51:
301:
into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern North Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century – while
Apabhraṃśas were still in use – and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.
300:
of North India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into
Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved
638:
Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New
England Publishing Associates, 2001.
556:
After Muslim Hindi-Persian poet Masood Saad Salman, "Sandesh Rasak" is the first
Apbharansh work of poetry. It was probably written in 11th century. Abdur Rahman, in his ...
2531:
2536:
705:
375:
asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in
Apabhramsha continued until the 18th century, when Bhagavatidasa wrote
2566:
2561:
267:, spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.
506:
2546:
271:
698:
2231:
649:
616:
173:
568:
316:
were writing in a language quite similar to modern Urdu and Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by
280:
Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of North India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.
1104:
277:
in
Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar.
2526:
1883:
921:
691:
676:
1854:
1674:
1520:
840:
2417:
2551:
2541:
2385:
2241:
260:
1951:
1388:
2390:
2091:
2065:
1504:
2286:
1050:
494:
183:
95:
606:
2494:
2363:
1639:
1433:
1260:
788:
100:
2164:
1977:
1463:
1428:
1423:
1255:
768:
474:
2556:
2452:
2427:
2296:
2266:
2123:
1903:
1893:
1703:
1282:
714:
549:
264:
105:
2499:
2306:
2027:
2012:
1944:
1918:
1908:
1833:
1550:
1340:
1267:
1250:
995:
825:
469:
456:
446:
383:
2311:
2224:
2189:
1961:
1479:
1217:
907:
835:
830:
554:. Oriental Original Series. Vol. 47. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli. pp. 12–13, 195.
2504:
2318:
1987:
1956:
1934:
1898:
1740:
1698:
1603:
1545:
1310:
1242:
1230:
1139:
1060:
1040:
962:
887:
804:
737:
612:
538:
Apabhramsha
Sahitya, Devendra Kumar Jain, Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth, 2003.
502:
216:
204:
239:
2422:
2412:
2358:
2291:
2194:
2169:
2159:
2138:
2133:
2108:
2047:
1939:
1913:
1876:
1871:
1825:
1771:
1724:
1683:
1634:
1579:
1540:
1489:
1408:
1378:
1325:
1315:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1149:
1099:
1055:
967:
773:
722:
2467:
2301:
2256:
2143:
2113:
2070:
2022:
1982:
1888:
1838:
1809:
1787:
1719:
1629:
1589:
1555:
1499:
1494:
1453:
1438:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1330:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1272:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1144:
1065:
990:
946:
902:
897:
882:
877:
820:
783:
778:
593:
87:
664:
50:
2477:
2219:
2128:
2060:
2055:
2037:
2017:
1804:
1797:
1766:
1660:
1608:
1448:
1443:
1398:
1373:
1365:
1320:
1290:
1235:
1111:
1020:
985:
977:
941:
892:
758:
368:
349:
140:
115:
2520:
2462:
2118:
2032:
2007:
1792:
1134:
1035:
668:
656:
452:
394:
Below is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of
Apabhraṃśa literature:
256:
2457:
1225:
572:
329:
309:
525:. New Delhi: Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith. p. 388.
1535:
1350:
856:
435:
345:
248:
78:
1644:
1613:
1584:
608:
Objects of
Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
341:
317:
297:
147:
2434:
2343:
2323:
1015:
1010:
742:
372:
244:
160:
269:
230:
17:
2472:
2214:
1565:
1030:
1025:
1005:
763:
333:
252:
191:
179:
110:
2406:
2277:
1750:
1484:
1000:
683:
357:
305:
289:
221:
187:
1745:
1594:
1569:
1129:
1121:
1045:
936:
861:
442:
353:
325:
321:
1560:
1458:
313:
68:
64:
382:
The first known example of an
Apabhraṃśa work by a Muslim is the
2261:
1574:
337:
304:
A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in
293:
687:
2353:
386:
of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.
534:
532:
320:, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. These authors include
190:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
259:
for the dialects forming the transition between the
2443:
2399:
2376:
2332:
2275:
2249:
2240:
2207:
2182:
2152:
2101:
2090:
2083:
2046:
2000:
1970:
1927:
1864:
1853:
1818:
1780:
1759:
1733:
1712:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1653:
1622:
1528:
1519:
1472:
1364:
1281:
1216:
1209:
1162:
1120:
1092:
1085:
1078:
976:
955:
929:
920:
870:
849:
813:
797:
751:
730:
721:
158:
153:
137:
84:
74:
60:
34:
55:The word "Apabhraṃśa" written in Devanagari script
363:An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the
673:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
225:
40:
523:Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan
699:
8:
497:, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),
251:before the rise of the modern languages. In
441:Abdur Rahman (Addahamāṇa) (12th century) –
344:(9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha;
2246:
2098:
2087:
1861:
1688:
1679:
1525:
1213:
1089:
1082:
926:
727:
706:
692:
684:
49:
31:
2532:Languages attested from the 6th century
485:
296:, is also used as a cover term for the
184:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
551:Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature
2537:Languages extinct in the 13th century
398:Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE)
215:
7:
415:Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century)
25:
445:poet who penned the epic romance
340:(9th century CE); Pushpadanta of
2409:(unknown further classification)
521:Shastri, Devendra Kumar (1996).
247:to refer to languages spoken in
2567:History of the Bengali language
2562:Languages written in Devanagari
226:
41:
611:. Princeton University Press.
1:
677:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
605:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009).
657:Hindi: The language of songs
493:Shapiro, Michael C. (2003),
2547:Linguistic history of India
270:
265:Modern Indo-Aryan languages
243:(native grammarians) since
231:
2583:
671:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
663:Halder, Shashwati (2012).
650:Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri
548:Alī, Saiyada Asad (2000).
2486:
208:
170:
48:
39:
27:Class of Indian languages
2287:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
499:The Indo-Aryan Languages
569:"Pauma-Chariu (Part-I)"
2495:Indo-Iranian languages
659:", Yashwant K. Malaiya
172:This article contains
2165:Maharashtrian Konkani
475:History of Hindustani
217:[ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ]
2527:Indo-Aryan languages
2453:Andaman Creole Hindi
1884:Bishnupriya Manipuri
1704:Caribbean Hindustani
715:Indo-Aryan languages
634:Shapiro, Michael C.
237:) is a term used by
2500:Nuristani languages
2232:Mitanni superstrate
841:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
675:(Second ed.).
457:Kanhadade Prabandha
360:(15th century CE).
255:, it is used as an
2552:Medieval languages
2542:Languages of India
2386:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2267:Early Ardhamagadhi
575:on 24 January 2016
377:Migankaleha Chariu
2514:
2513:
2505:Iranian languages
2372:
2371:
2292:Dramatic Prakrits
2203:
2202:
2178:
2177:
2079:
2078:
1996:
1995:
1952:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
1849:
1848:
1669:
1668:
1515:
1514:
1505:list of languages
1205:
1204:
1158:
1157:
1074:
1073:
916:
915:
508:978-0-415-77294-5
390:Writers and poets
308:libraries. While
292:, which includes
198:
197:
180:rendering support
176:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
2574:
2391:Proto-Indo-Aryan
2247:
2170:Canarese Konkani
2099:
2088:
1862:
1689:
1680:
1526:
1214:
1090:
1083:
927:
728:
708:
701:
694:
685:
680:
623:
622:
602:
596:
591:
585:
584:
582:
580:
571:. Archived from
565:
559:
558:
545:
539:
536:
527:
526:
518:
512:
511:
490:
405:Ritthanemichariu
365:Vikramorvashiyam
275:
236:
229:
228:
219:
214:
210:
163:
143:
90:
53:
44:
43:
32:
21:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2482:
2445:
2439:
2395:
2378:
2368:
2328:
2271:
2257:Ashokan Prakrit
2236:
2199:
2174:
2148:
2093:
2075:
2042:
1992:
1966:
1923:
1856:
1845:
1814:
1776:
1755:
1729:
1708:
1665:
1649:
1618:
1590:Hyderabadi Urdu
1511:
1468:
1360:
1277:
1201:
1154:
1145:Pahari-Pothwari
1116:
1070:
1051:Pahari Kinnauri
972:
951:
912:
878:Indus Kohistani
871:Hazara Division
866:
845:
809:
793:
747:
717:
712:
662:
645:
631:
626:
619:
604:
603:
599:
592:
588:
578:
576:
567:
566:
562:
547:
546:
542:
537:
530:
520:
519:
515:
509:
492:
491:
487:
483:
466:
392:
286:
212:
178:Without proper
159:
144:
139:
133:
91:
88:Language family
86:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:Lisan ud-Dawat
1228:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
959:
957:
953:
952:
950:
949:
944:
939:
933:
931:
924:
918:
917:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
872:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
853:
851:
847:
846:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
815:
811:
810:
808:
807:
801:
799:
795:
794:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
753:
749:
748:
746:
745:
740:
734:
732:
725:
719:
718:
713:
711:
710:
703:
696:
688:
682:
681:
669:Islam, Sirajul
665:"Apabhrangsha"
660:
653:
644:
643:External links
641:
640:
639:
630:
627:
625:
624:
617:
597:
586:
560:
540:
528:
513:
507:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
472:
465:
462:
461:
460:
459:(15th century)
450:
449:in Apabhraṃśa.
439:
438:(12th century)
432:
431:
430:
429:
426:
425:Naykumarchariu
423:
417:
416:
412:
411:
410:
409:
406:
400:
399:
391:
388:
336:; Devasena of
285:
282:
263:and the early
196:
195:
182:, you may see
168:
167:
164:
156:
155:
154:Language codes
151:
150:
145:
141:Writing system
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
116:Vedic Sanskrit
94:
92:
85:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
62:
61:Native to
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2579:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Haflong Hindi
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:Chinali–Lahul
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2365:
2364:Khasa Prakrit
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Chhattisgarhi
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:Rathwi Bareli
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Mahasu Pahari
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
979:
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
954:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
928:
925:
923:
919:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
848:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
812:
806:
803:
802:
800:
796:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
750:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
733:
729:
726:
724:
720:
716:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
689:
686:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
658:
654:
651:
647:
646:
642:
637:
633:
632:
628:
620:
618:9780691125947
614:
610:
609:
601:
598:
595:
590:
587:
574:
570:
564:
561:
557:
553:
552:
544:
541:
535:
533:
529:
524:
517:
514:
510:
504:
501:, Routledge,
500:
496:
489:
486:
480:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
458:
454:
451:
448:
447:Sandeśarāsaka
444:
440:
437:
434:
433:
428:Jasaharchariu
427:
424:
421:
420:
419:
418:
414:
413:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
397:
396:
395:
389:
387:
385:
384:Sandeśarāsaka
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
299:
295:
291:
283:
281:
278:
276:
274:
273:
266:
262:
258:
257:umbrella term
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
235:
234:
223:
218:
206:
202:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
169:
165:
162:
157:
152:
149:
146:
142:
136:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:Indo-European
93:
89:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2458:Bombay Hindi
2400:Unclassified
2348:
2334:
2297:Ardhamagadhi
2124:Berar Deccan
1978:Chittagonian
1971:Chittagonian
1464:Vaagri Booli
1429:Pauri Bareli
1424:Palya Bareli
1389:Dhodia–Kukna
1079:Northwestern
769:Kundal Shahi
672:
652:", Jainworld
635:
607:
600:
594:Jain granths
589:
577:. Retrieved
573:the original
563:
555:
550:
543:
522:
516:
498:
488:
408:Pauma-Chariu
393:
381:
376:
364:
362:
310:Amir Khusrow
303:
287:
279:
268:
240:vaiyākaraṇāḥ
238:
232:
200:
199:
171:
120:
101:Indo-Iranian
29:
2557:North India
2446:and creoles
2428:Lahul Lohar
2307:Maharashtri
1904:Mal Paharia
1894:Kharia Thar
1536:Braj Bhasha
436:Hemachandra
346:Hemachandra
318:Hindu kings
298:vernaculars
261:late Middle
249:North India
186:instead of
79:North India
2521:Categories
2349:Apabhraṃśa
2335:Apabhraṃśa
2312:Shauraseni
2028:Bodo Parja
2013:Sambalpuri
1945:Goalpariya
1919:Tanchangya
1909:Noakhailla
1834:Bote-Darai
1645:Fiji Hindi
1614:Sadhukkadi
1585:Judeo-Urdu
1551:Hindustani
1341:Shekhawati
1283:Rajasthani
1268:Saurashtra
996:Bhadarwahi
826:Gawar-Bati
629:References
579:13 January
455:who wrote
453:Padmanābha
422:Mahapuran
342:Manyakheta
272:Apabhraṃśa
201:Apabhraṃśa
148:Devanagari
121:Apabhraṃśa
106:Indo-Aryan
35:Apabhraṃśa
18:Apabhramsa
2435:Sheikhgal
2379:languages
2344:Abahattha
2324:Paishachi
2225:Classical
2190:Maldivian
1962:Surjapuri
1928:Kamarupic
1830:Kuswaric
1692:Bhojpuric
1480:Khandeshi
1016:Chambeali
1011:Bilaspuri
908:Mankiyali
836:Shumashti
831:Nangalami
743:Kishtwari
373:Pururavas
288:The term
245:Patañjali
161:ISO 639-3
2491:See also
2473:Nefamese
2468:Nagamese
2359:Kamarupi
2319:Gāndhārī
2276:Middle (
2215:Sanskrit
2153:Konkanic
2102:Marathic
2092:Marathi–
2084:Southern
1988:Rohingya
1957:Rangpuri
1935:Assamese
1899:Kurmukar
1877:dialects
1857:Kamarupa
1741:Maithili
1734:Maithili
1699:Bhojpuri
1604:Kannauji
1566:Hinglish
1546:Haryanvi
1311:Dhundari
1261:Wadiyara
1243:Jandavra
1231:Gujarati
1218:Gujarati
1140:Khetrani
1105:dialects
1061:Sirmauri
1041:Jaunsari
1031:Mandeali
1026:Pangwali
1006:Bhateali
963:Garhwali
922:Northern
888:Chilisso
764:Brokskat
738:Kashmiri
731:Kashmiri
464:See also
369:Kālidāsa
334:Kamarupa
284:Overview
253:Indology
233:Avahaṃsa
205:Sanskrit
192:Help:IPA
111:Sanskrit
2444:Pidgins
2423:Chinali
2413:Bazigar
2407:Badeshi
2302:Magadhi
2278:Prakrit
2195:Sinhala
2183:Insular
2160:Konkani
2139:Katkari
2134:Phudagi
2114:Varhadi
2109:Marathi
2094:Konkani
2066:Bhunjia
1940:Kamrupi
1914:Sylheti
1872:Bengali
1865:Bengali
1826:Kumhali
1793:Kochila
1781:Tharuic
1772:Kurmali
1760:Sadanic
1751:Bajjika
1725:Khortha
1675:Eastern
1635:Bagheli
1623:Eastern
1580:Deccani
1556:Kauravi
1541:Bundeli
1529:Western
1521:Central
1490:Dawoodi
1485:Lambadi
1409:Bhilori
1379:Bhilali
1326:Marwari
1316:Harauti
1256:Parkari
1210:Western
1177:Kholosi
1172:Jadgali
1150:Saraiki
1100:Punjabi
1093:Eastern
1086:Punjabi
1056:Hinduri
1001:Churahi
978:Western
968:Kumaoni
956:Central
930:Eastern
857:Kalasha
850:Chitral
805:Pashayi
798:Pashayi
774:Kalkoti
495:"Hindi"
470:Hindavi
443:Multani
371:, when
358:Gwalior
290:Prakrit
222:Prakrit
209:अपभ्रंश
188:Unicode
2377:Proto-
2333:Late (
2242:Middle
2144:Kadodi
2071:Nahari
2048:Halbic
2023:Bhatri
1983:Chakma
1889:Hajong
1855:Gauda–
1839:Danwar
1819:Others
1810:Musasa
1746:Angika
1720:Magahi
1713:Magahi
1684:Bihari
1654:Others
1630:Awadhi
1595:Rekhta
1570:Urdish
1500:Romani
1495:Domari
1473:Others
1454:Vasavi
1439:Pardhi
1419:Magari
1414:Mawchi
1404:Bauria
1394:Dhanki
1384:Chodri
1356:Nimadi
1346:Dhatki
1336:Mewari
1331:Mewati
1306:Gujari
1301:Loarki
1296:Goaria
1273:Vaghri
1197:Sindhi
1192:Memoni
1187:Luwati
1182:Kutchi
1164:Sindhi
1130:Hindko
1122:Lahnda
1066:Sarazi
1046:Kullui
991:Kangri
947:Nepali
937:Doteli
903:Tirahi
898:Kalami
883:Bateri
862:Khowar
821:Dameli
784:Palula
779:Ushoji
723:Dardic
636:Hindi.
615:
505:
354:Raidhu
352:; and
326:Tilopa
322:Saraha
75:Region
2478:Vedda
2250:Early
2220:Vedic
2129:Varli
2061:Kamar
2056:Halbi
2038:Kupia
2018:Desia
1805:Majhi
1798:Buksa
1788:Tharu
1767:Sadri
1661:Parya
1609:Sansi
1561:Hindi
1459:Wagdi
1449:Kalto
1444:Gamit
1399:Dubli
1374:Bhili
1321:Malvi
1291:Bagri
1251:Kachi
1247:Koli
1112:Sansi
1021:Gaddi
986:Dogri
942:Jumli
893:Gowro
814:Kunar
759:Shina
752:Shina
667:. In
481:Notes
350:Patan
330:Kanha
314:Kabir
227:अवहंस
69:Nepal
65:India
42:अवहंस
2262:Pāli
2119:Andh
2033:Reli
2008:Odia
2001:Odia
1575:Urdu
1366:Bhil
1135:Inku
789:Sawi
613:ISBN
581:2016
503:ISBN
338:Dhar
328:and
312:and
306:Jain
294:Pali
213:IPA:
67:and
2354:Elu
2208:Old
1226:Aer
367:of
356:of
348:of
332:of
174:IPA
2523::
1351:Od
531:^
379:.
324:,
224::
220:,
211:,
207::
2337:)
2280:)
1568:/
707:e
700:t
693:v
679:.
655:"
648:"
621:.
583:.
203:(
194:.
166:–
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
