47:
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285:
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868:, local askaris were recruited. These were used to keep the peace in the nation-sized colonies. During the 20th century, all the indigenous troops were merged into a Portuguese colonial army. This military was segregated along lines of race, and until 1960 there were three classes of soldiers: commissioned soldiers (European whites), overseas soldiers (black African "civilizados") and native soldiers (Africans who lived in the Portuguese colonies). These categories were renamed to 1st, 2nd and 3rd class in 1960—which effectively corresponded to the same classification.
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898:(APLA) operatives using both orthodox and unorthodox methods during interrogation, often involving torture. Other askaris were MK operatives who had been abducted by the Security Branch from neighbouring states. Several abductees remain disappeared and are believed to have been killed. The threats of death used to ‘turn’ askaris were not idle. During the
929:
authority in operational situations or criminal matters were seldom punished. Generally askaris were extremely effective. Because of their internal experience of MK structures, they were invaluable in identifying potential suspects, in infiltrating networks, in interrogations and in giving evidence for the state in trials.
890:, providing information, identifying and tracing former comrades. A number were also operationally deployed. Former members of the liberation movements became askaris if they defected from the liberation movements of their own accord or if they were arrested or captured. In some cases, attempts were made to ‘turn’ captured
161:
During the period of the
European colonial empires in Africa, locally recruited soldiers designated as askaris were employed by the Italian, British, Portuguese, German and Belgian colonial armies. They played a crucial role in the conquest of the various colonial possessions, and subsequently served
928:
testified that he had set up a spy network amongst the askaris and used electronic surveillance. He told the
Amnesty Committee that he had also established a disciplinary structure to deal with internal issues and other infractions by askaris and white officers. However, askaris who exceeded their
909:
hearing in July 1999, Mr Chris
Mosiane testified: "In the initial stages askaris were used as police dogs to sniff out insurgents with white SB as their handlers. Black SB were used to monitor the askaris." Askaris were initially treated as informers and were paid from a secret fund. Later, they
985:. A Beowulf representative said that 400 of the workers "had impressed the US Army with their skill and experience", but complained that some of the workers lacked police or security experience and "didn't even know how to hold a gun". At least eleven other Ugandan recruiters include
960:
Widely deployed
Ugandan private security guards are also designated as askari. Guards were to receive $ 1,000 monthly salary and an $ 80,000 bonus if shot, but many have complained that the money was not paid or unfair fees assessed. The guards work for recruiting agencies such as
327:. The designation of "askari" was retained for locally recruited troops in the King's African Rifles, smaller military units and police forces in the colonies until the end of colonial rule in Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda during the period 1961–63. After independence, the term
442:
Only a few claimants could produce the certificates given to them in 1918; others provided pieces of their old uniforms as proof of service. The banker who had brought the money came up with an idea: each claimant was handed a broom and ordered in German to perform the
758:
with coloured tufts and waist sashes that varied according to each unit. As examples, the 17th
Eritrean Battalion had black and white tufts and vertically striped sashes; while the 64th Eritrean Battalion wore both of these items in scarlet and purple.
918:
and were paid an SAP salary. While deployed in the regions, they were paid an additional amount, which was usually generated by making false claims to a secret fund. After successful operations they usually received bonuses. The askaris used
816:
As noted above "askari" was normally a designation used in Sub-Saharan Africa. Exceptionally though, the term "askari" was also used by the
Spanish colonial government in North-West Africa, in respect not of their regular Moroccan troops (see
1081:
923:
as an operational base and resided in the townships where they attempted to maintain their cover as underground MK operatives. Although a few askaris escaped, most were far too frightened to attempt it. At his amnesty hearing, Colonel
46:
480:
709:
Out of a total of 256,000 Italian troops serving in
Italian East Africa in 1940, about 182,000 were recruited from Eritrea, Somalia and the recently occupied (1935–36) Ethiopia. When in January 1941,
495:
1078:
523:
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468:
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as garrison and internal security forces. During both World Wars, askari units also served outside their colonies of origin, in various parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In
388:
tribal groups. They were harshly disciplined but well paid and highly trained by German cadres who were themselves subject to a rigorous selection process. Prior to 1914 the basic
507:
1238:
146:. In French, the word is used only in reference to native troops outside the French colonial empire. The designation is still in occasional use today to informally describe
1373:
899:
276:, the askaris were organised into a combined military and police force, which was commanded by white Belgian officers and both native and white non commissioned officers.
323:
From 1895 the
British askaris were organised into a regular, disciplined and uniformed force called the East African Rifles, later forming part of the multi-battalion
1165:""Ethiopia & Eritrea: Healing Past Wounds and Building Strong People-to-People Relationships" - Disillusionment of International Law and National Strangulations"
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320:. There was no official uniform, nor standardised weaponry. Many of the askaris campaigned in their native dress. Officers usually wore civilian clothes.
1488:
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790:. The Sciumbasci-capos (staff-sergeants) were the senior Eritrean non-commissioned officers, chosen in part according to their performance in battle.
762:
White uniforms were worn for parade (see illustration) with khaki for other duties. The Somali ascari were similarly dressed, though with knee length
607:
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provided pension payments to the German askaris. Due to interruptions during the worldwide depression and World War II, the parliament of the
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305:
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886:, especially during the 1980s, Askari was the term used to describe former members of the liberation movements who came to work for the
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ancestry. Of these troops, the first
Eritrean battalions were raised in 1888 from Muslim and Christian volunteers, replacing an earlier
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64:
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Askaris were primarily used to infiltrate groups and to identify former comrades with whom they had trained in other countries. At the
1518:
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Histoire de la Force
Publique (History of the Force Publique) by Lieutenant-General Emile Janssens, Wasmael-Chalier of Namur in 1979
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293:
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comprising seven or eight German officers and NCOs with between 150 and 200 askaris (usually 160)—including two machine gun teams.
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for a South Asian soldier or a person of South Asian origin. Words for '(regular) soldier' derived from these words are found in
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They were successfully used in German East Africa where 11,000 askaris, porters and their European officers, commanded by
618:
and light artillery units. Somali personnel were later recruited to serve with Royal Italian Navy ships operating in the
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409:
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called "meharisti" had been added. Those Eritrean camel units were also deployed in Libya after 1932. During the 1930s
1493:
1096:
TRC Final Report, Volume 6, Section 3, Chapter 1 "Key Security Force Units Involved in Gross Human Rights Violations"
643:
432:
106:, meaning 'soldier' or 'military', also 'police' in Somali) was a local soldier serving in the armies of the European
380:) in about 1888. Originally drawn from Sudanese mercenaries, the German askaris were subsequently recruited from the
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hearings, amnesty applications revealed that several operatives were killed for steadfastly refusing to co-operate.
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The Eritrean and Somali Ascari had the following ranks, from simple soldier to senior non commissioned officer:
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identified approximately 350 ex-askaris and set up a temporary cashiers office at Mwanza on Lake Victoria.
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435:(West Germany) voted in 1964 to fund the back pay of the askaris still alive. The West German embassy at
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Initially the Eritrean Ascaris comprised only infantry battalions, although Eritrean cavalry squadrons (
970:
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Eritrea colonial history, Eritrean ascari pictures/photos galleries and videos, historical atlas...
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in 1913. They were known as the "Mehal-la Jalifianas". This was the equivalent of the better known
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African Troops in the Portuguese Colonial Army, 1961-1974: Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique
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troops to serve with Italian officers and some NCOs. These forces comprised infantry, cavalry,
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against numerically superior British, Portuguese and Belgian colonial forces until the end of
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that year. Expanded to eight battalions, the Eritrean ascaris fought with distinction at
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Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures: Continental Europe and its Colonies
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Jose Bueno, page 48 "Uniformes de las Unidades Militares de la Ciudad de Melilla"
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Jose Bueno, page 39"Uniformes de las Unidades Militares de la Ciudad de Melilla"
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were also designated as "askaris", as were the other ranks of the Native Police (
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Such small independent commands were often supplemented by tribal irregulars or
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in its colonies. The main concentration of such locally recruited troops was in
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734:) and mountain artillery batteries were subsequently raised. By 1922 units of
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continued to be used to refer to soldiers in former British colonies.
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969:, a receiving company in Iraq, which subcontracts their services to
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The first askaris formed in German East Africa were raised by DOAG (
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1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
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All commissioned officers of the Eritrean Ascari were Italian.
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Moyd, Michelle "Askari and Askari Myth" in Prem Poddar et al.
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remained loyal until the Italian surrender four months later.
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battalions in existence by 1891 were incorporated into the
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Ascari: I Leoni di Eritrea/Ascari: The Lions of Eritrea.
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Italians and Eritrean Ascari - a colonial troop of 1889
204:) 'soldier'. The Persian word is a derivation from the
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Collection of about 200 pictures listed by categories.
1289:, Portuguese Studies Review 10 (1) (2002), pp. 129–50
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Many of the Askaris in Eritrea were drawn from local
199:
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Eritrean regiments in Italian service wore high red
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1454:Truth and Reconciliation Commission "Final Report"
349:employed native troops with European officers and
706:and subsequently served in Libya and Ethiopia.
414:managed to fight a successful guerilla campaign
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361:), formed in 1881 after the transfer of the
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545:Askari standard bearer, German East Africa
45:
27:Local soldier of a colonial army in Africa
1236:Book image of Spanish "Tropas coloniales"
864:, and most other African colonies of the
166:the term refers to former members of the
840:or desert police serving in the Spanish
1206:"Ascari del tenente Indro (in Italian)"
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308:raised units of askaris from among the
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1479:Military history of German East Africa
952:dedicated to Askari who fought in the
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7:
1390:"Uganda: Askaris in Iraq Ripped Off"
306:Imperial British East Africa Company
126:. The word is used in this sense in
1371:Kiswahili Radio Report (in Swahili)
1130:, Edinburgh University Press, 2008.
973:, an American company hired by the
900:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
474:Askari in German army uniform, 1915
447:. Not one of them failed the test.
194:
96:
65:East African campaign (World War I)
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1489:People of former Italian colonies
392:unit in Southeast Africa was the
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714:invaded Ethiopia in January 1941
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1115:Armies of the 19thC East Africa
977:to provide security guards for
486:Germans and Askaris during the
1117:Chris Peer, Foundry books 2003
1011:destroyer during World War II
878:Security Branch (South Africa)
684:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
595:Italian Ascari troops in Libya
369:) to German imperial control.
1:
1423:African World War II Veterans
557:German-Ostafrika Memorial in
220:also is the root of the word
1170:. Ethiomedia. Archived from
410:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck
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174:government security forces.
1469:German Army (German Empire)
1285:Coelho, João Paulo Borges,
784:Bulukbasci (lance-sergeant)
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378:German East Africa Company
339:The German Colonial Army (
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1519:Persian words and phrases
1509:Apartheid in South Africa
1484:Swahili words and phrases
1392:. New Vision. 2007-08-12.
910:were integrated into the
666:, who reputedly had some
636:First Italo–Ethiopian War
44:
1514:Arabic words and phrases
646:and in the World War II
1084:April 20, 2008, at the
963:Askar Security Services
662:populations, including
622:. The Italian askaris (
32:Askari (disambiguation)
1376:July 22, 2011, at the
1241:April 3, 2012, at the
1048:(Spanish North Africa)
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872:Apartheid South Africa
862:Portuguese West Africa
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529:Askaris on the march (
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114:, particularly in the
1413:at Wikimedia Commons
967:Beowulf International
965:, which are hired by
954:East African Campaign
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788:Sciumbasci (sergeant)
746:units to the Ascari.
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488:East African Campaign
325:King's African Rifles
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1177:on 24 September 2015
987:Dresak International
912:South African Police
602:The Italian army in
501:Askaris in training
170:who defected to the
168:liberation movements
30:For other uses, see
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1304:sabctrc.saha.org.za
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640:Italian-Turkish War
604:Italian East Africa
116:African Great Lakes
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1153:30/1975, pp. 64–65
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355:German East Africa
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1042:Tiradores de Ifni
892:uMkhonto we Sizwe
866:Portuguese Empire
780:Muntaz (corporal)
664:Hamid Idris Awate
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733:
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707:
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274:Belgian Congo
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1200:
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1172:the original
1158:
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744:armored cars
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724:Organisation
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620:Indian Ocean
601:
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429:Nazi Germany
427:and pre-war
422:
407:
400:
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394:Feldkompanie
393:
390:Schutztruppe
389:
373:
371:
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342:Schutztruppe
340:
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271:
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217:
182:
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164:South Africa
160:
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1151:DER SPIEGEL
1052:Tirailleurs
742:added some
678:. The four
628:Mahdist War
418:World War I
152:gendarmerie
61:Engagements
1463:Categories
1222:2011-10-12
1181:24 January
1067:References
876:See also:
676:irregulars
606:recruited
298:Edward VII
294:coronation
236:Indonesian
144:Portuguese
1058:USS
1046:Regulares
921:Vlakplaas
916:constable
884:Apartheid
852:in 1909.
819:regulares
674:corps of
420:in 1918.
402:Ruga-Ruga
345:) of the
201:'ʿaskarī'
187:loan word
178:Etymology
172:Apartheid
1374:Archived
1239:Archived
1213:Archived
1143:Archived
1100:Archived
1082:Archived
997:See also
950:Tanzania
907:Pretoria
894:(MK) or
827:Goumiers
750:Uniforms
688:Serobeti
680:Indigeni
608:Eritrean
359:Tanzania
314:Sudanese
53:Pretoria
983:Baghdad
882:During
850:Melilla
696:Kassala
692:Agordat
660:Nilotic
654:History
559:Aumühle
318:Somalis
300:in 1902
292:at the
272:In the
252:Turkish
248:Swahili
218:lashkar
212:lashkar
191:Persian
136:Italian
128:English
103:ʿaskarī
89:Swahili
18:Askaris
1446:, in:
1444:Askari
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1032:Lascar
1004:Ascari
842:Sahara
812:, 1860
806:Askari
776:Ascari
764:shorts
756:fezzes
700:Coatit
624:ascari
612:Somali
386:Angoni
382:Wahehe
329:Askari
312:, the
254:, and
244:Somali
232:Arabic
223:lascar
183:Askari
148:police
142:, and
132:German
112:Africa
93:Arabic
91:, and
85:Somali
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77:askari
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40:Askari
1216:(PDF)
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1037:Sepoy
770:Ranks
515:Tanga
376:—the
357:(now
240:Malay
228:Azeri
208:word
195:عسكري
189:from
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97:عسكري
1271:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1183:2015
1044:and
989:and
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316:and
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