3142:
90:
25:
2113:
754:
3170:
578:: a zone of mulch can be installed around the tree trunk to: limit root zone competition (from turf or weeds), reduce soil compaction, improve soil structure, conserve moisture, and keep lawn equipment at a distance. No more than 5-10cm of mulch should be used to avoid suffocating the roots. Mulch must be kept approximately 20cm from the trunk to avoid burying the root flare. With city trees additional tree well preparation includes:
3210:
2125:
3128:
3220:
596:: newly planted, immature trees should be staked for one growing season to allow for the root system to establish. Staking for longer than one season should only be considered in situations where the root system has failed to establish sufficient structural support. Guy wires can be used for larger, newly planted trees. Care must be used to avoid stem girdling from the support system ties.
624:
3198:
726:
3156:
3114:
2149:
2137:
3184:
740:
555:
the planting hole should be 3 times the width of the root ball. The hole should be dug deep enough that when the root ball is placed on the substrate, the root flare is 3-5cm above the surrounding soil grade. If soil is left against the trunk, it may lead to bark, cambium and wood decay. Angular
542:
must be used. There must be no visible damage or sign of disease. Ideally the tree should have good crown structure. A healthy root ball should not have circling roots and new fibrous roots should be present at the soil perimeter. Girdling or circling roots should be pruned out. Excess soil
691:
The role of the
Arborist or Local Government Arboricultural Officer is likely to have a great effect on such matters. Identification of trees of high quality which may have extensive longevity is a key element in the preservation of trees.
517:
circling roots occurs when roots encounter obstructions/limitations such as a small tree well or being grown too long in a nursery pot; these cannot provide adequate structural support and are limited in accessing nutrients and
702:
Historically the profession divides into the operational and professional areas. These might be further subdivided into the private and public sectors. The profession is broadly considered as having one trade body known as the
198:. The science of arboriculture studies how these plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to their environment. The practice of arboriculture includes cultural techniques such as selection, planting, training,
260:
considerations have come to play prominent roles in the practice of arboriculture. Businesses often need to hire arboriculturists to complete "tree hazard surveys" and generally manage the trees on-site to fulfill
2757:
606:
are an underground reservoir from which water is wicked into soil. Watering bags may be temporarily installed around tree stakes to provide water until the root system becomes established.
556:
sides to the planting hole will encourage roots to grow radially from the trunk, rather than circling the planting hole. In urban settings, soil preparation may include the use of:
2528:
1081:
457:
symptoms/signs of disease: e.g. oozing through the bark, sunken areas in the bark, and bark with abnormal patterns or colours, stunted new growth, discolouration of the foliage
302:
Tree benefits are the economic, ecological, social and aesthetic use, function purpose, or services of a tree (or group of trees), in its situational context in the landscape.
252:
is more typically someone who is trained in the physical maintenance and manipulation of trees and therefore more a part of the arboriculture process rather than an arborist.
695:
Urban and rural trees may benefit from statutory protection under the Town and
Country Planning system. Such protection can result in the conservation and improvement of the
1761:
2153:
1187:
1031:
54:
483:: sunken or open areas wherein a tree has suffered injury followed by decay. Further indications include: fungal fruiting structures, insect or animal nests.
2567:
2236:
1950:
1074:
411:
A tree defect is any feature, condition, or deformity of a tree that indicates weak structure or instability that could contribute to tree failure.
889:
808:
1067:
2229:
2187:
714:
The qualifications associated with the industry range from vocational to
Doctorate. Arboriculture is a comparatively young industry.
3244:
2461:
2441:
1435:
945:
663:
76:
2215:
708:
2533:
783:
3118:
645:
641:
262:
571:
growing medium composed of 80% crushed rock and 20% loam, which supports surface load without it leading to soil compaction
2606:
1462:
1160:
2416:
2222:
1981:
602:: irrigation infrastructure may be installed to ensure a regular water supply throughout the lifetime of the tree.
3259:
2930:
2572:
2523:
2208:
1472:
1145:
1125:
970:
704:
501:(water sprouts in canopy or suckers from root system): often grow in response to major damage or excessive pruning
470:
transverse cracks result from buckled wood, often caused by unnatural loading on branches, such as lion's tailing.
2893:
2713:
2582:
2243:
2001:
1955:
1805:
37:
3032:
2718:
2326:
2291:
1395:
1252:
543:
above the root flare should be removed immediately, since it present a risk of disease ingress into the trunk.
47:
41:
33:
2141:
2861:
2752:
2648:
2643:
2039:
1815:
1717:
1712:
1430:
1307:
634:
536:
Proper tree installation ensures the long-term viability of the tree and reduces the risk of tree failure.
89:
2638:
2633:
2501:
2180:
2112:
1940:
1877:
1825:
1788:
1783:
1257:
1050:
1019:
813:
753:
590:
forces roots to grow down under surface asphalt/concrete/pavers to limit infrastructure damage from roots
58:
3249:
3146:
3132:
2803:
2129:
1887:
1604:
1222:
1217:
1110:
843:
685:
3022:
2762:
2703:
2673:
2543:
2331:
1991:
1932:
1425:
1376:
1237:
1212:
1192:
372:
429:
occurs in excurrent trees only after the leader is killed and multiple leaders compete for dominance
325:
Modulates environmental conditions in a given microclimate: shields wind, humidifies, provides shade
3223:
2594:
2538:
2411:
2379:
1910:
1773:
1329:
1197:
1182:
1130:
1120:
3174:
2693:
2688:
2518:
2481:
2436:
2389:
2296:
2286:
1986:
1900:
1865:
1751:
1644:
1624:
798:
422:: two or more stems that grow upward from a single point of origin and compete with one another.
280:
or other populated settings, by arborists, for the enjoyment, protection, and benefit of people.
268:
Arboriculture is primarily focused on individual woody plants and trees maintained for permanent
110:
347:
Soil health: organic matter accumulation from leaf litter and root exudates (symbiotic microbes)
1388:
3213:
2974:
2496:
2476:
2466:
2451:
2356:
2173:
2034:
1895:
1860:
1855:
1722:
1564:
1349:
1297:
941:
1044:
3169:
3089:
3074:
2836:
2793:
2740:
2628:
2486:
2471:
2446:
2117:
2091:
1845:
1609:
1532:
1334:
1282:
1135:
759:
123:
3099:
2957:
2942:
2798:
2745:
2728:
2431:
2399:
2369:
2321:
2306:
2281:
2096:
2081:
2076:
1768:
1674:
1654:
1554:
1542:
1527:
1507:
1502:
1366:
1317:
1292:
1272:
960:
514:
kinked roots provide poor structural support; the kink is a site of potential root failure
511:
girdling roots compress the trunk, leading to poor trunk taper, and restrict vascular flow
467:
longitudinal cracks result from interior decay, bark rips/tears, or torsion from wind load
402:
Increases the amount of time customers will spend in a mall, strip mall, shopping district
253:
3254:
3160:
3084:
3079:
3012:
2920:
2908:
2873:
2831:
2779:
2774:
2698:
2616:
2508:
2351:
2341:
2071:
2061:
1905:
1850:
1840:
1795:
1659:
1634:
1614:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1359:
1354:
1339:
1267:
1167:
874:
677:
296:
284:
226:
3238:
3188:
3094:
3054:
3007:
2846:
2818:
2683:
2621:
2560:
2555:
2316:
2066:
2044:
1820:
1679:
1664:
1599:
1594:
1579:
1549:
1512:
1492:
1452:
1447:
1417:
1383:
1322:
1302:
1287:
1247:
1155:
745:
681:
531:
521:
healthy soil texture and depth, drainage, water availability, makes for healthy roots
1014:
375:: parks, gatherings, social events, tourism, senses (fragrance, visual), focal point
3202:
3037:
2733:
2723:
2708:
2678:
2601:
2577:
2491:
2456:
2421:
2336:
2311:
2267:
2011:
1830:
1810:
1778:
1707:
1694:
1669:
1649:
1619:
1344:
1312:
1090:
838:
823:
803:
768:
731:
696:
610:
allows for water infiltration in paved urban settings, such as parks and walkways.
248:
211:
195:
1037:
869:
711:
offers a route for professional recognition and chartered arboriculturist status.
436:: bark is incorporated in the joint between two limbs, creating a weak attachment
3069:
3049:
3042:
3002:
2969:
2550:
2301:
1922:
1917:
1702:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1497:
1487:
1262:
1227:
1207:
1172:
1140:
848:
818:
623:
549:
generally fall or early spring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
982:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Online
3064:
3059:
2785:
2406:
1639:
1522:
1457:
1442:
1400:
1277:
1177:
833:
721:
363:
199:
106:
1059:
2947:
2925:
2826:
2768:
2668:
2513:
2384:
2250:
2086:
2049:
1996:
1976:
1971:
1629:
1115:
1102:
1094:
828:
269:
257:
222:
192:
98:
3197:
725:
440:
occurs in branch unions with a high attachment angle (i.e. v-shaped unions)
563:
suspended pavement over modular cells containing soil for root development
3027:
2997:
2992:
2952:
2898:
2888:
2808:
2196:
1945:
1872:
1800:
1537:
1412:
1202:
1043:
1028:
The UK based
Chartered body for forestry and arboricultural professionals
793:
788:
773:
584:: limit compaction on root zone and mechanical damage to roots and trunk
238:
203:
102:
94:
489:: a lean of more than 40% from vertical presents a risk of tree failure
283:
Arboricultural matters are also considered to be within the practice of
3183:
3017:
2913:
2883:
2878:
2866:
2856:
2841:
2394:
2054:
2016:
2006:
1882:
1559:
1517:
1407:
739:
648: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
381:
Climate control (e.g shade): can reduce energy consumption of buildings
378:
Adds character and prestige to the landscape, creating a “natural” feel
273:
215:
207:
2851:
2589:
2426:
2374:
2273:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1150:
1025:
778:
319:
Protection from exposure: windbreak, shade, impact from hail/rainfall
184:
996:
454:
woundwood cannot grow over stubs or dead branches to seal off decay
287:
yet the clear and separate divisions are not distinct or discreet.
2903:
1835:
940:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 2–3.
180:
88:
236:
A person who practices or studies arboriculture can be termed an
2962:
2937:
2611:
1756:
1371:
938:
Arboriculture: Care of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines in the
Landscape
495:
change in diameter over the length of trunks branches and roots
277:
188:
2169:
1063:
369:
Run-off and flood control (e.g. bioswales, plantings on slopes)
1684:
617:
156:
135:
18:
153:
1008:
680:
trees are considered as a material consideration within the
171:
162:
129:
2165:
1002:
913:
443:
common in many columnar/fastigiate growing deciduous trees
179:) is the cultivation, management, and study of individual
957:
Merriam-Webster's
Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
147:
138:
144:
141:
168:
150:
132:
16:
Management and study of trees and other woody plants
2985:
2817:
2659:
2350:
2260:
2027:
1964:
1931:
1693:
1236:
1101:
165:
126:
1022:Promoting the importance of British trees to bats
387:Cultural benefits: eg. memorials for a loved one
344:Food for decomposers, consumers, and pollinators
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
2181:
1075:
8:
1951:List of organic gardening and farming topics
399:Property value: trees can increase by 10-20%
316:Improved water infiltration and percolation
2188:
2174:
2166:
1082:
1068:
1060:
473:Seams: bark edges meet at a crack or wound
328:Carbon sequestration and oxygen production
664:Learn how and when to remove this message
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
890:"Amenity landscapes • Environment Guide"
476:Ribs: bulges, indicating interior cracks
393:Materials: wood for building, paper pulp
390:Medical benefits: eg. Taxus chemotherapy
384:Privacy and protection: from noise, wind
914:"Town and Country Planning Association"
861:
1009:International Society of Arboriculture
809:International Society of Arboriculture
918:Town and Country Planning Association
7:
2136:
646:adding citations to reliable sources
3113:
2148:
426:common with decurrent growth habits
547:Appropriate time of year to plant:
448:Dead, diseased, or broken branches
313:Erosion control and soil retention
14:
2462:Global Forest Information Service
984:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.
3218:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3182:
3168:
3154:
3140:
3126:
3112:
2147:
2135:
2124:
2123:
2111:
1026:Institute of Chartered Foresters
752:
738:
724:
709:Institute of Chartered Foresters
622:
122:
23:
3219:
1015:European Arboricultural Council
784:European Arboricultural Council
684:system and may be conserved as
633:needs additional citations for
699:as well as rural settlements.
366:: forestry, education, tourism
297:Urban forestry § Benefits
276:purposes, usually in gardens,
263:occupational safety and health
1:
415:Common types of tree defects:
582:Tree grates/grill and frames
1982:Index of pesticide articles
936:Harris, Richard W. (1983).
894:www.environmentguide.org.nz
3276:
2573:Growth and yield modelling
1126:Climate-friendly gardening
1003:Arboricultural Association
705:Arboricultural Association
529:
294:
220:
3147:Earth sciences portal
3133:Climate change portal
3108:
2714:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2203:
2105:
2002:Plant disease forecasting
1956:Vegan organic agriculture
1806:Genetically modified tree
875:Dictionary.com Unabridged
3245:Horticultural techniques
2719:Great Green Wall (China)
2292:Close to nature forestry
1034:Urban forestry resources
32:This article includes a
2753:Million Tree Initiative
1038:Encyclopædia Britannica
997:Arboriculture Australia
971:Encyclopædia Britannica
61:more precise citations.
3175:Environment portal
2607:Sustainable management
2502:Trillion Tree Campaign
1941:Biodynamic agriculture
1878:Postharvest physiology
1826:Landscape architecture
1523:Indonesian home garden
1051:Encyclopedia Americana
814:Landscape architecture
356:Socioeconomic Benefits
341:Increased biodiversity
338:Attracting pollinators
307:Environmental Benefits
114:
3100:Wood process engineer
2804:Urban forest inequity
1188:Historic conservation
1045:"Arboriculture"
844:Tropical horticulture
540:Quality nursery stock
92:
2763:Shifting cultivation
2704:Forest fragmentation
2674:Carbon sequestration
2544:Woodland Carbon Code
2509:Forest certification
2417:Even-aged management
2332:Sustainable forestry
2118:Gardening portal
2017:Aquamog weed remover
1992:List of insecticides
642:improve this article
396:Fodder for livestock
256:, legal issues, and
2568:Formally designated
2412:Ecological thinning
2322:Plantation forestry
2230:Research institutes
333:Ecological Benefits
3161:Ecology portal
2694:Forest degradation
2689:Ecosystem services
2297:Community forestry
1987:List of fungicides
1752:Companion planting
799:Fruit tree pruning
499:Epicormic branches
481:Cavity and hollows
350:Ecological habitat
322:Air humidification
115:
111:Kallista, Victoria
109:tree in a park at
34:list of references
3260:Forest management
3232:
3231:
3189:Plants portal
2975:green woodworking
2163:
2162:
2035:Community orchard
1861:drought tolerance
980:"arboriculture".
968:"arboriculture".
955:"arboriculture".
686:amenity landscape
674:
673:
666:
569:Structural soils:
526:Tree Installation
87:
86:
79:
3267:
3222:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3203:Trees portal
3201:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3173:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3116:
3115:
2837:Forest gardening
2794:Timber recycling
2741:Invasive species
2629:Tree measurement
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2092:Plant collecting
2028:Related articles
1965:Plant protection
1146:French intensive
1084:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1032:American Forests
1020:BatsandTrees.com
985:
976:
964:
951:
928:
927:
925:
924:
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
886:
880:
879:
866:
762:
760:Gardening portal
757:
756:
748:
743:
742:
734:
729:
728:
669:
662:
658:
655:
649:
626:
618:
608:Permeable paving
420:Codominant stems
373:Aesthetic beauty
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3195:
3181:
3167:
3155:
3153:
3141:
3139:
3127:
3125:
3104:
2981:
2958:spruce-pine-fir
2931:Christmas trees
2813:
2729:Illegal logging
2661:
2655:
2370:Controlled burn
2355:
2346:
2327:Social forestry
2307:Energy forestry
2287:Bamboo forestry
2282:Analog forestry
2256:
2199:
2194:
2164:
2159:
2110:
2101:
2097:Turf management
2082:Lists of plants
2077:List of gardens
2023:
1960:
1927:
1689:
1239:
1232:
1097:
1088:
1058:
1042:
992:
979:
967:
961:Merriam-Webster
954:
948:
935:
932:
931:
922:
920:
912:
911:
907:
898:
896:
888:
887:
883:
870:"arboriculture"
868:
867:
863:
858:
853:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
720:
707:, although the
670:
659:
653:
650:
639:
627:
616:
534:
528:
409:
359:
335:
310:
301:
299:
293:
254:Risk management
244:arboriculturist
234:
229:
161:
125:
121:
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
38:related reading
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3206:
3192:
3178:
3164:
3150:
3136:
3122:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Timber cruiser
3087:
3085:Shingle weaver
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2921:Rail transport
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2862:pulp and paper
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Forest farming
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2780:slash-and-char
2777:
2775:slash-and-burn
2772:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Forest dieback
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2342:Urban forestry
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Garden tourism
2069:
2064:
2062:Groundskeeping
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:free-flowering
1848:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:Groundskeeping
1165:
1164:
1163:
1161:computer-aided
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1000:
993:
991:
990:External links
988:
987:
986:
977:
965:
952:
946:
930:
929:
905:
881:
878:(Online). n.d.
860:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
765:
764:
763:
749:
735:
719:
716:
678:United Kingdom
672:
671:
630:
628:
621:
615:
612:
588:Root barriers:
573:
572:
565:
564:
553:Planting hole:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
515:
512:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
459:
458:
455:
445:
444:
441:
431:
430:
427:
408:
405:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
370:
367:
358:
353:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
334:
331:
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
309:
304:
295:Main article:
292:
289:
285:urban forestry
233:
230:
227:Urban forestry
85:
84:
42:external links
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3272:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Rubber tapper
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Choker setter
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:Manufacturing
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Deforestation
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:Environmental
2658:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:reforestation
2559:
2557:
2556:afforestation
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Arboriculture
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Permaforestry
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Garden centre
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:Floral design
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:reforestation
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Intercropping
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:most valuable
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Arboriculture
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:Garden square
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Ancient Egypt
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:Garden design
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
989:
983:
978:
974:
972:
966:
962:
958:
953:
949:
947:0-13-043935-5
943:
939:
934:
933:
919:
915:
909:
906:
895:
891:
885:
882:
877:
876:
871:
865:
862:
855:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
761:
755:
750:
747:
746:Plants portal
741:
736:
733:
727:
722:
717:
715:
712:
710:
706:
700:
698:
693:
689:
687:
683:
682:town planning
679:
668:
665:
657:
647:
643:
637:
636:
631:This section
629:
625:
620:
619:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
595:
591:
589:
585:
583:
579:
577:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
550:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
532:Tree planting
525:
520:
516:
513:
510:
509:
508:
506:
502:
500:
496:
494:
490:
488:
484:
482:
475:
472:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
456:
453:
452:
451:
449:
442:
439:
438:
437:
435:
434:Included bark
428:
425:
424:
423:
421:
417:
416:
412:
406:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
361:
360:
357:
354:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
336:
332:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
303:
298:
291:Tree Benefits
290:
288:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
265:obligations.
264:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
231:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:fertilization
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
176:
119:
118:Arboriculture
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3250:Horticulture
3194:
3180:
3166:
3152:
3138:
3124:
3117:
3095:Tree planter
3075:Resin tapper
3055:Truck driver
3050:River driver
2799:Tree hugging
2784:
2767:
2734:timber mafia
2724:High grading
2709:Ghost forest
2679:Clearcutting
2602:Silviculture
2578:Horticulture
2422:Fire ecology
2364:
2337:Urban forest
2312:Mycoforestry
2272:
2268:Agroforestry
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2216:Forest areas
2214:
2207:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2109:
2012:Weed control
1901:horticulture
1831:Olericulture
1811:Hydroculture
1801:Fruticulture
1779:Floriculture
1729:
1708:Permaculture
1695:Horticulture
1091:Horticulture
1049:
981:
969:
956:
937:
921:. Retrieved
917:
908:
897:. Retrieved
893:
884:
873:
864:
839:Tree shaping
824:Silviculture
804:Horticulture
769:Agroforestry
732:Trees portal
713:
701:
697:urban forest
694:
690:
675:
660:
654:January 2021
651:
640:Please help
635:verification
632:
607:
604:Wicking beds
603:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
574:
568:
561:Silva cells:
560:
552:
551:
546:
545:
539:
538:
535:
504:
503:
498:
497:
492:
491:
486:
485:
480:
479:
461:
460:
447:
446:
433:
432:
419:
418:
414:
413:
410:
407:Tree Defects
355:
306:
300:
282:
267:
249:tree surgeon
247:
243:
237:
235:
196:woody plants
191:, and other
117:
116:
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
3119:WikiProject
3043:smokejumper
3023:Firefighter
2986:Occupations
2970:Woodworking
2551:Forestation
2482:restoration
2437:informatics
2302:Ecoforestry
2154:WikiProject
1923:Monoculture
1918:Viticulture
1896:agriculture
1856:propagation
1796:Hügelkultur
1718:sustainable
1703:Agriculture
1645:Therapeutic
1625:Shakespeare
1436:Renaissance
1228:Xeriscaping
1223:Sustainable
1218:Square foot
1208:Proplifting
1173:Garden tool
1141:Foodscaping
849:Viticulture
819:Landscaping
676:Within the
202:, pest and
97:practicing
59:introducing
3239:Categories
3065:Lumberjack
3060:Log scaler
2943:engineered
2894:non-timber
2867:sawmilling
2819:Industries
2786:svedjebruk
2497:transition
2477:protection
2467:old-growth
2452:governance
2407:Dendrology
2357:management
2223:Ministries
1816:Indigenous
1713:stock-free
1685:Zoological
1565:Pollinator
1458:Greenhouse
1401:Sharawadgi
1389:Vietnamese
1350:East Asian
1258:Australian
1213:Raised bed
1178:Green wall
923:2020-04-28
899:2020-04-28
856:References
834:Tree forks
688:features.
600:Irrigation
576:Tree wells
530:See also:
364:employment
362:Increases
221:See also:
107:eucalyptus
105:to fell a
101:: using a
67:March 2013
3013:Ecologist
2926:Tree farm
2827:Coppicing
2769:chitemene
2669:Acid rain
2617:allometry
2539:SmartWood
2487:secondary
2472:pathology
2447:inventory
2385:driftwood
2251:Arbor Day
2087:Perennial
2050:Floristry
1997:Pesticide
1977:Herbicide
1972:Fungicide
1866:hardiness
1630:Shrubbery
1610:Sculpture
1431:landscape
1360:Cantonese
1335:Container
1330:Community
1298:Byzantine
1293:Butterfly
1283:Botanical
1183:Guerrilla
1131:Community
1121:Butterfly
1116:Arboretum
1111:Allotment
1103:Gardening
1095:gardening
999:Australia
829:Silvology
270:landscape
258:aesthetic
223:Tree care
206:control,
193:perennial
99:tree care
3214:Category
3028:handcrew
2998:Arborist
2993:Forester
2953:mahogany
2899:palm oil
2889:charcoal
2874:Products
2809:Wildfire
2622:breeding
2583:GM trees
2432:dynamics
2244:Journals
2237:Colleges
2197:Forestry
2130:Category
2040:Features
1946:Grafting
1906:forestry
1888:Tropical
1873:Pomology
1846:cuttings
1841:breeding
1675:Wildlife
1655:Tropical
1605:Scottish
1555:Pleasure
1543:Paradise
1538:Charbagh
1508:Monastic
1503:Medieval
1413:Floating
1367:Japanese
1318:Communal
1308:Colonial
1273:Biblical
1238:Types of
1203:Parterre
794:Forestry
789:Forester
774:Arborist
718:See also
239:arborist
232:Overview
204:pathogen
103:chainsaw
95:arborist
3224:Outline
3038:lookout
3033:hotshot
2914:tanbark
2884:biomass
2879:biochar
2857:plywood
2842:Logging
2746:wilding
2395:log jam
2352:Ecology
2142:Commons
2055:Ikebana
2007:Pruning
1933:Organic
1883:Roguing
1769:Cutting
1660:Victory
1635:Spanish
1615:Sensory
1560:Prairie
1528:Persian
1518:Orchard
1483:Kitchen
1478:Keyhole
1473:Italian
1468:Islamic
1463:Hanging
1422:French
1408:Fernery
1396:English
1355:Chinese
1340:Cottage
1268:Baroque
1240:gardens
1193:History
1054:. 1920.
975:. 2007.
594:Staking
274:amenity
216:removal
212:shaping
208:pruning
55:improve
3070:Ranger
3018:Feller
3003:Bucker
2909:rubber
2852:lumber
2662:topics
2649:volume
2644:height
2590:i-Tree
2427:Forest
2380:coarse
2375:Debris
2274:dehesa
1892:Urban
1789:Taiwan
1784:Canada
1747:Botany
1740:Saikei
1735:Bonsai
1680:Winter
1665:Walled
1600:School
1595:Sacred
1550:Physic
1513:Mughal
1493:Market
1448:German
1426:formal
1418:Flower
1384:Korean
1303:Cactus
1288:Bottle
1248:Alpine
1198:Native
1151:Garden
1136:Forest
973:Online
944:
779:Bonsai
493:Taper:
462:Cracks
242:or an
214:, and
185:shrubs
3255:Trees
2904:rayon
2639:girth
2634:crown
2595:urban
2492:stand
2400:slash
2390:large
2261:Types
2209:Index
1836:Plant
1774:Flora
1723:urban
1670:Water
1650:Trial
1620:Shade
1580:Roman
1453:Greek
1443:Front
1345:Dutch
1313:Color
1011:(USA)
518:water
505:Roots
278:parks
189:vines
181:trees
40:, or
2963:teak
2948:fuel
2938:Wood
2758:REDD
2612:Tree
2529:PEFC
2514:ATFS
1757:Crop
1590:Rose
1585:Roof
1575:Rock
1570:Rain
1533:Bāgh
1498:Mary
1488:Knot
1372:Roji
1263:Back
1093:and
942:ISBN
487:Lean
272:and
246:. A
225:and
2534:SFI
2524:FSC
2519:CFS
2457:law
2442:IPM
2354:and
1640:Tea
1377:Zen
1278:Bog
644:by
172:ɔːr
163:ɑːr
130:ɑːr
93:An
3241::
1048:.
1005:UK
959:.
916:.
892:.
872:.
614:UK
507::
450::
218:.
210:,
187:,
183:,
175:-/
157:ər
154:tʃ
136:ər
44:,
36:,
2189:e
2182:t
2175:v
1083:e
1076:t
1069:v
963:.
950:.
926:.
902:.
667:)
661:(
656:)
652:(
638:.
169:b
166:ˈ
160:,
151:l
148:ʌ
145:k
142:ˌ
139:ɪ
133:b
127:ˈ
124:/
120:(
113:.
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
