicine
2932:Bey TA, Hahn SA, Moecke H (December 2008).
1753:Svensk luftambulans (Swedish Air Ambulance)
1679:[Competent Staff That Save Lives].
1289:being used for anesthesia resident training
866:is commonly performed on the mother during
733:without the individual responding to pain (
490:transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
299:programs to optimize patients for surgery.
255:specialized in anesthesiology is called an
4414:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4159:
4132:
4118:
4110:
4021:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
3345:
3331:
3323:
2474:"Anaesthetics National Recruitment Office"
2112:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2056:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2007:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1657:. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 26 November 2019
1588:
1586:
1575:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
231:care of patients before, during and after
57:
4755:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4066:International Anesthesia Research Society
3673:ASA physical status classification system
3317:International Anesthesia Research Society
3276:"Primary Certification In Anesthesiology"
3251:
3006:
2957:
2720:
2668:
2360:
2319:
2309:
2253:
2187:
1801:[The Injured Officer to Sweden].
1119:Learn how and when to remove this message
332:monitors, and diagnostic techniques like
275:is only used for non-physicians, such as
178:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3418:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
2913:[Specialist in anesthesiology].
1285:Photo of prebriefing for mixed modality
4051:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
1350:
573:certified registered nurse anesthetists
2881:
2879:
2768:
2766:
2690:
2688:
2105:
2049:
2000:
1568:
1547:(Seventh ed.). Philadelphia, PA.
1136:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
117:
44:
4031:American Society of Anesthesiologists
2643:Castedo JS, Carvalho VH (July 2022).
2638:
2636:
2634:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2545:
2543:
2216:Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2028:(Eighth ed.). Philadelphia, PA.
1968:
1966:
1964:
1856:Försvarsmakten (Swedish Armed Forces)
1803:Försvarsmakten (Swedish Armed Forces)
1751:[Medical Department at SLA].
1485:
1483:
1450:
1448:
1422:
1420:
1196:diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
287:, including fields such as providing
7:
4893:
4654:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
4036:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
1979:(Sixth ed.). Philadelphia, PA.
1727:[Intensive Care Ambulance].
1536:
1534:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1101:adding citations to reliable sources
416:Anesthesiologists have key roles in
311:. This comprises the use of various
4903:
4061:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
3969:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
3872:Postoperative residual curarization
2701:Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
2649:Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
1677:"Kompetent personal som räddar liv"
1178:Swedish Board of Health and Welfare
955:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
607:European Society of Anaesthesiology
4790:Medical Scientist Training Program
3949:Operating department practitioners
2919:Bavarian State Medical Association
1194:anesthesia and pain relief during
38:. For the song "Anesthetist", see
25:
3959:Certified anesthesia technologist
3867:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
3382:Procedural sedation and analgesia
3045:] (in German). Archived from
2865:] (in German). Archived from
2851:"Persönliche Leistungserbringung"
2745:"Accredited residency programs –"
2349:Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy
976:Early Management of Severe Trauma
756:of commonly used drugs including
737:) during surgery or remembering (
482:pain management during childbirth
4922:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4883:
4882:
4093:
4084:
4083:
3500:Transverse abdominis plane block
1799:"Skadade officeren till Sverige"
1749:"Medicinska avdelningen vid SLA"
1596:. Royal College of Anaesthetists
1491:"Science Education – Anesthesia"
1335:American Osteopathic Association
1327:American Board of Anesthesiology
1077:
709:. Then in the twentieth century
268:
4923:
4094:
4000:History of neuraxial anesthesia
3954:Certified anesthesia technician
3776:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
3637:Blood–gas partition coefficient
3470:Intravenous regional anesthesia
2853:[Personal performance]
1088:needs additional citations for
821:Other areas of medicine (e.g.,
567:. In these countries, the term
438:pre-hospital emergency medicine
289:pre-hospital emergency medicine
4780:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
4214:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
4046:Royal College of Anaesthetists
4005:History of tracheal intubation
3652:Minimum alveolar concentration
3589:Anesthesia provision in the US
2911:"Facharzt für Anästhesiologie"
2176:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
1615:Wilkinson DJ (27 March 1999).
1541:Pardo Jr M, Miller RD (2018).
1247:Royal College of Anaesthetists
1065:or obstetric anaesthesiology.
729:. This is performed to permit
488:technological methods such as
472:has led to the development of
172:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
30:For the medical journals, see
1:
3995:History of general anesthesia
3507:Total intravenous anaesthesia
3455:Inferior alveolar nerve block
3401:Continuous wound infiltration
3033:[Emergency medicine]
2987:Notfall & Rettungsmedizin
1772:Hamadé, Kassem (2009-11-12).
1308:cardiothoracic anesthesiology
597:. At this time, the spelling
370:positive pressure ventilation
4760:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4527:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3558:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
3205:10.1097/SIH.0000000000000285
2255:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002927
2141:10.1097/aln.0000000000000944
2084:(Sixth ed.). New York.
1973:Keech BM, Laterza R (2021).
1310:, pediatric anesthesiology,
1235:Residency (medicine), Sweden
814:Anatomical knowledge of the
801:cortical stimulation mapping
436:, and includes provision of
328:, invasive and non-invasive
3893:Critical emergency medicine
2915:Bayerische Landesärztekamme
2713:10.1016/j.bjane.2020.12.026
2661:10.1016/j.bjane.2022.06.011
2583:"ANZCA and FPM CPD Program"
1617:"Career Focus: Anaesthesia"
1594:"What do Anaesthetists do?"
577:anesthesiologist assistants
434:critical emergency medicine
245:critical emergency medicine
98:Critical emergency medicine
4965:
3939:Anesthesiologist assistant
3801:Relative analgesia machine
2999:10.1007/s10049-022-01021-z
2863:German Medical Association
2476:. Health Education England
2343:Pietrzyk WS (2016-03-11).
2189:10.1177/0310057X1604401S07
1854:[Medical Doctor].
678:
667:
446:emergency medical services
29:
4878:
4079:
3847:Local anesthetic toxicity
3142:Socialstyrelsen (2015).
2950:10.1007/s12245-008-0076-5
2522:"Anesthesiology Training"
1948:"About the ESAIC | ESAIC"
1267:accidents and emergencies
1046:emergency medical service
972:neurosurgical anaesthesia
937:Australia and New Zealand
910:training to be awarded a
891:World Health Organization
758:inhalational anaesthetics
689:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
617:have now transitioned to
227:concerned with the total
56:
4714:Transplantation medicine
4605:Clinical neurophysiology
4522:Obstetric anesthesiology
4442:Interventional radiology
4202:Digestive system surgery
3862:Postanesthetic shivering
3728:Neuromuscular monitoring
3619:Rapid sequence induction
3548:Inhalational anesthetics
3193:Simulation in Healthcare
2497:"Education and Training"
2429:(in Spanish). 2011-12-31
2242:Anesthesia and Analgesia
2170:Haridas RP (July 2016).
1513:"Who are anaesthetists?"
1368:"What is Anesthesiology"
1316:obstetric anesthesiology
797:neuromuscular monitoring
269:depending on the country
32:Anesthesiology (journal)
4585:Intensive care medicine
4559:Mass gathering medicine
4404:Maternal–fetal medicine
3913:Oral sedation dentistry
3903:Intensive care medicine
3857:Perioperative mortality
3713:Guedel's classification
3460:Intercostal nerve block
3099:. Sahk.hk. 1 March 2006
2212:"History of Anesthesia"
1780:(in Swedish). Stockholm
1725:"Intensivvårdsambulans"
860:epidural administration
494:spinal cord stimulators
388:in 1953, prompted by a
366:intensive care medicine
241:intensive care medicine
90:Intensive care medicine
4177:Cardiothoracic surgery
3964:Anaesthetic technician
3852:Malignant hyperthermia
1633:10.1136/bmj.318.7187.2
1320:critical care medicine
1290:
1230:
1189:perioperative medicine
1017:
929:
879:critical care medicine
851:
818:for nerve blocks, etc.
810:Mechanical ventilation
785:electroencephalography
716:critical care medicine
711:neuromuscular blockade
654:
638:
537:military medical teams
359:perioperative medicine
78:perioperative medicine
4828:Personalized medicine
4687:Reproductive medicine
4612:Occupational medicine
4566:Evolutionary medicine
3786:Laryngeal mask airway
3630:Scientific principles
3599:Dogliotti's principle
3475:Occipital nerve block
3440:Brachial plexus block
2831:TheFreeDictionary.com
2362:10.5603/AIT.2016.0012
1924:"Archives: Societies"
1284:
849:
652:
636:
355:situational awareness
36:Anaesthesia (journal)
4848:Traditional medicine
4808:Alternative medicine
4675:Addiction psychiatry
4489:Transfusion medicine
4484:Medical microbiology
4399:Gynecologic oncology
4251:Reproductive surgery
3832:Drug-induced amnesia
3827:Anesthesia awareness
3761:Anesthetic vaporizer
3738:Thyromental distance
3642:Concentration effect
3516:Pharmacologic agents
3485:Pudendal nerve block
3178:link to Google Books
2872:on 12 November 2013.
2751:on 16 September 2019
1544:Basics of anesthesia
1160:The Nordic countries
1097:improve this article
1063:neuroanaesthesiology
454:rapid response teams
293:intensive care units
4870:History of medicine
4853:Veterinary medicine
4660:Preventive medicine
4512:Adolescent medicine
4354:Infectious diseases
3756:Anaesthetic machine
3614:Tracheal intubation
3604:Intravenous therapy
3543:General anesthetics
3495:Sciatic nerve block
3450:Femoral nerve block
3445:Fascia iliaca block
3423:Epidural anesthesia
3389:Twilight anesthesia
2807:Faculty of Medicine
2778:www.royalcollege.ca
2552:"Anaesthesia Exams"
2454:on 2 September 2018
2448:"What's in a name?"
2311:10.7759/cureus.1060
2025:Clinical anesthesia
1904:Indeed Career Guide
1468:on 12 December 2020
1405:on 2 September 2018
1312:neuroanesthesiology
901:as a graduate of a
856:regional anesthesia
781:electrocardiography
762:topical anesthetics
594:physician assistant
559:(omitting the "ae"
533:orthopedic surgeons
466:regional anesthesia
430:transferable skills
378:intensive care unit
120:
53:
4818:Molecular oncology
4775:Doctor of Medicine
4765:Master of Medicine
4682:Radiation oncology
4554:Emergency medicine
4507:Addiction medicine
4474:Clinical chemistry
4469:Clinical pathology
4261:Transplant surgery
4219:Orthopedic surgery
4197:Colorectal surgery
3842:Emergence delirium
3822:Allergic reactions
3698:Entropy monitoring
3480:Paracervical block
3465:Interpleural block
3428:Spinal anaesthesia
3413:Neuraxial blockade
2993:(Suppl 2): 23–30.
2921:] (in German).
2427:www.austral.edu.ar
1976:Anesthesia secrets
1428:"Anesthesiologist"
1291:
852:
793:entropy monitoring
723:general anesthesia
655:
639:
535:) make up part of
505:specialized centra
458:emergency medicine
399:emergency medicine
277:nurse anesthetists
166:Doctor of Medicine
159:Education required
4936:
4935:
4770:Master of Surgery
4734:
4733:
4719:Tropical medicine
4665:Prison healthcare
4580:Hospital medicine
4544:Disaster medicine
4534:Aviation medicine
4349:Hospital medicine
4256:Surgical oncology
4241:Pediatric surgery
4235:
4182:Endocrine surgery
4107:
4106:
3944:Nurse anesthetist
3771:Bronchial blocker
3766:Arterial catheter
3657:Second gas effect
3584:Airway management
3553:Local anesthetics
3490:Retrobulbar block
2859:Bundesärztekammer
2091:978-1-259-83443-1
2035:978-1-4963-3701-6
1986:978-0-323-64016-9
1554:978-0-323-40115-9
1219:disaster medicine
1129:
1128:
1121:
960:oral examinations
623:anaesthesiologist
513:blood transfusion
509:airway management
426:airway management
326:airway management
261:anaesthesiologist
235:. It encompasses
225:medical specialty
210:
209:
116:
115:
110:Anaesthesiologist
18:Anesthesiologists
16:(Redirected from
4956:
4926:
4925:
4916:
4906:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4886:
4885:
4590:Medical genetics
4575:General practice
4452:Nuclear medicine
4327:Gastroenterology
4283:Vascular surgery
4233:
4160:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4097:
4096:
4087:
4086:
3934:Anesthesiologist
3723:Mallampati score
3683:Bispectral index
3523:Anticholinergics
3347:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3187:
3181:
3175:
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3139:
3133:
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3130:
3129:
3123:www.intensiva.it
3115:
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3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3068:
3062:
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3059:
3057:
3051:
3036:
3031:"Notfallmedizin"
3027:
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2838:
2837:
2823:
2817:
2816:
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2813:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2780:. Archived from
2770:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2640:
2629:
2628:
2619:(8): 1042–1044.
2604:
2598:
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2595:
2593:
2578:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2528:. 17 August 2017
2526:News-Medical.net
2518:
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2364:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2257:
2248:(6): 2047–2055.
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2182:(Suppl): 38–44.
2167:
2161:
2160:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2006:
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1959:
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1590:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1519:on 13 April 2019
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1259:neuroanaesthesia
1211:prehospital care
1124:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1081:
1073:
1012:
932:
899:anesthesiologist
864:local anesthetic
835:informed consent
789:electromyography
681:
680:
670:
669:
565:anesthesiologist
529:general surgeons
403:general medicine
382:Bjørn Aage Ibsen
338:echocardiography
257:anesthesiologist
142:Activity sectors
121:
108:Anesthesiologist
61:
54:
21:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4874:
4863:Chief physician
4796:
4741:
4730:
4724:Travel medicine
4709:Sports medicine
4692:Sexual medicine
4632:Palliative care
4627:Pain management
4571:Family medicine
4549:Diving medicine
4495:
4423:
4385:
4378:
4294:
4287:
4246:Plastic surgery
4192:General surgery
4172:Cardiac surgery
4153:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4108:
4103:
4075:
4009:
3973:
3922:
3876:
3810:
3742:
3688:Body mass index
3661:
3625:
3572:
3538:Benzodiazepines
3511:
3360:
3351:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3164:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3024:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2104:
2092:
2077:
2076:
2065:
2048:
2036:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1999:
1987:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1567:
1555:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1432:Merriam Webster
1426:
1425:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1352:
1347:
1279:
1243:
1225:pain management
1201:intensive care,
1174:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1125:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1082:
1071:
1058:
1022:general surgery
1008:
1005:
993:
984:
939:
925:
887:
844:
805:neuromorphology
747:
741:) the surgery.
631:
619:anaesthesiology
599:anaesthesiology
553:
545:armed conflicts
543:victims during
486:neuromodulatory
364:The concept of
346:medical physics
334:ultrasonography
305:
297:prehabilitation
217:anaesthesiology
197:
195:
160:
143:
131:
130:Occupation type
111:
109:
96:
92:
64:
51:
49:
48:Anaesthesiology
47:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4962:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4949:Anesthesiology
4941:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4920:
4910:
4900:
4890:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4801:Related topics
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4750:Medical school
4746:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4704:Sleep medicine
4701:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4517:Anesthesiology
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4447:Neuroradiology
4444:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4384:Obstetrics and
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4266:Trauma surgery
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4229:Otolaryngology
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4157:
4155:subspecialties
4145:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:Cardiothoracic
3884:
3882:
3881:Subspecialties
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3796:Magill forceps
3793:
3791:Laryngeal tube
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3703:Fick principle
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:Butyrophenones
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:anesthesiology
3352:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3313:OpenAnesthesia
3310:
3304:Anesthesiology
3299:
3298:External links
3296:
3293:
3292:
3267:
3226:
3199:(3): 201–210.
3182:
3162:
3134:
3110:
3088:
3063:
3052:on 12 May 2011
3022:
2973:
2944:(4): 273–277.
2924:
2902:
2875:
2842:
2818:
2794:
2762:
2736:
2707:(2): 162–170.
2684:
2655:(1): 115–116.
2630:
2599:
2568:
2539:
2513:
2487:
2465:
2439:
2414:
2405:Anestesiología
2395:
2376:
2335:
2277:
2228:
2203:
2162:
2135:(3): 553–560.
2129:Anesthesiology
2119:
2090:
2063:
2034:
2014:
1985:
1960:
1939:
1915:
1891:
1867:
1843:
1830:(in Swedish).
1828:Läkartidningen
1814:
1790:
1764:
1740:
1716:
1692:
1668:
1646:
1607:
1582:
1553:
1530:
1504:
1479:
1444:
1416:
1385:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1278:
1275:
1242:
1241:United Kingdom
1239:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1057:
1054:
1038:intensive-care
1004:
1001:
992:
989:
983:
980:
938:
935:
924:
921:
912:medical degree
908:medical school
903:medical school
886:
883:
843:
840:
839:
838:
819:
816:nervous system
812:
807:
777:
774:glycopyrrolate
746:
745:Investigations
743:
630:
627:
557:anesthesiology
552:
549:
450:cardiac arrest
380:was opened by
304:
301:
285:operating room
213:Anesthesiology
208:
207:
198:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
180:(MBBS, MBCHB,
175:
169:
161:
158:
155:
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
119:Anesthesiology
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
86:
82:
81:
70:
66:
65:
62:
46:Anesthesiology
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4961:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4929:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4889:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Public health
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Allied health
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Oral medicine
4620:
4618:
4617:Ophthalmology
4615:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Cytopathology
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4419:Urogynecology
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Endocrinology
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4100:
4092:
4090:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:Organizations
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3918:Pain medicine
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:Complications
3813:
3807:
3806:Tracheal tube
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Goldman index
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
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2027:
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2018:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:
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1965:
1961:
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1374:on 2016-12-21
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1329:(ABA) or the
1328:
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1277:United States
1276:
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1091:
1086:This section
1084:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:gynecological
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
998:
990:
988:
981:
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920:
917:
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900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
875:pain medicine
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
848:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
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811:
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790:
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719:
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712:
708:
703:
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694:
690:
686:
685:
675:
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664:
663:Ancient Greek
660:
651:
647:
645:
644:nitrous oxide
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
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562:
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550:
548:
546:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
492:or implanted
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:pain medicine
471:
467:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:air ambulance
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:resuscitation
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:organ failure
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:organ support
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:pain medicine
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:perioperative
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
202:
199:
191:
185:
184:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
162:
156:
151:
148:
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136:
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122:
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103:
100:
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94:Pain medicine
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
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60:
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41:
40:Enter Shikari
37:
33:
19:
4838:Rural health
4823:Nanomedicine
4516:
4374:Rheumatology
4305: /
4224:Hand surgery
4209:Neurosurgery
3781:Gas cylinder
3666:Measurements
3609:Laryngoscopy
3594:Bronchoscopy
3357:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:
3270:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3126:. Retrieved
3122:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3091:
3080:. Retrieved
3078:. 2020-05-02
3075:
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3047:the original
3042:
3038:
3025:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2894:. Retrieved
2890:
2867:the original
2862:
2858:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2830:
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:
2797:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2777:
2755:21 September
2753:. Retrieved
2749:the original
2739:
2704:
2700:
2652:
2648:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2587:ANZCA.edu.au
2586:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:
2530:. Retrieved
2525:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:the original
2442:
2431:. Retrieved
2426:
2417:
2404:
2398:
2385:
2379:
2355:(1): 64–66.
2352:
2348:
2338:
2304:(2): e1060.
2301:
2297:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2215:
2206:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2080:
2024:
2017:
1975:
1952:. Retrieved
1950:. 2021-02-17
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:
1827:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1661:11 September
1659:. Retrieved
1655:"Anesthesia"
1649:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1543:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1470:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:the original
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1339:
1324:
1304:
1292:
1271:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1231:
1183:
1175:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1115:
1106:
1095:Please help
1090:verification
1087:
1059:
1026:neurosurgery
1006:
994:
985:
968:
963:
947:anaesthetics
946:
942:
940:
926:
898:
888:
872:
853:
766:vasopressors
754:Pharmacology
748:
720:
698:
692:
682:
671:
658:
656:
640:
622:
618:
615:anaesthetist
614:
610:
598:
592:
589:anaesthetist
588:
585:anaesthetics
584:
580:
575:(CRNAs) and
569:anesthestist
568:
564:
556:
554:
498:
480:, including
470:nerve blocks
463:
418:major trauma
415:
394:subspecialty
363:
350:pharmacology
306:
281:
272:
265:anaesthetist
264:
260:
256:
220:
216:
212:
211:
181:
112:Anaesthetist
88:
85:Subdivisions
72:
52:Anaesthetics
4908:Wikiproject
4697:Venereology
4642:Neonatology
4539:Dermatology
4394:Gynaecology
4386:gynaecology
4369:Pulmonology
4187:Eye surgery
4149:Specialties
3985:ACE mixture
3927:Professions
3748:Instruments
3693:Capnography
3647:Fink effect
3528:Antiemetics
3435:Nerve block
3246:(3): E607.
3072:"Guatemala"
2891:www.dgai.de
2480:1 September
2458:1 September
1627:: S2-7187.
1523:3 September
1497:3 September
1472:3 September
1437:3 September
1409:1 September
1295:intern year
1056:Netherlands
1028:, invasive
1018:Approbation
943:anaesthesia
827:pulmonology
770:ondansetron
707:neuraxially
659:Anaesthesia
611:anaesthesia
581:anaesthesia
551:Terminology
517:thoracotomy
440:as part of
330:hemodynamic
273:anesthetist
221:anaesthesia
153:Description
50:Anaesthesia
4670:Psychiatry
4656:(PM&R)
4649:Phlebology
4637:Pediatrics
4464:Anatomical
4429:Diagnostic
4409:Obstetrics
4359:Nephrology
4344:Hematology
4339:Geriatrics
4332:Hepatology
4317:Cardiology
4307:Immunology
3733:Pain scale
3577:Techniques
3354:Anesthesia
3285:22 January
3128:2023-01-26
3103:28 October
3082:2023-01-26
3056:19 October
2896:2023-01-24
2887:"About us"
2836:2023-01-24
2812:2023-01-24
2788:2023-01-24
2592:23 January
2561:23 January
2532:24 January
2506:23 January
2433:2023-05-05
2221:22 January
2100:1039081701
1995:1158457283
1954:2023-01-24
1933:2023-01-24
1909:2023-01-24
1885:2023-01-24
1880:sapling.ai
1861:2023-03-22
1837:2023-03-22
1808:2023-03-22
1784:2023-03-22
1758:2023-03-22
1734:2023-03-22
1710:2023-03-22
1686:2023-03-22
1378:5 December
1345:References
1287:simulation
1213:including
1050:paramedics
1030:urological
868:childbirth
842:Treatments
831:obstetrics
823:cardiology
779:Monitors:
693:anesthesia
676:, "not",
525:ultrasound
501:helicopter
452:teams and
386:Copenhagen
342:physiology
309:anesthesia
291:, running
237:anesthesia
196:employment
124:Occupation
105:Specialist
74:Anesthesia
4858:Physician
4742:education
4600:Neurology
4595:Narcology
4459:Pathology
4437:Radiology
4312:Angiology
4276:Andrology
3908:Obstetric
3898:Geriatric
3568:Sedatives
3172:942540744
3119:"SIAARTI"
2501:ANZCA.edu
2108:cite book
2052:cite book
2044:989077162
2003:cite book
1778:Expressen
1641:220131561
1571:cite book
1563:969439509
1215:transport
1142:Hong Kong
1109:July 2013
1069:Guatemala
1010:‹See Tfd›
964:viva voce
923:Argentina
916:residency
897:, define
735:analgesia
684:aísthēsis
657:The term
561:diphthong
478:analgesia
411:neurology
253:physician
201:Hospitals
194:Fields of
135:Specialty
4943:Category
4888:Category
4364:Oncology
4295:medicine
4293:Internal
4141:Medicine
4089:Category
3678:Baricity
3377:Sedation
3262:29600256
3221:25634686
3213:29373383
3017:35431644
2968:19384642
2731:33781575
2679:35917845
2625:19702230
2371:26966116
2330:28367396
2272:13688396
2264:29734240
2198:27456290
2157:34711811
2149:26566280
1852:"Läkare"
1600:13 April
1263:medicine
893:and the
885:Training
679:αἴσθησις
605:and the
313:injected
147:Medicine
4928:Outline
4898:Commons
4843:Therapy
4740:Medical
4303:Allergy
4271:Urology
4164:Surgery
4099:Outline
3978:History
3563:Opioids
3406:Topical
3372:General
3253:5868370
3008:8990269
2959:2657268
2827:"FRCPC"
2722:9373559
2670:9366517
2321:5364083
1042:Notarzt
1003:Germany
739:amnesia
731:surgery
702:cocaine
629:History
407:surgery
317:inhaled
233:surgery
223:is the
205:Clinics
4918:Portal
4785:MD–PhD
3308:Curlie
3260:
3250:
3219:
3211:
3170:
3160:
3152:]
3015:
3005:
2966:
2956:
2729:
2719:
2677:
2667:
2623:
2369:
2328:
2318:
2298:Cureus
2270:
2262:
2196:
2155:
2147:
2098:
2088:
2042:
2032:
1993:
1983:
1639:
1561:
1551:
1172:Sweden
1014:German
991:Canada
982:Brazil
803:, and
764:, and
665:roots
541:trauma
523:, and
348:, and
247:, and
183:et al.
4500:Other
3396:Local
3365:Types
3217:S2CID
3154:(PDF)
3148:[
3050:(PDF)
3041:[
3035:(PDF)
2917:[
2870:(PDF)
2861:[
2855:(PDF)
2556:ANZCA
2409:(PDF)
2390:(PDF)
2268:S2CID
2153:S2CID
1729:AISAB
1637:S2CID
1466:(PDF)
1459:(PDF)
1318:, or
1299:ACGME
1221:, and
1151:Italy
862:of a
390:polio
303:Scope
263:, or
69:Focus
3356:and
3287:2021
3258:PMID
3209:PMID
3168:OCLC
3158:ISBN
3105:2012
3076:WFSA
3058:2018
3013:PMID
2964:PMID
2757:2019
2727:PMID
2675:PMID
2621:PMID
2594:2023
2563:2023
2534:2023
2508:2023
2482:2018
2460:2018
2367:PMID
2326:PMID
2260:PMID
2223:2023
2194:PMID
2145:PMID
2114:link
2096:OCLC
2086:ISBN
2058:link
2040:OCLC
2030:ISBN
2009:link
1991:OCLC
1981:ISBN
1928:WFSA
1705:SFAI
1663:2020
1602:2019
1577:link
1559:OCLC
1549:ISBN
1525:2018
1499:2018
1474:2018
1439:2018
1411:2018
1380:2016
1217:and
1032:and
727:coma
621:and
613:and
531:and
521:ECMO
468:and
336:and
315:and
251:. A
174:(DO)
168:(MD)
34:and
4234:ENT
4152:and
3306:at
3248:PMC
3201:doi
3003:PMC
2995:doi
2954:PMC
2946:doi
2717:PMC
2709:doi
2665:PMC
2657:doi
2357:doi
2316:PMC
2306:doi
2250:doi
2246:126
2184:doi
2137:doi
2133:124
1832:113
1629:doi
1625:318
1621:BMJ
1265:or
1099:by
966:).
945:or
881:).
673:an-
668:ἀν-
583:or
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