Knowledge

Aridoamerica

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notes that although the distinction between Aridoamerica and Mesoamerica is "useful for understanding the general history of precolonial Mexico," that the boundary between the two should not be conceptualized as "a barrier that separated two radically different worlds, but, rather, as a variable
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to identify a "true cultural entity" for the desert region. Kirchhoff first introduced the term 'Arid America' in 1954, and wrote: "I propose for that of the gatherers the name 'Arid America' and 'Arid American Culture,' and for that of the farmers 'Oasis America' and 'American Oasis Culture'".
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on the east) which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area. The Chihuahuan Desert is considered the "most biologically diverse desert in the Western Hemisphere and one of the most diverse in the world", and includes more species of cacti than any other desert in the world. The most
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and the Chihuahuan Desert. Aside from the trademark saguaro, the desert has the most diverse plant life of any desert in the world, and includes many other species of cacti, including the organ-pipe, senita, prickly pear, barrel, fishhook, hedgehog, cholla, silver dollar, and jojoba.
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willows, that is, tree trunks were cut to a stump to encourage the growth of slender shoots. These willow shoots were woven tightly to produce waterproof, cooking baskets. Fire-heated rocks were plunged into a gruel in the baskets to cook.
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people in this region developed distinct cultures and subsistence farming patterns. The region has only 120 mm (4.7 in) to 160 mm (6.3 in) of annual precipitation. The sparse rainfall feeds seasonal
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is what mostly comes to mind. The Sonoran Desert makes up the southwestern portion of the Southwest. Rainfall averages between 4–12 inches per year, and the desert's most widely known inhabitant is the
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limit between climatic regions." The inhabitants of Aridoamerica lived on "an unstable and fluctuating frontier" and were in "constant relations with the civilizations to the south."
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Other reptiles in the region include lizards and turtles. Lizards are highly represented in the region, the most distinctive denizen being the
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prolific plants in this region are agave, yucca, and creosote bushes, in addition to the ubiquitous presence of various cacti species.
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The region has an extremely diverse bird population, with hundreds of species being found in Aridoamerica. In the
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cultivation reached Aridoamerica by about 2100 BCE. Archaeologists disagree whether the plant was introduced by
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varies from 1970 to 5500 feet, as there are several smaller mountain ranges contained in the area, namely the
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of present-day central Mexico into Central America to the south and east, and the higher, milder "island" of
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migrants from Mesoamerica or spread either northward or southward from other groups by cultural borrowing.
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Despite dry conditions, Aridoamerica boasts the greatest diversity of wild and domesticated tepary beans (
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Paul Kirchhoff, "Gatherers and farmers in the Greater Southwest: a problem in classification", in
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Genetic Resources of Phaseolus Beans: Their maintenance, domestication, evolution and utilization
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Amphibians include numerous toads and frogs. Toads which can be found in the region include: the
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Cave, City, and Eagle's Nest: An Interpretive Journey through the Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2
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alone, in southeastern Arizona, there can be found more than 400 species. Species include
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There is a large contingent of snakes native to the region. Among them include: the
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The southern portions of the United States that lie within Aridoamerica are:
5515: 5174: 5148: 5078: 5056: 5049: 4828: 4605: 4539: 4435: 4258: 4241: 4126: 4121: 4095: 3688: 3518: 1906:"Native crop diversity in Aridoamerica: Conservation of regional gene pools" 1638: 1585: 1544: 1441: 928: 840: 749: 506: 37: 2222: 1723: 1536: 1532: 1352:). There are quite a few salamanders throughout the region, including: the 48:, defined by the presence of the drought-resistant, culturally significant 5042: 4642: 4578: 4549: 4459: 4418: 4226: 4206: 3887: 3851: 3801: 3663: 3448: 1591: 1552: 1548: 1396: 1361: 999: 880: 872: 514: 207: 157: 1510: 1304:), also known as the Sonoran Desert toad. Frog representation includes: 274: 62:). Its dry, arid climate and geography stand in contrast to the verdant 5014: 4747: 4637: 4595: 4483: 4295: 4290: 4219: 3894: 3378: 3255: 3177: 2727: 1930: 1752: 1632: 1479: 1468: 1426: 1411: 1406: 952: 936: 888: 864: 554: 214: 1978:. Translated by Dennis, Philip A. University of Texas Press. pp.  206:, fishing and hunting provided food, as did harvesting acorns, nopal, 5520: 4619: 4573: 4280: 4267: 3240: 2074: 1489: 1431: 976: 896: 792: 784: 426: 149: 79: 5428: 5371: 5266: 4805: 4103: 4087: 3984: 1962:, 56 (1954) (Special Southwest Issue), pp. 529–50, see map p. 544. 1798: 1794: 1735: 1509: 1499: 370: 273: 225: 192: 169: 165: 2687:. Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research. Archived from 2661:. Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research. Archived from 2635:. Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research. Archived from 2609:. Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research. Archived from 4400: 3944: 409:, the most famous bird in the region. Birds of prey include the 282:
When people think of the desert southwest, the landscape of the
4060: 2977: 2837: 2179:"The American Southwest; Footsteps of the Ancients Expedition" 992: 856: 318: 2014:
Herr, Sara A. "The Latest Research on the Earliest Farmers."
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The most northwest portion of Aridoamerica is covered by the
303:. In terms of topography, the Mojave is very similar to the 2764:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. pp. 255–280. 1376:
The current Mexican states that lie in Aridoamerica are:
347: 182:) is a particularly important resource in the region. 1889: 1887: 1094:), found only in Arizona; several sub-species of the 1834:
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
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Fowler, eds. 1975:Mexico Profundo: Reclaiming a Civilization 148:in Aridoamerica grasslands. They gathered 3504:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 2223:"What & Where is the Mojave Desert?" 2177:Green, Kim & Don (October 1, 2001). 350:by adding descriptive text and removing 127: 115: 20: 2397: 2395: 2118: 2116: 2114: 1860: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2685:"Amphibians of the American Southwest" 2145: 2143: 2141: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2010: 2008: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1137:), and the Mediterranean house gecko ( 1125:); several types of geckos, including 991:). There is also a great diversity of 2172: 2170: 2168: 1839:Great Mural Rock Art, Baja California 278:Saguaro cactus in the Sonoran Desert. 213:Historically, people of Aridoamerica 168:, including the paddles of fruits of 7: 2268:"Looking for Birds in the Southwest" 25:Aridoamerica region of North America 3975:Norse colonization of North America 2659:"Turtles of the American Southwest" 2633:"Lizards of the American Southwest" 1790:Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition 2607:"Snakes of the American Southwest" 1972:Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo (1996). 1203:Aspidoscelis inornata heptagrammus 1060:Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster 16:Ecological region of North America 14: 5592: 5591: 4919:West South Central United States 2962: 2018:Vol. 23, No. 1, Winter 2009, p.1 1818: 323: 5139:Latin America and the Caribbean 5005:Latin America and the Caribbean 3995:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 2051:. Houston Institute for Culture 1048:western diamondback rattlesnake 746:Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus 580:Other bird species include the 2573:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2551:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2529:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2507:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2485:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2463:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2441:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2419:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2380:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2336:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2314:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2292:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2203:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 1133:), the barefoot banded gecko ( 1006:); several sub-species of the 120:Distribution of tribes called 1: 1903:Nabhan, G.B. (October 1985). 1514:Map of Indigenous peoples in 1358:Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum 1108:Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii 1068:Crotalus cerastes cercobombus 1028:Lampropeltis getula splendida 853:Odocoileus virginianus couesi 604:) and its close relative the 5636:Pre-Columbian cultural areas 5631:Indigenous peoples in Mexico 4601:Middle East and North Africa 4306:Middle East and North Africa 3960:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 3910:Eastern Agricultural Complex 2760:. In Carrasco, David (ed.). 2358:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 1366:Ensatina eschscholtzii picta 1199:Trans-Pecos striped whiptail 1163:Cophosaurus texanus scitulus 3344:Bandelier National Monument 3218:List of Mississippian sites 3005:Pre-Columbian North America 2756:; Edelmira Linares (2007). 2439:"Cardinals & Grosbeaks" 1294:Spea multiplicata stagnalis 783:Mammal species include the 210:, and other native plants. 5652: 4894:Northeastern United States 3764:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 3369:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 3078:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 2869:Indigenous North Americans 2124:"Deserts of Southwest USA" 1165:); several sub-species of 1076:Crotalus oreganus cerberus 1032:Arizona mountain kingsnake 776:), and tyrant-flycatcher ( 694:blue-throated mountain-gem 46:Southwestern United States 5587: 4033: 4005:Three Sisters agriculture 3011: 2960: 2875: 2812:. Springer. p. 419. 2334:"Caracaras & Falcons" 1342:Lithobates chiricahuensis 1243:Trachemys gaigeae gaigeae 1092:Crotalus oreganus abyssus 1072:Arizona black rattlesnake 662:black-chinned hummingbird 626:Pheucticus melanocephalus 293:Arizona Mountains forests 234:broken by numerous small 5380:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 4379:Transantarctic Mountains 3544:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 3103:Buttermilk Creek complex 2126:. The American Southwest 1786:, Chihuahua and Coahuila 1686:, ca. 200–1500 CE, also 1669:, Texas, northern Mexico 1588:, Texas, northern Mexico 1566:, Texas, northern Mexico 1354:Arizona tiger salamander 1235:Terrapene ornata luteola 1088:Grand Canyon rattlesnake 885:Urocyon cinereoargenteus 654:broad-billed hummingbird 471:Haliaeetus leucocephalus 103:Guillermo Bonfil Batalla 5129:Caribbean South America 3744:Town Creek Indian Mound 3714:Sierra de San Francisco 3569:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 2247:. National Park Service 2099:. National Park Service 2071:"The Chihuahuan Desert" 1960:American Anthropologist 1448:The northern parts of: 1338:Chiricahua leopard frog 1195:Plestiodon skiltonianus 1173:); numerous species of 1119:Sonoran collared lizard 1096:ridge-nosed rattlesnake 1044:Micruroides euryxanthus 1036:Lampropeltis pyromelana 1020:Bogertophis subocularis 995:species in the region. 837:Ovis canadensis nelsoni 817:black-tailed jackrabbit 455:Buteogallus anthracinus 352:less pertinent examples 264:Sierra Madre Occidental 258:. The Chihuahuan is a " 101:Mexican anthropologist 4904:Southern United States 4707:Scandinavian Peninsula 3399:Coso Rock Art District 3286:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 3189:List of Hopewell sites 1732:, Chihuahua and Sonora 1518: 1251:Kinosternon sonoriense 1219:Chrysemys picta bellii 1215:western painted turtle 1159:greater earless lizard 1056:Trans-Pecos copperhead 730:Melanerpes uropygialis 577:). among many others. 567:Glaucidium brasilianum 378: 279: 239: 133: 125: 26: 5385:Antarctic Convergence 4924:Western United States 3807:Arlington Springs Man 3649:Portsmouth Earthworks 2153:. World Wildlife Fund 2016:Archaeology Southwest 1881:Cordell and Fowler 85 1513: 1506:Aridoamerica cultures 1334:Pseudacris triseriata 1286:Anaxyrus microscaphus 1139:Hemidactylus turcicus 933:Antilocapra americana 921:western spotted skunk 666:Archilochus alexandri 658:Cynanthus latirostris 622:black-headed grosbeak 602:Cardinalis cardinalis 563:ferruginous pygmy-owl 531:whiskered screech-owl 527:Megascops kennicottii 374: 277: 268:Sierra Madre Oriental 242:The elevation in the 229: 188:Phaseolus acutifolius 131: 119: 59:Phaseolus acutifolius 24: 4446:Greater Central Asia 4015:Transoceanic contact 3905:Container Revolution 3479:Gila Cliff Dwellings 3444:Etowah Indian Mounds 2312:"Hawks & Eagles" 2290:"Greater Roadrunner" 2077:on December 27, 2012 1872:Pratt and Nabhan 419 1826:North America portal 1779:Teuchitlan tradition 1744:, Coahuila and Texas 1738:, Coahuila and Texas 1306:western barking frog 1290:New Mexico spadefoot 1207:Arizona night lizard 1147:Dipsosaurus dorsalis 1127:western banded gecko 1016:Trans-Pecos ratsnake 1004:Lichanura trivirgata 989:Canis lupus baileyae 833:desert bighorn sheep 829:Sylvilagus audubonii 756:), and many oriole ( 754:Salpinctes obsoletus 698:Lampornis clemenciae 686:Rivoli's hummingbird 642:Carpodacus mexicanus 634:Passerina versicolor 535:Megascops trichopsis 447:Parabuteo unicinctus 383:Chiricahua Mountains 266:on the west and the 5597:Continents of Earth 5124:Brazilian Highlands 4528:Indian subcontinent 4389:Antarctic Peninsula 4187:Southern Hemisphere 4182:Northern Hemisphere 3935:Green Corn Ceremony 3749:Turkey River Mounds 3539:Lake Jackson Mounds 3359:Blue Spring Shelter 2097:"Chihuahuan Desert" 2002:Bye and Linares 256 1923:1985EcBot..39..387N 1893:Bye and Linares 273 1392:Baja California Sur 1372:Political geography 1346:relict leopard frog 1330:western chorus frog 1298:Colorado River toad 1187:Plestiodon gilberti 1131:Coleonyx variegatus 1123:Crotaphytus nebrius 1080:western rattlesnake 1040:Arizona coral snake 877:Bassariscus astutus 845:Odocoileus hemionus 738:Colaptes chrysoides 714:Callipepla gambelii 702:lucifer hummingbird 670:Costa's hummingbird 559:Micrathene whitneyi 523:western screech owl 348:improve the article 5412:Great Barrier Reef 5033:Mainland Australia 4736:Apennine Peninsula 4197:Western Hemisphere 4172:Eastern Hemisphere 4020:Underwater panther 3694:Rosenstock Village 3564:Marmes Rockshelter 3549:L'Anse aux Meadows 1931:10.1007/bf02858746 1801:), Arizona, Sonora 1726:), Baja California 1675:, Texas, Chihuahua 1663:, Texas, Chihuahua 1657:), Baja California 1596:Carrizo de Camargo 1582:), Baja California 1519: 1310:Craugastor augusti 1259:Gopherus agassizii 1064:Sonoran sidewinder 925:Spilogale gracilis 913:long-tailed weasel 821:Lepus californicus 706:Calothorax lucifer 678:Anna's hummingbird 618:Passerina caerulea 610:Cardinalis sinuous 575:Athene cunicularia 423:Accipiter cooperii 379: 305:Great Basin Desert 280: 256:Franklin Mountains 240: 134: 126: 27: 5613: 5612: 5493:Mediterranean Rim 5366: 5365: 5305:Mediterranean Sea 5159: 5158: 5112:Amazon Rainforest 4934:Canadian Prairies 4899:Pacific Northwest 4760:Iberian Peninsula 4545:Arabian Peninsula 4372:Antarctic Plateau 4132:Three/Four Worlds 4054: 4053: 4046:Pre-Columbian era 3847:Spirit Cave mummy 3644:Plum Bayou Mounds 3554:Lynch Quarry Site 3073:Ancient Beringian 2971: 2970: 2915:Eastern Woodlands 2819:978-94-009-2786-5 2797:978-0-87480-825-4 2771:978-0-8263-4283-6 2691:on March 14, 2016 2639:on March 14, 2016 2613:on March 14, 2016 2049:History of Mexico 2045:"Indigenous Baja" 1711:, Baja California 1695:, Baja California 1647:, Baja California 1619:, Baja California 1572:, Baja California 1302:Incilius alvarius 1270:Anaxyrus cognatus 1266:Great Plains toad 1247:Sonora mud turtle 1231:desert box turtle 1227:Pseudemys gorzugi 1223:Rio Grande cooter 1211:Xantusia arizonae 1104:desert massasauga 1100:Crotalus willardi 969:white-nosed coati 909:Lontra canadensis 861:Cervus canadensis 849:white-tailed deer 825:desert cottontail 598:northern cardinal 463:Buteo albonotatus 451:common black hawk 439:Aquila chrysaetos 431:Pandion haliaetus 415:Buteo jamaicensis 391:Branta canadensis 369: 368: 244:Chihuahuan Desert 38:ecological region 5643: 5595: 5594: 5574:Global Southwest 5569:Global Southeast 5559:Global Northwest 5554:Global Northeast 5544:Global Heartland 5488:Indian Ocean Rim 5170: 5062:Island Melanesia 4748:Balkan Peninsula 4523:Himalayan states 4470:Russian Far East 4264: 4192:Water Hemisphere 4081: 4074: 4067: 4058: 3990:Projectile point 3827:Leanderthal Lady 3754:Upward Sun River 3729:Stallings Island 3719:Shell ring sites 3669:Recapture Canyon 3584:Moorehead Circle 3429:El Fin del Mundo 3414:Cueva de la Olla 3220: 3207:Maritime Archaic 3191: 3021: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2804:Richard C. Pratt 2782: 2780: 2778: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2724: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2665:on July 13, 2015 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2225:. Digital-Desert 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2174: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2147: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2120: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2043:Schmal, John P. 2040: 2019: 2012: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1969: 1963: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1908: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1684:Mogollon culture 1555:), coastal Texas 1362:painted ensatina 1322:Arizona treefrog 1314:canyon tree frog 1278:Anaxyrus debilis 1135:Coleonyx switaki 1084:Crotalus viridis 1024:desert kingsnake 813:Ursus americanus 801:collared peccary 764:), gnatcatcher ( 646:lesser goldfinch 594:Coragyps atratus 543:Bubo virginianus 539:great horned owl 503:Falco peregrinus 499:peregrine falcon 487:Falco sparverius 483:American kestrel 459:zone-tailed hawk 364: 361: 355: 327: 326: 319: 146:hunter-gatherers 87:Gary Paul Nabhan 82:and waterholes. 5651: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5583: 5525: 5502: 5469: 5433: 5362: 5351:South China Sea 5260: 5203:Central America 5155: 5088: 5009: 4961:Northern Mexico 4949:Northern Canada 4929:Atlantic Canada 4884:Mountain states 4810: 4665:European Russia 4658:Southern Russia 4614: 4567:Iranian Plateau 4395: 4384:West Antarctica 4367:East Antarctica 4353: 4253: 4201: 4177:Land Hemisphere 4158: 4098: 4085: 4055: 4050: 4041:Genetic history 4029: 3883:Ceremonial pipe 3856: 3837:Minnesota Woman 3794: 3788: 3609:Ocmulgee Mounds 3589:Morrison Mounds 3534:Kolomoki Mounds 3524:Kimball Village 3384:Candelaria Cave 3326: 3320: 3301:Suwannee Valley 3236:Old Cordilleran 3216: 3187: 3055: 3049: 3015: 3007: 3002: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2890:Northwest Coast 2871: 2862: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2802: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2245:"Mojave Desert" 2243: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2181:. Lonely Planet 2176: 2175: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2042: 2041: 2022: 2013: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1911:Economic Botany 1902: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1862: 1857: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1641:, coastal Texas 1516:Baja California 1508: 1473: 1446: 1422:San Luis PotosĂ­ 1387:Baja California 1374: 1350:Lithobates onca 1326:Hyla wrightorum 1318:Hyla arenicolor 1255:desert tortoise 1239:Big Bend slider 1183:Gilbert's skink 1155:Sauromalus ater 1012:Arizona elegans 917:Neogale frenata 893:Vulpes macrotis 726:Gila woodpecker 690:Eugenes fulgens 650:Spinus psaltria 511:Buteo plagiatus 495:Falco mexicanus 479:Buteo swainsoni 475:Swainson's hawk 411:red-tailed hawk 403:Grus canadensis 399:sandhill cranes 365: 359: 356: 345: 328: 324: 317: 236:mountain ranges 224: 204:Baja California 179:Agave americana 114: 42:Northern Mexico 17: 12: 11: 5: 5649: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5618: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5605:Physical Earth 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5444: 5442: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5417:Mariana Trench 5414: 5404: 5399: 5397:Atlantic Ocean 5394: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5376: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5358:Southern Ocean 5355: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5346:East China Sea 5338: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5280:Atlantic Ocean 5277: 5271: 5269: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5098: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5084:Remote Oceania 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4954:Western Canada 4951: 4946: 4944:Eastern Canada 4941: 4939:Central Canada 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4723: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4653:South Caucasus 4650: 4648:North Caucasus 4640: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4555:South Caucasus 4547: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4424:Aralkum Desert 4421: 4411: 4405: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4363: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4322: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4215:Africa-Eurasia 4211: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3965:Mound Builders 3962: 3957: 3952: 3950:Medicine wheel 3947: 3942: 3940:Horned Serpent 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3679:Roberts Island 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3614:Old Stone Fort 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3579:Moaning Cavern 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3529:Kincaid Mounds 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3409:Cuarenta Casas 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3364:Bluefish Caves 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3325:Archaeological 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3123:Caloosahatchee 3120: 3115: 3110: 3108:Caborn-Welborn 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3054:Archaeological 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2865:Cultural areas 2863: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2818: 2800: 2783: 2770: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2702: 2676: 2650: 2624: 2598: 2593:"Observations" 2584: 2562: 2540: 2527:"Common Raven" 2518: 2496: 2483:"Hummingbirds" 2474: 2452: 2430: 2408: 2403:"Observations" 2391: 2369: 2347: 2325: 2303: 2281: 2266:Sharp, Jay W. 2258: 2236: 2214: 2192: 2164: 2137: 2110: 2088: 2062: 2020: 2004: 1995: 1988: 1964: 1951: 1895: 1883: 1874: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1583: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1556: 1526: 1520: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1382:Aguascalientes 1378: 1373: 1370: 1167:horned lizards 1052:Crotalus atrox 869:Equus caballus 734:gilded flicker 710:Gambel's quail 674:Calypte costae 630:varied bunting 586:Cathartes aura 582:turkey vulture 547:long-eared owl 491:prairie falcon 367: 366: 331: 329: 322: 316: 313: 289:saguaro cactus 284:Sonoran Desert 223: 220: 113: 110: 95:Paul Kirchhoff 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5648: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5407:Pacific Ocean 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5341:Pacific Ocean 5339: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5295:Caribbean Sea 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5263: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5237:by population 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5210:South America 5208: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5193:North America 5191: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5144:Southern Cone 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:Andean States 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5094:South America 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4816:North America 4813: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779:Low Countries 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4755:South-western 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4743:South-eastern 4741: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4731:South-central 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721:Mediterranean 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4687:British Isles 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4584:Levantine Sea 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 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Bye 2751: 2750: 2746: 2729: 2728:"Mexico: Map" 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2550: 2549:"Woodpeckers" 2544: 2541: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1989:9780292708433 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917:(4): 387–99. 1916: 1912: 1907: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1607:Guachimontone 1605: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191:western skink 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175:spiny lizards 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:desert iguana 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981:Panthera onca 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941:Procyon lotor 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901:Puma concolor 898: 897:mountain lion 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:Pecari tajacu 802: 798: 797:Canis latrans 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 760:), thrasher ( 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614:blue grosbeak 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590:black vulture 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 571:burrowing owl 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443:Harris's hawk 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419:Cooper's hawk 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 377: 373: 363: 353: 349: 343: 341: 337: 332:This article 330: 321: 320: 314: 312: 310: 306: 302: 301:Mojave Desert 297: 294: 290: 285: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 237: 233: 228: 221: 219: 216: 211: 209: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 189: 183: 181: 180: 175: 174:century plant 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154:yucca flowers 151: 147: 143: 139: 130: 123: 118: 111: 109: 108: 104: 99: 96: 92: 91:A. L. Kroeber 88: 83: 81: 76: 75:pre-Columbian 71: 69: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 23: 19: 5626:Aridoamerica 5603: / 5601:List of seas 5599: / 5564:Global South 5549:Global North 5483:Atlantic Rim 5422:Ring of Fire 5402:Indian Ocean 5392:Arctic Ocean 5334:Persian Gulf 5329:Indian Ocean 5310:Adriatic Sea 5275:Arctic Ocean 5107:Amazon Basin 5102:Amazon Plain 5074:Near Oceania 4874:Mid-Atlantic 4824:Aridoamerica 4823: 4784:Northwestern 4697:Northwestern 4670:Southeastern 4562:Greater Iran 4501:Southeastern 4496:Pacific Asia 4465:Pacific Asia 4453:Northeastern 4409:Asia–Pacific 4152:Fourth World 4142:Second World 4025:Water glyphs 3980:Oasisamerica 3970:N.A.G.P.R.A. 3930:Folsom point 3920:Effigy mound 3900:Clovis point 3868:Aridoamerica 3867: 3769:Wickiup Hill 3724:Spiro Mounds 3704:Salmon Ruins 3699:Russell Cave 3494:Helen Blazes 3489:Grimes Point 3469:Fort Juelson 3459:Fort Ancient 3434:El Vallecito 3394:Chaco Canyon 3334:Angel Mounds 3296:Steed-Kisker 3246:Paleo-Arctic 3168:Glacial Kame 3153:Fort Ancient 3045:Post-Classic 3016: 2947:Aridoamerica 2946: 2925:Southeastern 2920:Northeastern 2823:. Retrieved 2808: 2787: 2775:. Retrieved 2761: 2732:. Retrieved 2730:. Ethnologue 2693:. Retrieved 2689:the original 2679: 2667:. Retrieved 2663:the original 2653: 2641:. Retrieved 2637:the original 2627: 2615:. Retrieved 2611:the original 2601: 2587: 2575:. Retrieved 2565: 2553:. Retrieved 2543: 2531:. Retrieved 2521: 2509:. Retrieved 2499: 2487:. Retrieved 2477: 2465:. Retrieved 2455: 2443:. Retrieved 2433: 2421:. Retrieved 2411: 2382:. Retrieved 2372: 2360:. Retrieved 2350: 2338:. Retrieved 2328: 2316:. Retrieved 2306: 2294:. Retrieved 2284: 2272:. Retrieved 2261: 2249:. Retrieved 2239: 2227:. Retrieved 2217: 2205:. Retrieved 2195: 2183:. Retrieved 2155:. Retrieved 2128:. Retrieved 2101:. Retrieved 2091: 2079:. Retrieved 2075:the original 2065: 2053:. Retrieved 2048: 2015: 1998: 1974: 1967: 1959: 1954: 1942:. Retrieved 1914: 1910: 1898: 1877: 1849:Oasisamerica 1688:Oasisamerica 1564:Coahuiltecan 1474: 1447: 1375: 1365: 1357: 1349: 1341: 1333: 1325: 1317: 1309: 1301: 1293: 1285: 1282:Arizona toad 1277: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1250: 1242: 1234: 1226: 1218: 1210: 1202: 1194: 1186: 1178: 1170: 1162: 1154: 1146: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1115:Gila monster 1112: 1107: 1099: 1091: 1083: 1075: 1067: 1059: 1051: 1043: 1035: 1027: 1019: 1011: 1008:glossy snake 1003: 997: 988: 985:Mexican wolf 980: 973:Nasua narica 972: 964: 961:pocket mouse 956: 948: 945:kangaroo rat 943:), numerous 940: 932: 924: 916: 908: 900: 892: 884: 876: 868: 860: 852: 844: 836: 828: 820: 812: 804: 796: 788: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 745: 737: 729: 722:Corvus corax 721: 718:common raven 713: 705: 697: 689: 682:Calypte anna 681: 673: 665: 657: 649: 641: 633: 625: 617: 609: 601: 593: 585: 579: 574: 566: 558: 550: 542: 534: 526: 518: 510: 502: 494: 486: 478: 470: 462: 454: 446: 438: 435:golden eagle 430: 422: 414: 402: 390: 380: 357: 346:Please help 334:may contain 333: 298: 281: 241: 212: 201: 186: 184: 177: 172:cactus. The 142:Nahua people 135: 132:Aridoamerica 107: 100: 84: 72: 68:Oasisamerica 57: 30:Aridoamerica 29: 28: 18: 5579:Global West 5539:Global East 5498:Pacific Rim 5440:waterbodies 5429:World Ocean 5254:New Zealand 5134:The Guianas 5023:Australasia 4966:West Indies 4889:New England 4869:Great Lakes 4839:Mesoamerica 4726:Middle East 4702:Scandinavia 4591:Middle East 4429:Caspian Sea 4335:Great Lakes 4315:Sub-Saharan 4301:Middle East 4164:Hemispheres 4147:Third World 4137:First World 4090:'s primary 4010:Thunderbird 3878:Black drink 3842:Peñon woman 3779:Winterville 3759:Velda Mound 3739:Taos Pueblo 3634:Parkin Park 3619:Orwell site 3604:Nodena site 3499:Holly Bluff 3474:Four Mounds 3464:Fort Center 3389:Casa Grande 3339:Anzick site 3231:Monongahela 3158:Fort Walton 3133:Coles Creek 3098:Belle Glade 3083:Anishinaabe 2952:Mesoamerica 2905:Great Basin 2825:16 November 2777:16 November 2734:16 November 2356:"Gray Hawk" 2270:. DesertUSA 2055:16 November 1844:Mesoamerica 1344:); and the 1296:); and the 1253:); and the 1205:); and the 1102:), and the 967:) species, 965:Chaetodipus 905:river otter 865:feral horse 780:) species. 742:cactus wren 708:); and the 638:house finch 606:pyrrhuloxia 405:), and the 360:August 2024 309:Joshua tree 260:rain shadow 197:Uto-Aztecan 112:Subsistence 64:Mesoamerica 54:tepary bean 50:staple food 5620:Categories 5320:Ionian Sea 5315:Aegean Sea 5285:Baltic Sea 5217:Antarctica 5069:Micronesia 5038:New Guinea 4996:Portuguese 4914:West Coast 4864:East Coast 4859:Bible Belt 4854:Appalachia 4533:Subregions 4441:Inner Asia 4359:Antarctica 4259:Continents 4232:Antarctica 4207:Landmasses 4117:Down Under 4112:Arab World 4096:subregions 3955:Metallurgy 3915:Eden point 3812:Buhl Woman 3684:Rock Eagle 3674:River Styx 3599:Mummy Cave 3594:Moundville 3574:Mesa Verde 3559:Marksville 3306:Tchefuncte 3266:Plaquemine 3202:Las Palmas 3118:Calf Creek 3113:Cades Pond 2900:California 2747:References 2417:"Vultures" 1759:Tarahumara 1602:Guachichil 1495:New Mexico 1485:California 1459:Guanajuato 1437:Tamaulipas 1417:Nuevo LeĂłn 1360:) and the 1274:green toad 1179:Sceloporus 1171:Phrynosoma 1151:chuckwalla 1030:) and the 931:antelope ( 847:), Coues' 809:black bear 789:Lynx rufus 778:Tyrannidae 770:Columbidae 766:Polioptila 467:bald eagle 407:roadrunner 395:snow geese 376:Roadrunner 340:irrelevant 248:San Andres 162:chia seeds 138:Chichimeca 124:, ca. 1550 122:Chichimeca 5516:Antarctic 5300:Irish Sea 5290:Black Sea 5249:Australia 5198:Caribbean 5175:continent 5149:Patagonia 5079:Polynesia 5057:Melanesia 5050:Zealandia 5028:Australia 4909:Southwest 4829:Caribbean 4606:Near East 4247:submerged 4242:Zealandia 4237:Australia 4127:Old World 4122:New World 4000:Stickball 3689:Rock Hawk 3519:Key Marco 3311:Troyville 3291:St. Johns 3276:Red Ocher 3035:Formative 2937:Caribbean 2932:Southwest 2885:Subarctic 2461:"Finches" 1730:Pima Bajo 1667:Mamulique 1639:Karankawa 1586:Comecrudo 1545:Chariname 1464:QuerĂ©taro 1442:Zacatecas 1402:Chihuahua 949:Dipodomys 929:pronghorn 841:mule deer 772:), rail ( 768:), dove ( 762:Toxostoma 750:rock wren 551:Asio otus 519:Tyto alba 507:gray hawk 336:excessive 252:Doña Anas 208:pine nuts 40:spanning 5043:Tasmania 4991:Hispanic 4849:Northern 4796:Germanic 4774:Atlantic 4716:Southern 4677:Northern 4643:Caucasus 4579:Dead Sea 4550:Caucasus 4518:Southern 4511:Maritime 4506:Mainland 4479:Northern 4460:Far East 4419:Aral Sea 4342:Southern 4286:Northern 3888:Chanunpa 3873:Ballgame 3852:Vero man 3802:Anzick-1 3774:Windover 3734:SunWatch 3664:Rassawek 3484:Glenwood 3374:Brewster 3226:Mogollon 3197:La Jolla 3183:Hopewell 3143:Deptford 3056:cultures 2695:July 13, 2669:July 13, 2643:July 13, 2617:July 13, 2577:July 13, 2555:July 13, 2533:July 13, 2511:July 13, 2489:July 13, 2467:July 13, 2445:July 13, 2423:July 13, 2384:July 13, 2362:July 13, 2340:July 13, 2318:July 13, 2296:July 13, 2274:July 13, 1939:23223873 1812:See also 1805:Zacateco 1774:Tepehuán 1769:Tepecano 1661:La Junta 1655:Kumeyaay 1623:Huarijio 1617:Guaycura 1592:Cotoname 1553:Taraname 1549:Xaraname 1541:ChaimamĂ© 1397:Coahuila 1000:rosy boa 881:gray fox 873:ringtail 774:Rallidae 515:barn owl 342:examples 315:Wildlife 215:coppiced 158:mesquite 44:and the 34:cultural 5244:Oceania 5232:by area 5188:America 5165:Islands 5015:Oceania 4879:Midwest 4834:Central 4801:Romance 4769:Western 4638:Balkans 4633:Eastern 4628:Central 4596:Mashriq 4540:Western 4484:Siberia 4436:Eastern 4414:Central 4347:Western 4320:Central 4296:Mashriq 4291:Maghreb 4281:Saharan 4227:America 4220:Eurasia 4092:regions 4037:Related 3895:Chunkey 3795:remains 3784:Wupatki 3624:Paquime 3514:Huápoca 3379:Cahokia 3349:Bastian 3256:Patayan 3178:Hohokam 3163:Fremont 3138:ComondĂş 3093:Baytown 3088:Avonlea 3068:Alachua 3040:Classic 3030:Archaic 3018:Periods 2895:Plateau 2571:"Wrens" 2505:"Quail" 2251:July 6, 2229:July 6, 2207:July 6, 2185:July 6, 2157:July 6, 2130:July 6, 2103:July 6, 2081:July 6, 1919:Bibcode 1764:Tecuexe 1755:, Texas 1753:Tamique 1720:PericĂşe 1709:Pai Pai 1635:, Texas 1633:Jumanos 1628:Huichol 1612:Guamare 1580:Cocopah 1570:CochimĂ­ 1559:Caxcane 1529:Aranama 1480:Arizona 1469:Jalisco 1454:Hidalgo 1427:Sinaloa 1412:Nayarit 1407:Durango 1328:); the 1320:); the 1312:); the 1288:); the 1280:); the 1272:); the 1245:); the 1237:); the 1229:); the 1221:); the 1189:); the 1157:); the 1149:); the 1086:); the 1078:); the 1070:); the 1062:); the 1054:); the 1046:); the 1038:); the 1014:); the 983:), and 959:), and 957:Neotoma 953:woodrat 937:raccoon 889:kit fox 758:Icterus 700:), and 652:); the 644:), and 628:); the 612:); the 596:); the 569:), and 555:elf owl 521:), the 222:Deserts 160:beans, 150:magueys 144:, were 5531:Global 5521:Arctic 5460:Rivers 5438:Other 5372:Oceans 5227:Europe 5183:Africa 4976:French 4844:Middle 4806:Slavic 4791:Celtic 4692:Nordic 4682:Baltic 4620:Europe 4574:Levant 4268:Africa 4104:Worlds 3454:Folsom 3419:Cutler 3354:Benson 3241:Oneota 3173:Glades 3148:Folsom 3128:Clovis 3025:Lithic 2942:Mexico 2910:Plains 2880:Arctic 2816:  2795:  2768:  2378:"Owls" 1986:  1944:3 July 1937:  1784:Toboso 1742:Solano 1724:PericĂş 1693:Monqui 1651:Kumiai 1645:Kiliwa 1576:Cocopá 1537:Hanáme 1533:Hanáma 1524:Acaxee 1490:Nevada 1432:Sonora 977:jaguar 793:coyote 785:bobcat 620:) and 588:) and 427:osprey 393:) and 387:Canada 254:, and 232:basins 164:, and 80:creeks 52:, the 5508:Polar 5453:lists 5448:Lakes 5267:ocean 4986:Ibero 4981:Latin 4971:Anglo 4088:Earth 3985:Piasa 3793:Human 3424:Eaker 3327:sites 3261:Plano 3063:Adena 1935:S2CID 1855:Notes 1799:Yoeme 1795:Yaqui 1736:Quems 1704:Otomi 1699:Opata 1673:Manso 1500:Texas 193:Maize 170:nopal 166:cacti 32:is a 5465:Seas 5222:Asia 4489:Ural 4401:Asia 4330:Horn 4325:East 4094:and 3945:Kiva 2827:2015 2814:ISBN 2793:ISBN 2779:2015 2766:ISBN 2736:2015 2697:2015 2671:2015 2645:2015 2619:2015 2579:2015 2557:2015 2535:2015 2513:2015 2491:2015 2469:2015 2447:2015 2425:2015 2386:2015 2364:2015 2342:2015 2320:2015 2298:2015 2276:2015 2253:2015 2231:2015 2209:2015 2187:2015 2159:2015 2132:2015 2105:2015 2083:2015 2057:2015 1984:ISBN 1946:2017 1748:Seri 1715:Pame 1679:Mayo 136:The 93:and 36:and 5475:Rim 5265:By 5173:By 3449:Eva 2867:of 2758:"9" 1927:doi 1368:). 1336:); 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Index


cultural
ecological region
Northern Mexico
Southwestern United States
staple food
tepary bean
Phaseolus acutifolius
Mesoamerica
Oasisamerica
pre-Columbian
creeks
Gary Paul Nabhan
A. L. Kroeber
Paul Kirchhoff
Guillermo Bonfil Batalla

Chichimeca

Chichimeca
Nahua people
hunter-gatherers
magueys
yucca flowers
mesquite
chia seeds
cacti
nopal
century plant
Agave americana

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