59:
1508:
1477:
31:
399:
Typical syncarpous gynoecia exhibit four vertical zones, determined by the extent of fusion of the carpels. In most plants, the synascidiate (i.e. "united bottle-shaped") and symplicate zones are fertile and bear the ovules. Each of the first three families possess mainly bi- or multilocular ovaries
729:
403:
In gynoecia of the
Pittosporaceae, the symplicate is much longer than the synascidiate zone, and the ovules are arranged along the first. Members of the latter family consequently have
506:
Winkworth, Richard C.; Lundberg, Johannes; Donoghue, Michael J. (2008). "Toward a resolution of
Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales".
400:
in a gynoecium with a long synascidiate, but very short symplicate zone, where the ovules are inserted at their transition, the so-called cross-zone (or "Querzone").
1653:
647:
Nicolas, A. N.; Plunkett, G. M. (2009). "The demise of subfamily
Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae) and the re-alignment of its genera across the entire order Apiales".
1692:
688:
796:
1627:
844:
1841:
1666:
579:
Tank, D. C.; Donoghue, M. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and
Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa".
319:, only the Apiaceae and Araliaceae were included here, and the restricted order was placed among the rosids rather than the asterids. The
763:
1803:
789:
534:
1777:
1671:
1679:
823:
849:
839:
1575:
432:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
1836:
1782:
1511:
782:
361:
1697:
284:
236:
58:
834:
473:
Plunkett, Gregory M.; Chandler, Gregory T.; Lowry, Porter P.; Pinney, Steven M.; Sprenkle, Taylor S. (2004).
1528:
1728:
1746:
1808:
1707:
1601:
364:
of some of the families have changed. In 2009, one of the subfamilies of
Araliaceae was shown to be
239:, though there is some slight variation and in particular, the Torriceliaceae may also be divided.
1790:
1495:
829:
596:
561:
296:
53:
1733:
1715:
1588:
1489:
1304:
759:
721:
664:
526:
288:
1831:
1720:
1658:
1501:
1086:
915:
885:
711:
703:
656:
627:
616:"Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony"
588:
553:
530:
486:
453:
443:
316:
228:
150:
1389:
1247:
897:
860:
806:
352:
The present understanding of the
Apiales is fairly recent and is based upon comparison of
224:
220:
205:
96:
689:"False paracarpy in Seemannaralia (Araliaceae): from bilocular ovary to unilocular fruit"
525:
Philip D. Cantino; James A. Doyle; Sean W. Graham; Walter S. Judd; Richard G. Olmstead;
1412:
1369:
1314:
986:
910:
758:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–155.
716:
393:
381:
320:
300:
272:
232:
200:
190:
185:
83:
774:
491:
474:
1825:
1566:
1291:
1252:
1184:
1102:
962:
810:
632:
615:
448:
431:
357:
353:
342:
195:
40:
600:
1795:
1359:
1214:
1194:
1144:
1076:
1044:
1039:
992:
365:
271:
as circumscribed by the APG III system. Within the asterids, Apiales belongs to an
256:
1580:
1684:
1640:
1593:
1560:
1427:
1422:
1351:
1267:
1189:
1131:
1120:
1021:
1010:
980:
952:
879:
660:
338:
276:
135:
592:
1476:
1407:
1384:
1309:
1262:
1257:
1237:
1199:
1115:
998:
937:
929:
377:
346:
345:
the families
Apiaceae and Araliaceae were placed in the order Ariales, in the
304:
175:
1769:
1614:
1437:
1417:
1374:
1364:
1081:
942:
873:
389:
333:
328:
1759:
1551:
725:
668:
1754:
1545:
1432:
1341:
1336:
1324:
1272:
1242:
1166:
1063:
1029:
1004:
947:
707:
385:
292:
268:
165:
122:
109:
45:
565:
1399:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1091:
475:"Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification"
458:
324:
264:
251:
179:
1645:
1442:
1176:
1154:
1034:
974:
557:
404:
247:
243:
169:
1632:
1522:
687:
Oskolski, Alexei A.; Sokoloff, Dmitry D.; Van Wyk, Ben-Erik (2010).
30:
1741:
1619:
376:
The largest and obviously closely related families of
Apiales are
280:
70:
1526:
778:
1606:
407:
ovaries with a single cavity between adjacent carpels.
388:, which resemble each other in the structure of their
16:
Order of eudicot flowering plants in the asterid group
299:
was defined to consist of the three orders: Apiales,
1535:
1398:
1350:
1323:
1289:
1228:
1175:
1153:
1129:
1100:
1061:
1020:
961:
928:
895:
858:
242:Under this definition, well-known members include
327:, and many of the other forms within the family
279:, and within the campanulids, it belongs to a
790:
8:
425:
423:
421:
419:
1523:
1329:
1297:
1159:
1137:
1108:
1069:
967:
925:
903:
866:
797:
783:
775:
29:
20:
715:
631:
614:Chandler, G. T.; Plunkett, G. M. (2004).
490:
457:
447:
756:Morphology of flowers and inflorescences
620:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
535:"Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of
436:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
415:
263:The order Apiales is placed within the
349:Araliiflorae (also called Aralianae).
682:
680:
678:
649:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1783:a90d2d14-bd27-4351-83d6-19ddeb5aeb84
1747:8EBEFF63-BBBB-1647-6020-CD5B27450F2D
1708:bcf1c4dd-a447-4cfb-bae1-84a0c555bfbe
735:from the original on 9 October 2022
430:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
341:. In the classification system of
14:
1507:
1506:
1475:
633:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00247.x
449:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
57:
38:Inflorescence of a wild carrot,
479:South African Journal of Botany
396:is notably distinct from them.
392:. In this respect however, the
235:. This is typical of the newer
1842:Taxa named by Takenoshin Nakai
533:; Michael J. Donoghue (2007).
1:
492:10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30220-9
231:are those recognized in the
661:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.010
1858:
593:10.1600/036364410791638306
1484:
1473:
1332:
1300:
1162:
1140:
1111:
1072:
970:
924:
906:
869:
818:
754:Pankhurst, R. J. (1992).
285:phylogenetic nomenclature
162:
157:
54:Scientific classification
52:
37:
28:
23:
323:were placed within the
1729:Paleobiology Database
708:10.1093/aob/mcq084
337:was in the family
1837:Angiosperm orders
1819:
1818:
1716:Open Tree of Life
1529:Taxon identifiers
1520:
1519:
1490:Basal angiosperms
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1305:Berberidopsidales
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
581:Systematic Botany
527:Douglas E. Soltis
295:of Apiidae named
275:group called the
213:
212:
153:
1849:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1687:
1685:NHMSYS0000065728
1675:
1674:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1609:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1524:
1510:
1509:
1479:
1330:
1298:
1160:
1138:
1109:
1070:
968:
926:
904:
886:Austrobaileyales
867:
845:Acrogymnospermae
807:flowering plants
799:
792:
785:
776:
770:
769:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
734:
719:
696:Annals of Botany
693:
684:
673:
672:
644:
638:
637:
635:
611:
605:
604:
576:
570:
569:
558:10.2307/25065865
543:
531:Pamela S. Soltis
522:
516:
515:
503:
497:
496:
494:
470:
464:
463:
461:
451:
427:
362:circumscriptions
317:Cronquist system
225:flowering plants
149:
62:
61:
44:, in the family
33:
21:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1480:
1447:
1394:
1346:
1319:
1294:
1277:
1248:Crossosomatales
1224:
1171:
1149:
1134:
1125:
1105:
1096:
1087:Trochodendrales
1066:
1049:
1016:
957:
920:
916:Ceratophyllales
900:
891:
863:
854:
835:Marchantiophyta
814:
803:
773:
766:
753:
752:
748:
738:
736:
732:
691:
686:
685:
676:
646:
645:
641:
613:
612:
608:
578:
577:
573:
541:
524:
523:
519:
505:
504:
500:
472:
471:
467:
429:
428:
417:
413:
374:
313:
260:(English ivy).
237:classifications
206:Torricelliaceae
148:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1800:
1796:wfo-9000000022
1787:
1774:
1764:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1702:
1689:
1676:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1611:
1598:
1585:
1572:
1557:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1390:Paracryphiales
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1315:Caryophyllales
1312:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
971:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
934:
932:
922:
921:
919:
918:
913:
907:
901:
898:Mesangiosperms
896:
893:
892:
890:
889:
883:
877:
870:
864:
859:
856:
855:
853:
852:
847:
842:
840:Polypodiophyta
837:
832:
827:
819:
816:
815:
804:
802:
801:
794:
787:
779:
772:
771:
764:
746:
674:
655:(1): 134–151.
639:
606:
571:
552:(3): 822–846.
517:
498:
485:(3): 371–381.
465:
442:(2): 105–121.
414:
412:
409:
394:Pittosporaceae
382:Myodocarpaceae
373:
370:
321:Pittosporaceae
312:
309:
301:Paracryphiales
233:APG III system
211:
210:
209:
208:
203:
201:Pittosporaceae
198:
193:
191:Myodocarpaceae
188:
186:Griseliniaceae
183:
173:
160:
159:
155:
154:
143:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1854:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Metteniusales
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Escalloniales
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:Superasterids
1288:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Zygophyllales
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:Core eudicots
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:Petrosaviales
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
972:
969:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
931:
927:
923:
917:
914:
912:
911:Chloranthales
909:
908:
905:
902:
899:
894:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
857:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
812:
808:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
780:
777:
767:
765:9780521438322
761:
757:
750:
747:
731:
727:
723:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
683:
681:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
640:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
610:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
575:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
540:
538:
532:
528:
521:
518:
513:
509:
502:
499:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:
466:
460:
455:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
426:
424:
422:
420:
416:
410:
408:
406:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
371:
369:
367:
363:
360:methods. The
359:
355:
354:DNA sequences
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:. In 2010, a
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
258:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
196:Pennantiaceae
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
164:
163:
161:
156:
152:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:Tracheophytes
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
41:Daucus carota
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1536:
1379:
1360:Aquifoliales
1253:Picramniales
1215:Cucurbitales
1195:Malpighiales
1145:Saxifragales
1077:Ranunculales
1045:Zingiberales
1040:Commelinales
993:Dioscoreales
874:Amborellales
850:Angiospermae
755:
749:
737:. Retrieved
702:(1): 29–36.
699:
695:
652:
648:
642:
623:
619:
609:
584:
580:
574:
549:
545:
537:Tracheophyta
536:
520:
511:
507:
501:
482:
478:
468:
439:
435:
402:
398:
375:
366:polyphyletic
358:phylogenetic
351:
332:
314:
262:
257:Hedera helix
255:
241:
216:
214:
145:
129:
116:
103:
90:
77:
39:
18:
1641:iNaturalist
1561:Wikispecies
1428:Gentianales
1423:Boraginales
1352:Campanulids
1268:Brassicales
1190:Celastrales
1132:Superrosids
1121:Dilleniales
1022:Commelinids
1011:Asparagales
981:Alismatales
953:Magnoliales
880:Nymphaeales
861:Angiosperms
822:Supergroup
514:(1): 53–65.
459:10654/18083
339:Icacinaceae
297:Dipsapiidae
277:campanulids
136:Campanulids
97:Angiosperms
1826:Categories
1496:Alismatids
1408:Icacinales
1385:Dipsacales
1310:Santalales
1263:Huerteales
1258:Sapindales
1238:Geraniales
1200:Oxalidales
1116:Gunnerales
999:Pandanales
938:Canellales
930:Magnoliids
805:Orders of
626:(2): 123.
587:(2): 425.
411:References
405:unilocular
378:Araliaceae
347:superorder
315:Under the
305:Dipsacales
176:Araliaceae
1443:Vahliales
1438:Solanales
1418:Garryales
1375:Bruniales
1365:Asterales
1082:Proteales
943:Piperales
830:Bryophyta
334:Pennantia
329:Cornaceae
283:known in
267:group of
158:Families
67:Kingdom:
1778:VicFlora
1767:VASCAN:
1760:43000070
1755:Tropicos
1546:Wikidata
1512:Category
1502:Lilioids
1433:Lamiales
1342:Ericales
1337:Cornales
1325:Asterids
1273:Malvales
1243:Myrtales
1064:Eudicots
1030:Arecales
1005:Liliales
975:Acorales
963:Monocots
948:Laurales
739:28 April
730:Archived
726:20462851
669:19549570
601:27856073
566:25065865
390:gynoecia
386:Apiaceae
372:Gynoecia
343:Dahlgren
311:Taxonomy
293:subclade
273:unranked
269:eudicots
229:families
166:Apiaceae
123:Asterids
110:Eudicots
46:Apiaceae
24:Apiales
1832:Apiales
1567:Apiales
1537:Apiales
1400:Lamiids
1380:Apiales
1230:Malvids
1220:Fagales
1210:Rosales
1205:Fabales
1167:Vitales
1092:Buxales
717:2889795
325:Rosales
289:Apiidae
265:asterid
252:parsley
244:carrots
219:are an
217:Apiales
182:family)
180:ginseng
172:family)
146:Apiales
142:Order:
71:Plantae
1809:414686
1721:372834
1705:NZOR:
1672:500017
1581:215004
1552:Q21138
1177:Fabids
1155:Rosids
1035:Poales
811:APG IV
762:
724:
714:
667:
599:
564:
303:, and
254:, and
248:celery
227:. The
170:carrot
1804:WoRMS
1742:Plazi
1734:54935
1659:11617
1654:IRMNG
1646:48700
1620:1APIO
824:Plant
733:(PDF)
692:(PDF)
597:S2CID
562:JSTOR
546:Taxon
542:(PDF)
508:Taxon
281:clade
221:order
151:Nakai
130:Clade
117:Clade
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
1698:4036
1693:NCBI
1667:ITIS
1633:1351
1628:GBIF
1615:EPPO
1607:4199
1576:APNI
760:ISBN
741:2017
722:PMID
665:PMID
384:and
215:The
1791:WFO
1680:NBN
1602:EoL
1589:CoL
712:PMC
704:doi
700:106
657:doi
628:doi
624:144
589:doi
554:doi
487:doi
454:hdl
444:doi
440:161
356:by
287:as
223:of
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1594:Q3
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728:.
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698:.
694:.
677:^
663:.
653:53
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622:.
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595:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
