641:
621:
676:
459:. The good giants who were saved became corn kernels under the earth. Nishanu planted corn in the heavens yielding Mother Corn, who went to the earth to lead the people out of the East into the West, but after a time she returned to Heaven and in her absence the people of the earth began to kill one another. She returned to the earth with a leader who taught them how to fight their enemies rather than one another. This is an "emergence" style creation myth, depicting the "Corn Mother" as giving birth to the planted seeds (the remaining good giants after the flood). The figure of the "Corn Mother" can be found in many Native American mythologies. The myth is said to reflect the migrations of the Arikara from East to West.
607:
161:
153:
468:
50:
81:
2234:
145:
707:" for the Army during the war against the bands of Lakota roaming other peoples' territories in 1876-1877. "For tribes subject to Sioux pressure for decades, the combination of revenge and self-defense would constitute a powerful motivation" for joining the whites in actions like that. Custer's favorite scout, an Arikara known as
586:
mountaineer slang for the
Arikara tribe." According to a letter written by John F. A. Sanford, an Indian agent, in a July 1833 letter to William Clark, superintendent of Indian Affairs. Landry includes the excerpt in his article."They scalped them and left part of the Scalps of each tied to poles on the grounds of the murder"
660:
Like a
Fishhook Village was not safe from devastation, strikes or raids for horses (and neither was the nearby trading post Fort Berthold II). Just before the end of 1862, some Sioux burned a part of the village. The affiliation of the Sioux is not always clear: Lakota, Yanktonai and "refugee" Santee
504:
The
Arikara faced many challenges during the first quarter of the 19th century: Reduced numbers, competition from white traders, and military pressure from the Lakota and other groups of Sioux. Alliances shifted constantly. The Arikara joined old foes the Sioux in raids on Mandan and Hidatsa Indians.
733:
The Fort
Berthold Indian Reservation got a new shape and size by agreement in 1886 (ratified in 1891). In 1910, the Three Tribes gave their consent to sale of land, so the reservation was reduced once more. The Arikara drifted away from Like a Fishhook Village. They raised and branded cattle instead
632:
was to establish a permanent peace on most of the northern plains and to define tribal territories. The basic treaty area of the
Arikara, the Hidatsa and the Mandan was a mutual territory north of Heart River, encircled on the east and north by the Missouri and on the west by Yellowstone River down
594:
met them in 1835. Harassed by the numerous Sioux, the
Arikara finally buried old enmity and befriended the Mandan and the Hidatsa in the late 1830s. The manager in the trading post Fort Clark observed in June 1838, how "the Rees, Mandans and Gros Ventres started out early" in a common bison hunt.
363:
An early
European, a botanist, praised the Arikara women as excellent cultivators. He had not seen finer crops anywhere in America. The surplus corn and other crops, along with tobacco, were traded to the Lakota, the Cheyenne and more southern plains tribes during short-lived truces. The amount of
578:
left Fort
Atkinson (now in Nebraska) with 220 men. More than 700 Yankton, Yanktonai and Lakota Indians joined him in the United States' first Indian war west of the Missouri. The Arikara retreated to their fortified village. Soon the disappointed Sioux left the battlefield. The Arikara escaped at
691:
in Fort
Abraham Lincoln (now North Dakota) received an order to delay his Black Hills Expedition and stop a large war party of Lakota on its way to attack Like a Fishhook Village. "The Rees and Mandans should be protected same as white settlers", read the order from General Phil Sheridan. Custer
585:
In the winter/spring of 1833 members of the
Arikara Tribe ambushed Hugh Glass, Hilain Menard and Colin Rose. "A hand-written notation made on the credit side of Menard's account book page states, 'Killed by the Rees near Fort Cass Spring 1833,'" Landry wrote in his article. "The word 'Rees' was
379:
a lightweight transportation device pulled by dogs. It consisted of two long poles attached by a harness at the dog's shoulders, with the butt ends dragging behind the animal; midway, a ladder-like frame, or a hoop made of plaited thongs, was stretched between the poles; it held loads that might
542:
On June 2, 1823, the Arikara attacked a group of 70 trappers led by William Henry Ashley of the Henry/Ashley Company. The trappers were camped near an Arikara village at the mouth of Grand River (north of present-day Mobridge, South Dakota). Fourteen trappers died and 10 were wounded, including
738:
and "allotment in severalty" passed as another attempt at assimilation to European-American culture, each Arikara family was allotted a homestead of 160 acres in the early 1890s. The Arikara Indians were considered citizens of the United States—and no more tribal village dwellers.
636:
Peace was short-lived. As drawings collected by W. J. Hoffman of Hunkpapa Chief Running Antelope showed, in 1853 he already had killed four Arikara Indians. The next year the Three Tribes called for the U. S. Army to intervene; that request was repeated the next two decades.
371:
Traditionally an Arikara family owned 30–40 dogs. The people used them for hunting and as sentries, but most importantly for transportation in the centuries before the Plains tribes adopted the use of horses in the 1600s. Many of the Plains tribes had used the
602:
next to Fort Clark. The earth lodges stood until Yankton Sioux set them on fire in January 1839. The village was rebuilt by the Arikara, who lived there until 1861. Another Sioux attack—and the need for a trading post—made them leave the settlement for good.
652:
The Arikara built Star Village in the spring of 1862. They had to abandon it after a fierce fight with the Sioux a few months later. The Arikara crossed the Missouri and built new earth lodges and log houses near the common Mandan and Hidatsa village
610:
Alfred Jacob Miller - Interior of Fort Laramie - Google Art Project. One of the most important treaties between the Plains Indians was negotiated near Fort Laramie in 1851 and named after the fort. The treaty describes the territory of the different
671:
The Three Tribes sold a part of their southern treaty land, more or less already annexed by the Lakota, to the United States on April 12, 1870. At the same time, they got treaty on the area where Like a Fishhook Village was located.
648:
Arikara hunters were waylaid and had difficulties securing enough game and hides. A lengthy battle between an Arikara camp on hunt and several hundred Lakota took place in June 1858. The Arikara camp lost ten men, with 34 wounded.
539:. Chief Ankedoucharo became ill during his stay and died in Washington. The delegates blamed the whites for the chief's death. That was one reason why the Arikara for the next decades were "notoriously hostile to white Americans".
279:. As of 2007, the total number of remaining native speakers was reported as ten, one of whom, Maude Starr, died on 20 January 2010. She was a certified language teacher who participated in Arikara language education programs.
332:
near the end of the Omaha/Ponca migration to Nebraska. With peace established later, the Arikara influenced the newcomers. The Omaha still credit the Arikara women for instructing them in the art of building earth lodges.
589:
Years of indecision followed. The rootless Arikara lived near their southern "kinfolk," the Skidi Pawnee, for some years. They also tried their luck in hostile country far up on the Platte (now Nebraska), where Colonel
359:
as temporary shelter. They were primarily an agricultural society, whose women cultivated varieties of corn (or maize). The crop was such an important staple of their society that it was referred to as "Mother Corn."
485:
The smallpox epidemic of 1780-1782 reduced the Arikara villages along the Missouri from 32 to 2. The effects of the epidemic may have been so terrible that it could not be comprehended but in allegorical form.
1495:
657:. The village was built outside the Three Tribes treaty area. "We, the Arikara, have been driven from our country on the other side of the Missouri River by the Sioux", declared chief White Shield in 1864.
640:
679:
Bloody Knife, Custer's scout, on Yellowstone Expedition, 1873 - NARA - 524373. Bloody Knife was Arikara Indian, although Custer has him as Crow in his Official Report of the fight with the Lakotas at
3058:
661:
Sioux from the Minnesota uprising sometimes attacked the Three Tribes. As always in intertribal warfare, there were interludes with peace - and conflicts with other Indian foes, as for example the
380:
exceed 60 pounds. Women also used dogs to pull travois to haul firewood or infants. The travois were used to carry meat harvested during the seasonal hunts; a single dog could pull a quarter of a
579:
night, and angry fur traders set their empty lodges ablaze the next morning. "This was the only time in history that any of the Three Tribes fought in open warfare against the United States".
388:
3025:
2022:
620:
255:
The Arikara's name is believed to mean "horns", in reference to the ancient custom of wearing two upright bones in their hair. The name also could mean "elk people" or "corn eaters".
633:
to the mouth of Powder River. The Lakota had continued to press north after 1823, so they got treaty rights on the area along Grand River as well as other land south of Heart River.
2222:
2328:
598:
Smallpox had struck the Upper Missouri tribes the year before (and would again in 1856). It decimated the Mandan. The surviving Arikara took over the almost empty Mandan village
314:
1598:, Vol. 8. No. 1, (January 1977), pp. 15-38. Collison, Patrick J.: "Bastions, Beads, Baptism, and Burials: Evidence for Epidemic Disease among the Arikara and their Ancestors,"
794:
2052:
3450:
3051:
3393:
3445:
3440:
675:
1196:
1157:
1118:
1017:
2766:
760:, Arikara warriors act as major antagonists in the early part of the film. Trappers refer to them both by their proper name and as Ree, and the 1823 attack on
3455:
3044:
727:
764:'s trapping expedition is accurate. Furthermore, the production was noted for its efforts to reproduce Pawnee and Arikara speech as accurately as possible.
497:
were the ones who gained most by the weakening of the Arikara. They attacked the vulnerable Arikara and increased "the pace of Sioux expansion" west of the
3312:
2215:
493:), archaeologists found the mutilated skeletons of 71 men, women and children, killed in the early 1780s by unknown Native American attackers. Groups of
2200:
3344:
1519:
Robinson, Doane: "Official Correspondence Pertaining to the Leavenworth Expedition into South Dakota in 1823 for the Conquest of the Ree Indians,"
606:
2156:
1668:
Washington, D.C., 1893, pp. 572-573. For narratives of individual Lakota attacks on the Arikara, see e.g. Densmore, Francis: "Teton Sioux Music."
1391:
Hodge, Adam R. (October 2010). "Pestilence and Power: The Smallpox Epidemic of 1780-1782 and Intertribal Relations on the Northern Great Plains".
644:
Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan Indian territory, 1851. Like-a-Fishhook Village, Fort Berthold I and II and military post Fort Buford, North Dakota.
2659:
1342:
Van De Logt, Mark (2015). "'The Whirlwind Is Coming to Destroy My People!': Symbolic Representations of Epidemics in Arikara Oral Tradition".
966:
3067:
2208:
877:
224:
1212:"Man's best friend – mammoth's worst enemy? A speculative essay on the role of dogs in Paleoindian colonization and megafaunal extinction"
2791:
3260:
2873:
2771:
850:
779:
244:
2238:
789:
668:
In 1869, the Three Tribes asked the United States for guns as protection against hostile Sioux, and they finally received 300 pieces.
2796:
2440:
2273:
2116:
2108:
2093:
2005:
1965:
1847:
1777:
1741:
1701:
1636:
1544:
1462:
1375:
1326:
1258:
1180:
1141:
1102:
1001:
2848:
2817:
743:
2060:
1866:). Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784 to 1894. Serial 4015, 56th Congress, 1st Session, pp. 852-853. Map: Dakota 1.
2878:
1940:
Hultgren, Mary Lou and Paulette Fairbanks Molin: "Long Rides Across the Plains": Fort Berthold Students at Hampton Institute.
1293:
3338:
2761:
940:
3401:
3286:
3281:
2883:
2608:
2603:
629:
2191:
3355:
2934:
2435:
712:
700:
2908:
2323:
368:
epidemics hit the three village tribes, they were the "most influential and affluent peoples in the Northern Plains".
160:
2994:
306:, is an archeological site from this period, containing the remains of a fortified village with more than 44 lodges.
2964:
3405:
3350:
3328:
3158:
2913:
2776:
2740:
2496:
2145:
900:
536:
529:
303:
240:
3036:
2669:
2903:
2664:
2572:
2521:
761:
680:
3004:
2999:
2893:
2888:
2654:
1031:
Ritter, Beth R. (2002). "Piecing Together the Ponca Past. Reconstructing Degiha Migration to the Great Plains".
813:
3430:
2868:
2644:
2506:
2412:
2149:
756:
567:
364:
trading items passing through the Arikara villages made them a "trading center on the Upper Missouri". Before
2979:
2674:
582:
The Bloody Hand and other Arikara chiefs signed a peace treaty with the United States (US) on July 18, 1825.
3307:
3291:
3087:
2959:
2407:
2313:
716:
696:
688:
654:
455:. The giants did not respect Nishanu who had created them and most of the giants were destroyed by a great
152:
3435:
3153:
2969:
2949:
2929:
2639:
814:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. Native American and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"
276:
112:
2694:
1666:
Picture-writing of the American Indians, 10th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1888-89.
2786:
2562:
2417:
1173:
Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains. Canadian Traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738–1818
2160:
482:, which reduced their population from an estimated 30,000 to 6,000, disrupting their social structure.
3381:
3333:
3009:
2827:
2623:
2567:
2552:
2359:
2129:
557:
310:
299:
2984:
2974:
2689:
489:
All-out war hit the weakened and often divided Arikara. In a burned-down village, (later studied as
3371:
3239:
2939:
1929:
Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-1890.
970:
773:
467:
2684:
2679:
3397:
3143:
2725:
2704:
2618:
2536:
2486:
2384:
2354:
1916:
Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90.
1416:
1231:
1190:
1151:
1112:
1075:
1040:
1011:
723:
2898:
624:
Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan 1851 treaty territory. (Area 529, 620 and 621 south of the Missouri)
535:
The first Arikara delegation left for the capital, Washington, DC, in April 1805, urged by the
471:
Map adapted to show the major movements (approximately) of the Arikara tribe from 1795 to 1862.
2989:
2954:
2944:
2720:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2293:
2112:
2104:
2089:
2001:
1961:
1843:
1773:
1737:
1697:
1632:
1540:
1458:
1408:
1371:
1361:
1322:
1254:
1176:
1137:
1098:
997:
873:
575:
552:
268:
843:
3425:
3148:
2577:
2531:
2491:
2481:
2471:
1400:
1223:
1067:
264:
178:
99:
49:
3163:
2822:
2613:
2587:
2557:
2466:
2456:
2195:
2053:"IU linguists provide Arikara and Pawnee dialogue for Oscar-nominated film 'The Revenant'"
941:"Fluent Arikara speaker dies – KTIV NewsChannel 4 Sioux City IA: News, Weather and Sports"
854:
272:
1890:
Counting Coups and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889.
722:"Mandans, Arickarees and Gros Ventres" were among the first Indian children to arrive at
1824:
Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889.
1811:
Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889.
1794:
Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889.
1756:
Serial 1220, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 5, House Executive Document No. 1, p. 408.
1439:
Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889.
1132:
Ewers, John C. (1988). "The Indian Trade of the Upper Missouri before Lewis and Clark".
3244:
3229:
2756:
2476:
2369:
2263:
927:
704:
498:
295:
136:
31:
2144:. The book was the first published by the Institute of American Indian Studies at the
3419:
3100:
2801:
2730:
2516:
2308:
1404:
1235:
1079:
562:
444:
428:
291:
132:
128:
1289:
3234:
3204:
3199:
3075:
2863:
2858:
2582:
2374:
2364:
2298:
2250:
1420:
1249:
Swagerty, William R. (1988). "Indian Trade in the Trans-Mississippi West to 1870".
708:
525:
521:
346:
321:
228:
86:
944:
1995:
1955:
1837:
1767:
1731:
1691:
1626:
1534:
1452:
1365:
1316:
867:
516:
in the same area for mutual protection. They migrated gradually from present-day
3276:
3184:
3115:
3071:
2853:
2649:
2501:
2318:
2303:
1227:
784:
662:
591:
490:
408:
404:
392:
350:
329:
320:
In the last quarter of the 17th century, the Arikara came under attack from the
287:
Linguistic divergence between Arikara and Pawnee suggests a separation from the
55:
1572:"Serial 289," 24th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 4, House Document No. 181 p. 14.
1251:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 4: History of Indian White Relations
3376:
3224:
2843:
2699:
2526:
2188:
1997:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
1957:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
1839:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
1769:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
1733:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
1693:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
1628:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
1536:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
1454:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
1318:
The village Indians of the upper Missouri: the Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
994:
The Village Indians of the Upper Missouri. The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
544:
456:
164:
Mandan and Arikara delegation. Seated at center: Arikara chief Son of the Star
1676:'s experience with a war party against the Arikara, see: Paul, Eli R. (Ed.):
353:. While traveling or during the seasonal bison hunts, they erected portable
313:
developed, was visited in 1743 by two sons of the French trader and explorer
3194:
3189:
3179:
2511:
2288:
1673:
735:
475:
In the late 18th century, the tribe suffered a high rate of fatalities from
391:
based on an advantageous geographical position combined with a surplus from
1479:
Diplomats in Buckskins. A History of Indian Delegations in Washington City.
1412:
349:. During the sedentary seasons, the Arikara lived primarily in villages of
144:
3095:
2283:
2268:
2242:
2233:
1496:"Researcher sets record straight on famed mountain man Hugh Glass' death"
1071:
517:
479:
476:
432:
412:
365:
1982:
The Way to Independence. Memories of a Hidatsa Indian Family, 1840-1920.
1044:
508:
Due to their reduced numbers, the Arikara started to live closer to the
17:
3105:
3079:
2461:
2258:
2137:
2086:
American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
513:
416:
374:
236:
1367:
One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis and Clark
2141:
1716:
Mattison, R. H.: "Henry A. Boller: Upper Missouri River Fur Trader,"
1435:
Journal of a Fur Trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri, 1812-1813.
509:
448:
232:
1095:
Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811
399:. Historical sources show that the Arikara villages were visited by
2189:"Promoting education and providing opportunities for Arikara youth"
1211:
3120:
2781:
2735:
2338:
2333:
2278:
1594:
Dollar, Clyde D.: "The High Plains Smallpox Epidemic of 1837-38,"
1058:
Buffalohead, Eric (2004). "Dhegihan History: A Personal Journey".
674:
639:
619:
605:
494:
466:
452:
424:
420:
396:
381:
342:
325:
288:
159:
151:
143:
124:
2136:(1974), a study of the cultural relationships among the Arikara,
1615:(Edited by Annie Heloise Abel). Lincoln and London, 1997, p. 181.
1585:(Edited by Annie Heloise Abel). Lincoln and London, 1997, p. 163.
703:. The Arikara "supplied some of the most faithful and effective
400:
355:
3040:
2204:
1807:
Among the Indians. Four Years on the Upper Missouri, 1858-1862.
1631:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 108 and 285, note 76.
1960:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 136–137 and 163–164.
196:
447:
shows similarities with the creation myth of the neighboring
2183:
Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation: Three Affiliated Tribes
2182:
2157:"Institute of American Indian Studies, Overview: Our Future"
1879:
or, Life in Dakota with Genera Custer. Norman, 1968, p. 275.
1720:, Vol. 33, (1966), pp. 106-219, about the fight pp. 203-206.
1437:
New York, 1964, pp. 80, 87, 110 and 113. McGinnis, Anthony:
528:. The remainder of the group was encountered in 1804 by the
451:
people. It begins with the great sky chief Nishanu creating
1842:. University of Nebraska Press. p. map facing p. 112.
199:
181:
2023:"Backdrop for Disaster: Causes of the Arikara War of 1823"
692:
failed and the Lakota killed five Arikara and one Mandan.
505:
Later they negotiated for peace with both village tribes.
190:
1863:
1678:
Autobiography of Red Cloud. War Leader of the Oglalas.
2329:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
2000:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 138 and 156.
1290:"Lewis and Clark . Native Americans. Arikara Indians"
193:
1321:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 14 and 28.
795:
List of Native American peoples in the United States
187:
3364:
3321:
3300:
3269:
3253:
3217:
3172:
3136:
3129:
3086:
3018:
2922:
2836:
2810:
2792:
Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site
2749:
2713:
2632:
2596:
2545:
2449:
2426:
2383:
2347:
2249:
184:
118:
105:
92:
72:
62:
699:, some Arikara served as scouts for Custer in the
3394:History of Native Americans in the United States
1602:, Vol. 58, No. 225, (2013), pp. 9-43, see p. 25.
1171:Wood, Raymond W.; Thiessen, Thomas D. (1987).
547:, memorialized in the 1954 biographical novel
30:"Arikaree" redirects here. For the river, see
3052:
2767:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital
2216:
1905:, Vol. 35, (1968), pp. 442-478, quote p. 445.
1901:Gray, john S.: "Arikara Scouts with Custer,"
1772:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 119.
1736:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 108.
1696:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 121.
1253:. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 351–353.
8:
1539:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 54.
1457:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 48.
1175:. Norman and London. p. 74, column II.
923:
921:
42:
1613:Chardon's Journal at Fort Clark, 1834-1839.
1583:Chardon's Journal at Fort Clark, 1834-1839.
309:An Arikara village, near where present-day
3313:Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion
3133:
3059:
3045:
3037:
2223:
2209:
2201:
1809:Lincoln, 1972, p. 154. McGinnis, Anthony:
1195:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1156:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1117:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1016:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
41:
3292:Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876)
2103:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1980:Gilman, Carolyn and Mary Jane Schneider:
1670:Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 61
1489:
1487:
839:
837:
387:The Arikara played a central role in the
3451:Late Prehistoric period of North America
3345:United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians
1931:Lincoln and London, 1982, p. 54 and 113.
1672:. Washington, 1918. For the later chief
3026:Native American place names in Nebraska
805:
3446:Native American tribes in South Dakota
3441:Native American tribes in North Dakota
1563:Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, pp. 237-239.
1188:
1149:
1110:
1009:
967:"MHA Nation – Three Affiliated Tribes"
869:Encyclopedia of Native American tribes
730:, in Virginia for schooling, in 1878.
54:An Arikara warrior, ca. 1840–1843, by
2101:The Languages of Native North America
2088:, New York: Oxford University Press.
2030:South Dakota State Historical Society
1296:from the original on January 15, 2010
1136:. Norman and London. pp. 15–16.
628:The goal of the United States in the
7:
1370:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 310.
847:Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation.
742:The three tribes are settled on the
555:, the 2002 historical fiction novel
389:Great Plains Indian trading networks
231:. Today, they are enrolled with the
156:Arikara man wearing a bearskin, 1908
73:Regions with significant populations
3456:Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation
2990:Fontenelle Forest Historic District
2874:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site
2051:Nolan, Bethany (February 3, 2016).
1944:, Vol. 61 (1994), No. 2, pp. 10-36.
1521:South Dakota Historical Collections
872:. Infobase Publishing. p. 26.
780:Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation
245:Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation
148:Pre-contact distribution of Arikara
1653:Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties.
1561:Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties.
996:. Lincoln and London. p. 24.
790:Native American tribes in Nebraska
25:
2797:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
2441:Nebraska Indian Community College
2274:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
1984:St. Paul, 1987, p. 242, column I.
1918:Lincoln and London, 1982, p. 112.
1655:Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594.
1134:Indian Life on the Upper Missouri
844:"History: The Sahnish (Arikara)."
571:, an adaptation of Punke's book.
2232:
1405:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2010.00270.x
744:Fort Berthold Indian Reservation
558:The Revenant: A Novel of Revenge
294:in about the 15th century. The
177:
79:
48:
2995:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites
2879:Frank Parker Archeological Site
1481:Washington, D.C., 1981, p. 159.
969:. mhanation.com. Archived from
905:Buffalo Bill Center of the West
901:"Paul Dyck Collection: Arikara"
866:Carl Waldman (September 2006).
3339:The Journey Museum and Gardens
2965:Farwell Archeological District
2762:Genoa Indian Industrial School
2057:Indiana University Bloomington
1:
3287:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
3282:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
2970:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site
2914:Table Rock Archeological Site
2884:Sweetwater Archeological Site
2777:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House
2741:Cunningham Archeological Site
2609:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
2604:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
2537:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse
1826:Evergreen, 1990, pp. 120-121.
1523:, Vol. 1 (1902), pp. 179-256.
1344:The American Indian Quarterly
734:of hunting buffalo. With the
3356:Republic of Lakotah proposal
2670:Fullerton Archeological Site
2436:Little Priest Tribal College
1596:Western Historical Quarterly
713:Battle of the Little Bighorn
341:The Arikara lived as a semi-
3088:Historic and present tribes
2909:Humphrey Archeological Site
2904:Schrader Archeological Site
2665:Schrader Archeological Site
2324:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
2251:Historic and present tribes
1994:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1954:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1836:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1766:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1730:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1690:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1625:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1533:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1451:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1441:Evergreen, 1990, pp. 19-20.
1315:Meyer, Roy Willard (1977).
1276:Creation Myths of the World
1228:10.1080/0043824042000329540
271:. Arikara is close to the
3472:
3392:For more information, see
3351:Lakota Nation Invitational
3329:Seizure of the Black Hills
3277:History of the Black Hills
3005:Wiseman Archeological Site
3000:Schulte Archeological Site
2894:Ashland Archeological Site
2889:Burkett Archeological Site
2655:Horse Creek Pawnee Village
2497:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy
2146:University of South Dakota
2099:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
2021:Nichols, Roger L. (1984).
1680:Helena, 1997, pp. 125-135.
1210:Fiedel, Stuart J. (2005).
1097:. Ann Arbor. p. 165.
943:. ktiv.com. Archived from
728:historically black college
537:Lewis and Clark Expedition
530:Lewis and Clark Expedition
304:National Historic Landmark
241:federally recognized tribe
29:
3390:
2573:Battle of Warbonnet Creek
2522:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
2429:colleges and universities
2159:. usd.edu. Archived from
853:November 9, 2011, at the
849:(Retrieved Sep 29, 2011)
123:
110:
97:
77:
67:
47:
3322:Modern events and places
2645:Pike-Pawnee Village Site
2507:Susan La Flesche Picotte
2084:Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
1892:Evergreen, 1990, p. 133.
1813:Evergreen, 1990, p. 102.
1796:Evergreen, 1990, p. 121.
1066:(192): 327–343. p. 332.
3308:Great Sioux Reservation
2980:Kurz Omaha Village Site
2923:Other precontact places
2675:Oto Indian Village Site
2314:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
2134:Three Affiliated Tribes
1862:Also American Memory. (
1805:E.g. Boller, Henry A.:
1093:Bradbury, John (1966).
1039:(22): 271–284, p. 276.
719:(now Montana) in 1876.
717:Crow Indian Reservation
701:Little Bighorn Campaign
697:Great Sioux War of 1876
689:George Armstrong Custer
655:Like-a-Fishhook Village
269:Caddoan language family
3254:Traditional narratives
2960:Nehawka Flint Quarries
2950:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
2837:Precontact communities
2714:Historic sacred places
2194:March 4, 2016, at the
1875:Custer, Elizabeth B.:
1033:Great Plains Quarterly
992:Meyer, Roy W. (1977).
687:In June 1874, Colonel
684:
645:
630:Laramie Treaty of 1851
625:
612:
472:
165:
157:
149:
113:Native American Church
2787:Moses Merrill Mission
2750:Other historic places
2597:Historic reservations
2563:Battle of Mud Springs
1864:http://memory.loc.gov
1651:Kappler, Charles J.:
1600:Plains Anthropologist
1559:Kappler, Charles J.:
1060:Plains Anthropologist
678:
643:
623:
609:
470:
337:Culture and lifestyle
277:mutually intelligible
163:
155:
147:
119:Related ethnic groups
3382:Charmaine White Face
3334:Crazy Horse Memorial
2650:Skidi Pawnee Village
2633:Historic communities
2568:Battle of Rush Creek
2553:Battle of Ash Hollow
2385:Present reservations
2360:Omaha-Ponca language
2163:on November 10, 2010
2132:and Cash, Joseph H.
2063:on December 15, 2019
1942:North Dakota History
1903:North Dakota History
1718:North Dakota History
1500:The Billings Gazette
1072:10.1179/pan.2004.022
565:, and the 2015 film
311:Pierre, South Dakota
300:Pierre, South Dakota
3372:Charlotte Black Elk
3240:Inyan Kara Mountain
2940:Walker Gilmore site
2695:Theodore Davis Site
1927:Dunlay, Thomas W.:
1914:Dunlay, Thomas W.:
1888:McGinnis, Anthony:
1877:"Boots and Saddles"
1822:McGinnis, Anthony:
1792:McGinnis, Anthony:
947:on January 30, 2010
774:Crow Creek massacre
683:on the Yellowstone.
275:, but they are not
267:is a member of the
44:
2811:Precontact peoples
2487:Francis La Flesche
2185:, official website
1664:Mallery, Garrick:
1477:Viola, Herman J.:
1433:Lutting, John C.:
1362:Calloway, Colin G.
1274:Leeming, David A.
750:In popular culture
711:, fell during the
685:
646:
626:
616:History up to 1900
613:
473:
463:History up to 1850
302:, designated as a
166:
158:
150:
3413:
3412:
3213:
3212:
3034:
3033:
2955:Woodcliff Burials
2492:Joseph La Flesche
2348:Present languages
2294:Northern Cheyenne
1216:World Archaeology
879:978-0-8160-6274-4
754:In the 2015 film
746:in North Dakota.
724:Hampton Institute
576:Henry Leavenworth
553:Frederick Manfred
298:near present-day
223:, are a tribe of
207:), also known as
142:
141:
68:792 (2010 census)
16:(Redirected from
3463:
3396:. Nearby modern
3245:Six Grandfathers
3218:Spiritual places
3149:Sherman Coolidge
3134:
3130:Historic figures
3068:Native Americans
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
2660:Cottonwood Creek
2640:Ton'wontongathon
2578:Grattan massacre
2532:James Young Deer
2482:Logan Fontenelle
2472:Joba Chamberlain
2450:Historic figures
2239:Native Americans
2237:
2236:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2059:. Archived from
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1622:
1616:
1611:Chardon, F. A.:
1609:
1603:
1592:
1586:
1581:Chardon, F. A.:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1007:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
973:on June 14, 2011
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
937:
931:
930:(18th ed., 2015)
925:
916:
915:
913:
911:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
863:
857:
841:
832:
831:
829:
827:
818:
810:
265:Arikara language
225:Native Americans
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
176:
85:
83:
82:
63:Total population
52:
45:
21:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3431:Caddoan peoples
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3386:
3360:
3317:
3301:Historic places
3296:
3270:Historic events
3265:
3249:
3209:
3168:
3164:Margaret Poisal
3125:
3082:
3065:
3035:
3030:
3014:
3010:Durflinger Site
2918:
2832:
2806:
2772:Indian agencies
2745:
2709:
2628:
2592:
2588:Indian Congress
2558:Massacre Canyon
2546:Historic events
2541:
2467:Chief Blackbird
2457:Antonine Barada
2445:
2428:
2422:
2379:
2343:
2245:
2231:
2229:
2196:Wayback Machine
2179:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2130:Gerald W. Wolff
2126:
2124:Further reading
2081:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1494:French, Brett.
1493:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1187:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1008:
1004:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
939:
938:
934:
926:
919:
909:
907:
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
880:
865:
864:
860:
855:Wayback Machine
842:
835:
825:
823:
816:
812:
811:
807:
803:
770:
752:
681:Honsinger Bluff
618:
465:
441:
339:
285:
273:Pawnee language
261:
253:
180:
174:
173:
80:
78:
58:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Black Elk Peak
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Patterson Site
2982:
2977:
2975:Barneston Site
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Central Plains
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:Blackbird Hill
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Woodcliff Site
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Larry EchoHawk
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2427:Present tribal
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:Sioux language
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2178:
2177:External links
2175:
2174:
2173:
2153:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2097:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2043:
2013:
2006:
1986:
1973:
1966:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1848:
1828:
1815:
1798:
1785:
1778:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1722:
1709:
1702:
1682:
1657:
1644:
1637:
1617:
1604:
1587:
1574:
1565:
1552:
1545:
1525:
1512:
1483:
1470:
1463:
1443:
1426:
1383:
1376:
1353:
1334:
1327:
1307:
1281:
1266:
1259:
1241:
1202:
1181:
1163:
1142:
1124:
1103:
1085:
1050:
1023:
1002:
984:
958:
932:
928:SIL Ethnologue
917:
892:
878:
858:
833:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
769:
766:
751:
748:
617:
614:
464:
461:
440:
437:
345:people on the
338:
335:
296:Arzberger site
284:
281:
260:
257:
252:
249:
140:
139:
121:
120:
116:
115:
111:Christianity,
108:
107:
103:
102:
95:
94:
90:
89:
75:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
53:
38:
32:Arikaree River
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3468:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Plains tribes
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:Modern people
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Site JF00-072
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2802:Ionia Volcano
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Lalawakohtito
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Standing Bear
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:0-521-29875-X
2114:
2110:
2109:0-521-23228-7
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:0-19-509427-1
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2032:. p. 107
2031:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2007:0-8032-0913-4
2003:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1967:0-8032-0913-4
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1849:0-8032-0913-4
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1779:0-8032-0913-4
1775:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1743:0-8032-0913-4
1739:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1703:0-8032-0913-4
1699:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1638:0-8032-0913-4
1634:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1546:0-8032-0913-4
1542:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1464:0-8032-0913-4
1460:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:The Historian
1387:
1384:
1379:
1377:0-8032-6465-8
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1328:0-8032-0913-4
1324:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1278:. p. 50.
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1260:0-16-080388-8
1256:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1182:0-8061-1899-7
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1143:0-8061-2141-6
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1104:0-8032-6076-8
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1005:
1003:0-8032-0913-4
999:
995:
988:
985:
972:
968:
962:
959:
946:
942:
936:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
906:
902:
896:
893:
881:
875:
871:
870:
862:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
840:
838:
834:
822:
815:
809:
806:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
767:
765:
763:
759:
758:
749:
747:
745:
740:
737:
731:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:Indian scouts
702:
698:
693:
690:
682:
677:
673:
669:
666:
664:
658:
656:
650:
642:
638:
634:
631:
622:
615:
608:
604:
601:
596:
593:
587:
583:
580:
577:
572:
570:
569:
564:
563:Michael Punke
560:
559:
554:
550:
546:
540:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
483:
481:
478:
469:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:creation myth
438:
436:
434:
430:
429:Plains Apache
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
369:
367:
361:
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
336:
334:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
283:Early history
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
256:
250:
248:
246:
243:known as the
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
171:
162:
154:
146:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
114:
109:
104:
101:
96:
91:
88:
76:
71:
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
3398:reservations
3343:
3235:Devils Tower
3205:Spotted Tail
3200:Sitting Bull
3110:
3076:South Dakota
3019:Other topics
2864:Signal Butte
2859:Schultz site
2828:Dismal River
2685:McClean Site
2680:Leshara Site
2583:Cheyenne War
2413:Santee Sioux
2375:Sac language
2365:Fox language
2339:Skidi Pawnee
2167:November 14,
2165:. Retrieved
2161:the original
2133:
2100:
2085:
2079:Bibliography
2065:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2056:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2029:
2016:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1858:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1505:December 27,
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1478:
1473:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1366:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1317:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1269:
1250:
1244:
1222:(1): 15–16.
1219:
1215:
1205:
1172:
1166:
1133:
1127:
1094:
1088:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1036:
1032:
1026:
993:
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
961:
949:. Retrieved
945:the original
935:
908:. Retrieved
904:
895:
885:November 22,
883:. Retrieved
868:
861:
846:
824:. Retrieved
820:
808:
762:Andrew Henry
757:The Revenant
755:
753:
741:
732:
721:
709:Bloody Knife
694:
686:
670:
667:
659:
651:
647:
635:
627:
599:
597:
588:
584:
581:
573:
568:The Revenant
566:
556:
549:Lord Grizzly
548:
541:
534:
526:North Dakota
522:South Dakota
507:
503:
488:
484:
474:
443:The Arikara
442:
386:
373:
370:
362:
354:
351:earth lodges
347:Great Plains
340:
319:
315:La Vérendrye
308:
286:
262:
254:
229:North Dakota
220:
216:
212:
208:
169:
167:
87:North Dakota
39:Ethnic group
36:
27:Ethnic group
3185:Crazy Horse
3072:Black Hills
2935:Indian Hill
2930:Indian Cave
2869:Site 25SM20
2726:Ahkawitakol
2705:Wright Site
2502:Petalesharo
2408:Sac and Fox
2067:January 29,
2036:January 29,
1300:January 28,
1292:. pbs.org.
977:January 28,
951:January 28,
910:February 7,
826:January 18,
785:Arikara War
695:During the
663:Assiniboine
592:Henry Dodge
491:Larson Site
405:Assiniboine
393:agriculture
56:Karl Bodmer
3420:Categories
3402:Pine Ridge
3377:JoAnn Tall
3261:Great Race
3225:Bear Butte
3159:Little Owl
3144:Black Bear
2899:Yutan Site
2849:Ash Hollow
2844:Leary Site
2700:Kelso Site
2527:Jim Thorpe
2150:Vermillion
1399:(3): 559.
821:census.gov
801:References
545:Hugh Glass
175:English:
3195:Red Cloud
3190:Lone Horn
3180:Black Elk
2512:Red Cloud
2418:Winnebago
2289:Missouria
1674:Red Cloud
1236:161477134
1191:cite book
1152:cite book
1113:cite book
1080:164079603
1012:cite book
736:Dawes Act
600:Mitutanka
480:epidemics
439:Mythology
98:English,
93:Languages
3096:Cheyenne
2823:Woodland
2624:Niobrara
2284:Meskwaki
2269:Comanche
2243:Nebraska
2192:Archived
1413:21140933
1364:(2006).
1294:Archived
1045:23533249
851:Archived
768:See also
574:Colonel
518:Nebraska
499:Missouri
477:smallpox
433:Comanche
413:Cheyenne
366:smallpox
328:and the
259:Language
251:Synonymy
235:and the
213:Arikaree
106:Religion
18:Arikaras
3426:Arikara
3406:Rosebud
3137:Arapaho
3111:Arikara
3106:Arapaho
3080:Wyoming
3070:in the
2462:Big Elk
2264:Arikara
2259:Arapaho
2138:Hidatsa
2111:(hbk);
1421:1788440
776:of 1325
715:in the
611:tribes.
514:Hidatsa
417:Arapaho
375:travois
343:nomadic
239:as the
237:Hidatsa
209:Sahnish
170:Arikara
137:Wichita
100:Arikara
43:Arikara
3173:Lakota
3154:Friday
3101:Lakota
2854:Coufal
2619:Pawnee
2309:Pawnee
2142:Mandan
2140:, and
2115:
2107:
2092:
2004:
1964:
1846:
1776:
1740:
1700:
1635:
1543:
1461:
1419:
1411:
1374:
1325:
1257:
1234:
1179:
1140:
1101:
1078:
1043:
1000:
876:
510:Mandan
453:giants
449:Mandan
292:Pawnee
233:Mandan
133:Pawnee
129:Kichai
84:
3121:Kiowa
2782:Nanza
2736:Pahuk
2721:Pahur
2403:Ponca
2398:Omaha
2393:Ioway
2355:Hocak
2334:Sioux
2299:Omaha
2279:Kiowa
2026:(PDF)
1417:S2CID
1232:S2CID
1076:S2CID
1041:JSTOR
817:(PDF)
524:into
495:Sioux
457:flood
425:Kiowa
421:Sioux
397:craft
382:bison
356:tipis
326:Ponca
322:Omaha
289:Skidi
221:Hundi
219:, or
125:Caddo
3404:and
3400:are
3116:Crow
3078:and
2304:Otoe
2169:2010
2113:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2069:2022
2038:2022
2002:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1507:2016
1459:ISBN
1409:PMID
1372:ISBN
1350:(1).
1323:ISBN
1302:2010
1255:ISBN
1197:link
1177:ISBN
1158:link
1138:ISBN
1119:link
1099:ISBN
1018:link
998:ISBN
979:2010
953:2010
912:2024
887:2011
874:ISBN
828:2015
726:, a
520:and
512:and
431:and
409:Crow
401:Cree
395:and
330:Iowa
263:The
168:The
135:and
3074:of
2614:Oto
2319:Sac
2241:in
2148:at
1401:doi
1224:doi
1068:doi
561:by
551:by
227:in
217:Ree
3422::
2055:.
2028:.
1498:.
1486:^
1415:.
1407:.
1397:72
1395:.
1348:39
1346:.
1230:.
1220:37
1218:.
1214:.
1193:}}
1189:{{
1154:}}
1150:{{
1115:}}
1111:{{
1074:.
1064:49
1062:.
1035:.
1014:}}
1010:{{
920:^
903:.
836:^
819:.
665:.
532:.
501:.
435:.
427:,
423:,
419:,
415:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
384:.
317:.
247:.
215:,
211:,
197:ər
131:,
127:,
3408:.
3060:e
3053:t
3046:v
2224:e
2217:t
2210:v
2171:.
2152:.
2119:.
2096:.
2071:.
2040:.
2010:.
1970:.
1852:.
1782:.
1746:.
1706:.
1641:.
1549:.
1509:.
1467:.
1423:.
1403::
1380:.
1331:.
1304:.
1263:.
1238:.
1226::
1199:)
1185:.
1160:)
1146:.
1121:)
1107:.
1082:.
1070::
1047:.
1037:4
1020:)
1006:.
981:.
955:.
914:.
889:.
830:.
377:,
324:/
203:/
200:ə
194:k
191:ɪ
188:r
185:ˈ
182:ə
179:/
172:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
