Atomism - Knowledge (XXG)

3073:"The Buddhists denied the existence of substantial matter altogether. Movement consists for them of moments, it is a staccato movement, momentary flashes of a stream of energy... "Everything is evanescent," ... says the Buddhist, because there is no stuff ... Both systems share in common a tendency to push the analysis of Existence up to its minutest, last elements which are imagined as absolute qualities, or things possessing only one unique quality. They are called "qualities" (guna-dharma) in both systems in the sense of absolute qualities, a kind of atomic, or intra-atomic, energies of which the empirical things are composed. Both systems, therefore, agree in denying the objective reality of the categories of Substance and Quality, ... and of the relation of Inference uniting them. There is in Sānkhya philosophy no separate existence of qualities. What we call quality is but a particular manifestation of a subtle entity. To every new unit of quality corresponds a subtle quantum of matter which is called guna "quality", but represents a subtle substantive entity. The same applies to early Buddhism where all qualities are substantive ... or, more precisely, dynamic entities, although they are also called dharmas ("qualities")." Stcherbatsky (1962 ). Vol. 1. p. 19. 1805: 1763: 1472: 1130: 1608: 1151:(1058–1111). In Asharite atomism, atoms are the only perpetual, material things in existence, and all else in the world is "accidental" meaning something that lasts for only an instant. Nothing accidental can be the cause of anything else, except perception, as it exists for a moment. Contingent events are not subject to natural physical causes, but are the direct result of God's constant intervention, without which nothing could happen. Thus nature is completely dependent on God, which meshes with other Asharite Islamic ideas on causation, or the lack thereof (Gardet 2001). Al-Ghazali also used the theory to support his theory of 1587: 1442:

many. From these conditions I cannot separate such a substance by any stretch of my imagination. But that it must be white or red, bitter or sweet, noisy or silent, and of sweet or foul odor, my mind does not feel compelled ... Without the senses ... reason ... would probably never arrive at qualities like these. Hence I think that tastes, odors, colors, and so on are no more than mere names so far as the object in which we place them is concerned, and that they reside only in the consciousness. Hence if the living creature were removed, all these qualities would be ... annihilated.

700:) that imparts its essential nature and structure. To use an analogy we could pose a rubber ball: we could imagine the rubber to be the matter that gives the ball the ability to take on another form, and the spherical shape to be the form that gives it its identity of "ball". Using this analogy, though, we should keep in mind that in fact rubber itself would already be considered a composite of form and matter, as it has identity and determinacy to a certain extent, pure or primary matter is completely unformed, unintelligible and with infinite potential to undergo change. 1703: 1600:

gold. Corpuscularianism was associated by its leading proponents with the idea that some of the properties that objects appear to have are artifacts of the perceiving mind: 'secondary' qualities as distinguished from 'primary' qualities. Not all corpuscularianism made use of the primary-secondary quality distinction, however. An influential tradition in medieval and early modern alchemy argued that chemical analysis revealed the existence of robust corpuscles that retained their identity in chemical compounds (to use the modern term).

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The void is infinite and provides the space in which the atoms can pack or scatter differently. The different possible packings and scatterings within the void make up the shifting outlines and bulk of the objects that organisms feel, see, eat, hear, smell, and taste. While organisms may feel hot or cold, hot and cold actually have no real existence. They are simply sensations produced in organisms by the different packings and scatterings of the atoms in the void that compose the object that organisms sense as being "hot" or "cold".

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Only the atomists among ... Greek science ... was the one view of nature quite incompatible with theology. Like a pair of eighteenth-century philosophers, Epicurus and Lucretius introduced atomism as a vehicle of enlightenment. They meant to refute the pretensions of religion ... and release men from superstition and the undignified fear of capricious gods. Consequently, a hint of Epicureanism came to seem the mark of the beast in Christian Europe. No thinker, unless it is Machiavelli, has been more maligned by misrepresentation.

1665: 1352: 1509: 1045: 271:), and that change and motion were mere illusions. He explicitly rejected sensory experience as the path to an understanding of the universe and instead used purely abstract reasoning. He believed there is no such thing as void, equating it with non-being. This in turn meant that motion is impossible, because there is no void to move into. Parmenides doesn't mention or explicitly deny the existence of the void, stating instead that what is not does not exist. He also wrote all that 858: 1396: 228:

the present day complete. However, a massive number of fragments and quotations of his writings have survived. These are the main source of information on his teachings about atoms. Democritus's argument for the existence of atoms hinged on the idea that it is impossible to keep dividing matter infinitely - and that matter must therefore be made up of extremely tiny particles. The atomistic theory aimed to remove the "distinction which the

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divided beyond its natural minimum, what would be left might be a large amount of the element water, and smaller amounts of the other elements. But whatever water or other elements were left, they would no longer have the "nature" of flesh: in hylomorphic terms, they would no longer be matter structured by the form of flesh; instead the remaining water, e.g., would be matter structured by the form of water, not by the form of flesh.

1496:(1644) he writes: "The nature of body consists just in extension—not in weight, hardness, colour or the like." The main difference between atomism and Descartes' concept was the existence of the void. For him, there could be no vacuum, and all matter was constantly swirling to prevent a void as corpuscles moved through other matter. Another key distinction between Descartes' view and classical atomism is the 713: 1521:(1592–1655) was a Catholic priest from France who was also an avid natural philosopher. Gassendi's concept of atomism was closer to classical atomism, but with no atheistic overtone. He was particularly intrigued by the Greek atomists, so he set out to "purify" atomism from its heretical and atheistic philosophical conclusions (Dijksterhius 1969). Gassendi formulated his atomistic conception of 210: 1858: 973: 614: 579: 509: 1535: 381: 544: 1875: 1019:), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence. Everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces. 363:: "these writings of mine were meant to protect the arguments of Parmenides against those who make fun of him. . . My answer is addressed to the partisans of the many. . ." The anti-Parmenidean pluralists were supposedly unit-point atomists whose philosophy was essentially a reaction against the Eleatics. This hypothesis, however, to explain 657:

edges of the octahedron and icosahedron were blunter and so these less mobile bodies were assigned to air and water. Since the simple bodies could be decomposed into triangles, and the triangles reassembled into atoms of different elements, Plato's model offered a plausible account of changes among the primary substances.

1369:, who became an atomist around 1605, though he later rejected some of the claims of atomism. Though they revived the classical form of atomism, this group was among the scientific avant-garde: the Northumberland circle contained nearly half of the confirmed Copernicans prior to 1610 (the year of Galileo's 1441:

Whenever I conceive any ... corporeal substance, I immediately ... think of it as ... having this or that shape; as being large or small ... and in some specific place at any given time; as being in motion or at rest; as touching or not touching some other body; and as being one in number, or few, or

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scientific work in poetic form illustrates several segments of Epicurean theory on how the universe came into its current stage; it shows that the phenomena we perceive are actually composite forms. The atoms and the void are eternal and in constant motion. Atomic collisions create objects, which are

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Aristotle's intuition was that there is some smallest size beyond which matter could no longer be structured as flesh, or bone, or wood, or some other such organic substance that for Aristotle (living before the invention of the microscope) could be considered homogeneous. For instance, if flesh were

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Plato postulated the geometric structure of the simple bodies of the four elements as summarized in the adjacent table. The cube, with its flat base and stability, was assigned to earth; the tetrahedron was assigned to fire because its penetrating points and sharp edges made it mobile. The points and

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used his Presidential Address to the London Chemical Society in 1869 to defend the atomic theory against its critics and doubters. This in turn led to further meetings at which the positivists again attacked the supposition that there were atoms. The matter was finally resolved in Dalton's favour in

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go no farther than to the separation of particles one from another, and to their reunion. No new creation or destruction of matter is within the reach of chemical agency. We might as well attempt to introduce a new planet into the solar system, or to annihilate one already in existence, as to create

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Galileo identified some basic problems with Aristotelian physics through his experiments. He utilized a theory of atomism as a partial replacement, but he was never unequivocally committed to it. For example, his experiments with falling bodies and inclined planes led him to the concepts of circular

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Some thoughts of mine about the proposition “motion is the cause of heat”... I suspect that people in general have a concept of this which is very remote from the truth. For they believe that heat is a real phenomenon, or property ... which actually resides in the material by which we feel ourselves

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Democritus and Lucretius denied the impossibility of a vacuum, being of the opinion that there must be a vacuum between the discrete particles (atoms) of which, they thought, all matter is composed. In general, however, the belief that a vacuum is impossible was almost universally held until the end

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proposed that all matter was composed of small indivisible particles which they called "atoms". Nothing whatsoever is known about Leucippus except that he was the teacher of Democritus. Democritus, by contrast, wrote prolifically, producing over eighty known treatises, none of which have survived to

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Encased in the Epicurean philosophy, the atomic doctrine could never be welcome to moral authority. ... Epicurean gods neither created the world nor paid it ... attention. "Nature," says Lucretius, "is free and uncontrolled by proud masters and runs the universe by herself without the aid of gods."

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who had been a student of Democritus. Although Epicurus was certain of the existence of atoms and the void, he was less sure we could adequately explain specific natural phenomena such as earthquakes, lightning, comets, or the phases of the Moon. Few of Epicurus' writings survive, and those that do

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asserted that the elements of fire, air, earth, and water were not made of atoms, but were continuous. Aristotle considered the existence of a void, which was required by atomic theories, to violate physical principles. Change took place not by the rearrangement of atoms to make new structures, but

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Democritus rejected Parmenides' belief that change is an illusion. He believed change was real, and if it was not then at least the illusion had to be explained. He thus supported the concept of void, and stated that the universe is made up of many Parmenidean entities that move around in the void.

674:. A piece of wet clay, when acted upon by a potter, takes on its potential to be an actual drinking mug. Aristotle has often been criticized for rejecting atomism, but in ancient Greece the atomic theories of Democritus remained "pure speculations, incapable of being put to any experimental test". 1599:

is similar to atomism, except that where atoms were supposed to be indivisible, corpuscles could in principle be divided. In this manner, for example, it was theorized that mercury could penetrate into metals and modify their inner structure, a step on the way towards transmutative production of

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as the smallest parts into which a homogeneous natural substance (e.g., flesh, bone, or wood) could be divided and still retain its essential character. Unlike the atomism of Democritus, these Aristotelian "natural minima" were not conceptualized as physically indivisible. Instead, Aristotle's

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of the sixteenth century. ... The time was certainly ripe for the revival of the belief in the possibility of a vacuum, but to the clerics the very name of the vacuum was anathema, being associated with the atomistic theories of Epicurus and Lucretius, which were felt to be heretical.

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school developed one of the earliest forms of atomism; scholars date the Nyaya and Vaisesika texts from the 9th to 4th centuries BCE. Vaisesika atomists posited the four elemental atom types, but in Vaisesika physics atoms had 25 different possible qualities, divided between general

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The man who best knows how to meet external threats makes into one family all the creatures he can; and those he can not, he at any rate does not treat as aliens; and where he finds even this impossible, he avoids all dealings, and, so far as is advantageous, excludes them from his

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Those minute particles ... may enter by our nostrils and strike upon some small protuberances which are the instrument of smelling; here likewise their touch ... is received to our like or dislike according as they have this or that shape, are fast or slow, and are numerous or

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Therefore we may conclude that the ultimate particles of all homogeneous bodies are perfectly alike in weight, figure, etc. In other words, every particle of water is like every other particle of water; every particle of hydrogen is like every other particle of hydrogen,

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By the late 18th century, the useful practices of engineering and technology began to influence philosophical explanations of the composition of matter. Those who speculated on the ultimate nature of matter began to verify their "thought experiments" with some repeatable

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in 1926 "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter". The direction of the force of atomic bombardment is constantly changing, and at different times the particle is hit more on one side than another, leading to the seemingly random nature of the motion.

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reconciled these aspects of Aristotle's thought by distinguishing between mathematical and "natural" divisibility. With few exceptions, much of the curriculum in the universities of Europe was based on such Aristotelianism for most of the Middle Ages.

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resurrected it in the 17th century; "the gap between these two 'modern naturalists' and the ancient Atomists marked "the exile of the atom" and "it is universally admitted that the Middle Ages had abandoned Atomism, and virtually lost it."

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Several of these doctrines of atomism are, in some respects, "suggestively similar" to that of Democritus. McEvilley (2002) assumes that such similarities are due to extensive cultural contact and diffusion, probably in both directions.

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must be an indivisible unity, for if it were manifold, then there would have to be a void that could divide it. Finally, he stated that the all encompassing Unity is unchanging, for the Unity already encompasses all that is and can be.

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Democritus believed that atoms are too small for human senses to detect, that they are infinitely many, that they come in infinitely many varieties, and that they have always existed. They float in a vacuum, which Democritus called the

252:. The objects humans see in everyday life are composed of many atoms united by random collisions and their forms and materials are determined by what kinds of atom make them up. Likewise, human perceptions are caused by atoms as well. 1293:

considered that matter, space, and time were all made up of indivisible atoms, points, and instants and that all generation and corruption took place by the rearrangement of material atoms. The similarities of his ideas with those of

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partly in response to Descartes; he particularly opposed Descartes' reductionist view that only purely mechanical explanations of physics are valid, as well as the application of geometry to the whole of physics (Clericuzio 2000).

1168:(1126–1198 CE) explicitly rejected the thought of al-Ghazali and turned to an extensive evaluation of the thought of Aristotle. Averroes commented in detail on most of the works of Aristotle and his commentaries became 1430:

Atomism was associated by its leading proponents with the idea that some of the apparent properties of objects are artifacts of the perceiving mind, that is, "secondary" qualities as distinguished from "primary" qualities.

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in 1866 published the first part of his Calculus of Chemical Operations as a non-atomic alternative to the atomic theory. He described atomic theory as a 'Thoroughly materialistic bit of joiners work'. English chemist

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While Aristotelian philosophy eclipsed the importance of the atomists in late Roman and medieval Europe, their work was still preserved and exposited through commentaries on the works of Aristotle. In the 2nd century,

1637:(1661), Boyle demonstrates problems that arise from chemistry, and offers up atomism as a possible explanation. The unifying principle that would eventually lead to the acceptance of a hybrid corpuscular–atomism was 1571:

had to be burned before it could be smelled everywhere in a large church, he calculated the number of molecules in a grain of incense to be of the order 10, only about one order of magnitude below the actual figure.

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Dalton concluded that the fixed proportions of elements by weight suggested that the atoms of one element combined with only a limited number of atoms of the other elements to form the substances that he listed.

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Other traditions in Islam rejected the atomism of the Asharites and expounded on many Greek texts, especially those of Aristotle. An active school of philosophers in Al-Andalus, including the noted commentator

2522:"...it hardly makes sense to talk of the Greeks failing to use the experimental method, since it was either impracticable or quite impossible to devise experiments that would resolve the issues in question." 80:

is the earliest figure whose commitment to atomism is well attested and he is usually credited with inventing atomism. He and other ancient Greek atomists theorized that nature consists of two fundamental

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still composed of the same eternal atoms whose motion for a while is incorporated into the created entity. Lucretius also explains human sensations and meteorological phenomena in terms of atomic motion.

1365:(1564–1632). Although they published little of account, they helped to disseminate atomistic ideas among the burgeoning scientific culture of England, and may have been particularly influential to 2741:

Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2013), The base text and its commentaries: Problem of representing and understanding the Charvaka / Lokayata, Argument: Biannual Philosophical Journal, Issue 1, Volume 3, pages

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remained controversial throughout the 19th century. Whilst the Law of definite proportion was accepted, the hypothesis that this was due to atoms was not so widely accepted. For example, in 1826 when

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or destroy a particle of hydrogen. All the changes we can produce, consist in separating particles that are in a state of cohesion or combination, and joining those that were previously at a distance.

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has dubbed this approach to matter theory "chymical atomism," and has argued for its significance to both the mechanical philosophy and to the chemical atomism that emerged in the early 19th century.

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of corpuscularism had much in common with atomism, and is considered, in some senses, to be a different version of it. Descartes thought everything physical in the universe to be made of tiny

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argument, proposing not only that everything is composed of atoms and void, but that nothing they compose really exists: the only things that really exist are atoms ricocheting off each other

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By convention sweet is sweet, by convention bitter is bitter, by convention hot is hot, by convention cold is cold, by convention color is color. But in reality there are atoms and the void.

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schools of atomism originated as early as the 7th century BCE. Bhattacharya posits that Charvaka may have been one of several atheistic, materialist schools that existed in ancient India.

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and were influenced originally by earlier Greek and, to some extent, Indian philosophy. Islamic speculative theology in general approached issues in physics from an atomistic framework.

1689:(1711–1787) provided the first general mathematical theory of atomism based on the ideas of Newton and Leibniz, but transforming them so as to provide a programme for atomic physics. 248:. They are constantly moving and colliding into each other. Democritus wrote that atoms and void are the only things that exist and that all other things are merely said to exist by 1459:

inertial motion and accelerating free-fall. The current Aristotelian theories of impetus and terrestrial motion were inadequate to explain these. While atomism did not explain the

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The work of Democritus survives only in secondhand reports, some of which are unreliable or conflicting. Much of the best evidence of Democritus' theory of atomism is reported by

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properties and specific (intensive) properties. The Nyaya–Vaisesika atomists had elaborate theories of how atoms combine. In Vaisesika atomism, atoms first combine into

752:, who lived in the 8th century BCE, especially his proposition that "particles too small to be seen mass together into the substances and objects of experience" known as 3992: 732:

for themselves and for their own happiness—since he held there are no gods around that can help them. (Epicurus regarded the role of gods as exemplifying moral ideals.)

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of matter. Like the ancient atomists, Descartes claimed that sensations, such as taste or temperature, are caused by the shape and size of tiny pieces of matter. In

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to be the most basic level of reality, for in his view they were made up of an unchanging level of reality, which was mathematical. These simple bodies were

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either, it was a more promising framework in which to develop an explanation because motion was conserved in ancient atomism (unlike Aristotelian physics).

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had observed was a result of the pollen being moved by individual water molecules, making one of his first contributions to science. This explanation of

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had denied the existence of motion, change and void. He believed all existence to be a single, all-encompassing and unchanging mass (a concept known as

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and other natural philosophers of the early 19th century found experimental evidence were thought to be indivisible, and therefore were given by

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provided philosophical background for the mechanistic philosophy of early modern thinkers such as Descartes, and for the alchemical works of

1058:, flourishing around the 7th century, was very different from the atomist doctrines taught in early Buddhism. Medieval Buddhist philosophers 244:, and they vary in form, order, and posture. Some atoms, he maintained, are convex, others concave, some shaped like hooks, and others like 1026:

means 'atom eater', and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic approach to physics and philosophy in the Sanskrit text

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by teaching that all atoms were of the same kind, producing different effects by diverse modes of combinations. The Vaisheshika believed

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The possibility of a vacuum was accepted—or rejected—together with atoms and atomism, for the vacuum was part of that same theory.

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6th or 7th century) and others, developed distinctive theories of atomism, for example, involving momentary (instantaneous) atoms (

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in 1646. Magnenus was the first to arrive at a scientific estimate of the size of an "atom" (i.e. of what would today be called a

2428: 6571: 5326: 729: 3944: 3935: 987:(AD 129–216) presented extensive discussions of the Greek atomists, especially Epicurus, in his Aristotle commentaries. 30:

This article is about the natural philosophy regarding the fundamental composition of the physical world. For other uses, see

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One of the first groups of atomists in England was a cadre of amateur scientists known as the Northumberland circle, led by

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According to historian of atomism Joshua Gregory, there was no serious work done with atomism from the time of Galen until

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philosophy, held that the world was composed of atoms as many in kind as the various elements more nearly approximated to

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served as convincing evidence that atoms and molecules exist, and was further verified experimentally by French physicist

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and the triangular faces of the tetrahedron, octahedron, and icosahedron were each made up of six right-angled triangles.

1967: 1155:. In a sense, the Asharite theory of atomism has far more in common with Indian atomism than it does with Greek atomism. 776:

in their scientific methodology, calling them both as "primitive physicists" or "proto-materialist thinkers". Later, the

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The Scientist's Atom and the Philosopher's Stone: How Science Succeeded and Philosophy Failed to Gain Knowledge of Atoms

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the name "atom", long used by the atomist philosophy. Although the connection to historical atomism is at best tenuous,

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And then he proceeded to give a list of relative weights in the compositions of several common compounds, summarizing:

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BCE) argued that atoms just crashing into other atoms could never produce the beauty and form of the world. In Plato's

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Shankman, Richard (2008), The Experience of Samadhi: An In-depth Exploration of Buddhist Meditation, Shambhala, p. 178

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wherein a prime material continuum remains qualitatively invariant under division (for example, the ratio of the four

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is a binary compound of hydrogen and oxygen, and the relative weights of the two elementary atoms are as 1:7, nearly;

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Richard King, Indian philosophy: an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought, Edinburgh University Press, 1999,

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of Descartes, which allowed for an independent realm of existence for thought, soul, and most importantly, God.

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Kak, S. 'Matter and Mind: The Vaisheshika Sutra of Kanada' (2016), Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario,

319:. It stated that atoms were infinitesimally small ("point") yet possessed corporeality. It was a predecessor of 5860: 5440: 4847: 4277: 4242: 4008: 1676: 1108: 343:, and Daniel W. Graham have rejected that any form of atomism can be applied to the early Pythagoreans (before 69: 31: 5482: 2205:. A New History of Western Philosophy. Vol. 1. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 26–28. 1702: 1387:. A number of different atomistic theories were blossoming in France at this time, as well (Clericuzio 2000). 1004: 2824:, like Newton, interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and striking the eye." 6400: 6120: 6100: 5790: 4956: 4689: 4362: 4089: 3673: 1904: 904: 885: 300: 5817: 2796:(2011): "Two systems of Indian thought propound physical theories suggestively similar to those of Greece. 2230: 1617:

Corpuscularianism stayed a dominant theory over the next several hundred years and retained its links with

1007:" school of thought whose metaphysics included a theory of atoms or atomism which was later adapted in the 6365: 5801: 5526: 5208: 5115: 4866: 4757: 4747: 4613: 4506: 4341: 1891: 1728:. Similarly, other purified substances decomposed to the same elements in the same proportions by weight. 1668: 1638: 1422:

theory of matter, in which all phenomena—with the exception of sound—are produced by "matter in motion".

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possible in atoms. However, Epicurus expressed a non-aggressive attitude characterized by his statement:

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on the composition of matter. He noticed that distilled water everywhere analyzed to the same elements,

1634: 1522: 1351: 1286: 1255: 359: 344: 233: 3416: 3308: 2851: 2821: 2046: 1830:, Davy said that the theory only became useful when the atomic conjecture was ignored. English chemist 5445: 3706: 3365: 5964: 5085: 5024: 4227: 4065: 4055: 2797: 1914: 1887: 1861: 1324: 1067: 1066:

considered atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy. In discussing the two systems,

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William R. Newman, “The Significance of ‘Chymical Atomism’,” in Edith Sylla and W. R. Newman, eds.,

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was not eternal but was created, although its creator framed it after an eternal, unchanging model.

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Elements, Principles, and Corpuscles; a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century

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proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as

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Evidence and Interpretation: Studies on Early Science and Medicine in Honor of John E. Murdoch

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The atomists, Leucippus and Democritus: fragments, a text and translation with a commentary

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Ruedenberg, Klaus; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen (2013). "Three Millennia of Atoms and Molecules".

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Alberuni, Abu Al-Rahain Muhammad Ibn Ahmad (2015) . Sachau, Edward C. (and trans.) (ed.).

2411: 2395: 1989: 1909: 1883: 1871: 1686: 1518: 1512: 1405: 1399: 1336: 1259: 1224: 1185: 890: 769: 597: 543: 340: 336: 130: 3526: 1088: 6430: 2543:

The shape of ancient thought : comparative studies in Greek and Indian philosophies

6445: 6395: 6385: 6034: 5929: 5811: 5754: 5724: 5615: 5593: 5546: 5366: 5276: 4961: 4926: 4651: 4184: 4060: 3908:. Translated by Raymond Rosenthal. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987. 3773: 3768: 3660: 3131: 2464: 1841: 1376: 1328: 1275: 1263: 1236: 1181: 868: 765: 646: 332: 253: 5472: 3977: 3450:

Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution

2974:(2nd ed.). Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002). pp. 262–270. 1250:

A chief theme in late Roman and Scholastic commentary on this concept was reconciling

27:

Natural philosophy holding that the world comprises fundamental indivisible components

6555: 5894: 5867: 5730: 5717: 5704: 5658: 5603: 5009: 4842: 3885: 3744: 3235:

John Emery Murdoch; Christoph Herbert Lüthy; William Royall Newman (1 January 2001).

2897: 2469: 2196: 1975: 1939: 1867: 1827: 1815: 1654: 1384: 1380: 1366: 1355: 1214: 1202: 1152: 942:

C. C. Gillispie, The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas

328: 41: 5490: 3968: 2931: 2914: 1716:(1766–1844) assimilated the known experimental work of many people to summarize the 1629:

in the 17th century. It was used by Newton, for instance, in his development of the

1011:

school, which postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to

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The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies

2753:

The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies

1298:

suggest that Nicholas may have been familiar with Ghazali's work, perhaps through

972: 209: 2969: 2075: 728:

reflect his interest in applying Democritus' theories to assist people in taking

350:

Unit-point atomism was invoked in order to make sense of a statement ascribed to

6520: 6410: 6355: 6160: 5984: 5944: 5934: 5736: 5551: 5435: 4893: 4732: 4570: 4120: 3963: 2801: 2789: 1934: 1823: 1713: 1706: 1460: 1414: 1083: 1059: 1044: 805: 789: 724: 562: 492: 138: 109: 6450: 3393: 1737:

Furthermore, he concluded that there was a unique atom for each element, using

1213:. Although the atomism of Epicurus had fallen out of favor in the centuries of 688:

worldview, which held that every physical thing is a compound of matter (Greek

291:'s contrasting views on the types of indivisibles composing the natural world. 6470: 6360: 6315: 6290: 6230: 6225: 6175: 6095: 6069: 6004: 5835: 5830: 5783: 5760: 5588: 5536: 5213: 5158: 5047: 5014: 4946: 4936: 4875: 4799: 4794: 4767: 4608: 4448: 4421: 4384: 4357: 4308: 4285: 4192: 4143: 4135: 2805: 2386:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), are the major purveyors of this view. 2379: 1534: 1295: 1289:

there were, however, expressions of atomism. For example, in the 14th century

1148: 1133: 1063: 1048: 527: 320: 312: 264: 224: 213: 166: 2595: 260:

is caused by larger, smoother, more rounded atoms passing across the tongue.

256:

is caused by small, angular, jagged atoms passing across the tongue; whereas

6495: 6330: 6155: 6130: 6049: 6009: 5994: 5949: 5747: 5668: 5541: 5281: 5243: 5052: 5019: 4966: 4941: 4931: 4822: 4781: 4742: 4694: 4656: 4628: 4600: 4496: 4416: 4222: 4202: 2875: 2677: 2642: 2560: 2274: 2057: 1738: 1375:). Other influential atomists of late 16th and early 17th centuries include 1316: 1189: 1169: 872: 861: 824: 666: 284: 257: 220: 77: 6270: 5495: 3500: 2575: 2232:

The new calendar of great men: biographies of the 558 worthies of all ages

1070:(1930) stresses their commonality, the postulate of "absolute qualities" ( 844:(dyad) before they aggregate into bodies of a kind that can be perceived. 839: 833: 6500: 6490: 6380: 6320: 6265: 6110: 6105: 6064: 6029: 5979: 5914: 5909: 5663: 5500: 5228: 5191: 5110: 5100: 4999: 4918: 4762: 4684: 4585: 4575: 4552: 4542: 4453: 4300: 4290: 4252: 4212: 4207: 4197: 4148: 3464:

Transforming Matter – A History of Chemistry for Alchemy to the Buckyball

1788: 1742: 1721: 1564: 1299: 1206: 1165: 1140: 910: 777: 761: 720: 650: 316: 229: 134: 105: 6415: 2002: 1857: 1081:, a text dated to the 11th or 12th century, postulates the existence of 913:

through educating the people in what was possible in atoms and what was

17: 6510: 6505: 6485: 6425: 6405: 6345: 6295: 6285: 6235: 6210: 6200: 6190: 6135: 5969: 5849: 5620: 5573: 5450: 5425: 5233: 4491: 4458: 4431: 2817: 2704: 1784: 1618: 1568: 1205:

thinkers gradually became aware of Aristotle's critiques of atomism as

1096: 781: 3679:. Trans. by C. Dikshoorn. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. 2997:

Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism

2144:(Second ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. p. 427. 6515: 6465: 6455: 6350: 6335: 6255: 6245: 6205: 6145: 6140: 6125: 6090: 6039: 5959: 5625: 5455: 5396: 5286: 5203: 5062: 4971: 4883: 4699: 2858:(Winter 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 1725: 464: 268: 5311: 3746:

The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas

2899:

The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas

1087:, imagined as the smallest units of the physical world, of varying 932:

However, according to science historian Charles Coulston Gillispie:

409:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 6530: 6525: 6435: 6305: 6260: 6170: 5974: 5924: 5873: 5854: 5430: 5391: 5120: 5095: 4789: 4389: 3208:

Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science

2809: 2093:

by C.C.W. Taylor, University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1999,

1856: 1775: 1761: 1606: 1507: 1470: 1350: 1210: 1128: 1043: 984: 976: 971: 856: 820: 801: 749: 745: 437: 355: 288: 236:, or the only real existence, and the world of change around us." 208: 102: 58: 1791:, and the relative weights of the two atoms are as 1:5, nearly... 1383:(who also changed his stance on atomism late in his career), and 6535: 6300: 6280: 5386: 4257: 3166:(facsimile reprint ed.). Scholar's Choice p. xxxiii. 2813: 1016: 65: 5315: 3981: 1745:

into something simpler. Thus, Dalton concluded the following.

909:

Lucretius depicts Epicurus as the hero who crushed the monster

3426:- Early modern 'atomism' ("corpuscularianism" as it was known) 3318:- Early modern 'atomism' ("corpuscularianism" as it was known) 3020:"The Vaisesika sutras of Kanada. Translated by Nandalal Sinha" 374: 3972: 1968: 1741:'s definition of an element as a substance that could not be 1418:, Galileo offered a more complete physical system based on a 744:, preliminary instances of atomism are found in the works of 191:

would be the same in any portion of a homogeneous material).

44: 3722:. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1981. 3237:"The Medieval and Renaissance Tradition of Minima Naturalia" 2117:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–33. 1870:

had long been theorized as the constituents of matter, and

3241:

Late Medieval and Early Modern Corpuscular Matter Theories

3189:

Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science

2021:

The term 'atomism' is recorded in English since 1670–80 (

1408:(1564–1642) was an advocate of atomism in his 1612 165:. One proponent of this theory was the Greek philosopher 3960:

37 (2003): 498–517. By a philosopher who opposes atomism

3705:

Galilei, G. (1957) . "The Assayer". In Drake, S. (ed.).

3036:. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint 1996). pp. 227–229. 2235:. London and New York: Mac Millan & Co. p. 90. 1766:

John Dalton's alternative formulae for water and ammonia

3657:. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. 3388:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 1122. pp. 1–45. 1201:

Although the ancient atomists' works were unavailable,

1139:

The most successful form of Islamic atomism was in the

1091:

composition. Invisible under normal circumstances, the

398: 145:

have become a modern analogue of philosophical atoms.

3840:

Marmura, Michael E. "Causation in Islamic Thought."

1878:

that explained how the motion that Scottish botanist

1095:

are said to become visible as a result of meditative

957:

W. E. Knowles Middleton, The history of the barometer

3869:. Translated by Henry J. Koren. Dover Publications. 3867:

From Atomos to Atom: The History of the Concept Atom

2627:. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press. 287:(384–322 BCE) in his discussions of Democritus' and 6083: 5882: 5682: 5651: 5566: 5481: 5412: 5405: 5349: 5262: 5177: 5134: 5076: 5038: 4990: 4917: 4874: 4865: 4813: 4780: 4723: 4670: 4642: 4599: 4561: 4533: 4482: 4439: 4430: 4407: 4375: 4349: 4340: 4299: 4276: 4183: 4174: 4134: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4036: 4015: 2574:Amiya Kumar Bagchi; Amita Chatterjee, eds. (2014). 2258: 2256: 2254: 3884:Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; Moore, Charles (1957). 3775:Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought 3772: 3130: 2691: 2468: 1327:. The main figures in the rebirth of atomism were 3160:Alberuni's India [The Indika of Alberuni] 3132:"God and his creation:Two medieval Islamic views" 1925:Montonen–Olive duality#Philosophical implications 1315:In the 17th century, a renewed interest arose in 1227:received extensive consideration. Speculation on 639:four simple bodies of fire, air, water, and earth 670:by transformation of matter from what it was in 3610:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2876:"Principal Doctrines: Epicurus - Quotation #39" 2141:Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science 1445: 1439: 1433: 1117:Atomistic philosophies are found very early in 949: 934: 919: 171: 867:Epicurus' ideas re-appear in the works of his 5327: 3993: 3941:Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century 3844:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973–74 3734:Encyclopaedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition, v. 1.1 2902:. Princeton University Press. pp. 97–98. 2854:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), 2820:taught that all heat comes from the sun; and 2402:(Princeton: Princeton University Press), 257. 2400:Studies in Greek Philosophy: The Presocratics 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2138:Cohen, Henri; Lefebvre, Claire, eds. (2017). 1147:, most notably in the work of the theologian 178:Democritus, Source Book in Ancient Philosophy 64:References to the concept of atomism and its 8: 3921:The Naturalistic Tradition of Indian Thought 3486:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3452:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006) 3192:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2022. 2936:. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. p. 5. 2919:. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. p. 4. 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2045:(Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), 2024:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 1890:(1870–1942) in 1908. Perrin was awarded the 1247:, one of the founders of modern chemistry. 1172:in Jewish and Christian scholastic thought. 927:Epicurus, Principal Doctrines, Quotation #39 629:Geometrical simple bodies according to Plato 3923:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1787:is a binary compound of hydrogen and azote 1254:with the general Aristotelian principle of 469: 463:the character of Timeaus insisted that the 5409: 5334: 5320: 5312: 4871: 4720: 4558: 4436: 4346: 4180: 4171: 4103: 4094: 4033: 4000: 3986: 3978: 3364:Descartes, R. (2008) . Bennett, J. (ed.). 2608:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2362:(Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) 3969:Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century 3853:. New York: Allworth Communications Inc. 2479:. New York: Liberal Arts Press. pp. 796:that also represents the earliest Indian 723:(341–270 BCE) studied atomism with 425:Learn how and when to remove this message 3801:Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle 3762:Atomism in England from Hariot to Newton 3034:Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought 2722:Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought 2114:The Atom in the History of Human Thought 1840:the early 20th century with the rise of 1803: 1701: 1663: 1585: 1533: 1394: 1274: 711: 3351: 3339: 3327: 2856:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2816:to be varieties of the same substance; 2042:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1960: 1363:Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland 1113:Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam 53:, i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") is a 3757:. London: A. and C. Black, Ltd, 1981. 3677:The Mechanization of the World Picture 3670:. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1957. 3479: 3466:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 3139:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2601: 2080:. Charles Scribner's sons. p. 60. 1419: 1074:) underlying all empirical phenomena. 1021:The school founder's traditional name 812:s combined into more complex objects. 126:) that flash in and out of existence. 3608:Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins (1866). 3560:"A New System of Chemical Philosophy" 2999:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 99. 2971:History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas 2376:Pour l'histoire de la science Hellène 2275:"Poem of Parmenides : on nature" 2039:Berryman, Sylvia, "Ancient Atomism", 2035: 2033: 1209:'s commentaries were translated into 7: 3964:Article on traditional Greek atomism 3137:Introduction to Islamic Civilization 2755:, Allwarth Press, 2002, pp.317–321, 1343:, as well as other notable figures. 4009:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy 3973:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3720:Indian Atomism: history and sources 3708:Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo 3691:Religion: A Humanist Interpretation 3595:Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy 3528:A new system of chemical philosophy 2948:Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy. 2625:Indian Atomism: History and Sources 2623:Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti (1981). 2577:Marxism : with and beyond Marx 2360:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 641:. But Plato did not consider these 637:One part of that creation were the 367:, has been thoroughly discredited. 3950:Atomism in the Seventeenth Century 3946:Dictionary of the History of Ideas 3937:Dictionary of the History of Ideas 3887:A Source Book in Indian Philosophy 3842:Dictionary of the History of Ideas 3439:(Leiden: Brill, 2009), pp. 248-264 2930:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964). 2913:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964). 2882:from the original on 7 April 2007. 2705:Skepticism in Early Indian Thought 2418:(London: Routledge), 232–33. 2262: 2239:from the original on June 11, 2021 1641:, which became widely accepted by 1621:in the work of scientists such as 808:schools developed theories on how 25: 3764:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. 3085:, Britannica Online (1998, 2005). 2334:. London: Routledge. p. 75. 2077:Source Book in Ancient Philosophy 1323:as a hybrid or an alternative to 1109:Early Islamic philosophy: Atomism 898:"Atoms" and "vacuum" vs. religion 760:refers to "particles" not atoms ( 323:atomism. Most recent students of 3106:Islamic Thought: An Introduction 651:isosceles right-angled triangles 612: 577: 542: 507: 379: 183:Atomism stands in contrast to a 3955:"Is There a Fundamental Level?" 3865:Melsen, Andrew G. van (2004) . 2662:. Routledge. pp. 83, 356. 2074:Bakewell, C. M. (Ed.). (1907). 1125:Al-Ghazali and Asharite atomism 5674:Progressive utilization theory 3890:. Princeton University Press. 3830:. New York: W. W. Norton, . 3515:, Essay on Atomism, 1961, p.54 2835:The Legacies of Richard Popkin 2692:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957 2659:Dictionary of World Philosophy 301:twentieth-century philosophers 1: 3828:Greek Science After Aristotle 3749:. Princeton University Press. 3718:Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti. 3649:. Leicester University Press. 3386:Pioneers of Quantum Chemistry 3264:Alan Chalmers (4 June 2009). 3145:Islamic atomism indian greek. 2429:"Plato, Timaeus, section 68b" 2398:and Daniel W. Graham (1996), 2332:History of Western Philosophy 1553: 1546: 1426:Perceived vs. real properties 1239:, who in turn influenced the 880: 876: 448: 441: 311:, a conscious repudiation of 116: 3661:Cornford, Francis MacDonald. 3270:. Springer. pp. 75–96. 3032:Riepe, Dale Maurice (1961). 2933:The history of the barometer 2916:The history of the barometer 2545:. New York: Allworth Press. 2416:The Presocratic Philosophers 1809:Alexander William Williamson 1453:Galileo Galilei, The Assayer 1410:Discourse on Floating Bodies 1032:. His text is also known as 672:potential to a new actuality 661:Rejection in Aristotelianism 3612:. pp. 781–859 vol I56. 3462:Levere, Trevor, H. (2001). 2995:Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002). 2465:Cornford, Francis Macdonald 2008:Online Etymology Dictionary 1832:Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie 1712:In 1808, English physicist 1631:corpuscular theory of light 840: 834: 405:the claims made and adding 153:Philosophical atomism is a 6588: 3847:McEvilley, Thomas (2002). 3810:W. W. Norton & Company 3781:Cambridge University Press 3755:A Short History of Atomism 3503:- Philosophical Dictionary 3394:10.1021/bk-2013-1122.ch001 3243:. BRILL. pp. 91–133. 2656:Iannone, A. Pablo (2001). 2541:Thomas, McEvilley (2002). 1969: 1652: 1579: 1543:Johann Chrysostom Magnenus 1530:Johann Chrysostom Magnenus 1106: 1036:, or Aphorisms of Kanada. 853:Lucretius revives Epicurus 684:concept was rooted in his 307:was the philosophy of the 76:philosophical traditions. 45: 29: 3645:Brock, W.H., ed. (1967). 3597:. Bart. p. 93 vol 8. 3417:The Mechanical Philosophy 3309:The Mechanical Philosophy 3135:. In R. M. Savory (ed.). 3108:. Routledge. p. 95. 2850:Berryman, Sylvia (2022), 2384:Pythagoreans and Eleatics 2330:Bertrand Russell (1946). 2111:Pullman, Bernard (1998). 1853:Experimental verification 764:). Some scholars such as 742:ancient Indian philosophy 626: 475: 5861:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 4848:Alexander of Aphrodisias 3826:Lloyd, Geoffrey (1973). 3798:Lloyd, Geoffrey (1970). 3367:Principles of Philosophy 3129:Michael Marmura (1976). 3104:Saeed, Abdullah (2006). 3022:Full Text at archive.org 2833:Jeremy D. Popkin (ed.), 2709:Philosophy East and West 2531:Lloyd 1973, p25–6. 1494:Principles of Philosophy 1159:Averroes rejects atomism 32:Atomism (disambiguation) 5791:Samkhyapravachana Sutra 4957:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus 4690:Thrasymachus of Corinth 4368:Metrodorus of Lampsacus 3736:. Leiden: Brill, 2001. 3732:Gardet, L. "djuz'" in 3664:Plato's Cosmology: The 2724:, Motilal Banarsidass, 2703:John M. Koller (1977), 2471:Plato's Cosmology: The 1985:A Greek–English Lexicon 1905:Eliminative materialism 1486:"mechanical" philosophy 905:On the Nature of Things 886:On the Nature of Things 772:have compared Aruni to 736:Ancient Indian atomism 692:) and of an immaterial 665:Sometime before 330 BC 219:In the 5th century BC, 6572:Presocratic philosophy 5527:Early Buddhist schools 4614:Aristippus the Younger 3760:Kargon, Robert Hugh. 3653:Clericuzio, Antonio. 3422:June 11, 2008, at the 3314:June 11, 2008, at the 3299:Marmura, 1973–74 3083:Abhidhammattha-sangaha 2064:I, 4, 985 10–15. 1892:Nobel Prize in Physics 1864: 1811: 1767: 1709: 1671: 1614: 1593: 1567:). Measuring how much 1561:Democritus reviviscens 1539: 1515: 1478: 1456: 1444: 1438: 1402: 1358: 1291:Nicholas of Autrecourt 1282: 1280:Nicholas of Autrecourt 1271:Nicholas of Autrecourt 1136: 1079:Abhidhammattha-sangaha 1051: 979: 960: 945: 930: 864: 717: 325:presocratic philosophy 216: 181: 161:in an otherwise empty 6567:Metaphysical theories 5091:Eudorus of Alexandria 4662:Asclepiades of Phlius 4619:Theodorus the Atheist 3525:Dalton, John (1808). 2968:Basham, A.L. (1951). 2794:Our Oriental Heritage 2433:www.perseus.tufts.edu 1976:Liddell, Henry George 1930:Ontological pluralism 1920:Mereological nihilism 1860: 1822:presented Dalton the 1807: 1765: 1705: 1667: 1639:mechanical philosophy 1635:The Sceptical Chymist 1610: 1589: 1537: 1523:mechanical philosophy 1511: 1474: 1398: 1354: 1347:Northumberland circle 1287:medieval universities 1278: 1256:infinite divisibility 1132: 1047: 975: 860: 715: 345:Ecphantus of Syracuse 212: 5965:Brihadratha Ikshvaku 5802:Sarvadarsanasangraha 5579:Acintya bheda abheda 5025:Diogenes of Oenoanda 3919:Riepe, Dale (1964). 3804:. London; New York: 3753:Gregory, Joshua C. 3693:. Routledge, 1996. 1915:History of chemistry 1837:Alexander Williamson 1800:Atomic theory debate 1649:Modern atomic theory 1484:' (1596–1650) 1372:The Starry Messenger 1325:Aristotelian physics 1302:' refutation of it. 1258:. Commentators like 1176:Medieval Christendom 1068:Fyodor Shcherbatskoy 677:Aristotle theorized 482:Number of Triangles 143:elementary particles 6025:Dayananda Saraswati 5599:Nimbarka Sampradaya 5523:Buddhist philosophy 5149:Apollonius of Tyana 5096:Philo of Alexandria 4899:Agrippa the Skeptic 4838:Strato of Lampsacus 3953:Jonathan Schaffer, 2720:Dale Riepe (1996), 2694:, pp. 227–249) 2027:, 2001, "atomism"). 1868:Atoms and molecules 1679:, when they could. 1412:(Redondi 1969). In 1306:Atomist renaissance 848:Late Roman Republic 5636:Pashupata Shaivism 5466:Pashupata Shaivism 5224:Plutarch of Athens 5164:Numenius of Apamea 5154:Moderatus of Gades 4624:Hegesias of Cyrene 3647:The Atomic Debates 3214:. pp. 355–6. 2751:Thomas McEvilley, 2354:Berryman, Sylvia, 2311:on 28 October 2022 2299:"Parmenides' Poem" 2202:Ancient Philosophy 1945:Process philosophy 1865: 1812: 1768: 1718:empirical evidence 1710: 1672: 1615: 1594: 1540: 1516: 1479: 1403: 1359: 1283: 1137: 1119:Islamic philosophy 1052: 980: 883:55 BC), who wrote 865: 798:natural philosophy 718: 390:possibly contains 371:Geometry and atoms 305:unit-point atomism 299:According to some 295:Unit-point atomism 217: 189:classical elements 55:natural philosophy 6549: 6548: 6401:Pratītyasamutpāda 5562: 5561: 5343:Indian philosophy 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5272:Nicetes of Smyrna 4861: 4860: 4776: 4775: 4738:Apollonius Cronus 4529: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4403: 4402: 4327: 4326: 4248:Metrodorus of Cos 4170: 4169: 4157: 4156: 4084: 4083: 3904:Redondi, Pietro. 3897:978-0-691-01958-1 3819:978-0-393-00583-7 3806:Chatto and Windus 3790:978-0-521-09456-6 3689:Firth, Raymond. 3538:978-1-153-05671-7 3501:Corpuscularianism 3473:978-0-8018-6610-4 3277:978-90-481-2362-9 3250:978-90-04-11516-3 3221:978-965-223-626-5 3173:978-1-297-45719-7 3062:978-1-988207-13-1 3043:978-81-208-1293-2 3006:978-1-898723-93-6 2958:, 1999, page 269. 2852:"Ancient Atomism" 2800:, founder of the 2669:978-0-415-17995-9 2634:978-0-391-02177-8 2587:978-1-317-56176-7 2490:978-0-87220-386-0 2227:Frederic Harrison 2151:978-0-08-101107-2 2124:978-0-19-515040-7 2001:Harper, Douglas. 1643:physical sciences 1602:William R. Newman 1597:Corpuscularianism 1582:Corpuscularianism 1576:Corpuscularianism 1498:mind/body duality 1321:corpuscularianism 1077:Still later, the 1040:Medieval Buddhism 996:Medieval Hinduism 902:In his epic poem 794:Indian philosophy 774:Thales of Miletus 635: 634: 608: 573: 538: 503: 462: 435: 434: 427: 392:original research 250:social convention 232:drew between the 129:The particles of 68:appeared in both 16:(Redirected from 6579: 6055:Satyakama Jabala 5990:Akshapada Gotama 5940:Gārgī Vāchaknavī 5920:Vāchaspati Misra 5778:Nyayakusumanjali 5712:Bhagavata Purana 5669:Radical Humanism 5641:Shaiva Siddhanta 5410: 5382:Vedic philosophy 5336: 5329: 5322: 5313: 5264:Second Sophistic 5239:Ammonius Hermiae 5144:Nigidius Figulus 5058:Philo of Larissa 5040:Academic Skeptic 4904:Sextus Empiricus 4872: 4721: 4680:Euclid of Megara 4559: 4437: 4347: 4181: 4172: 4104: 4095: 4034: 4016:Proto-philosophy 4002: 3995: 3988: 3979: 3924: 3901: 3880: 3823: 3794: 3778: 3750: 3741:Gillispie, C. C. 3715: 3713: 3674:Dijksterhuis, E. 3650: 3632: 3631:Brock 1967, p.15 3629: 3623: 3622:Brock 1967, p.12 3620: 3614: 3613: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3593:Davy, J. (ed.). 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3562:. Archived from 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3477: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3433: 3427: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3330:, p. 273-4. 3325: 3319: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3212:Brill Publishers 3200: 3194: 3193: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3165: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2965: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2894:Gillispie, C. 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5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5010:Zeno of Sidon 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843:Lyco of Troas 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4725:Dialecticians 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 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Cambridge: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3728:0-391-02177-X 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3699:0-415-12897-8 3696: 3692: 3688: 3686: 3685:0-691-02396-4 3682: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3566:on 2003-08-02 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3403:9780841227163 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3125: 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2448: 2445: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378:(Paris), and 2377: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2263:Melsen (1952) 2259: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2212:0-19-875273-3 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2099:0-8020-4390-9 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1980:Scott, Robert 1977: 1973: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1940:Prima materia 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:paper in 1905 1873: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1828:Royal Society 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816:atomic theory 1810: 1806: 1799: 1797: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1655:Atomic theory 1648: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1544: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1385:Thomas Hariot 1382: 1381:Thomas Hobbes 1378: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1367:Francis Bacon 1364: 1357: 1356:Francis Bacon 1353: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1277: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1215:Scholasticism 1212: 1208: 1204: 1197:Scholasticism 1196: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1153:occasionalism 1150: 1146: 1142: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1034:Kanada Sutras 1031: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 995: 990: 988: 986: 978: 974: 967: 962: 953: 948: 938: 933: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 906: 897: 895: 892: 888: 887: 874: 870: 863: 859: 852: 847: 845: 842: 836: 831: 826: 822: 817: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 735: 733: 731: 726: 722: 714: 707: 705: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 681: 675: 673: 668: 660: 658: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 631: 630: 625: 621: 618: 615: 611: 609: 606: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 586: 583: 580: 576: 574: 571: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 551: 548: 545: 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5292:Philostratus 5179:Neoplatonist 4833:Theophrastus 4507:Dionysodorus 4464:Thrasymachus 4090:Pre-Socratic 3957: 3945: 3936: 3920: 3905: 3886: 3866: 3848: 3841: 3827: 3800: 3774: 3761: 3754: 3745: 3733: 3719: 3714:. Doubleday. 3707: 3690: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3646: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3579: 3568:. Retrieved 3564:the original 3554: 3542:. Retrieved 3527: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3463: 3457: 3449: 3444: 3436: 3431: 3412: 3385: 3379: 3366: 3359: 3352:Galilei 1957 3347: 3340:Galilei 1957 3335: 3328:Galilei 1957 3323: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3266: 3259: 3240: 3230: 3207: 3204:Shlomo Pines 3198: 3188: 3182: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3136: 3124: 3105: 3099: 3090: 3078: 3069: 3052: 3033: 3027: 3015: 2996: 2990: 2970: 2963: 2947: 2942: 2932: 2925: 2915: 2908: 2898: 2888: 2870: 2860:, retrieved 2855: 2845: 2834: 2829: 2793: 2785: 2768: 2752: 2747: 2737: 2721: 2716: 2708: 2699: 2686: 2658: 2651: 2624: 2618: 2576: 2569: 2542: 2536: 2527: 2515:Lloyd 1970, 2511: 2503:Lloyd 1968, 2499: 2474: 2470: 2459: 2451:Lloyd 1970, 2447: 2436:. Retrieved 2432: 2423: 2415: 2407: 2399: 2391: 2383: 2375: 2372:Paul Tannery 2367: 2350: 2331: 2325: 2313:. Retrieved 2306:the original 2293: 2281:. Retrieved 2269: 2241:. Retrieved 2231: 2221: 2201: 2140: 2133: 2113: 2106: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2069: 2061: 2053: 2040: 2022: 2017: 2006: 1996: 1983: 1963: 1880:Robert Brown 1874:published a 1866: 1848:20th century 1813: 1794: 1769: 1736: 1711: 1693:19th century 1681: 1673: 1660:18th century 1627:Isaac Newton 1623:Robert Boyle 1616: 1612:Isaac Newton 1595: 1591:Robert Boyle 1560: 1541: 1517: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1457: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1429: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1371: 1360: 1341:Robert Boyle 1319:atomism and 1314: 1311:17th century 1284: 1251: 1249: 1245:Robert Boyle 1228: 1218: 1200: 1179: 1162: 1138: 1116: 1092: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1053: 1033: 1027: 1022: 1012: 999: 981: 963:Roman Empire 950: 946: 935: 931: 920: 914: 903: 901: 884: 866: 818: 814: 809: 788:founded the 757: 753: 739: 719: 702: 697: 689: 678: 676: 664: 655: 636: 628: 627: 601: 592: 566: 557: 531: 522: 496: 487: 456: 436: 421: 412: 389: 358: 352:Zeno of Elea 349: 309:Pythagoreans 304: 298: 282: 278: 263:Previously, 262: 238: 218: 182: 172: 152: 149:Reductionism 128: 121: 101: 91: 86: 63: 50: 37: 36: 6521:Vivartavada 6411:Rājamaṇḍala 6366:Paramananda 6166:Apauruṣheyā 6161:Anupalabdhi 6020:Vivekananda 5985:Dharmakirti 5945:Buddhaghosa 5935:Yājñavalkya 5742:Jain Agamas 5737:Hindu texts 5616:Navya-Nyāya 5552:Svatantrika 5547:Sautrāntika 5436:Vaisheshika 4894:Aenesidemus 4867:Hellenistic 4815:Peripatetic 4733:Clinomachus 4571:Antisthenes 4185:Pythagorean 4136:Heraclitean 4121:Anaximander 4038:Seven Sages 3290:Kargon 1966 2950:Routledge, 2802:Vaisheshika 2790:Will Durant 2380:J. E. Raven 2062:Metaphysics 1935:Physicalism 1888:Jean Perrin 1862:Jean Perrin 1824:Royal Medal 1714:John Dalton 1707:John Dalton 1698:John Dalton 1557: 1679 1550: 1590 1461:law of fall 1420:corpuscular 1415:The Assayer 1093:rupa-kalapa 1084:rupa-kalapa 1072:guna-dharma 1060:Dharmakirti 991:Middle Ages 806:Vaisheshika 790:Vaisheshika 756:. Although 725:Nausiphanes 686:hylomorphic 563:Icosahedron 493:Tetrahedron 476:Polyhedron 321:Democritean 139:John Dalton 110:Dharmakirti 6556:Categories 6471:Svātantrya 6361:Paramatman 6316:Kshetrajna 6291:Ishvaratva 6231:Cittabhumi 6226:Chidabhasa 6176:Asiddhatva 6096:Abhasavada 6070:Guru Nanak 6005:Vasubandhu 5831:Upanishads 5825:Tirukkuṟaḷ 5784:Panchadasi 5589:Bhedabheda 5537:Madhyamaka 5377:Monotheism 5249:Simplicius 5214:Iamblichus 5159:Nicomachus 5048:Arcesilaus 5015:Philodemus 5005:Metrodorus 4947:Posidonius 4937:Chrysippus 4876:Pyrrhonist 4800:Xenocrates 4795:Speusippus 4768:Panthoides 4609:Aristippus 4512:Euthydemus 4449:Protagoras 4422:Democritus 4385:Empedocles 4358:Anaxagoras 4309:Parmenides 4286:Xenophanes 4243:Hermotimus 4193:Pythagoras 4144:Heraclitus 4126:Anaximenes 4028:Pherecydes 4023:Epimenides 3638:References 3570:2003-07-28 3531:. London. 2862:2023-10-06 2822:Vachaspati 2806:Democritus 2580:. London. 2552:1581152035 2438:2022-07-27 2356:Democritus 1951:References 1783:2nd. That 1774:1st. 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