642:
699:
393:
87:
478:
512:), corroboration of what is stated in the Book of Esther. In addition Herodotus mentions an assembly of Persian nobles called by Xerxes to advise him on the proposed war against Greece. Although Herodotus does not give the location of this assembly, the date – "after Egypt was subdued" – corresponds to Xerxes' third year when Esther records an assembly of Persian nobility at a feast. (Histories VII.8) Herodotus also mentions that following his
741:. Thus this Ahasuerus is commonly identified with Astyages. He is alternatively identified, together with the Ahasuerus of the Book of Tobit, as Cyaxares I, said to be the father of Astyages. Views differ on how to reconcile the sources in this case. One view is that the description of Ahasuerus as the "father" of Darius the Mede should be understood in the broader sense of "forebear" or "ancestor." Another view notes that on the
1587:
45:
507:
describes Xerxes I as being susceptible to women and in the habit of making extravagant offers to them, just as he did to Esther ("up to half my kingdom"). Herodotus mentions that the
Persian empire stretched from India to Ethiopia and also refers to the magnificent royal palace in Shushan
520:
intrigues involving his wife
Amestris and his daughter-in-law, with whom he became enamoured. (Histories IX.108) Herodotus relates this occurred in the tenth month of his seventh year as king – the same time Ahasuerus was choosing beautiful women for his harem (Esther
825:
1185:
Xerxes could not have wed a Jewess because this was contrary to the practices of
Persian monarchs who married only into one of the seven leading Persian families. History records that Xerxes was married to Amestris, not
629:
162). These sources thus arguably identify
Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II in light of the names used in the Hebrew and Greek sources and accords with the contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus and
819:, his true name is held to be Ahasuerus – even though the Biblical King is not described as a Jew and nothing in the Biblical account of him is similar to that myth. This is the name by which
1100:
The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes.
745:, "Cyaxares" is a family name, and thus considers the description as literal, viewing Astyages as an intermediate ruler wrongly placed in the family line in the Greek sources.
1147:
Although the details of its setting are entirely plausible and the story may even have some basis in actual events, in terms of literary genre the book is not history.
553:
identify him as
Artaxerxes. Many historians and exegetes from ancient times and the middle ages also identified Ahasuerus with Artaxerxes I, including, most notably,
641:
1612:
651:
698:
1677:
1984:
66:
53:
392:
2200:
1506:
1253:
1133:
1086:
703:
91:
524:
Annals from the reign of Xerxes I mention an otherwise unattested official by the name of "Marduka", which some have proposed refers to
1113:
1066:
457:
or Esther. Moreover, it is understood that
Persian kings did not marry outside a restricted number of Persian noble families. In the
1628:
154:
1597:
1697:
1546:
86:
1531:
Maas, Anthony (1907). Assuerus. In The
Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved April 15, 2009 from
978:
962:
2210:
2205:
970:
2195:
2019:
1904:
914:
226:
2029:
1951:
1909:
1670:
1218:"Esther 1 And it came to pass in the days of Artaxerxes. This Artaxerxes held a hundred twenty-seven regions from India"
1015:
950:
477:
537:
While today the king of Esther is usually identified as Xerxes I, the ancient traditions identify him with his son,
1977:
2190:
966:
453:
between 486 and 465 BC. Outside of the book of Esther, history records that Xerxes was married to
Amestris, not
2215:
1930:
958:
492:
Numerous scholars have proposed theories as to who
Ahasuerus represents. Most scholars today identify him with
2025:
1935:
1817:
1663:
921:
894:
874:
58:
1011:
905:
496:, as did 19th-century Bible commentaries. Three factors, among others, contribute to this identification:
358:
998:, Review and Herald Publishing Association, (Washington, D.C., 1954 edition), p.459, "Historical Setting"
1970:
1602:
708:
196:
1190:
or Esther. There is no historical record of a personage known as Esther, or a queen called Vashti or a
2108:
846:
742:
1019:
1471:
1436:
729:
as the father of Darius the Mede, and the description of the latter as uncle and father-in-law of
2045:
1807:
1572:
Kant, I. Der einzig mögliche
Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes. 1763. AA 2:76
1290:
1176:
791:(also the name of another character in the story of Tobit). Other Septuagint texts have the name
285:
31:
1329:
376:, the form traditionally used in English Bibles. The Persian name was independently rendered in
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749:
113:
100:
1125:
1078:
2136:
954:
730:
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590:
389:. Many newer English translations and paraphrases of the Bible have used the name Xerxes.
349:
168:
2073:
2010:
1868:
1686:
1202:
721:
663:
417:
400:
269:
257:
241:
1550:
1159:
Littman, Robert J. (1975). "The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the "Book of Esther"".
748:
Most scholars view Darius the Mede as a literary fiction, or possibly a conflation of
557:, who relates that "Artaxerxes" was the name by which he was known to the Greeks. The
465:
refers to the king as 'Artaxerxes,' who was the younger son of Xerxes (Ancient Greek:
2184:
2078:
1889:
1884:
1591:
1316:
820:
816:
647:
578:
377:
273:
181:
500:
It is believed the Hebrew 'Ahasuerus' descended from the Persian names for Xerxes I.
2093:
1899:
761:
667:
586:
538:
281:
253:
1646:
1243:
589:
also identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II citing the sixth century AD historian
2169:
2164:
2159:
2146:
1925:
885:
826:
The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God
734:
686:) who reigned (perhaps as an imposter) for seven months between Cambyses II and
675:
485:
297:
217:
1217:
622:
458:
237:
96:
1530:
1201:. Mordecai was said to have been among the exiles deported from Jerusalem by
617:(Artexerxes II's physician) respectively. These derive from the Persian name
2116:
1750:
1620:
656:
504:
438:
421:. He is said to have “ruled over a hundred and twenty-seven provinces from
44:
316:'male' > 'king of all male; Hero among Kings'). That became Babylonian
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2131:
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2035:
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1745:
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1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1198:
859:
800:
776:
738:
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who reigned from 486 to 465 BC. Other identifications have been made for
671:
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558:
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301:
277:
17:
1858:
1827:
1797:
1294:
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1180:
1112:
Tucker, Gene M. (2004) , Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.),
772:
679:
614:
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261:
249:
2126:
2098:
2055:
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2015:
1842:
1837:
1812:
1191:
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as well as agreeing with Al-Tabari and Masudi's placement of events.
610:
454:
412:
265:
1286:
1205:, but that deportation occurred 112 years before Xerxes became king.
1172:
1962:
1590: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1356:
John of Ephesus. A Monophysite Historian in Sixth-century Byzantium
1040:
787:) edition, the two names in this verse appear instead as one name,
779:
view is that he is identical to the Ahasuerus of Daniel 9:1 In the
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1993:
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85:
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445:, and that the name Ahasuerus is usually understood to refer to
1966:
1659:
625:"Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found on a contemporary inscription (
134:
1007:
946:
784:
140:
38:
381:
1271:"Mordecai, the Persepolis Tablets, and the Susa Excavations"
919:
411:"Ahasuerus" is given as the name of a king, the husband of
231:
143:
116:
857:
131:
125:
1547:"The legend of the wandering Jew in Europe and Romania"
899:
879:
296:
The Hebrew form is believed to have derived from the
155:
146:
128:
119:
807:", who historically did destroy Nineveh, in 612 BC.
767:, Ahasuerus is given as the name of an associate of
528:, as both are mentioned serving in the king's court.
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203:
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The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity
137:
122:
1615:. In Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E. (eds.).
733:by mediaeval Jewish commentators matches that of
264:official (or Median king) first appearing in the
1388:, Livius, Articles on Ancient History, 1996–2008
715:Ahasuerus is given as the name of the father of
30:"Ahasverus" redirects here. For the beetle, see
573:Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes II
335:
321:
1978:
1671:
533:Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes I
8:
1412:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
173:
737:, who is said to be the son of Astyages by
621:as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the
1985:
1971:
1963:
1678:
1664:
1656:
1425:The Book of Esther in the Light of History
1248:. Cambridge University Press. p. 99.
775:just before Tobit's death. A traditional
27:Name of various rulers in the Hebrew Bible
1073:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press,
670:. Modern commentators associate him with
662:Ahasuerus is also given as the name of a
473:Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Xerxes I
69:of all important aspects of the article.
1645:McCullough, W. S. (1984). "Ahasureus".
939:
838:
795:. Western scholars have proposed that
577:Some have speculated that the king was
1648:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6
1498:Daniel: An Introduction and Commentary
992:Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary
815:In some versions of the legend of the
65:Please consider expanding the lead to
565:, usually the Ethiopic equivalent of
7:
1606:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1482:
1462:, as quoted by Bible.cc/ezra/4-7.htm
1450:, as quoted by Bible.cc/ezra/4-7.htm
1448:Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible
1126:10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001
1079:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001
771:, who, together with him, destroyed
585:, the 13th century Syriac historian
276:. It is a transliteration of either
1501:. InterVarsity Press. p. 117.
1345:, Gorgias Press LLC, reprinted 2003
889:
869:
541:. The Septuagint, the Vulgate, the
353:
174:
172:
1596:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1410:M. A. Dandamaev, W. J. Vogelsang,
609:for Artaxerxes II Mnemon given by
601:(AD 75) records alternative names
25:
1401:, Little, Brown and Company, 1885
1397:John Dryden, Arthur Hugh Clough,
1118:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
752:with prophecies about the Medes.
433:. Some consider the narrative of
1617:The Expositor's Bible Commentary
1585:
1460:Clarke's Commentary on the Bible
1343:The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus
1065:Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009),
112:
43:
1427:, Oxford University Press, 1923
1320:, Book 11, chapter 6, section 1
979:Holman Christian Standard Bible
963:21st Century King James Version
823:refers to the Wandering Jew in
799:is a variant form of the name "
57:may be too short to adequately
1269:Yamauchi, Edwin (April 1992).
67:provide an accessible overview
1:
1905:Esther in rabbinic literature
1332:at the JewishEncyclopedia.com
284:; both are names of multiple
2201:Monarchs in the Hebrew Bible
1952:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai
1910:Haman in rabbinic literature
1197:, or a high placed courtier
920:
858:
516:Xerxes I became involved in
232:
1161:The Jewish Quarterly Review
1120:, Oxford University Press,
971:Young's Literal Translation
900:
880:
364:
252:) is a name applied in the
204:
189:
2232:
909:
850:
466:
382:
336:
322:
221:
29:
1071:A Dictionary of the Bible
1611:Hill, Andrew E. (2009).
760:In some versions of the
397:The Banquet of Ahasuerus
1495:House, Paul R. (2018).
1317:Antiquities of the Jews
704:Esther Before Ahasuerus
92:Esther Before Ahasuerus
2030:in rabbinic literature
2020:in rabbinic literature
1354:Jan Jacob van Ginkel,
1242:Kalimi, Isaac (2023).
712:
659:
489:
482:The wrath of Ahasuerus
429:" — that is, over the
403:
348:) and was borrowed as
245:
104:
2211:Book of Esther people
2206:Book of Daniel people
1603:Catholic Encyclopedia
1521:Book of Tobit, 14:15.
1369:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1114:"Esther, The Book of"
709:Artemisia Gentileschi
701:
644:
480:
395:
89:
2196:Babylonian captivity
743:Behistun Inscription
613:(c. 360–340 BC) and
1651:. pp. 634–635.
547:Esther Rabbah, I, 3
256:to three rulers of
2046:Bigthan and Teresh
1808:Bigthan and Teresh
1553:on 3 February 2008
1423:Jacob Hoschander,
1314:Flavius Josephus,
725:. Josephus names
713:
660:
490:
437:was to provide an
404:
286:Achaemenid dynasty
105:
32:Ahasverus (beetle)
2178:
2177:
2084:Purim HaMeshulash
1960:
1959:
1895:Megillah (Talmud)
1544:Andrei Oişteanu,
1508:978-0-8308-9100-9
1386:Ctesias of Cnidus
1358:, Groningen, 1995
1275:Vetus Testamentum
1255:978-1-009-26612-3
1135:978-0-19-504645-8
1088:978-0-19-954398-4
975:Darby Translation
918:
898:
878:
856:
514:defeat at Salamis
451:Achaemenid Empire
431:Achaemenid Empire
362:
272:and later in the
230:
212:
200:
185:
84:
83:
16:(Redirected from
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2191:History of Purim
1997:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1931:Oxyrhynchus 4443
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1673:
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1657:
1652:
1634:
1613:"Daniel-Malachi"
1607:
1589:
1588:
1573:
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1564:
1563:Studia Hebraica.
1562:
1560:
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1549:. Archived from
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1395:
1389:
1384:Jona Lendering,
1382:
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1367:Wolfgang Felix,
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1341:E. A. W. Budge,
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863:
855:romanized:
854:
852:
851:𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎴
843:
781:Codex Sinaiticus
762:deuterocanonical
750:Darius the Great
468:
449:, who ruled the
385:
384:
368:and thence into
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2137:Mishloach manot
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1045:www.sefaria.org
1039:
1038:
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1010:, The Message,
1006:
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989:
985:
955:Amplified Bible
945:
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930:
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840:
835:
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758:
717:Darius the Mede
696:
639:
591:John of Ephesus
575:
561:text calls him
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345:
294:
288:Persian kings.
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1639:External links
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769:Nebuchadnezzar
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722:Book of Daniel
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694:Book of Daniel
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664:King of Persia
652:Esther's Feast
646:Ahasuerus and
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463:Book of Esther
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401:Aert de Gelder
354:אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ
343:
328:aḫ-ši-ia-ar-šu
293:
290:
270:Book of Esther
258:Ancient Persia
175:אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ
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75:September 2021
61:the key points
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274:Book of Tobit
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19:
2094:Second Purim
2040:
1994:Purim
1900:Targum Sheni
1802:
1647:
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1601:
1568:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1540:
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1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1278:
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1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:
1212:
1184:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1139:, retrieved
1117:
1107:
1099:
1092:, retrieved
1070:
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1048:. Retrieved
1044:
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986:
942:
841:
824:
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792:
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683:
668:Book of Ezra
661:
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637:Book of Ezra
626:
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606:
602:
598:
587:Bar Hebraeus
583:Chronography
582:
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566:
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546:
539:Artaxerxes I
536:
491:
481:
462:
434:
416:
410:
396:
386:
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341:
337:𒀝𒅆𒄿𒈠𒅈𒍪
331:
327:
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309:
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295:
282:Artaxerxes I
254:Hebrew Bible
214:Achashverosh
213:
202:
187:
107:
106:
90:
72:
56:
54:lead section
36:
2170:Purim rabbi
2165:Purim Torah
2160:Purim spiel
2147:Purim humor
2109:Purim foods
2089:Purim Katan
2067:observances
1926:Papyrus 967
1919:Manuscripts
1375:, 1996–2008
1067:"Ahasuerus"
1050:25 February
886:New Persian
847:Old Persian
735:Cyaxares II
676:Cambyses II
619:Khshayarsha
486:Rijksmuseum
330:) and then
298:Old Persian
218:Koine Greek
95:(1547–48),
2185:Categories
2004:Background
1996:(פּוּרִים)
1533:New Advent
1472:Daniel 9:1
1437:Ezra 4:5–7
1167:(3): 146.
1041:"Esther 1"
934:References
811:In legends
801:Cyaxares I
623:hypocorism
567:Artaxerxes
503:Historian
467:Ἀρταξέρξης
459:Septuagint
342:ak-ši-i-wa
323:𒄴𒅆𒐊𒅈𒋗
262:Babylonian
238:Septuagint
205:ʾĂḥašwērōš
190:ʾĂḥašverōš
97:Tintoretto
2117:Hamantash
2065:Religious
2041:Ahasuerus
1803:Ahasuerus
1621:Zondervan
1483:Hill 2009
1330:Ahasuerus
915:romanized
895:romanized
875:romanized
860:Xšaya-ṛšā
797:Achiachar
793:Achiachar
711:, c. 1630
657:Rembrandt
581:. In his
505:Herodotus
439:aetiology
415:, in the
374:Ahasuerus
365:Ăḥašwēroš
359:romanized
332:Akšîwâršu
318:Aḫšiyâršu
312:'king' +
292:Etymology
260:and to a
236:, in the
227:romanized
108:Ahasuerus
59:summarize
2155:Adloyada
2132:Kreplach
2122:Fazuelos
2036:Mordecai
1878:Analysis
1833:Mordecai
1767:Ethiopia
1706:Esther 1
1698:chapters
1598:Assuerus
1557:12 March
1371:, entry
1227:18 April
1199:Mordecai
1141:17 April
1094:17 April
996:Volume 3
777:Catholic
739:Xenophon
727:Astyages
688:Darius I
678:or with
672:Xerxes I
631:Berossus
595:Plutarch
563:Arťeksis
559:Ethiopic
555:Josephus
551:Josippon
549:and the
526:Mordecai
494:Xerxes I
447:Xerxes I
306:Xšayāršā
302:Xerxes I
300:name of
278:Xerxes I
246:Assuerus
233:Asouḗros
222:Ἀσουήρος
211:commonly
197:Tiberian
18:Assuerus
2028: (
2018: (
1859:Agagite
1852:Phrases
1828:Memucan
1798:Abagtha
1594::
1580:Sources
1300:1 March
1295:1519506
1181:1454354
917::
901:Xašāyār
897::
881:Axšoreš
877::
866:Persian
783:Greek (
773:Nineveh
719:in the
684:Smerdis
682:(Greek
680:Bardiya
666:in the
615:Ctesias
607:Arsicas
597:in his
543:Midrash
361::
268:in the
250:Vulgate
248:in the
229::
2127:Impade
2099:Grager
2056:Zeresh
2051:Vashti
2016:Esther
1843:Zeresh
1838:Vashti
1813:Esther
1791:People
1777:Persia
1760:Places
1627:
1505:
1293:
1252:
1192:vizier
1188:Vashti
1179:
1132:
1085:
1030:, etc.
981:, etc.
922:Xérxēs
910:Ξέρξης
890:خشایار
870:اخشورش
789:Ahikar
611:Deinon
603:Oarses
521:2:16).
461:, the
455:Vashti
435:Esther
413:Esther
387:Xérxēs
383:Ξέρξης
350:Hebrew
346:-ar-šu
308:(<
266:Tanakh
201:
186:
182:Modern
169:Hebrew
2026:Haman
1945:Sites
1864:Purim
1823:Hegai
1818:Haman
1772:India
1695:Bible
1373:Dinon
1291:JSTOR
1195:Haman
1177:JSTOR
833:Notes
805:Media
731:Cyrus
655:, by
648:Haman
599:Lives
518:harem
443:Purim
427:Nubia
423:India
370:Latin
314:aršan
310:xšaya
242:Latin
1625:ISBN
1559:2008
1503:ISBN
1302:2024
1250:ISBN
1229:2020
1143:2020
1130:ISBN
1096:2020
1083:ISBN
1052:2023
1028:TNIV
1024:NIRV
951:NASB
845:Cf.
627:LBAT
605:and
510:Susa
441:for
160:-ew-
1600:".
1283:doi
1169:doi
1122:doi
1075:doi
1020:NCV
1016:CEV
1012:NLT
1008:NIV
967:ASV
959:ESV
947:KJV
803:of
785:LXX
650:at
545:of
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425:to
380:as
372:as
280:or
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158:HAZ
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