404:, they applied the term anti-federalist to their opposition. The term implied, correctly or not, both opposition to Congress and unpatriotic motives. The Anti-Federalists rejected the term, arguing that they were the true Federalists. In both their correspondence and their local groups, they tried to capture the term. For example, an unknown anti-federalist signed his public correspondence as "A Federal Farmer" and the New York committee opposing the Constitution was called the "Federal Republican Committee." However, the Federalists carried the day and the name Anti-Federalist forever stuck.
325:
decentralized form of government with greater protections for individual rights and stronger representation for the states. Principally, they were afraid that the national government would be too robust and would, thus, threaten states and individual rights. In the broad
Antifederalist sense, they held that states should be significantly autonomous and independent in their authority, applying the right to self-administration in all significant internal matters without the unwanted interjections of the federal government. The Anti-Federalists debated with their Federalist colleagues, including
408:"monarchic" power that would only replace the cast-off despotism of Great Britain; and those who simply feared that the new government threatened their personal liberties. Some of the opposition believed that the central government under the Articles of Confederation was sufficient. Still others believed that while the national government under the Articles was too weak, the national government under the Constitution would be too strong. Another complaint of the Anti-Federalists was that the Constitution provided for a centralized rather than federal government (and in
474:—it prevented ratification until the definite establishment of the new government practically forced their adherence. Individualism was the strongest element of opposition; the necessity, or at least the desirability, of a bill of rights was almost universally felt. In Rhode Island, resistance against the Constitution was so strong that civil war almost broke out on July 4, 1788, when anti-federalist members of the
991:
272:
497:") was reached. Massachusetts would ratify the Constitution with recommended provisions in the ratifying instrument that the Constitution be amended with a bill of rights. (The Federalists contended that a conditional ratification would be void, so the recommendation was the strongest support that the ratifying convention could give to a bill of rights short of rejecting the Constitution.)
547:. When Jefferson took office as the third president in 1801, he replaced Federalist appointees with Democratic-Republicans and sought to focus on issues that allowed the states to make more of their own decisions in matters. He also repealed the whiskey excise and other federal taxes, shut down some federal offices and broadly sought to change the fiscal system that Hamilton had created.
51:
451:. Warren's most notable pamphlet discussed the treatment of minorities and American natural rights; this pamphlet was titled "History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution". This produced a body of political writing; the best and most influential of these articles and speeches were gathered by historians into a collection known as the
368:
and ensure that the
Constitution would be successfully ratified. James Madison, a Federalist at the time and the primary architect of the Constitution, introduced draft proposals of what would become the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution and advocated for their passage. In particular, the
407:
The Anti-Federalists were composed of diverse elements, including those opposed to the
Constitution because they thought that a stronger government threatened the sovereignty and prestige of the states, localities, or individuals; those that saw in the proposed government a new centralized, disguised
367:
The arguments of the Anti-Federalists influenced the formation of the Bill of Rights. As a response to the Anti-Federalists’s demands of a bill of rights to guarantee specific liberties, the
Federalists agreed to consider amendments to be added to the new Constitution. This helped assuage its critics
324:
The Anti-Federalists were against the ratification of the
Constitution for many reasons. The Anti-Federalists believed that the Constitution, as drafted, would lead to a loss of individual liberties, an erosion of state sovereignty, and the potential for the rise of tyranny. They advocated for a more
336:
They also believed that a large central government would not serve the interests of small towns and rural areas, as opposed to the urban interests that most
Federalist delegates aligned with. Generally, Anti-federalists were more likely to be small farmers than lawyers and merchants and came from
256:
Perhaps the nationalists' most brilliant tactic in the battle of ideas ahead of them, however, was their decision to call themselves "Federalists" and their cause, "Federalism." The men behind the
Constitution were not, of course, federalists at all. They were advocates of a strong national
512:, included similar language in their ratification instruments. As a result, shortly after the Constitution became operative in 1789, Congress sent a set of twelve amendments to the states. Ten of these amendments were immediately ratified and became known as the
422:
During the period of debate over the ratification of the
Constitution, numerous independent local speeches and articles were published all across the country. Initially, many of the articles in opposition were written under pseudonyms, such as "Brutus" (likely
1491:
520:—almost 200 years later. Thus, while the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in their quest to prevent the adoption of the Constitution, their efforts were not totally in vain. The Anti-Federalists thus became recognized as an influential group among the
1309:
In 1789, when Rep. Madison introduced the first 10 amendments in the First
Congress, he was making a concession to the Anti-Federalists. Those writers and politicians—including Robert Yates, Mercy Otis Warren and Richard Henry Lee—opposed the original
333:, on the functional model and competencies of the planned federal government. The Anti-Federalists believed that almost all the executive power should be left to the country's authorities, while the Federalists wanted centralized national governments.
396:
for themselves. Historian
Jackson Turner Main wrote, "to them, the man of 'federal principles' approved of 'federal measures,' which meant those that increased the weight and authority or extended the influence of the Confederation Congress."
257:
government whose authority diminished the independence of the states. By co-opting the name "Federalists," the pro-Constitution forces deprived their opponents of the ability to signal clearly and immediately what they stood for.
418:
admitted that the new Constitution had the characteristics of both a centralized and federal form of government) and that a truly federal form of government was a leaguing of states as under the Articles of Confederation.
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493:. By this point, five of the states had ratified the Constitution with relative ease, but the Massachusetts convention was far more disputed and contentious. After a long debate, a compromise (known as the "
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They believed the Constitution provided insufficient rights in the courts (e.g., no guarantee of juries in civil cases, nor that criminal case juries be local) and would create an out-of-control judiciary.
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1301:"The Founders Who Opposed the Constitution: The Anti-Federalists gave us the Bill of Rights. Judge Andrew Oldham says they can also give us insight on the modern administrative state"
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came out publicly against the Constitution. They argued that the strong national government proposed by the Federalists was a threat to the rights of individuals and that the
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rural areas rather than the urban areas many federalists represented. In their journey to protect the interests of rural areas and farmers, the Anti-Federalists believed:
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In many states the opposition to the Constitution was strong (although Delaware, Georgia, and New Jersey ratified quickly with little controversy), and in two states—
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They believed the federal government's powers to tax provided by the Constitution could be used to exploit citizens and weaken the power of the states.
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401:
197:
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228:. Though the Constitution was ratified and supplanted the Articles of Confederation, Anti-Federalist influence helped lead to the passage of the
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would become a king. They objected to the federal court system created by the proposed constitution. Minority groups also contributed, such as
209:
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463:. The authors of these works did not organize together as a group. Instead, they used the medium of print to spread their ideas individually.
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970:
311:
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With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, the Anti-Federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the
1269:
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They believed that the national government would be too far away from the people and thus unresponsive to the needs of localities.
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1997:
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248:, and was supposed to mark them as men who "stood against the very political ideas they embraced". According to historian
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1106:
Columbian Centinel, July 5, 12, 16, 23, 1788; Pennsylvania Packet, July 30, 1788. (reference to West's anti-Constitution
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392:. After the war, the group that felt the national government under the Articles was too weak appropriated the name
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785:"Infographic: Differences between Federalists and Antifederalists | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"
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1492:""It is Natural to Care for the Crazy Machine": The Antifederalists' Post-Ratification Acquiescence""
150:
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This Momentous Affair: Massachusetts and the Ratification of the Constitution of the United States
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They believed the Constitution created a presidency so powerful that it would become a monarchy.
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was applied to any person who supported the colonial union and the government formed under the
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1971:
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What the Anti-Federalists Were For: The Political Thought of the Opponents of the Constitution
1632:
The Ordeal of the Constitution: The Antifederalists and the Ratification Struggle of 1787-1788
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2011:
2005:
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1503:
996:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1935:
1900:
1891:
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637:
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1415:
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They believed the Constitution would abrogate, at least in part, the power of the states.
1669:
1040:
3607:
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2103:
1953:
1909:
1887:
1843:
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703:
643:
467:
448:
432:
1593:
The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788–1828
1084:
The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828
844:
The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828
30:
For the faction opposed to the policies of Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton, see
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2017:
1839:
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1763:
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1515:
1389:
1370:
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1322:
1002:
997:
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561:
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436:
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330:
213:
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74:
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708:
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597:
579:
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428:
249:
69:
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The Anti-Federalists played upon these feelings in the ratification convention in
1464:
1442:"Best Clinton Ever? Why New York's First Governor, George Clinton, Totally Rocks"
3664:
3544:
271:
17:
3389:
3173:
1977:
1959:
1947:
1905:
1804:
1791:
1681:
1621:
Geographical Distribution of the Vote … on the Federal Constitution, 1787–1788
1559:
1507:
3297:
1612:
Contest over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in … Massachusetts
50:
1542:
The Lovers' Quarrel: The Two Foundings & American Political Development
400:
As the Federalists moved to amend the Articles, eventually leading to the
505:
241:
225:
217:
1270:"Lesson 1: Anti-federalist Arguments Against "A Complete Consolidation""
1253:"Letter to John Lamb from Joshua Atherton. Part of the John Lamb papers"
535:
were forming about 1790–91 to oppose the policies of Treasury Secretary
3332:
2762:
1015:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
296: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1176:
1148:"What Were Some Examples of Thomas Jefferson's Anti-Federalist Views?"
372:
reinforced the reservation of the powers to the states or the people.
220:, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of
1349:. Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston. p. 19.
1123:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior
2257:
1685:
1466:"Forgotten Founder, Drunken Prophet: The Life of Luther Martin"
341:
They believed the Constitution, as written, would be oppressive
447:
who disguised herself as "A Colombian Patriot," thought to be
265:
555:
962:
The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788
244:. It was imposed upon the movement by their opponents, the
1086:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 22–24.
1027:
The Anti-Federalist Writings of the Melancton Smith Circle
736:
A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution
1677:
A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825
435:." Eventually, famous revolutionary figures such as
809:"Federalist vs Anti Federalist: Views & Beliefs"
543:, while the group opposing Hamilton soon became the
3726:
3698:
3678:
3657:
3626:
3600:
3579:
3553:
3517:
3466:
3435:
3419:
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2439:
2418:
2355:
2342:
2291:
2198:
2155:
2094:
2051:
1996:
1987:
1918:
1772:
539:. Hamilton's Pro-Administration faction became the
136:
126:
116:
98:
80:
68:
39:
3707:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1629:
1377:. American Political Biography Press. p. 234.
1329:. American Political Biography Press. p. 259.
847:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 28.
500:Four of the next five states to ratify, including
881:Center for the Study of the American Constitution
370:Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1200:"Sam Adams – Father of the American Revolution"
254:
3718:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
2269:
1697:
206:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
8:
3820:1789 disestablishments in the United States
63:and drafted from Anti-Federalist principles
3337:
2352:
2348:
2276:
2262:
2254:
1993:
1704:
1690:
1682:
1595:. The University of North Carolina Press.
965:. The University of North Carolina Press.
739:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 175.
49:
36:
1496:Studies in American Political Development
1274:The National Endowment for the Humanities
1231:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 7.
984:
982:
516:, with one of the other two becoming the
312:Learn how and when to remove this message
3835:Political movements in the United States
3815:1787 establishments in the United States
3774:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
1228:Birth of the Bill of Rights: Biographies
344:They believed the Constitution needed a
204:. The previous constitution, called the
192:that opposed the creation of a stronger
1636:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
937:from the original on September 21, 2013
720:
1294:
1292:
1290:
954:
952:
384:and its immediate aftermath, the term
224:, then a novelty, might evolve into a
1490:Siemers, David J. (October 1, 1998).
877:"The Debate Over the Judicial Branch"
522:Founding Fathers of the United States
7:
3753:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
728:
726:
724:
294:adding citations to reliable sources
27:1780s political movement in the U.S.
3741:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
3268:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
1565:America's Constitution: A Biography
2832:Drafting and ratification timeline
2577:District of Columbia Voting Rights
1126:. SAGE Publications. p. 176.
486:with over 1,000 armed protesters.
25:
2285:Constitution of the United States
907:LII / Legal Information Institute
883:. University of Wisconsin-Madison
240:The name "Anti-Federalists" is a
2688:Convention to propose amendments
1202:. The Voice news. Archived from
1063:George Washington's Mount Vernon
989:
270:
3825:Federalism in the United States
2226:Benjamin Williams Crowninshield
1647:. University of Chicago Press.
1299:Willick, Jason (July 3, 2019).
1175:. ushistory.org. Archived from
1059:"Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814)"
281:needs additional citations for
3303:Separation of church and state
1749:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
1672:. University of Chicago. 1987.
1628:Rutland, Robert Allen (1966).
1440:Levine, David (25 June 2014).
1:
2807:Virginia Ratifying Convention
1614:. Harvard University Studies.
1359:– via Internet Archive.
1198:LeRoy, Marcel (5 July 2002).
959:Main, Jackson Turner (1961).
853:10.5149/9780807839218_cornell
165:Politics of the United States
3768:National Constitution Center
3566:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
2865:Assemble and Petition Clause
1641:Storing, Herbert J. (1981).
1562:(2005). "In the Beginning".
1416:"The Anti-Federalist Papers"
1390:"Women and the Constitution"
1375:"James Madison: A Biography"
1327:"James Madison: A Biography"
1041:"Women and the Constitution"
694:Country Party (Rhode Island)
688:The Complete Anti-Federalist
677:Albany Antifederal Committee
104:; 235 years ago
86:; 237 years ago
3639:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2693:State ratifying conventions
2630:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2625:Electoral College abolition
2552:Congressional Apportionment
1754:Presidency of James Madison
1713:Democratic-Republican Party
1544:. Oxford University Press.
1150:. Reference. Archived from
545:Democratic-Republican Party
3851:
1759:Presidency of James Monroe
1623:. University of Wisconsin.
1469:. ISI Books. p. 225.
1394:Faculty Scholarship Series
1045:Faculty Scholarship Series
1039:Amar, Akhil (1995-01-01).
29:
3092:Privileges and Immunities
2905:Congressional enforcement
2827:Rhode Island ratification
2718:Articles of Confederation
2683:
2660:Parental Rights amendment
2351:
1724:Anti-Administration Party
1719:
1508:10.1017/S0898588X98001576
1388:Amar, Akhil Reed (1995).
1120:Kenneth F.Warren (2008).
529:Anti-Administration party
402:Constitutional Convention
390:Articles of Confederation
160:
131:Anti-Administration party
57:Articles of Confederation
48:
32:Anti-Administration party
3323:Unitary executive theory
3097:Privileges or Immunities
2812:New York Circular Letter
2802:Massachusetts Compromise
1670:"Founders' Constitution"
1225:Wakelyn, Jon L. (2004).
551:Notable Anti-Federalists
495:Massachusetts compromise
196:and which later opposed
188:was a late-18th-century
3243:Dormant Commerce Clause
3087:Presidential succession
2822:Fayetteville Convention
2817:Hillsborough Convention
2753:Three-fifths Compromise
2733:Philadelphia Convention
2723:Mount Vernon Conference
2610:Campaign finance reform
1610:Harding, S. B. (1896).
1463:Kauffman, Bill (2008).
1343:; Rogers, Alan (1987).
1012:Encyclopædia Britannica
931:Encyclopædia Britannica
531:that James Madison and
212:more authority. Led by
194:U.S. federal government
3406:William Samuel Johnson
3278:Nondelegation doctrine
2850:Admission to the Union
2797:Anti-Federalist Papers
2748:Connecticut Compromise
2177:Caesar Augustus Rodney
1739:Jeffersonian democracy
1591:Cornell, Saul (1999).
1173:"16b. Antifederalists"
1082:Cornell, Saul (1999).
841:Cornell, Saul (1999).
765:The Free Speech Center
733:Berkin, Carol (2003).
682:Anti-Federalist Papers
454:Anti-Federalist Papers
427:), "Centinel" (likely
259:
3613:Richard Dobbs Spaight
3082:Presidential Electors
3057:Original Jurisdiction
2997:Full Faith and Credit
2870:Assistance of Counsel
2791:The Federalist Papers
2620:Crittenden Compromise
1942:Joseph Bradley Varnum
1420:The Federalist Papers
789:www.gilderlehrman.org
411:The Federalist Papers
59:, predecessor to the
3782:A More Perfect Union
3758:Constitution Gardens
3679:Convention Secretary
3341:Convention President
3313:Symmetric federalism
3308:Separation of powers
3042:Necessary and Proper
3037:Natural-born citizen
2982:Freedom of the Press
2920:Copyright and Patent
2910:Contingent Elections
2728:Annapolis Convention
1930:Frederick Muhlenberg
1744:Era of Good Feelings
1619:Libby, O.G. (1894).
290:improve this article
3789:Worldwide influence
3530:Gunning Bedford Jr.
3258:Executive privilege
3238:Criminal sentencing
3161:Title of Nobility (
3152:Taxing and Spending
3052:Oath or Affirmation
3012:House Apportionment
2875:Case or Controversy
2758:Committee of Detail
2650:"Liberty" amendment
2615:Christian amendment
2134:William H. Crawford
2128:Alexander J. Dallas
2085:William H. Crawford
2073:Alexander J. Dallas
1540:Lim, Elvin (2014).
1341:O'Connor, Thomas H.
1305:Wall Street Journal
457:in allusion to the
382:American Revolution
3830:Political theories
3443:William Livingston
3427:Alexander Hamilton
3233:Criminal procedure
3228:Constitutional law
3163:Foreign Emoluments
3127:State of the Union
3112:Self-Incrimination
3102:Recess appointment
2895:Compulsory Process
2557:Titles of Nobility
2238:Samuel L. Southard
2116:John Armstrong Jr.
2067:George W. Campbell
1734:First Party System
1025:Zuckert and Webb.
761:"Anti-Federalists"
537:Alexander Hamilton
327:Alexander Hamilton
190:political movement
3797:
3796:
3763:Constitution Week
3748:Independence Mall
3736:National Archives
3694:
3693:
3509:Gouverneur Morris
3494:Thomas Fitzsimons
3474:Benjamin Franklin
3348:George Washington
3248:Enumerated powers
3223:Concurrent powers
3218:Balance of powers
3047:No Religious Test
2987:Freedom of Speech
2778:Independence Hall
2701:
2700:
2605:Bricker amendment
2538:
2537:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2171:John Breckinridge
2042:John Quincy Adams
1972:Philip P. Barbour
1551:978-0-1998-1218-9
1396:. Yale Law School
1238:978-0-313-33194-7
1179:on 8 October 2016
927:"Tenth Amendment"
903:"Tenth Amendment"
862:978-0-8078-4786-2
746:978-0-15-602872-1
667:
666:
620:Mercy Otis Warren
586:Richard Henry Lee
460:Federalist Papers
445:Mercy Otis Warren
322:
321:
314:
210:state governments
183:
182:
170:Political parties
127:Succeeded by
61:U.S. Constitution
16:(Redirected from
3842:
3644:Charles Pinckney
3453:William Paterson
3385:Nathaniel Gorham
3338:
3117:Speech or Debate
2945:Equal Protection
2655:Ludlow amendment
2640:Flag Desecration
2635:Federal Marriage
2600:Blaine amendment
2562:Corwin Amendment
2353:
2349:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2165:Levi Lincoln Sr.
2157:Attorney General
2012:Levi Lincoln Sr.
2006:Thomas Jefferson
1994:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1673:
1658:
1637:
1635:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1587:
1560:Amar, Akhil Reed
1555:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1206:on 27 April 2014
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1007:Anti-Federalists
995:
993:
992:
986:
977:
976:
956:
947:
946:
944:
942:
923:
917:
916:
914:
913:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
873:
867:
866:
838:
823:
822:
820:
819:
805:
799:
798:
796:
795:
781:
775:
774:
772:
771:
757:
751:
750:
730:
556:
541:Federalist Party
533:Thomas Jefferson
317:
310:
306:
303:
297:
274:
266:
198:the ratification
147:Decentralization
112:
110:
105:
94:
92:
87:
53:
42:Anti-Federalists
37:
21:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3810:Anti-Federalism
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3728:
3722:
3690:
3686:William Jackson
3674:
3670:Abraham Baldwin
3653:
3622:
3618:Hugh Williamson
3596:
3575:
3549:
3540:Richard Bassett
3513:
3499:Jared Ingersoll
3462:
3458:Jonathan Dayton
3431:
3415:
3394:
3373:
3369:Nicholas Gilman
3352:
3327:
3293:Reserved powers
3273:Judicial review
3206:
3002:General Welfare
2925:Double Jeopardy
2836:
2763:List of Framers
2743:New Jersey Plan
2697:
2679:
2675:Victims' Rights
2595:Balanced budget
2581:
2534:
2463:
2435:
2414:
2338:
2287:
2282:
2252:
2243:
2194:
2183:William Pinkney
2151:
2146:John C. Calhoun
2090:
2061:Albert Gallatin
2047:
1983:
1936:Nathaniel Macon
1921:
1914:
1775:
1768:
1729:Anti-Federalism
1715:
1710:
1668:
1665:
1655:
1640:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1590:
1584:
1558:
1552:
1539:
1536:
1534:Further reading
1531:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1444:. Hudson Valley
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1005:, ed. (1911). "
1001:
990:
988:
987:
980:
973:
958:
957:
950:
940:
938:
925:
924:
920:
911:
909:
901:
900:
896:
886:
884:
875:
874:
870:
863:
840:
839:
826:
817:
815:
807:
806:
802:
793:
791:
783:
782:
778:
769:
767:
759:
758:
754:
747:
732:
731:
722:
717:
673:
668:
646:, Massachusetts
638:Melancton Smith
628:, Massachusetts
622:, Massachusetts
616:, Massachusetts
606:, Massachusetts
604:Amos Singletary
576:, New Hampshire
574:Joshua Atherton
570:, Massachusetts
553:
425:Melancton Smith
378:
318:
307:
301:
298:
287:
275:
264:
238:
186:Anti-Federalism
179:
153:
149:
145:
117:Split from
108:
106:
103:
90:
88:
85:
64:
44:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Antifederalists
15:
12:
11:
5:
3848:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3627:South Carolina
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3608:William Blount
3604:
3602:
3601:North Carolina
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3571:Daniel Carroll
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:John Dickinson
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Thomas Mifflin
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:David Brearley
3445:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3318:Taxation power
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Implied powers
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3211:Interpretation
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Recommendation
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Fugitive Slave
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2960:Excessive Bail
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:Appropriations
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:Single subject
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2441:Reconstruction
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2357:Bill of Rights
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2232:Smith Thompson
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2110:William Eustis
2107:
2104:Henry Dearborn
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1966:John W. Taylor
1963:
1957:
1954:Langdon Cheves
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1872:
1859:
1846:
1833:
1820:
1807:
1794:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1663:External links
1661:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1638:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1588:
1582:
1556:
1550:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1502:(2): 383–410.
1482:
1475:
1455:
1432:
1407:
1380:
1371:Ketcham, Ralph
1362:
1355:
1332:
1323:Ketcham, Ralph
1314:
1286:
1261:
1244:
1237:
1217:
1190:
1157:
1154:on 2019-04-21.
1139:
1132:
1112:
1099:
1092:
1074:
1050:
1031:
1018:
1003:Chisholm, Hugh
978:
971:
948:
918:
894:
868:
861:
824:
800:
776:
752:
745:
719:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
706:
704:New Federalism
701:
699:States' Rights
696:
691:
684:
679:
672:
669:
665:
664:
660:
659:
658:, Pennsylvania
653:
647:
644:James Winthrop
641:
635:
632:George Clinton
629:
623:
617:
609:
608:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
554:
552:
549:
518:27th Amendment
514:Bill of Rights
468:North Carolina
449:Elbridge Gerry
433:Federal Farmer
377:
374:
365:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:Bill of Rights
342:
320:
319:
278:
276:
269:
263:
260:
237:
234:
230:Bill of Rights
181:
180:
178:
177:
172:
167:
161:
158:
157:
140:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
100:
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
54:
46:
45:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3847:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Jacob Shallus
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3649:Pierce Butler
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:John Rutledge
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3592:James Madison
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:James McHenry
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:George Clymer
3487:
3485:
3484:Robert Morris
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3411:Roger Sherman
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:Massachusetts
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:New Hampshire
3355:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Plenary power
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Equal footing
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Trial by Jury
3172:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Ineligibility
3025:
3023:
3022:Import-Export
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Free Exercise
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:Ex Post Facto
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Establishment
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Confrontation
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
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2018:James Madison
2016:
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487:
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482:marched into
481:
478:led by Judge
477:
476:Country Party
473:
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434:
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279:This section
277:
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155:Republicanism
152:
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143:Confederalism
141:
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97:
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75:Patrick Henry
73:
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33:
19:
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3772:
3705:
3504:James Wilson
3467:Pennsylvania
3364:John Langdon
3122:Speedy Trial
2964:
2855:Appointments
2789:
2572:Equal Rights
2468:20th century
2208:Robert Smith
2189:William Wirt
2122:James Monroe
2030:James Monroe
2024:Robert Smith
1989:U.S. Cabinet
1774:Presidential
1728:
1643:
1631:
1620:
1611:
1592:
1574:Random House
1564:
1541:
1519:. Retrieved
1499:
1495:
1485:
1465:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1435:
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1419:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1393:
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1345:
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1326:
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1304:
1277:. Retrieved
1264:
1247:
1227:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:the original
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1152:the original
1142:
1122:
1115:
1102:
1083:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1044:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1010:
961:
939:. Retrieved
930:
921:
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906:
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885:. Retrieved
880:
871:
843:
816:. Retrieved
812:
803:
792:. Retrieved
788:
779:
768:. Retrieved
764:
755:
735:
709:Subsidiarity
686:
661:
656:Samuel Bryan
626:James Warren
614:John Hancock
598:James Monroe
592:Robert Yates
580:George Mason
568:Samuel Adams
526:
499:
488:
480:William West
472:Rhode Island
465:
458:
452:
429:Samuel Bryan
421:
409:
406:
399:
385:
379:
366:
335:
323:
308:
299:
288:Please help
283:verification
280:
262:Main beliefs
255:
250:Carol Berkin
239:
236:Nomenclature
202:Constitution
200:of the 1787
185:
184:
3665:William Few
3545:Jacob Broom
3525:George Read
3399:Connecticut
3333:Signatories
3183:Legislative
3157:Territorial
3077:Presentment
3062:Origination
3017:Impeachment
2972:Extradition
2940:Engagements
2930:Due Process
2880:Citizenship
2567:Child Labor
2240:(1823–1825)
2234:(1819–1823)
2228:(1815–1818)
2222:(1813–1814)
2216:(1809–1813)
2210:(1801–1809)
2191:(1817–1825)
2185:(1811–1814)
2179:(1807–1811)
2173:(1805–1806)
2167:(1801–1805)
2148:(1817–1825)
2142:(1816–1817)
2136:(1815–1816)
2124:(1814–1815)
2118:(1813–1814)
2112:(1809–1813)
2106:(1801–1809)
2087:(1816–1825)
2075:(1814–1816)
2063:(1801–1814)
2044:(1817–1825)
2036:John Graham
2032:(1811–1817)
2026:(1809–1811)
2020:(1801–1809)
2008:(1790–1794)
1980:(1823–1825)
1974:(1821–1823)
1968:(1820–1821)
1962:(1815–1820)
1956:(1814–1815)
1950:(1811–1814)
1944:(1807–1811)
1938:(1801–1807)
1932:(1793–1795)
1521:22 February
1425:22 February
1108:4th of July
1029:pp. 418–419
380:During the
246:Federalists
3804:Categories
3777:(painting)
3729:and legacy
3587:John Blair
3436:New Jersey
3390:Rufus King
3288:Preemption
3202:War Powers
3137:Suspension
2955:Exceptions
2645:Human Life
2544:Unratified
2344:Amendments
1978:Henry Clay
1960:Henry Clay
1948:Henry Clay
1920:U.S. House
1093:0807847860
1068:2022-03-08
912:2021-01-11
818:2024-04-25
794:2024-04-24
770:2024-04-24
715:References
652:, Maryland
640:, New York
634:, New York
600:, Virginia
594:, New York
588:, Virginia
582:, Virginia
564:, Virginia
484:Providence
394:Federalist
302:March 2022
151:Liberalism
3298:Saxbe fix
3187:Executive
3142:Take Care
3132:Supremacy
3007:Guarantee
2935:Elections
2706:Formation
2419:1795–1804
1814:Jefferson
1801:Jefferson
1788:Jefferson
1516:145259078
441:president
222:president
175:Elections
99:Dissolved
3580:Virginia
3554:Maryland
3518:Delaware
3420:New York
3197:Vicinage
3191:Judicial
2915:Contract
2885:Commerce
2773:Printing
2587:Proposed
2299:Preamble
2292:Articles
2053:Treasury
1922:speakers
1897:Crawford
1870:Tompkins
1857:Tompkins
1570:New York
1373:(1971).
1325:(1971).
941:July 19,
935:Archived
887:April 5,
671:See also
510:New York
506:Virginia
431:), and "
242:misnomer
226:monarchy
218:Virginia
138:Ideology
121:Patriots
3727:Display
3699:Related
3658:Georgia
3179:Vesting
3147:Takings
3032:Militia
2890:Compact
2842:Clauses
2768:Signing
2713:History
1910:Sanford
1892:Calhoun
1888:Jackson
1883:Calhoun
1840:Madison
1831:Clinton
1827:Madison
1818:Clinton
1776:tickets
1400:10 July
1279:10 July
1210:10 July
1183:10 July
1000::
386:federal
376:History
208:, gave
107: (
89: (
81:Founded
3785:(film)
3169:Treaty
3072:Postal
3067:Pardon
2130:(1815)
2081:(1816)
2069:(1814)
2038:(1817)
2014:(1801)
1866:Monroe
1853:Monroe
1651:
1599:
1580:
1548:
1514:
1473:
1353:
1235:
1130:
1110:rally)
1090:
994:
969:
859:
743:
662:
508:, and
70:Leader
1998:State
1901:Macon
1879:Adams
1844:Gerry
1512:S2CID
1448:8 May
1256:(PDF)
2200:Navy
1906:Clay
1875:1824
1862:1820
1849:1816
1836:1812
1823:1808
1810:1804
1805:Burr
1797:1800
1792:Burr
1784:1796
1649:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1523:2021
1471:ISBN
1450:2016
1427:2021
1402:2013
1351:ISBN
1281:2013
1233:ISBN
1212:2013
1185:2013
1128:ISBN
1088:ISBN
967:ISBN
943:2013
889:2024
857:ISBN
813:Vaia
741:ISBN
470:and
329:and
109:1789
102:1789
91:1787
84:1787
55:The
2334:VII
2314:III
2096:War
1504:doi
1009:".
849:doi
292:by
216:of
3806::
3189:/
3185:/
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2329:VI
2319:IV
2309:II
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