379:
136:
322:
663:
According to internal GM documents, the ultimate culprit appears to be operating vehicles for long periods of time with low coolant levels. The low coolant is caused by pressure caps that fail in the open position. (The new caps and recovery bottles were introduced at the same time as DEX-COOL). This
252:
Ethylene glycol has desirable thermal properties, including a high boiling point, low freezing point, stability over a wide range of temperatures, and high specific heat and thermal conductivity. It also has a low viscosity and, therefore, reduced pumping requirements. Although EGW has more desirable
532:
Both specific gravity and refractive index are affected by temperature, although the former is affected much less catastrophically. Temperature compensation is nevertheless recommended for RI measurement. Propylene glycol solutions cannot be tested using specific gravity because of ambiguous results
93:
Water was the original coolant for internal combustion engines. It is cheap, nontoxic, and has a high heat capacity. It however has only a 100 Kelvin liquid range, and it expands upon freezing. To address these problems, alternative coolants with improved properties were developed. Freezing and
635:
lawsuits were registered in several states of the US, and in Canada, to address some of these claims. The first of these to reach a decision was in
Missouri, where a settlement was announced early in December 2007. Late in March 2008, GM agreed to compensate complainants in the remaining 49 states.
365:
Ethylene glycol has a bitter, sweet taste and causes inebriation. The toxic effects of ingesting ethylene glycol occur because it is converted by the liver into 4 other chemicals that are much more toxic. The lethal dose of pure ethylene glycol is 1.4 ml/kg (3 US fluid ounces (90 ml) is lethal
248:
are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). The use of ethylene glycol has a longer history, especially in the automotive industry. However, EGW solutions formulated for the automotive industry often have silicate based rust inhibitors that can coat and/or clog
560:
with water is usually used, resulting in a freezing point of about −34 °F (−37 °C), depending on the formulation. In warmer or colder areas, weaker or stronger dilutions are used, respectively, but a range of 40%/60% to 60%/40% is frequently specified to ensure corrosion protection, and
574:
systems) are often monitored by specialist firms which take responsibility for adding corrosion inhibitors and regulating coolant composition. For simplicity, most automotive manufacturers recommend periodic complete replacement of engine coolant, to simultaneously renew corrosion inhibitors and
448:
Propylene glycol should be replaced when it turns a reddish color. When an aqueous solution of propylene glycol in a cooling or heating system develops a reddish or black color, this indicates that iron in the system is corroding significantly. In the absence of inhibitors, propylene glycol can
345:
When ethylene glycol is used in a system, it may become oxidized to five organic acids (formic, oxalic, glycolic, glyoxalic and acetic acid). Inhibited ethylene glycol antifreeze mixes are available, with additives that buffer the pH and reserve alkalinity of the solution to prevent oxidation of
722:
All automotive antifreeze formulations, including the newer organic acid (OAT antifreeze) formulations, are environmentally hazardous because of the blend of additives (around 5%), including lubricants, buffers, and corrosion inhibitors. Because the additives in antifreeze are proprietary, the
503:
Once antifreeze has been mixed with water and put into use, it periodically needs to be maintained. If engine coolant leaks, boils, or if the cooling system needs to be drained and refilled, the antifreeze's freeze protection will need to be considered. In other cases a vehicle may need to be
389:
is considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol and may be labeled as "non-toxic antifreeze". It is used as antifreeze where ethylene glycol would be inappropriate, such as in food-processing systems or in water pipes in homes where incidental ingestion may be possible. For example, the U.S.
213:(pockets of steam), leading to localized hot spots and the catastrophic failure of the engine. If plain water were to be used as an engine coolant in northern climates freezing would occur, causing significant internal engine damage. Also, plain water would increase the prevalence of
599:
Most modern cars are built with organic acid technology (OAT) antifreeze (e.g., DEX-COOL), or with a hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) formulation (e.g., Zerex G-05), both of which are claimed to have an extended service life of five years or 240,000 km (150,000 mi).
217:. Proper engine coolant and a pressurized coolant system obviate these shortcomings of water. With proper antifreeze, a wide temperature range can be tolerated by the engine coolant, such as −34 °F (−37 °C) to +265 °F (129 °C) for 50% (by volume)
569:
In the absence of leaks, antifreeze chemicals such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol may retain their basic properties indefinitely. By contrast, corrosion inhibitors are gradually used up, and must be replenished from time to time. Larger systems (such as
773:
isomers (ortho-, meta-, and para-toluidine) and meta-diamino toluene which are side-products in the manufacture of tolyltriazole. These side-products are highly reactive and produce volatile aromatic amines which are responsible for the unpleasant odor.
757:
dye is added to conventional ethylene glycol formulas to visually distinguish leaked amounts from other vehicle fluids, and as a marker of type to distinguish it from incompatible types. This dye fluoresces bright green when illuminated by blue or
333:
solutions first became available in 1926 and were marketed as "permanent antifreeze" since the higher boiling points provided advantages for summertime use as well as during cold weather. They are used today for a variety of applications, including
671:
Typically, OAT antifreeze contains an orange dye to differentiate it from the conventional glycol-based coolants (green or yellow), though some OAT products may contain a red or mauve dye. Some of the newer OAT coolants claim to be compatible with
643:
According to the DEX-COOL manufacturer, "mixing a 'green' coolant with DEX-COOL reduces the batch's change interval to 2 years or 30,000 miles, but will otherwise cause no damage to the engine". DEX-COOL antifreeze uses two inhibitors:
253:
physical properties than PGW, the latter coolant is used in applications where toxicity might be a concern. PGW is generally recognized as safe for use in food or food processing applications, and can also be used in enclosed spaces.
591:. American-made vehicles traditionally used both silicates and phosphates. European makes contain silicates and other inhibitors, but no phosphates. Japanese makes traditionally use phosphates and other inhibitors, but no silicates.
467:
has the advantage of being non-toxic, withstands relatively high temperatures, and is noncorrosive. It is not however used widely. Glycerol was historically used as an antifreeze for automotive applications before being replaced by
664:
exposes hot engine components to air and vapors, causing corrosion and contamination of the coolant with iron oxide particles, which in turn can aggravate the pressure cap problem as contamination holds the caps open permanently.
3860:
283:, and other organisms that prevent the formation of ice. In this way, these compounds allow their host organism to operate at temperatures well below the freezing point of water. Antifreeze proteins bind to small
667:
Honda and Toyota's new extended life coolants use OAT with sebacate, but without the 2-EHA. Some added phosphates provide protection while the OAT builds up. Honda specifically excludes 2-EHA from its formulas.
301:
to prevent or inhibit freezing in sperm, blood, stem cells, plant seeds, etc. Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol (all used in automotive antifreeze) are commonly used as biological cryoprotectants.
727:(SDS) provided by the manufacturer list only those compounds which are considered to be significant safety hazards when used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Common additives include
264:. Many formulations have corrosion inhibitors, and it is expected that these chemicals will be replenished (manually or under automatic control) to keep expensive piping and equipment from corroding.
536:
The boiling point can be similarly determined by a concentration given from one of the three methods. Datasheets for glycol/water coolant mixtures are commonly available from chemical vendors.
895:
504:
operated in a colder environment, requiring more antifreeze and less water. Three methods are commonly employed to determine the freeze point of the solution by measuring the concentration:
437:
also occurs. Once bacterial slime starts to grow, the corrosion rate of the system increases. Maintenance of systems using glycol solution includes regular monitoring of freeze protection,
27:
for cold environments. Common antifreezes also increase the boiling point of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature. However, all common antifreeze additives also have lower
449:
react with oxygen and metal ions, generating various compounds including organic acids (e.g., formic, oxalic, acetic). These acids accelerate the corrosion of metals in the system.
1234:
3810:
3840:
1919:
1484:
69:(diluted solution) are called antifreeze, depending on the context. Careful selection of an antifreeze can enable a wide temperature range in which the mixture remains in the
1139:
Hartwick, D.; Hutchinson, D.; Langevin, M., "A multi-discipline approach to closed system treatment," Corrosion 2004; New
Orleans, Louisiana; March 28 - April 1, 2004; NACE (
862:
114:
organic compounds tend to have melting points lower than water, which makes them suitable for use as antifreeze agents. Solutions of organic compounds, especially
3855:
1620:
A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures; Florida
Entomologist, June, 2008 by Donald B. Thomas
1333:
3348:
2597:
329:
Most antifreeze is made by mixing distilled water with additives and a base product, usually MEG (mono ethylene glycol) or MPG (mono propylene glycol).
1157:"An on-line cleaning procedure used to remove iron and microbiological fouling from a critical glycol-contaminated closed-loop cooling water system,"
3850:
3782:
1912:
3976:
1339:
611:' (GM's) 3.1L and 3.4L engines, and with other failures in 3.8L and 4.3L engines. One of the anti-corrosion components presented as sodium or
3655:
2487:
1000:"Cryoprotectants: A review of the actions and applications of cryoprotective solutes that modulate cell recovery from ultra-low temperatures"
415:
1408:
3815:
3777:
1648:
769:, a corrosion inhibitor. The unpleasant odor in industrial-use tolyltriazole comes from impurities in the product that are formed from the
1905:
1600:
A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures – page 2|Florida
Entomologist
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81:. Most if not all commercial antifreeze formulations intended for use in heat transfer applications include anti-corrosion and anti-
1363:
2749:
3830:
3644:
3024:
1772:
1159:
2007 Annual
Convention and Exposition of the Association of Water Technologies; Colorado Springs, Colorado; November 7–10, 2007
480:(TL 774-G) antifreezes containing glycerol in 2008, marketed as better for the environment due to its low toxicity and reduced
98:
of a solution, which depend on the concentration of dissolved substances. Salts lower the melting points of aqueous solutions.
2588:
2104:
1314:
1381:
923:
706:
P-HOAT coolants mix phosphates with HOAT. This technology is typically used in Asian makes and is often dyed red or blue.
3971:
3792:
3736:
3731:
3308:
2836:
2401:
1537:
457:
1186:"An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography,"
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3353:
2904:
2825:
2784:
1985:
1843:
1777:
391:
3696:
3498:
3009:
2944:
2862:
2774:
2638:
714:
Si-OAT coolants mix silicates with HOAT. This technology is typically used in
European makes and is often dyed pink.
3845:
3726:
3433:
3198:
3042:
1928:
1767:
1739:
637:
612:
164:
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43:
23:
is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve
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24:
533:(40% and 100% solutions have the same specific gravity), although typical uses rarely exceed 60% concentration.
249:
heat exchanger surfaces. Ethylene glycol is listed as a toxic chemical requiring care in handling and disposal.
3945:
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3063:
2842:
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640:) filed for bankruptcy in 2009, which tied up the outstanding claims until a court determines who gets paid.
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783:
222:
95:
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Fluorescent green-dyed antifreeze is visible in the radiator header tank when car radiator cap is removed
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On the other hand, if the engine coolant gets too hot, it might boil while inside the engine, causing
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2013:
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2019:
1634:
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Bojic S, Murray A, Bentley BL, Spindler R, Pawlik P, Cordeiro JL, Bauer R, de Magalhães JP (2021).
744:
545:
272:
245:
168:
115:
1201:
Hudgens, R. Douglas; Hercamp, Richard D.; Francis, Jaime; Nyman, Dan A.; Bartoli, Yolanda (2007).
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2109:
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1029:
788:
732:
616:
434:
214:
210:
54:
57:. The purpose of antifreeze is to prevent a rigid enclosure from bursting due to expansion when
860:
Bosen, Sidney F.; Bowles, William A.; Ford, Emory A.; Perlson, Bruce D. (2000). "Antifreezes".
3981:
3453:
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2005:
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to a 140-pound (64 kg) person) but is much less lethal if treated within an hour. (see
339:
218:
135:
99:
122:, etc. have been the basis of all antifreezes since they were commercialized in the 1920s.
3915:
3887:
3529:
3443:
3438:
3383:
3373:
3363:
3293:
3233:
3148:
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728:
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469:
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176:
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was developed because its higher boiling point was more compatible with heating systems.
1359:
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3218:
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2979:
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1975:
1812:
1729:
1185:
1080:
1051:
798:
608:
407:
294:
111:
78:
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types of OAT and glycol-based coolants; these are typically green or yellow in color.
3965:
3747:
3598:
3493:
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3228:
3223:
3178:
3173:
3019:
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2416:
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2193:
2188:
2152:
2069:
2009:
1970:
1960:
1657:
1587:"Gears Magazine - Cool It: What You Need to Know about Your Vehicle's Cooling System"
1203:"An Evaluation of Glycerin (Glycerol) as a Heavy Duty Engine Antifreeze/Coolant Base"
973:
823:
766:
740:
557:
518:
74:
28:
684:
HOAT coolants typically mix an OAT with a traditional inhibitor, usually silicates.
3925:
3603:
3503:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3398:
3333:
3213:
3183:
3123:
3118:
3093:
3004:
2883:
2799:
2723:
2708:
2693:
2172:
2167:
2134:
2039:
2029:
1965:
1949:
1807:
1747:
1724:
1033:
1017:
935:
632:
284:
70:
1311:
1184:
Walter J. Rossiter, Jr., McClure
Godette, Paul W. Brown and Kevin G. Galuk (1985)
151:, though the "water" used is actually a mixture of water and antifreeze. The term
1378:
999:
3935:
3577:
3534:
3508:
3448:
3428:
3423:
3298:
3258:
3243:
3188:
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3083:
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2759:
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2434:
2251:
2203:
2162:
2119:
2049:
1848:
1689:
1679:
1056:
960:
Fletcher GL, Hew CL, Davies PL (2001). "Antifreeze proteins of teleost fishes".
939:
803:
793:
759:
754:
657:
628:
604:
553:
427:
298:
1283:
1117:
Evaluation of
Certain Food Additives and Contaminants (Technical Report Series)
1070:
698:
A HOAT coolant can have a life expectancy as high as 10 years / 180,000 miles.
3691:
3613:
3544:
3513:
3388:
3358:
3288:
3238:
3208:
3193:
3168:
3073:
2873:
2688:
2628:
2522:
2482:
2461:
2456:
2358:
2343:
2266:
2198:
2124:
2064:
1995:
653:
512:
473:
460:
is used as an antifreeze in diesel engines. It is more volatile than glycol.
411:
321:
156:
148:
82:
1897:
1611:
VOGT, P. F. 2005. Tolyltriazole-myth and misconceptions. The
Analyst 12: 1–3.
1409:"Coolant Confusion: It's Not Easy Being Green ... or Yellow or Orange or ..."
871:
3650:
3328:
3323:
3273:
3248:
3103:
2899:
2477:
2218:
2213:
2000:
1980:
1876:
1833:
1684:
770:
620:
588:
423:
403:
184:
107:
1089:
1025:
981:
583:
Traditionally, there were two major corrosion inhibitors used in vehicles:
1514:
106:, but salt solutions are not used for cooling systems because they induce
3633:
3567:
3068:
2868:
2668:
2643:
2618:
2500:
2496:
2368:
2099:
2024:
1990:
1853:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1674:
1214:
818:
808:
692:
645:
584:
561:
70%/30% for maximum freeze prevention down to −84 °F (−64 °C).
495:
Glycerol is mandated for use as an antifreeze in many sprinkler systems.
464:
351:
229:
180:
103:
3143:
2815:
2527:
2411:
1787:
1719:
748:
691:
G05, which is a low-silicate, phosphate free formula that includes the
347:
50:
32:
3820:
3572:
3378:
3128:
2338:
2317:
2094:
2044:
556:
green, red, orange, yellow, or blue) to aid in identification. A 1:1
528:
Test strips—specialized, disposable indicators made for this purpose.
355:
276:
196:
188:
1525:
765:
Automotive antifreeze has a characteristic odor due to the additive
607:. Litigation has linked it with intake manifold gasket failures in
85:
agents (that protect the hydraulic circuit from progressive wear).
42:
has good properties as a coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in
3835:
3268:
1538:"GM wants to dump liability for damaged engines in Dex-Cool cases"
688:
359:
280:
203:
192:
39:
3343:
3263:
2492:
1660:
1563:
Draft—DEX 2007, Part 3: Now It’s All Up To The Judges and Juries
571:
257:
47:
2570:
1901:
1630:
1939:
1626:
1170:"Selecting and maintaining glycol based heat transfer fluids,"
549:
335:
118:, in water are effective. Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol,
58:
1334:
Ethylene GlycolHeat
Transfer Fluid Freeze/Boiling Point Chart
260:
and industrial heating or cooling systems as a high-capacity
896:"Dispelling the Myths of Heat Transfer Fluids Presentation"
438:
1235:"Proposed ASTM Engine Coolant Standards Focus on Glycerin"
1168:
Allan Browning and David Berry (September / October 2010)
16:
Coolant additive which reduces the freezing point of water
414:, and it is commonly used as the main ingredient in the "
244:
The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in
202:
Antifreeze was developed to overcome the shortcomings of
1260:"What you need to know about G13 antifreeze and coolant"
445:, inhibitor level, color, and biological contamination.
1485:"Canadian Nationwide Class Action Settlement Agreement"
362:
may also be used to prevent corrosive attack on metal.
338:, but there are lower-toxicity alternatives made with
31:
than water, and do reduce water's ability to act as a
1515:
Tentative Settlement of GM DEX-COOL Class Action Suit
1456:. Havoline.com (2003-01-31). Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
1155:
Kenneth Soeder, Daniel Benson, and Dennis Tomsheck,
3908:
3874:
3801:
3705:
3553:
3056:
2742:
2604:
2510:
2470:
2425:
2382:
2331:
2298:
2280:
2227:
2181:
2143:
2063:
1948:
1867:
1826:
1738:
1667:
1052:"Winter is coming: the future of cryopreservation"
199:, etc.). Water pump seal lubricant is also added.
1106:. Forensic science international, 2005 - Elsevier
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1312:Engine Cooling Testing: Why use a refractometer?
544:Most commercial antifreeze formulations include
275:refer to chemical compounds produced by certain
928:The Scripps Research Institute and the RCSB PDB
515:test strip or some sort of floating indicator),
159:industry, which covers its primary function of
1045:
1043:
993:
991:
863:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
492:(TL 774-L) which no longer contains glycerol.
488:. However, since 2018, they have moved on to
346:ethylene glycol and formation of these acids.
46:and other heat transfer applications, such as
2582:
1913:
1642:
1454:Products: North America: Anti Freeze/Coolants
131:Automotive and internal combustion engine use
8:
1602:. Findarticles.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
924:"Molecule of the Month: Antifreeze Proteins"
1355:
1353:
1351:
1141:National Association of Corrosion Engineers
3349:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2598:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2589:
2575:
2567:
1920:
1906:
1898:
1649:
1635:
1627:
1119:. World Health Organization. p. 105.
1558:
1556:
1554:
1079:
1069:
855:
853:
851:
849:
3783:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1986:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
702:Phosphate hybrid organic acid technology
652:), the latter which works well with the
377:
320:
134:
845:
710:Silicate hybrid organic acid technology
1565:. Imcool.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
1307:
1305:
1303:
998:Elliott GD, Wang S, Fuller BJ (2017).
291:of ice that would otherwise be fatal.
256:Similar mixtures are commonly used in
221:diluted with distilled water and a 15
167:. When used in an automotive context,
3656:Programmable communicating thermostat
656:found in the United States, but is a
463:Once used for automotive antifreeze,
7:
3778:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
228:Early engine coolant antifreeze was
171:are added to help protect vehicles'
1362:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
3639:Minimum efficiency reporting value
814:Internal combustion engine cooling
433:Besides cooling system corrosion,
14:
3681:Standard temperature and pressure
3394:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2930:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2659:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1321:posted 2/7/2001 by Michael Reimer
603:DEX-COOL specifically has caused
575:remove accumulated contaminants.
175:, which often contain a range of
73:, which is critical to efficient
2750:Absorption-compression heat pump
1467:"Zerex G-05® Antifreeze/Coolant"
974:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359
762:from daylight or testing lamps.
660:that can cause gaskets to leak.
3645:Normal temperature and pressure
3025:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2088:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1773:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
525:of the antifreeze solution, and
3977:Automotive engine technologies
1173:Facilities Engineering Journal
1018:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.04.004
680:Hybrid organic acid technology
204:water as a heat transfer fluid
77:and the proper functioning of
1:
3793:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3737:Building information modeling
3732:Building services engineering
3309:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2837:Demand controlled ventilation
2785:Building insulation materials
1340:Ethylene Glycol product guide
458:Propylene glycol methyl ether
3354:High-pressure cut-off switch
2905:Ice storage air conditioning
2826:Dedicated outdoor air system
1844:Automatic transmission fluid
1778:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
1730:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
936:10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2009_12
922:Goodsell D (December 2009).
396:propylene glycol to be added
225:pressurized coolant system.
143:Most automotive engines are
3697:Thermostatic radiator valve
3499:Thermostatic radiator valve
3010:Underfloor air distribution
2945:Radiant heating and cooling
2863:Energy recovery ventilation
2775:Automobile air conditioning
2639:Domestic energy consumption
1526:DEX-COOL Litigation Website
962:Annual Review of Physiology
165:internal combustion engines
65:(pure concentrate) and the
44:internal combustion engines
4003:
3846:Institute of Refrigeration
3727:Architectural technologist
3199:Electrostatic precipitator
1929:Internal combustion engine
1768:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
1360:Coolants Matrix 2003_5.xls
1207:SAE Technical Paper Series
1071:10.1186/s12915-021-00976-8
638:Motors Liquidation Company
613:potassium 2-ethylhexanoate
499:Measuring the freeze point
314:
3899:Volatile organic compound
3758:Environmental engineering
3722:Architectural engineering
3524:Ultra-low particulate air
3109:Automatic balancing valve
3037:Variable refrigerant flow
2889:Heat recovery ventilation
2832:Deep water source cooling
2546:
2397:Diesel particulate filter
2349:Idle air control actuator
2290:Engine control unit (ECU)
1935:
1191:, vol. 11, pages 455-467.
1104:Ethylene glycol poisoning
548:compounds, and a colored
368:Ethylene glycol poisoning
61:. Commercially, both the
25:freezing-point depression
3946:Template:Home automation
3768:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3464:Solar-assisted heat pump
3064:Air conditioner inverter
2843:Displacement ventilation
2734:Vapour pressure of water
2719:Thermal destratification
2462:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2374:Throttle position sensor
2083:Overhead camshaft layout
1753:Butylated hydroxytoluene
1384:October 5, 2010, at the
872:10.1002/14356007.a03_023
161:convective heat transfer
102:are frequently used for
3941:World Refrigeration Day
3788:Refrigerant reclamation
3717:Architectural acoustics
3661:Programmable thermostat
3593:Clean air delivery rate
3489:Thermal expansion valve
3404:Pressurisation ductwork
3314:Ground source heat pump
2755:Absorption refrigerator
2001:Core plug (freeze plug)
1859:Windshield washer fluid
1803:Methyl tert-butyl ether
1783:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
1695:Lead Replacement Petrol
866:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
834:Windshield washer fluid
751:(hydroxyethyl starch).
595:Organic acid technology
410:, salad dressings, and
3931:Glossary of HVAC terms
3893:Sick building syndrome
3773:Mechanical engineering
3484:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2915:Mixed-mode ventilation
1710:Compressed natural gas
1317:July 25, 2011, at the
1189:Solar Energy Materials
1102:PM Leth, M Gregersen.
784:Aircraft deicing fluid
579:Traditional inhibitors
383:
326:
287:to inhibit growth and
268:Biological antifreezes
155:is widely used in the
140:
96:colligative properties
89:Principles and history
3951:Template:Solar energy
3629:Intelligent buildings
3588:Carbon dioxide sensor
2975:Room air distribution
2795:Central solar heating
1379:Peak Antifreeze chart
1143:) paper 04-322. See:
619:is incompatible with
420:electronic cigarettes
400:ultra-processed foods
398:to a large number of
381:
324:
297:are commonly used in
240:Other industrial uses
179:incompatible metals (
138:
3972:Automotive chemicals
3753:Duct leakage testing
3743:Deep energy retrofit
3687:Thermographic camera
3624:Infrared thermometer
3099:Air source heat pump
3048:Water heat recycling
2614:Air changes per hour
2242:Compression ignition
1215:10.4271/2007-01-4000
903:Dow Chemical Company
755:Disodium fluorescein
650:2-ethylhexanoic acid
546:corrosion inhibiting
540:Corrosion inhibitors
521:—which measures the
262:heat transfer medium
169:corrosion inhibitors
3987:Household chemicals
3619:HVAC control system
3609:Home energy monitor
3583:Building automation
3369:Inverter compressor
3031:Variable air volume
2940:Passive ventilation
2910:Kitchen ventilation
2810:Constant air volume
2780:Autonomous building
2392:Catalytic converter
1430:"Coolant Confusion"
745:denatonium benzoate
422:. Propylene glycol
273:Antifreeze proteins
246:electronics cooling
94:boiling points are
55:solar water heaters
3882:Indoor air quality
3826:ASTM International
3763:Hydronic balancing
3540:Wood-burning stove
3419:Radiator reflector
3204:Evaporative cooler
3015:Underfloor heating
3000:Thermal insulation
2518:Knocking / pinging
2110:Combustion chamber
1763:1,2-Dichloroethane
1540:. 18 November 2009
1366:2008-04-16 at the
789:Antifreeze protein
733:disodium phosphate
725:safety data sheets
617:ethylhexanoic acid
435:biological fouling
384:
327:
232:(methyl alcohol).
215:galvanic corrosion
141:
126:Use and occurrence
35:when added to it.
3959:
3958:
3875:Health and safety
3454:Scroll compressor
3409:Process duct work
3164:Convection heater
3159:Condensing boiler
3089:Air-mixing plenum
2985:Solar combisystem
2821:Cross ventilation
2624:Building envelope
2564:
2563:
2533:Stratified charge
2300:Electrical system
2282:Engine management
2115:Compression ratio
2055:Starter ring gear
1954:rotating assembly
1895:
1894:
1818:Tetranitromethane
1798:Metal deactivator
1758:1,2-Dibromoethane
1145:Document preview.
829:Waterless coolant
627:, and is a known
453:Other antifreezes
289:recrystallization
177:electrochemically
3994:
3921:Building science
3676:Smart thermostat
3671:Room temperature
3254:Fireplace insert
2960:Radon mitigation
2858:Electric heating
2853:District heating
2848:District cooling
2765:Air conditioning
2591:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2407:Exhaust manifold
2272:Spark plug wires
2158:Boost controller
2145:Forced induction
1922:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1882:MTBE controversy
1651:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1566:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1490:. Archived from
1489:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1432:. Archived from
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1357:
1346:
1328:
1322:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1284:"Approval lists"
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1237:. Archived from
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1047:
1038:
1037:
995:
986:
985:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
938:. Archived from
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
900:
892:
886:
885:
857:
737:sodium molybdate
523:refractive index
509:Specific gravity
443:specific gravity
387:Propylene glycol
382:Propylene glycol
374:Propylene glycol
340:propylene glycol
219:propylene glycol
112:molecular weight
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3916:ASHRAE Handbook
3904:
3888:Passive smoking
3870:
3803:
3797:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3555:
3549:
3530:Whole-house fan
3444:Run-around coil
3439:Reversing valve
3384:Mechanical room
3374:Kerosene heater
3364:Infrared heater
3294:Gasoline heater
3234:Fan filter unit
3149:Condensate pump
3134:Centrifugal fan
3052:
2955:Radiant heating
2950:Radiant cooling
2925:Passive cooling
2920:Microgeneration
2790:Central heating
2738:
2714:Thermal comfort
2606:
2600:
2595:
2565:
2560:
2542:
2538:Top dead centre
2506:
2466:
2421:
2378:
2327:
2301:
2294:
2283:
2276:
2223:
2177:
2139:
2095:Tappet / lifter
2078:Flathead layout
2068:
2059:
1953:
1944:
1931:
1926:
1896:
1891:
1887:Pay at the pump
1863:
1822:
1793:Ethylenediamine
1734:
1675:Gasoline/petrol
1663:
1655:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1386:Wayback Machine
1377:
1373:
1368:Wayback Machine
1358:
1349:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1319:Wayback Machine
1310:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1264:Wolf Lubricants
1258:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1209:. Vol. 1.
1200:
1199:
1195:
1183:
1179:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1049:
1048:
1041:
997:
996:
989:
959:
958:
954:
945:
943:
921:
920:
916:
907:
905:
898:
894:
893:
889:
882:
859:
858:
847:
842:
780:
729:sodium silicate
720:
712:
704:
682:
625:silicone rubber
597:
581:
567:
542:
501:
485:
470:ethylene glycol
455:
376:
331:Ethylene glycol
325:Ethylene glycol
319:
317:Ethylene glycol
313:
311:Ethylene glycol
308:
295:Cryoprotectants
270:
242:
234:Ethylene glycol
133:
128:
120:ethylene glycol
110:of metals. Low
91:
79:heat exchangers
29:heat capacities
17:
12:
11:
5:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Psychrometrics
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3563:Air flow meter
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:Heating system
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Heat exchanger
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:Gas compressor
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:Expansion tank
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Ceramic heater
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:Solar air heat
2977:
2972:
2970:Renewable heat
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2879:Forced-air gas
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2729:Thermodynamics
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Psychrometrics
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:Gas compressor
2651:
2649:Fluid dynamics
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2427:Cooling system
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2384:Exhaust system
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Inlet manifold
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Fuel injection
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Connecting rod
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1813:Tetraethyllead
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1740:Fuel additives
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1592:
1567:
1550:
1529:
1518:
1507:
1476:
1458:
1446:
1421:
1389:
1371:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1299:
1275:
1251:
1226:
1193:
1177:
1175:, pages 16-18.
1161:
1148:
1132:
1125:
1108:
1095:
1039:
987:
952:
914:
887:
881:978-3527306732
880:
844:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
799:Cryoprotectant
796:
791:
786:
779:
776:
719:
716:
711:
708:
703:
700:
687:An example is
681:
678:
609:General Motors
596:
593:
580:
577:
566:
563:
541:
538:
530:
529:
526:
516:
500:
497:
483:
454:
451:
408:frozen custard
375:
372:
315:Main article:
312:
309:
307:
306:Primary agents
304:
269:
266:
241:
238:
153:engine coolant
145:"water"-cooled
132:
129:
127:
124:
90:
87:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3999:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:organizations
3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:Duct cleaning
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Control valve
3597:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Turning vanes
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Thermal wheel
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Solar chimney
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Fan coil unit
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Cooling tower
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Vapor barrier
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Solar heating
2993:
2991:
2990:Solar cooling
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Refrigeration
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Passive house
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Chilled water
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Sensible heat
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Noise control
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Heat transfer
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:Water cooling
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2417:Oxygen sensor
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:Intake system
2330:
2324:
2323:Starter motor
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Ignition coil
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Petrol engine
2192:
2190:
2189:Diesel engine
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Blowoff valve
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2070:Cylinder head
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Balance shaft
1959:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1497:on 2013-05-12
1493:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1436:on 2013-05-12
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1241:on 2012-11-20
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1126:92-4-120909-7
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
994:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:(1): 359–90.
967:
963:
956:
953:
942:on 2015-11-04
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
915:
904:
897:
891:
888:
883:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
856:
854:
852:
850:
846:
839:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:Water cooling
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
777:
775:
772:
768:
767:tolyltriazole
763:
761:
756:
752:
750:
746:
742:
741:sodium borate
738:
734:
730:
726:
717:
715:
709:
707:
701:
699:
696:
694:
690:
685:
679:
677:
675:
669:
665:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
641:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
594:
592:
590:
586:
578:
576:
573:
564:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
537:
534:
527:
524:
520:
519:Refractometer
517:
514:
510:
507:
506:
505:
498:
496:
493:
491:
487:
479:
475:
471:
466:
461:
459:
452:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
380:
373:
371:
369:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
343:
341:
337:
332:
323:
318:
310:
305:
303:
300:
296:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
267:
265:
263:
259:
254:
250:
247:
239:
237:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
137:
130:
125:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
75:heat transfer
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:water freezes
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3926:Fireproofing
3710:and services
3706:Professions,
3604:Gas detector
3504:Trickle vent
3479:Smoke damper
3474:Smoke canopy
3469:Space heater
3399:Plenum space
3334:Heating film
3214:Exhaust hood
3184:Dehumidifier
3124:Blast damper
3119:Barrier pipe
3094:Air purifier
3005:Thermosiphon
2884:Free cooling
2800:Chilled beam
2769:
2724:Thermal mass
2709:Stack effect
2694:Particulates
2674:Infiltration
2605:Fundamental
2447:Electric fan
2247:Coil-on-plug
2173:Turbocharger
2168:Supercharger
2040:Main bearing
2030:Firing order
2020:Displacement
1966:Block heater
1950:Engine block
1938:Part of the
1937:
1838:
1808:Nitromethane
1748:Butyl rubber
1725:Butanol fuel
1616:
1607:
1595:
1542:. Retrieved
1532:
1521:
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1479:
1470:
1461:
1449:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:the original
1424:
1413:. Retrieved
1374:
1326:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1229:
1218:. Retrieved
1206:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1151:
1135:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1061:
1055:
1009:
1003:
965:
961:
955:
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
927:
917:
906:. Retrieved
890:
861:
764:
753:
721:
713:
705:
697:
686:
683:
673:
670:
666:
662:
642:
633:Class action
602:
598:
582:
568:
552:(commonly a
543:
535:
531:
502:
494:
489:
477:
462:
456:
447:
432:
402:, including
385:
364:
344:
328:
293:
285:ice crystals
271:
255:
251:
243:
227:
208:
201:
152:
142:
92:
71:liquid phase
66:
62:
37:
20:
18:
3936:Warm Spaces
3578:Blower door
3556:and control
3554:Measurement
3535:Windcatcher
3509:Trombe wall
3449:Sail switch
3429:Refrigerant
3424:Recuperator
3299:Grease duct
3259:Freeze stat
3244:Fire damper
3114:Back boiler
3084:Air ionizer
3079:Air handler
3043:Ventilation
2895:Hybrid heat
2760:Air barrier
2679:Latent heat
2471:Lubrication
2435:Air cooling
2252:Distributor
2204:Fuel filter
2182:Fuel system
2163:Intercooler
2130:Timing belt
2120:Head gasket
2050:Piston ring
1849:Brake fluid
1700:Electricity
1690:Biogasoline
1057:BMC Biology
1005:Cryobiology
804:Heater core
794:Air cooling
695:inhibitor.
658:plasticizer
648:and 2-EHA (
629:plasticizer
605:controversy
565:Maintenance
554:fluorescent
476:introduced
428:lactic acid
412:baked goods
342:available.
336:automobiles
299:cryobiology
3966:Categories
3692:Thermostat
3614:Humidistat
3545:Zone valve
3514:TurboSwing
3389:Oil heater
3359:Humidifier
3289:Gas heater
3239:Fan heater
3209:Evaporator
3194:Economizer
3169:Compressor
3074:Air filter
3057:Components
2874:Forced-air
2770:Antifreeze
2743:Technology
2689:Outgassing
2629:Convection
2523:Power band
2483:Oil filter
2457:Thermostat
2402:EGT sensor
2364:MAF sensor
2359:MAP sensor
2344:Air filter
2308:Alternator
2267:Spark plug
2199:Carburetor
2125:Rocker arm
2065:Valvetrain
1996:Crankshaft
1940:Automobile
1839:Antifreeze
1668:Fuel types
1544:2013-06-07
1501:2013-06-07
1440:2013-06-07
1415:2013-06-07
1342:, MEGlobal
1336:, CoreChem
1293:2022-07-26
1269:2022-07-20
1245:2013-06-07
1220:2013-06-07
946:2019-08-12
908:2021-06-04
840:References
654:hard water
589:phosphates
513:hydrometer
511:—(using a
474:Volkswagen
418:" used in
157:automotive
149:waste heat
147:to remove
83:cavitation
21:antifreeze
3802:Industry
3651:OpenTherm
3329:Heat pump
3324:Heat pipe
3274:Fume hood
3249:Fireplace
3154:Condenser
3104:Attic fan
2900:Hydronics
2257:Glow plug
2219:Fuel tank
2214:Fuel pump
1981:Crankcase
1877:Fuel card
1834:Motor oil
1685:Biodiesel
1471:Valvoline
1411:motor.com
1288:Glysantin
1064:(1): 56.
1012:: 74–91.
771:toluidine
718:Additives
621:nylon 6,6
585:silicates
486:emissions
404:ice cream
352:silicates
185:cast iron
173:radiators
108:corrosion
3982:Coolants
3909:See also
3634:LonWorks
3568:Aquastat
3434:Register
3414:Radiator
3069:Air door
2869:Firestop
2669:Humidity
2644:Enthalpy
2634:Dilution
2619:Bake-out
2607:concepts
2556:Category
2501:Dry sump
2497:Wet sump
2488:Oil pump
2452:Radiator
2369:Throttle
2229:Ignition
2100:Camshaft
2025:Flywheel
2006:Cylinder
1991:Crankpin
1854:Gear oil
1715:Hydrogen
1705:Kerosene
1382:Archived
1364:Archived
1315:Archived
1090:33761937
1026:28428046
982:11181960
819:Radiator
809:Ice melt
778:See also
760:UV light
693:benzoate
646:sebacate
558:dilution
465:glycerol
424:oxidizes
416:e-liquid
348:Nitrites
230:methanol
181:aluminum
116:alcohols
104:de-icing
63:additive
51:chillers
38:Because
3708:trades,
3279:Furnace
3144:Chiller
2816:Coolant
2528:Redline
2412:Muffler
2313:Battery
2237:Magneto
1788:Ecalene
1720:Ethanol
1081:7989039
1034:4176915
749:dextrin
394:allows
356:borates
277:animals
67:mixture
33:coolant
3861:SMACNA
3821:ASHRAE
3641:(MERV)
3595:(CADR)
3573:BACnet
3526:(ULPA)
3379:Louver
3304:Grille
3179:Damper
3129:Boiler
3027:(VCRS)
2828:(DOAS)
2551:Portal
2339:Airbox
2318:Dynamo
2045:Piston
2035:Stroke
2014:layout
1942:series
1869:Retail
1827:Fluids
1680:Diesel
1123:
1088:
1078:
1032:
1024:
980:
878:
747:, and
490:G12EVO
360:azoles
281:plants
197:solder
189:copper
3901:(VOC)
3895:(SBS)
3884:(IAQ)
3841:CIBSE
3836:BSRIA
3739:(BIM)
3683:(STP)
3647:(NTP)
3269:Freon
3039:(VRF)
3033:(VAV)
2891:(HRV)
2865:(ERV)
2839:(DCV)
2812:(CAV)
2511:Other
2135:Valve
2105:Chest
1661:fuels
1658:Motor
1495:(PDF)
1488:(PDF)
1030:S2CID
899:(PDF)
689:Zerex
211:voids
193:brass
100:Salts
40:water
3856:LEED
3816:AMCA
3811:AHRI
3344:HEPA
3264:Flue
3189:Duct
2493:Sump
2010:bank
1971:Bore
1121:ISBN
1086:PMID
1022:PMID
978:PMID
876:ISBN
636:GM (
623:and
615:and
587:and
572:HVAC
358:and
258:HVAC
163:for
53:and
48:HVAC
3866:UMC
3851:IIR
3831:BRE
3224:Fan
2478:Oil
2067:and
1952:and
1211:doi
1076:PMC
1066:doi
1014:doi
970:doi
932:doi
868:doi
674:all
550:dye
478:G13
472:.
426:to
392:FDA
370:).
223:psi
19:An
3968::
2499:,
2012:,
1570:^
1553:^
1469:.
1392:^
1350:^
1302:^
1286:.
1262:.
1205:.
1084:.
1074:.
1062:19
1060:.
1054:.
1042:^
1028:.
1020:.
1010:76
1008:.
1002:.
990:^
976:.
966:63
964:.
930:.
926:.
901:.
874:.
848:^
743:,
739:,
735:,
731:,
631:.
482:CO
441:,
439:pH
430:.
406:,
354:,
350:,
279:,
206:.
195:,
191:,
187:,
183:,
2590:e
2583:t
2576:v
2503:)
2495:(
2016:)
2008:(
1921:e
1914:t
1907:v
1650:e
1643:t
1636:v
1589:.
1547:.
1504:.
1473:.
1443:.
1418:.
1296:.
1272:.
1248:.
1223:.
1213::
1129:.
1092:.
1068::
1036:.
1016::
984:.
972::
949:.
934::
911:.
884:.
870::
484:2
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