Streaming media - Knowledge (XXG)

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acquired one of the first telemetry ground stations which had the capability for reconstructing serial telemetered data which had been recorded on digital computer peripheral tapes. Computer peripheral tapes were inherently recorded in blocks. Reconstruction was required for continuous display purposes without time-base distortion. The Navy implemented similar capability in DoD for the first time in 1973. These implementations are the only known examples of true 'streaming' in the sense of reconstructing distortion-free serial data from packetized or blocked recordings. 'Real-time' terminology has also been confusing in streaming context. The most accepted definition of 'real-time' requires that all associated processing or formatting of the data must take place prior to availability of the next sample of each measurement. In the 1970s the most powerful mainframe computers were not fast enough for this task at significant overall data rates in the range of 50,000 samples per second. For that reason both the Grumman ATS and the Navy Real-time Telemetry Processing System employed unique special purpose digital computers dedicated to real-time processing of raw data samples.

1244: 1271: 1563: 1654: 1111:. Research suggests that this approach to streaming competition can be disadvantageous for consumers by increasing spending across platforms, and for the industry as a whole by dilution of subscriber base. Once specific content is made available on a streaming service, piracy searches for the same content decrease; competition or legal availability across multiple platforms appears to deter online piracy. Exclusive content produced for subscription services such as Netflix tends to have a higher production budget than content produced exclusively for 1935:(TCP), guarantee correct delivery of each bit in the media stream. It means, however, that when there is data loss on the network, the media stream stalls while the protocol handlers detect the loss and retransmit the missing data. Clients can minimize this effect by buffering data for display. While delay due to buffering is acceptable in video-on-demand scenarios, users of interactive applications such as video conferencing will experience a loss of fidelity if the delay caused by buffering exceeds 200 ms. 1611:

content was freely available on the Internet. By 2018, however, music streaming revenue exceeded that of traditional revenue streams (e.g. record sales, album sales, downloads). Streaming revenue is now one of the largest driving forces behind the growth in the music industry. In an interview, Jonathan Dworkin, a senior vice president of strategy and business development at Universal, said, "We cannot be afraid of perpetual change, because that dynamism is driving growth."

1532:, where users make temporary copies of a work before purchasing; space-shifting, where users access a sound recording through the Napster system that they already own in audio CD format; and permissive distribution of recordings by both new and established artists." Judge Beezer found that Napster did not fit these criteria, instead enabling their users to repeatedly copy music, which would affect the market value of the copyrighted good. 1442:. Every user benefits when an individual uploads an mp3 file, but there is no requirement or mechanism that forces all users to share their music. Generally, the platform encouraged sharing; users who downloaded files from others often had their own files available for upload as well. However, not everyone chose to share their files. There was no a built-in incentive specifically discouraging users from sharing their own files. 1634:(IFPI) recompiled the music industry initiatives around the world related to the COVID-19. In its State of the Industry report, it recorded that the global recorded music market grew by 7.4% in 2022, the 6th consecutive year of growth. This growth was driven by streaming, mostly from paid subscription streaming revenues which increased by 18.5%, fueled by 443 million users of subscription accounts by the end of 2020. 97: 1760: 1982:, is used to manage the delivery of multicast streams to the groups of recipients on a LAN. One of the challenges in deploying IP multicast is that routers and firewalls between LANs must allow the passage of packets destined to multicast groups. If the organization that is serving the content has control over the network between server and recipients (i.e., educational, government, and corporate 1939: 1449:; it made music freely replicable. Napster quickly garnered millions of users, growing faster than any other business in history. At the peak of its existence, Napster boasted about 80 million users globally. The site gained so much traffic that many college campuses had to block access to Napster because it created network congestion from so many students sharing music files. 1303:"Streaming creates the illusion—greatly magnified by headphone use, which is another matter—that music is a utility you can turn on and off; the water metaphor is intrinsic to how it works. It dematerializes music, denies it a crucial measure of autonomy, reality, and power. It makes music seem disposable, impermanent. Hence it intensifies the ebb and flow of pop fashion, the way 955: 1434:. In an interview from 2009, Shawn Fanning explained that Napster "was something that came to me as a result of seeing a sort of unmet need and the passion people had for being able to find all this music, particularly a lot of the obscure stuff, which wouldn't be something you go to a record store and purchase, so it felt like a problem worth solving." 2172: 1438:

Napster existed, mp3 files fundamentally changed as a type of good. Songs were no longer financially excludable, barring access to a computer with internet access, and they were not rivals, meaning if one person downloaded a song, it did not diminish another user from doing the same. Napster, like most other providers of public goods, faced the

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accessibility. Apple Music and Prime Music only offer their services for paid subscribers, whereas Spotify and SoundCloud offer freemium and premium services. Napster, owned by Rhapsody since 2011, has resurfaced as a music streaming platform offering subscription-based services to over 4.5 million users as of January 2017.

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song. The operator would find the record in the studio library of more than 100,000 records, put it on a turntable, and the music would be piped over the telephone line to play in the tavern. The music media began as 78s, 33s and 45s, played on the six turntables they monitored. CDs and tapes were incorporated in later years.

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declared that "The streaming wars are over" as pandemic-era restrictions had largely ended and audience growth had stalled. This led services to focus on profit over market share by cutting production budgets, cracking down on password sharing, and introducing ad-supported tiers. A December 2022 article in

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The quality of the interaction between servers and users is based on the workload of the streaming service; as more users attempt to access a service the quality may be affected by resource constraints in the service. Deploying clusters of streaming servers is one such method where there are regional

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ordered against Napster ended the brief period in which music streaming was a public good – non-rival and non-excludable in nature. Other P2P networks had some success at sharing MP3s, though they all met a similar fate in court. The ruling set the precedent that copyrighted digital content cannot be

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Moullier, B; Galvis, Alexandra (October 2021). Study on the copyright legal framework and licensing practices of audiovisual content in the digital environment, Part 4: contractual practices in the Latin American audiovisual sector in the digital environment. World Intellectual Property Organization

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as more people stayed home and watched TV. "The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a seismic shift in the film & TV industry in terms of how films are made, distributed, and screened. Many industries have been hit by the economic effects of the pandemic" (Totaro Donato). In August 2022, a CNN headline

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In 2000, Industryview.com launched its "world's largest streaming video archive" website to help businesses promote themselves. Webcasting became an emerging tool for business marketing and advertising that combined the immersive nature of television with the interactivity of the Web. The ability to

701:. As proof of PARC's technology, the band's performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. In a March 2017 interview, band member Russ Haines stated that the band had used approximately "half of the total bandwidth of the internet" to stream the performance, which was a 1954:

protocols were developed to reduce server and network loads resulting from duplicate data streams that occur when many recipients receive unicast content streams independently. These protocols send a single stream from the source to a group of recipients. Depending on the network infrastructure and

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The music industry's response to music streaming was initially negative. Along with music piracy, streaming services disrupted the market and contributed to the fall in US revenue from $ 14.6 billion in 1999 to $ 6.3 billion in 2009. CDs and single-track downloads were not selling because

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The business had a succession of owners, notably Bill Purse, his daughter Helen Reutzel, and finally Dotti White. The revenue stream for each quarter was split between 60% for the music service and 40% for the tavern owner. This business model eventually became unsustainable due to city permits and

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The Telephone Music Service, a live jukebox service, began in 1929 and continued until 1997. The clientele eventually included 120 bars and restaurants in the Pittsburgh area. A tavern customer would deposit money in the jukebox, use a telephone on top of the jukebox, and ask the operator to play a

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for viewing based on each user's view history in conjunction with all viewers' aggregated view histories. Rather than focusing on subjective categorization of content by content curators), there is an assumption that, with the immensity of data collected on viewing habits, the choices of those who

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pixel video, updated eight to twelve times per second, with audio quality that was, "at best, a bad telephone connection." In October 1994, a school music festival was webcast from the Michael Fowler Centre in Wellington, New Zealand. The technician who arranged the webcast, local council employee

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service that enables the use of limited features for exposure to advertisements, most companies operate under a premium subscription model. Under such circumstances, music streaming is financially excludable, requiring that customers pay a monthly fee for access to a music library, but non-rival,

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4 application. It was later also widely adopted on websites, along with RealPlayer and Windows Media streaming formats. The competing formats on websites required each user to download the respective applications for streaming, which resulted in many users having to have all three applications on

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Terminology in the 1970's was at best confusing for applications such as telemetered aircraft or missile test data. By then PCM was the dominant transmission type. This PCM transmission was bit-serial and not packetized so the 'streaming' terminology was often a confusion factor. In 1969 Grumman

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since it had knowledge of widespread file sharing on its platform. Since Napster took no action to reduce infringement and financially benefited from repeated use, the court ruled against the P2P site. The court found that "as much as eighty-seven percent of the files available on Napster may be

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platforms, the original content captures additional subscribers. This presents copyright issues and the potential for international exploitation through streaming, widespread use of standards, and metadata in digital files. The WIPO has indicated several basic copyright issues arising for those

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date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century. However, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful

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Not only did this development disrupt the music industry by making songs that previously required payment to be freely accessible to any Napster user, but it also demonstrated the power of P2P networks in turning any digital file into a public, shareable good. For the brief period of time that

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There is competition between services similar but lesser to the streaming wars for video media. As of 2019 Spotify has over 207 million users in 78 countries, As of 2018 Apple Music has about 60 million, and SoundCloud has 175 million. All platforms provide varying degrees of

54: 1630:(CISAC) indicated that remuneration from digital streaming of music increased with a strong rise in digital royalty collection (up 16.6% to EUR 2.4 billion), but it would not compensate the overall loss of income of authors from concerts, public performance and broadcast. The 1930:

HTTP adaptive bitrate streaming is based on HTTP progressive download, but contrary to the previous approach, here the files are very small, so that they can be compared to the streaming of packets, much like the case of using RTSP and RTP. Reliable protocols, such as the

4579: 1339:. Progressive download saves the received information to a local file and then plays it from that location. On-demand streams are often saved to files for extended period of time, while live streams are only available at one time only (e.g., during a football game). 914:'s revenue, growing 29 percent from the previous year and becoming the largest source of income, pulling in around $ 2.4 billion. US streaming revenue grew 57 percent to $ 1.6 billion in the first half of 2016 and accounted for almost half of industry sales. 2132:, in particular programmatic advertisement, a tool that helps advertisers decide their campaign parameters and whether they are interested in buying advertising space online or not. One example of advertising space acquisition is Real-Time Bidding (RTB). 1907:(UDP), send the media stream as a series of small packets. This is simple and efficient; however, there is no mechanism within the protocol to guarantee delivery. It is up to the receiving application to detect loss or corruption and recover data using 1895:

libraries if required, thus demanding the central server to have powerful data processing and immense storage capabilities. In return, workloads on the streaming backbone network are balanced and alleviated, allowing for optimal streaming quality.

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was founded in 1989 and developed a JPEG streaming product called "StreamWorks". Another streaming product appeared in late 1992 and was named StarWorks. StarWorks enabled on-demand MPEG-1 full-motion videos to be randomly accessed on corporate

2000:(P2P) protocols arrange for prerecorded streams to be sent between computers. This prevents the server and its network connections from becoming a bottleneck. However, it raises technical, performance, security, quality, and business issues. 2048:

are first to view content can be algorithmically extrapolated to the totality of the user base, with increasing probabilistic accuracy as to the likelihood of their choosing and enjoying the recommended content as more data is collected.

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Katz, Raul (October 2021). Study on the copyright legal framework and licensing practices of audiovisual content in the digital environment, Part 1: Audiovisual OTT business models in Latin America: Recent trends and future evolution.

1397:'s DVD services. It stated that Netflix was continuing their DVD services with 5.3 million subscribers, which was a significant drop from the previous year. On the other hand, their streaming service had 65 million members. 2060:

performed online. An advantage of this presentation is that these lectures can be very long, although they can always be interrupted or repeated at arbitrary places. Streaming enables new content marketing concepts. For example, the

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Streaming copyrighted content can involve making infringing copies of the works in question. The recording and distribution of streamed content is also an issue for many companies that rely on revenue based on views or attendance.

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A case study commissioned by the WIPO indicates that streaming services attract advertising budgets with the opportunities provided by interactivity and the use of data from users, resulting in personalization on a mass scale with

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protocols send a separate copy of the media stream from the server to each recipient. Unicast is the norm for most Internet connections but does not scale well when many users want to view the same television program concurrently.

3755: 903:. Increasing consumer demand for live streaming prompted YouTube to implement a new live streaming service for users. The company currently also offers a (secure) link that returns the available connection speed of the user. 1365:

State of Pay TV, OTT, and SVOD 2017 report said that 70 percent of those viewing content did so through a streaming service and that 40 percent of TV viewing was done this way, twice the number from five years earlier.

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and enable smooth streaming of the content. However, computer networks were still limited in the mid-1990s, and audio and video media were usually delivered over non-streaming channels, such as playback from a local

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functionality. Continuous streaming of radio or television material usually precludes the recipient's ability to control playback. However, this problem can be mitigated by elements such as caching servers, digital

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Schotz, Gustavo (October 2021). Study on the copyright legal framework and licensing practices of audiovisual content in the digital environment, Part 5: The Identification and Use of Metadata in Audiovisual Works

3280: 1866:, which then uses HTTP-based transport protocols to distribute the video to individual homes and users. The streaming client (the end user) may interact with the streaming server using a control protocol, such as 670:. These technological improvements facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to computer users in their homes and workplaces. There was also an increasing use of standard protocols and formats, such as 485:

manufactured by Data Electronics Inc. that were meant to slowly ramp up and run for the entire track; slower ramp times lowered drive costs. "Streaming" was applied in the early 1990s as a better description for

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Ch. Z. Patrikakis, N. Papaoulakis, Ch. Stefanoudaki, M. S. Nunes, "Streaming content wars: Download and play strikes back" presented at the Personalization in Media Delivery Platforms Workshop, , Venice, Italy,

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The competition among online platforms has driven them to find ways to differentiate themselves from the rest. A key differentiator is offering exclusive content, often self-produced and created for a specific

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algorithms to redirect users to nearby regional servers capable of accommodating them. This approach also allows the central server to provide streaming data to both users as well as regional servers using

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also has recordings of live broadcasts, including television shows aired on major networks. These streams have the potential to be recorded by anyone who has access to them, whether legally or otherwise.

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in the 1990s and has since grown to become the globally most popular method for consuming music and video, with numerous competing subscription services being offered since the 2010s. Audio streaming to

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industry, which drastically dropped in popularity and profitability with the mass popularization of online content. The rise of media streaming caused the downfall of many DVD rental companies, such as

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emerged to offer listeners a non-technical option for listening to audio streams. These audio-streaming services became increasingly popular; streaming music reached 118.1 billion streams in 2013.

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for the Ninth Circuit ruled that a P2P file-sharing service could be held liable for contributory and vicarious infringement of copyright, serving as a landmark decision for Intellectual property law.

2252: 3931: 1464:(2003). The reign of P2P networks was short-lived. The first to fall was Napster in 2001. Numerous lawsuits were filed against Napster by various record labels, all of which were subsidiaries of 4610: 3456: 4751: 3747: 3625: 3121: 1484:(RIAA) also filed a lawsuit against Napster on the grounds of unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, which ultimately led Napster to shut down in 2001. In an interview with the 4728: 58: 2100:

Marketers have found many opportunities offered by streaming media and the platforms that offer them, especially in light of the significant increase in the use of streaming media during

3800: 1298:, which are optimized for streaming HD content. Many developers have introduced HD streaming apps that work on smaller devices, such as tablets and smartphones, for everyday purposes. 4178: 3313: 2871: 1831:. The bitstream is delivered from a streaming server to a streaming client (e.g., the computer user with their Internet-connected laptop) using a transport protocol, such as Adobe's 3247: 1631: 3090: 1342:

Streaming media is increasingly being coupled with the use of social media. For example, sites such as YouTube encourage social interaction in webcasts through features such as

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During the late 1990s and early 2000s, users had increased access to computer networks, especially the Internet. During the early 2000s, users had access to increased network

2211: 4549: 3984: 1725:(in bit/s) / (8 × 1024 × 1024). For example, one hour of digital video encoded at 300 kbit/s (this was a typical broadband video in 2005 and it was usually encoded in 1717:. Streaming media storage size is calculated from the streaming bandwidth and length of the media using the following formula (for a single user and file): storage size in 2593: 514:

enabled subscribers to listen to opera and theatre performances over telephone lines. This operated until 1932. The concept of media streaming eventually came to America.

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files freely, broke all music industry conventions when it launched in early 1999 in Hull, Massachusetts. The platform was developed by Shawn and John Fanning as well as

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Fayyoumi, Ebaa; Idwan, Sahar; Muhared, Hiba; Matar, Izzeddin; Rawashdeh, Obaidah (November 2014). "L2CAP-based prototype media streaming via Bluetooth technology".

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As music streaming platforms have become more prevalent in the US, music piracy rates have fallen. Piracy rates are calculated as a function of US total population.

3494: 3057: 6239: 2146: 4919: 1927:(RTCP) were specifically designed to stream media over networks. RTSP runs over a variety of transport protocols, while the latter two are built on top of UDP. 1740:

protocol, the requirement is 300 kbit/s × 1,000 = 300,000 kbit/s = 300 Mbit/s of bandwidth. This is equivalent to around 135

1333:. True streaming sends the information straight to the computer or device without saving it to a local file. On-demand streaming is provided by a method called 801:. Other early companies that created streaming media technology include Progressive Networks and Protocomm prior to widespread World Wide Web usage. After the 4170: 4580:"Deloitte study: digital marketing spending is expected to increase by almost 15% until the end of 2021, while traditional advertising will slightly decrease" 4200: 2961: 1748:

protocol the server sends out only a single stream that is common to all users. Therefore, such a stream would only use 300 kbit/s of server bandwidth.

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was granted patents for a system for the transmission and distribution of signals over electrical lines, which was the technical basis for what later became

3722: 2073:. These online concerts are also spread over a lot of different places, including cinemas at various places on the globe. A similar concept is used by the 3923: 3830: 2401: 4729:

https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/part_4_contractual_practices_latin_american_audiovisual_sector_digital_environment.pdf

2616: 4024: 3658: 3343: 56: 5413: 4621: 4345: 3464: 3214: 1481: 907: 4748: 2456: 3412: 1035: 765:, an event that would define the format of social change broadcasts. Scarpa continued to pioneer in the streaming media world with projects such as 2683: 2006:(CDNs) use intermediate servers to distribute the load. Internet-compatible unicast delivery is used between CDN nodes and streaming destinations. 4791: 4109: 3607: 3113: 2566: 743: 4882:

Hagen, Anja Nylund (2020). Music in Streams: Communicating Music in the Streaming Paradigm, In Michael Filimowicz & Veronika Tzankova (ed.),

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as an alternative to using proprietary transport protocols. Often, a streaming transport protocol is used to send video from an event venue to a

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had streaming services busier than ever. In the UK alone, twelve million people joined a new streaming service that they had not previously had.

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fundamentally changed the way consumers interact with music streaming. It was argued on 2 October 2000 and was decided on 12 February 2001. The

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Distinguishing delivery methods from the media applies specifically to, as most of the traditional media delivery systems are either inherently

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freely replicated and shared unless given consent by the owner, thereby strengthening the property rights of artists and record labels alike.

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in 1995 that supported streaming media and included a proprietary streaming format, which was the precursor to the streaming feature later in

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Patrikakis, Charalampos; Papaoulakis, Nikos; Stefanoudaki, Chryssanthi; Nunes, Mário (2010), Daras, Petros; Ibarra, Oscar Mayora (eds.),

1262:, combined with powerful home computers and operating systems, have made streaming media affordable and easy for the public. Stand-alone 5513: 3237: 1965: 6254: 3082: 1979: 1562: 602:, which enabled the more powerful computer networks that led to the first streaming video solutions used by schools and corporations. 362:, a process in which the end-user obtains an entire media file before consuming the content. Streaming is presently most prevalent in 4904: 4371:

Burroughs, Benjamin; Rugg, Adam (3 July 2014). "Extending the Broadcast: Streaming Culture and the Problems of Digital Geographies".

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In general, multimedia content is data-intensive, so media storage and transmission costs are still significant. Media is generally

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Gelman, A.D.; Halfin, S.; Willinger, W. (1991). "On buffer requirements for store-and-forward video on demand service circuits".

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servers spread across the network, managed by a singular, central server containing copies of all the media files as well as the

1714: 1668:, which allow devices on the same local network to connect to each other and share media. Such capabilities are heightened using 1637:

The COVID-19 pandemic has also driven an increase in misinformation and disinformation, particularly on streaming platforms like

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as "RNWK"). As the web became even more popular in the late 90s, streaming video on the internet blossomed from startups such as

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If the file is stored on a server for on-demand streaming and this stream is viewed by 1,000 people at the same time using a

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rise up for a week or a month and are then forgotten. And it renders our experience of individual artists/groups shallower."

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resolution) will be: (3,600 s × 300,000 bit/s) / (8 × 1024 × 1024) requires around 128

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was coined to describe the new era (starting in the late 2010s) of competition between video streaming services such as

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prompted the development of a video streaming format through Flash, which was the format used in Flash-based players on

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Sripanidkulchai, Kunwadee; Maggs, Bruce; Zhang, Hui (2004). "An analysis of live streaming workloads on the internet".

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Unicast connections require multiple connections from the same streaming server even when it streams the same content.

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or a Sony TV Blu-ray Disc Player. 5 Mbit/s is recommended for high-definition content and 9 Mbit/s for

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While streaming is most commonly associated with multimedia from a remote server over the Internet, it also includes

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Streaming also refers to the offline streaming of multimedia at home. This is made possible by technologies such as

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type, multicast transmission may or may not be feasible. One potential disadvantage of multicasting is the loss of

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https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/11_part_5_identification_and_metadata_av-en.pdf

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is one of the most popular ways in which consumers interact with streaming media. In the age of digitization, the

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Minimum requirements for Sony TV Blu-ray Disc Player, on advertisement attached to a NetFlix DVD

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WIPO, How to make a living in the Music Industry. Available at: How to Make a Living in the Music Industry

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for audio streaming. Such video had previously been referred to by the misnomer "store and forward video."

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IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM '91: Countdown to the New Millennium. Conference Record

2237: 1904: 1887: 1867: 1536: 1384: 798: 773:, and more recently Covered CA's campaign "Tell a Friend Get Covered", which was livestreamed on YouTube. 657: 4767:

WIPO, How to make a living in the Film Industry. Available at: How to Make a Living in the Film Industry

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In 2018 video was more than 60% of data traffic worldwide and accounted for 80% of growth in data usage.

1350:, user posting of comments online, and more. Furthermore, streaming media is increasingly being used for 5441: 4969: 4101: 2673: 1780: 1465: 1263: 896: 614: 567: 398: 4808: 4788: 3777: 2558: 1362: 559:

enough to display various media. The primary technical issues related to streaming were having enough

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sells Internet live streams of whole concerts instead of several CDs or similar fixed media in their

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Multicasting broadcasts the same copy of the multimedia over the entire network to a group of clients

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collect data and feedback from potential customers caused this technology to gain momentum quickly.

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was the first group to perform live on the Internet. On 24 June 1993, the band was playing a gig at

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Although music streaming is no longer a freely replicable public good, streaming platforms such as

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over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet—a collaboration between the

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This article is about streaming media in general. For the music listening format specifically, see

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Grant and Meadows. (2009). Communication Technology Update and Fundamentals 11th Edition. pp.114

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Around 2002, the interest in a single, unified, streaming format and the widespread adoption of

527:, a technology for streaming continuous music to commercial customers without the use of radio. 511: 4920:"The Early History of the Streaming Media Industry and The Battle Between Microsoft & Real" 4829: 3685: 3083:"Streaming made more revenue for music industry in 2015 than digital downloads, physical sales" 6099: 6094: 6008: 5957: 5789: 5682: 5380: 5348: 5335: 5318: 5285: 5255: 5245: 5240: 5182: 5157: 5148: 5040: 5028: 4847: 4419: 4388: 4304: 4243: 3992: 3617: 2906: 2843: 2769: 2725: 2717:

Scalable Continuous Media Streaming Systems: Architecture, Design, Analysis and Implementation

2678: 2529: 2464: 2382: 2305: 2125: 2109: 1620: 1212: 1133: 1119: 794: 555: 462: 410: 4049: 2715: 2030:

system that allows automatic recording of live broadcasts so that they can be watched later.

6104: 5884: 5235: 5225: 5045: 4837: 4443: 4380: 4294: 4284: 4235: 4000: 3368: 3158: 2835: 2521: 2364: 2297: 2023: 1975: 1908: 1529: 1518: 1313: 1283: 1259: 1224: 1172: 998: 766: 731: 727: 723: 719: 606: 423: 343: 252: 243: 2754:. Via YouTube. Internet Archive – Stream Division. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2018. 6199: 6153: 6089: 6084: 5972: 5641: 5615: 5422: 5126: 5023: 4834:

Optical Fiber Communication Conference and International Conference on Quantum Information

4815: 4795: 4775: 4755: 4735: 4714: 4454: 2751: 2101: 2027: 2019: 1956: 1859: 1497: 1405: 1351: 833:(later acquired by RealNetworks), VDOnet (acquired by RealNetworks), Precept (acquired by 781: 595: 580: 575: 564: 487: 461:). The term "streaming media" can apply to media other than video and audio, such as live 431: 363: 287: 229: 210: 196: 177: 4550:"Q1 2020 Proves Streaming Is Essential To Consumers And To The Future Of Media Companies" 2289: 6179: 5942: 5845: 5488: 5461: 5290: 5136: 5087: 5073: 4299: 4272: 3892: 2262: 1540:

copyrighted and more than seventy percent may be owned or administered by plaintiffs."

1461: 1248: 1156: 1137: 1108: 1011: 911: 818: 739: 470: 427: 347: 238: 187: 147: 142: 4708:

https://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/work_undertaken.html#pilot_project_cdcde

3576: 426:, often using Bluetooth, is another use that has become prevalent during that decade. 6228: 6204: 6194: 6189: 6148: 6121: 6063: 6016: 5967: 5894: 5692: 5568: 5523: 5018: 5008: 4400: 4171:"Cisco Annual Internet Report - Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018–2023) White Paper" 2996: 2117: 2113: 1587: 1446: 1347: 872: 830: 629: 610: 599: 499: 280: 220: 167: 4447: 2857: 2543: 6043: 6021: 5962: 5909: 5809: 5730: 5573: 5518: 5508: 5230: 5153: 5141: 5116: 4992: 4439: 4257: 4140: 2057: 1997: 1971: 1591: 1423: 1409: 1159:

serve as senior advisors. Founding members include AfroLandTV, America Nu Network,

1112: 822: 802: 735: 711: 414: 2296:, vol. 40, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 218–226, 2014:

Media that is livestreamed can be recorded through certain media players, such as

1452:

The advent of Napster sparked the creation of numerous other P2P sites, including

693:, while elsewhere in the building, scientists were discussing new technology (the 96: 4522: 4384: 2301: 1535:

The second claim by the plaintiffs was that Napster was actively contributing to

1192: 1164: 1092: 6174: 5899: 5578: 5558: 5528: 5493: 5313: 5308: 5221: 5013: 3954:"IFPI issues Global Music Report 2021: Global recorded music revenues grow 7.4%" 2105: 1961: 1846:, Microsoft's Smooth Streaming, Adobe's HDS and non-proprietary formats such as 1759: 1658: 1579: 1431: 1367: 982: 888: 884: 868: 844: 754: 609:

due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Raw

466: 406: 394: 359: 271: 261: 152: 2839: 2525: 1938: 6026: 5982: 5929: 5904: 5889: 5804: 5687: 5651: 5610: 5370: 5172: 5097: 3163: 3144: 2744: 2494: 2368: 2167: 2015: 1899:

Designing a network protocol to support streaming media raises many problems.

1879: 1583: 1544: 1469: 1457: 1355: 1291: 1220: 1148: 1096: 900: 892: 880: 852: 806: 758: 690: 491: 482: 335: 88: 78: 4944:"What is Streaming? A high-level view of streaming media technology, history" 4392: 4273:"Design and Implementation of Streaming Media Server Cluster Based on FFMpeg" 3996: 3866: 3621: 2910: 2468: 1974:

provides a means to send a single media stream to a group of recipients on a

6158: 6141: 5977: 5952: 5914: 5763: 5725: 5720: 5666: 5636: 5553: 5365: 5323: 4239: 3748:"Battle of the Streaming Services: Which Is the Best Premium Video Service?" 3308: 3242: 1951: 1847: 1808: 1745: 1673: 1595: 1493: 1343: 1275: 1208: 1125: 856: 840: 698: 454: 418: 402: 294: 266: 37:"Media streaming" redirects here. For the feature in Microsoft Windows, see 4611:"Case Study VI: Data in the Audiovisual business: Trends and Opportunities" 4308: 3438:

Umstead, R. Thomas (5 June 2017). "Horowitz: Streaming Is the New Normal".

4842: 4289: 2704:

IEEE Aero & AES Magazine, May 2022 ISSN 0885-8985, Vol 37, No.5 pp. 40

2425: 2094: 1445:

This structure revolutionized the consumer's perception of ownership over

1168: 1088: 6136: 6053: 5987: 5919: 5740: 5707: 5697: 5646: 5631: 5543: 5473: 5035: 4787:

WIPO, How to make a living in the Film Industry. Rights, Camera, Action!

4418:(in Dutch) (English ed.). Amsterdam: Penguin Books. pp. 12–16. 3372: 2257: 1983: 1900: 1741: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1706: 1677: 1599: 1598:. While some platforms, most notably Spotify, give customers access to a 1525: 1453: 1252: 1200: 1129:

echoed this, declaring an end to the "golden age of the streaming wars".

814: 786: 715: 637: 625: 458: 375: 116: 74: 17: 4677:"What is programmatic video advertising? (And why it's smart to use it)" 2830:

Tobagi, F.A.; Pang, J. (1993). "StarWorks-a video applications server".

2156:

pursuing work in the film and music industries in the era of streaming.

1697:

A broadband speed of 2 Mbit/s or more is recommended for streaming

954: 69:, videos such as this short NASA film about spacesuit design are played 6126: 5924: 5656: 5583: 5538: 5498: 5077: 3686:"A&M RECORDS, INC. v. NAPSTER, INC., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001)" 3651:"Case Study: A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. – Blog | @WashULaw" 3023: 2086: 2031: 1946: 1737: 1642: 1638: 1571: 1419: 1394: 1188: 1072: 994: 876: 747: 382: 66: 4496: 3271:"Netflix, Max, Disney and More Form Streaming Industry Trade Alliance" 1767:

Video and audio streams are compressed to make the file size smaller.

708:

Richard Naylor, later commented: "We had 16 viewers in 12 countries."

6131: 5840: 5768: 5758: 4466: 4232:

Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement

3608:"Record Labels' Answer to Napster Still Has Artists Feeling Bypassed" 2946:

Reinstein, Bill (25 June 2001). "Webcasts Mature as Marketing Tool".

1892: 1812: 1776: 1575: 1489: 1278:

receiver playing music being streamed via Bluetooth from a smartphone

1204: 1176: 826: 810: 671: 621: 584: 4809:

https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/939/wipo_pub_939.pdf

4789:

https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/869/wipo_pub_869.pdf

3028: 2056:

Useful and typical applications of streaming are, for example, long

1286:

for transport and storage. Increasing consumer demand for streaming

1160: 5533: 5391: 5092: 4335:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 213–218, Springer, 2001 2931:

Hebert, Steve (November 2000). "Streaming Video Opens New Doors".

2247: 1937: 1792: 1758: 1652: 1561: 1290:(HD) content has led the industry to develop technologies such as 1269: 1242: 834: 694: 605:

Practical streaming media was only made possible with advances in

523: 111: 52: 4442:

is the following live stream from an international conference on

1628:

International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers

1426:(P2P) file-sharing network where users could upload and download 1378:

One of the movie streaming industry's largest impacts was on the

6058: 5947: 5850: 5830: 5563: 5446: 3985:"On Podcasts and Radio, Misleading Covid-19 Talk Goes Unchecked" 3457:"Netflix Refines Its DVD Business, Even as Streaming Unit Booms" 2517: 2090: 1855: 1820: 1796: 1702: 1665: 1295: 1232: 1228: 1180: 1080: 793:, which also pioneered live video streaming on Ethernet and via 679: 675: 450: 430:

is the real-time delivery of content during production, much as

390: 38: 5395: 4965: 4961: 4769:

https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/creative_industries/film.html

1807:. Encoded audio and video streams are assembled in a container 5750: 4271:

Zhao, Hong; Chun-long, Zhou; Bao-zhao, Jin (3 February 2015).

3209: 3145:"The streaming industry and the platform economy: An analysis" 2253:

Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty

2231: 1816: 1804: 1800: 1772: 1477: 1427: 1379: 1136:

named the Streaming Innovation Alliance (SIA), spearheaded by

928:"Streaming wars" redirects here. For the South Park film, see 891:

in 2005. It initially used a Flash-based player, which played

645: 560: 30:"Streaming" and "Streamed" redirect here. For other uses, see 3051:"News and Notes on 2015 RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics" 2357:

International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations

1118:

This competition increased during the first two years of the

757:

produced the first large-scale, online, live broadcast, the

4076:"No Plex App, No Problem: Using Plex as a DLNA/UPnP Server" 3487:"Ashes to ashes, peer to peer: An oral history of Napster" 3304:"Streaming giants have banded together for lobbying power" 1672:(NAS) devices at home, or using specialized software like 3114:"The Music Industry Is Finally Making Money on Streaming" 2636: 2634: 2085:. In video entertainment, video streaming platforms like 1329:. Live streams are generally provided by a method called 3893:"TV watching and online streaming surge during lockdown" 3856:"Global Music Report 2018: Annual State of the Industry" 3793:"The Top 10 Streaming Music Services By Number Of Users" 2290:"Streaming Content Wars: Download and Play Strikes Back" 3823:"Napster Proves That Streaming Music Can Be Profitable" 2745:"History of the Internet Pt. 1 – The First Live Stream" 2643:"Did You Know Music Streaming Has Roots in Pittsburgh?" 1882:

of the regional servers. This central server then uses

1370:, the report said, streamed 60 percent of the content. 1132:

In September 2023, several streaming services formed a

935:

For competition between music streaming platforms, see

358:

and is rendered in real-time; this contrasts with file

3924:"CISAC Global Collections Report 2021 (for 2020 Data)" 1911:

techniques. If data is lost, the stream may suffer a

1632:

International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

821:, including Progressive Networks (which was renamed " 570:

to support the required data rates and achieving the

4609:

Ms. Leticia Ange Pozza and Ms. Ana Paola Sifuentes.

4467:"The Berliner Philharmoniker's Digital Concert Hall" 1603:

since one customer's use does not impair another's.

1416:, largely due to one player in the market: Napster. 6167: 6072: 6007: 6000: 5868: 5823: 5777: 5749: 5706: 5675: 5624: 5603: 5596: 5460: 5276: 5181: 5107: 4999: 4234:. IMC '04. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 41–54. 2212:

Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market

4884:Reimagining Communication: Mediation (1st Edition) 2766:Connecting the Clouds: The Internet in New Zealand 2128:. Targeted marketing is expanding with the use of 2104:from 2020 onwards. While revenue and placement of 1990:can be used to deliver stream content to multiple 4102:"How to watch live TV online: The complete guide" 413:). Online streaming was initially popularised by 4830:"OFC'01 Invited Talk the Internet of the Future" 4416:Pluses and Minuses: How Math Solves Our Problems 3577:"The History of Napster: Yes, It's Still Around" 3238:"The golden age of the streaming wars has ended" 3179:"Streaming wars (Creative Economy Notes Series)" 2819:. United States: Lynne Segall. 17 February 1996. 855:also introduced a streaming media format in its 2872:"Starlight Networks and Hughes Network Systems" 2559:"Music Streaming Actually Existed Back In 1890" 2097:are mainstream elements of the media industry. 1301: 875:sites. The first popular video streaming site, 4373:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 3983:Hsu, Tiffany; Tracy, Marc (12 November 2021). 3778:"Decoding Artist Compensation: Streaming 2024" 3680: 3678: 3676: 2147:Copyright aspects of downloading and streaming 1657:A TV set streaming an audio file from a local 936: 535:the cost of setting up these telephone lines. 5407: 4977: 4836:. Optical Society of America. pp. TuK1. 4497:"High Definition Earth-Viewing System (HDEV)" 3570: 3568: 2962:"YouTube now defaults to HTML5 <video>" 1524:The first issue that the Court addressed was 473:, which are all considered "streaming text". 312: 8: 4025:"Enabling and configuring DLNA media server" 3548:"The Ethics of Anonymous Computing: Napster" 1978:. A connection management protocol, usually 1504:The fight for intellectual property rights: 434:broadcasts content via television channels. 3518:"An interview with Napster's Shawn Fanning" 2993:"YouTube to Offer Live Streaming This Year" 1842:In the 2010s, technologies such as Apple's 6004: 5872: 5600: 5466: 5414: 5400: 5392: 4984: 4970: 4962: 4758:. World Intellectual Property Organization 4333:The case for streaming multimedia with TCP 3335:Masnick; M.; Ho, M.; Hung, J.; Beadon, L. 941: 860:their computer for general compatibility. 319: 305: 84: 4841: 4298: 4288: 3716:"Digital Media Association Annual Report" 3645: 3643: 3162: 1482:Recording Industry Association of America 908:Recording Industry Association of America 697:) for broadcasting on the Internet using 4717:World Intellectual Property Organization 2768:. Auckland: Activity Press. p. 90. 2672:Bradley-Steck, Tara (4 September 1988). 2384:The history of streaming media - PC Plus 837:), and Xing (acquired by RealNetworks). 750:, Washington, on 10 November 1995. 481:The term "streaming" was first used for 346:. Media is transferred in a "stream" of 338:for playback using an offline or online 4892:"Occupy Video Showcases Live Streaming" 4331:Krasic, C. and Li, K. and Walpole, J., 2966:YouTube Engineering and Developers Blog 2457:"Even Ikea Has a Connected Speaker Now" 2455:Bonnington, Christina (12 April 2018). 2280: 1626:An impact analysis of 2020 data by the 1021: 961: 944: 293: 286: 279: 251: 228: 195: 129: 103: 87: 77:connection, and the video is partially 6280:Promotion and marketing communications 3316:from the original on 26 September 2023 3283:from the original on 26 September 2023 2192:Comparison of streaming media software 2187:Comparison of music streaming services 2120:representing 65% of the expenditures. 1514:A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. 1506:A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. 1321:A media stream can be streamed either 1115:services, such as Amazon Prime Video. 6240:Applications of distributed computing 4860:from the original on 18 February 2020 4529:from the original on 29 December 2016 3934:from the original on 30 December 2021 3903:from the original on 24 November 2021 3850: 3848: 3728:from the original on 10 December 2018 3269:Huston, Caitlin (26 September 2023). 3250:from the original on 29 December 2022 7: 4687:from the original on 4 February 2022 4657:from the original on 4 February 2022 4590:from the original on 4 February 2022 4560:from the original on 1 November 2020 4503:from the original on 8 December 2016 4181:from the original on 7 February 2014 3803:from the original on 8 November 2019 3349:from the original on 24 October 2014 2686:from the original on 25 January 2021 2653:from the original on 4 February 2021 2619:from the original on 8 November 2020 2569:from the original on 1 December 2020 2507: 2505: 2436:from the original on 6 December 2019 2420: 2418: 2197:Comparison of video hosting services 1925:Real-time Transport Control Protocol 3411:Kellner, Scott (28 February 2013). 3217:from the original on 19 August 2022 3093:from the original on 5 January 2017 2609:"GETTING PERSONAL WITH THE JUKEBOX" 2022:. Live-streaming platforms such as 4151:from the original on 14 April 2021 3964:from the original on 25 March 2021 3696:from the original on 12 April 2019 3628:from the original on 23 March 2019 3606:Strauss, Neil (18 February 2002). 3587:from the original on 15 March 2019 3516:Evangelista, Benny (31 May 2009). 2557:Reason, Samuel (6 November 2020). 2043:Most streaming services feature a 1986:), then routing protocols such as 1980:Internet Group Management Protocol 1721:is equal to length (in seconds) × 1594:have shifted music streaming to a 1488:, Gary Stiffelman, who represents 843:developed a media player known as 25: 4903:Sherman, Alex (27 October 2019). 4523:"ISS HD Earth Viewing Experiment" 3833:from the original on 1 March 2020 3758:from the original on 17 June 2022 3497:from the original on 9 March 2019 3383:from the original on 26 July 2018 3203:Frank Pallotta (11 August 2022). 3112:Shaw, Lucas (20 September 2016). 2796:from the original on 11 July 2011 2641:Furness, Zack (17 October 2019). 1153:Federal Communications Commission 617:(PCM) requires a bandwidth of 1.4 5098:BitTorrent television and movies 4890:Preston, J. (11 December 2011). 4112:from the original on 16 May 2016 3661:from the original on 31 May 2020 3302:Davis, Wes (26 September 2023). 3236:Cranz, Alex (14 December 2022). 3124:from the original on 22 May 2019 3063:from the original on 6 June 2019 2899:"Revived RealNetworks Buys Xing" 2832:Digest of Papers. Compcon Spring 2222:List of streaming media services 2170: 1412:of music has transformed into a 953: 937:§ Music streaming platforms 924:List of streaming media services 574:performance required to prevent 385:multimedia between devices on a 95: 5354:Director of network programming 4477:from the original on 3 May 2012 2607:Greene, Bob (8 February 1987). 2227:List of streaming media systems 2112:increased by 15% in 2021, with 971:Prewar and wartime broadcasting 947:television in the United States 5056:Digital terrestrial television 4074:Brookes, Tim (30 March 2023). 1988:Protocol Independent Multicast 594:In 1990, the first commercial 1: 5329:Television news screen layout 4828:Maeda, Mari (17 March 2001). 4141:"The myth of the green cloud" 3891:Rajan, Amol (5 August 2020). 3455:Steel, Emily (26 July 2015). 3205:"The streaming wars are over" 3019:"YouTube Video Speed History" 2063:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 1933:Transmission Control Protocol 1715:ultra-high-definition content 1002: 930:South Park The Streaming Wars 789:networks. Starworks was from 714:pioneered the broadcast of a 554:Attempts to display media on 6285:Bundled products or services 5296:Broadcast television systems 5202:Children's television series 4926:. March 2016. Archived from 4385:10.1080/08838151.2014.935854 4277:The Scientific World Journal 4100:Staples, Kim (20 May 2016). 3150:Media, Culture & Society 2591:, "Electrical signaling" 2302:10.1007/978-3-642-12630-7_26 2217:Internet Protocol television 1921:Real-time Transport Protocol 1917:Real-Time Streaming Protocol 819:many companies "went public" 805:in 1995 (and the release of 587:on the end user's computer. 445:, television) or inherently 342:that is delivered through a 5785:Inter-process communication 5198:Children's interest channel 2083:International Space Station 2077:in New York. There is also 1480:. In addition to this, the 1393:published an article about 899:audio, but now defaults to 851:6.4 in 1999. In June 1999, 632:requires a bandwidth of 168 6301: 5452:Web syndication technology 3413:"The Future of Webcasting" 2840:10.1109/CMPCON.1993.289623 2526:10.1109/GLOCOM.1991.188525 2243:Over-the-top media service 2144: 2052:Applications and marketing 2018:, or through the use of a 1852:adaptive bitrate streaming 1555: 1142:Motion Picture Association 934: 927: 921: 655: 547: 401:between two devices using 43: 36: 29: 27:Multimedia delivery method 6255:Film and video technology 5938: 5875: 5469: 5429: 5304:Digital on-screen graphic 5217:Movie television channels 5193:Adult television channels 4414:Buijsman, Stefan (2018). 3922:CISAC (27 October 2021). 3522:The Technology Chronicles 3164:10.1177/01634437231210439 2490:"What is live streaming?" 2369:10.1504/IJNVO.2014.065785 2202:Content delivery platform 2004:Content delivery networks 1699:standard-definition video 1552:Music streaming platforms 1239:Use by the general public 652:Late 1990s to early 2000s 130:Retail goods and services 5268:Women's interest channel 4145:European Investment Bank 4050:"Connected Digital Home" 3441:Broadcasting & Cable 3143:Chalaby, Jean K (2024). 2178:Record production portal 1864:content delivery network 1862:transcoding service and 1670:network-attached storage 1187:, the MPA, MotorTrend+, 1179:, For Us By Us Network, 989:Multi-channel transition 550:Timeline of online video 498:for video streaming and 490:and later live video on 372:music streaming services 73:depending on the user's 6235:Streaming media systems 5132:Multichannel television 5122:Commercial broadcasting 5093:Peer-to-peer television 4774:5 November 2022 at the 4713:5 November 2022 at the 4240:10.1145/1028788.1028795 3415:. INXPO. Archived from 2991:Josh Lowensohn (2008). 2750:29 January 2019 at the 2130:artificial intelligence 2108:continued to decrease, 2106:traditional advertising 2026:may also incorporate a 1903:protocols, such as the 1558:Music streaming service 813:support), usage of the 763:Tibetan Freedom Concert 494:. It was first done by 46:Music streaming service 32:Stream (disambiguation) 6275:Television terminology 6260:Peer-to-peer computing 5212:Men's interest channel 5168:Religious broadcasting 3865:. 2017. Archived from 3276:The Hollywood Reporter 2764:Newman, Keith (2008). 2647:pittsburghmagazine.com 2238:National Streaming Day 1943: 1905:User Datagram Protocol 1764: 1661: 1567: 1537:copyright infringement 1309: 1279: 1264:Internet radio devices 1255: 1219:. Notably absent were 799:Hughes Network Systems 658:Original net animation 82: 6250:File sharing networks 4843:10.1364/OFC.2001.TuK1 4205:www.istreamplanet.com 4054:www.manifest-tech.com 2815:"Cyberian Rhapsody". 2722:John Wiley & Sons 1941: 1762: 1656: 1565: 1466:Universal Music Group 1273: 1246: 1041:Children's television 797:over satellites with 777:Business developments 615:pulse-code modulation 399:personal area network 272:Live support software 64: 6185:Glossary of blogging 6149:Social communication 5361:Outside broadcasting 4814:7 March 2022 at the 4794:26 June 2022 at the 4754:7 April 2022 at the 4471:Digital Concert Hall 3371:(20 November 2018). 3087:The Washington Times 2972:on 10 September 2018 2897:Sullivan, Jennifer. 2792:. Funding Universe. 2520:. pp. 976–980. 2332:"DLNA Network Guide" 2067:Digital Concert Hall 1789:Video coding formats 1769:Audio coding formats 1649:Local/home streaming 1619:By August 2020, the 1336:progressive download 849:Windows Media Player 730:and guest musicians 666:, especially in the 517:In the early 1920s, 389:, for example using 368:streaming television 65:On websites such as 5263:Sports broadcasting 5207:Documentary channel 5163:Public broadcasting 5070:Internet television 4734:21 May 2022 at the 4453:28 May 2019 at the 4438:A typical one-hour 4352:on 15 December 2018 4290:10.1155/2015/963083 4005:on 28 December 2021 3655:onlinelaw.wustl.edu 3377:robertchristgau.com 3337:"The Sky is Rising" 2615:. Chicago Tribune. 2268:Video over cellular 2039:View recommendation 1701:, for example to a 1410:private consumption 1374:Transition from DVD 1260:computer networking 1155:(FCC) acting chair 1146:U.S. representative 1036:Public broadcasting 1031:Sports broadcasting 991: (1980s–1990s) 985: (1950s–1980s) 742:—took place at the 572:real-time computing 510:Beginning in 1881, 216:Trading communities 206:Comparison shopping 6210:Uses of podcasting 5948:Collaborative blog 5943:Anonymous blogging 5836:RSS Advisory Board 5504:Electronic journal 5376:Television licence 5344:Broadcast designer 4948:streamingmedia.com 4924:streamingmedia.com 4896:The New York Times 4627:on 26 October 2021 4448:/videolectures.net 4346:"Videos On Demand" 3989:The New York Times 3829:. 22 August 2018. 3827:Digital Music News 3780:. 7 February 2024. 3613:The New York Times 3461:The New York Times 2790:"RealNetworks Inc" 2714:Lee, Jack (2005). 2613:chicagotribune.com 2294:User Centric Media 2207:Digital television 2075:Metropolitan Opera 2069:using YouTube for 2045:recommender system 1992:local area network 1944: 1850:emerged to enable 1765: 1744:per hour. Using a 1662: 1568: 1474:Warner Music Group 1440:free-rider problem 1390:The New York Times 1280: 1256: 1077:Amazon Prime Video 791:Starlight Networks 687:Severe Tire Damage 598:was introduced by 519:George Owen Squier 496:Starlight Networks 387:local area network 83: 81:in the background. 6222: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6009:Alternative media 5996: 5995: 5958:Instant messaging 5864: 5863: 5592: 5591: 5389: 5388: 5381:Television studio 5349:Broadcast license 5336:Network affiliate 5319:On-screen display 5286:Broadcast network 5256:Livestreamed news 5246:Business channels 5241:News broadcasting 5158:Pirate television 5149:News broadcasting 5029:Mobile television 4886:. Routledge. 4425:978-0-14-313458-9 4211:on 1 January 2016 3960:. 23 March 2021. 3657:. 1 August 2013. 3369:Christgau, Robert 2999:on 10 August 2011 2834:. pp. 4–11. 2775:978-0-9582634-4-3 2679:Los Angeles Times 2311:978-3-642-12629-1 2126:content marketing 2110:digital marketing 1674:Plex Media Server 1621:COVID-19 pandemic 1615:COVID-19 pandemic 1363:Horowitz Research 1213:TelevisaUnivision 1134:trade association 1120:COVID-19 pandemic 1103:, and many more. 1065: 1064: 1057:History by decade 1014: (2019–2022) 979: (1947–1960) 973: (1928–1947) 879:, was founded by 825:", and listed on 795:Internet Protocol 771:President Clinton 744:Paramount Theater 718:game between the 624:for uncompressed 544:Early development 463:closed captioning 424:wireless speakers 329: 328: 62: 16:(Redirected from 6292: 6005: 5885:Enhanced podcast 5873: 5601: 5467: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5393: 5236:Shopping channel 5226:Music television 4986: 4979: 4972: 4963: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4930:on 21 March 2016 4908: 4899: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4845: 4825: 4819: 4805: 4799: 4785: 4779: 4765: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4626: 4620:. 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Archived from 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3871: 3860: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3791:McIntyre, Hugh. 3788: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3752:NDTV Gadgets 360 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3682: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3524:. Archived from 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3463:. Archived from 3452: 3446: 3445: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3031:on 26 April 2012 3027:. Archived from 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2995:. Archived from 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2968:. Archived from 2958: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2874:. Archived from 2868: 2862: 2861: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2761: 2755: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2426:"Streaming Wars" 2422: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2285: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2141:Copyright issues 1976:computer network 1909:error correction 1728: 1519:Court of Appeals 1387:. In July 2015, 1317: 1314:Robert Christgau 1215:, Vault TV, and 1007: 1004: 999:post-network era 977:First Golden Age 957: 942: 769:, Townhall with 728:Seattle Symphony 724:Seattle Mariners 720:New York Yankees 706: 705: 643: 635: 620: 607:data compression 576:buffer underruns 321: 314: 307: 253:Customer service 99: 85: 63: 21: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6214: 6200:Slashdot effect 6163: 6154:Social software 6068: 5992: 5973:Mobile blogging 5934: 5860: 5819: 5815:Streaming media 5773: 5745: 5702: 5698:Synchronization 5671: 5620: 5616:Feed URI scheme 5588: 5484:Classical music 5456: 5425: 5423:Web syndication 5420: 5390: 5385: 5278: 5272: 5184: 5177: 5127:Community radio 5109: 5103: 5083:Streaming media 4995: 4990: 4952: 4950: 4942: 4933: 4931: 4918: 4915: 4902: 4889: 4879: 4877:Further reading 4874: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4854: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4816:Wayback Machine 4806: 4802: 4796:Wayback Machine 4786: 4782: 4776:Wayback Machine 4766: 4762: 4756:Wayback Machine 4745: 4741: 4736:Wayback Machine 4725: 4721: 4715:Wayback Machine 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4683:. 17 May 2018. 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4455:Wayback Machine 4437: 4433: 4426: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4250: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3690:law.cornell.edu 3684: 3683: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3552:cs.stanford.edu 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3467:on 21 June 2017 3454: 3453: 3449: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2878:on 2 April 2019 2870: 2869: 2865: 2850: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2752:Wayback Machine 2743: 2739: 2732: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2536: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2102:COVID lockdowns 2054: 2041: 2028:video on demand 2020:screen recorder 2012: 1964:, and buffered 1957:video on demand 1757: 1726: 1695: 1690: 1651: 1617: 1560: 1554: 1509: 1472:Entertainment, 1406:Music streaming 1403: 1376: 1352:social business 1319: 1311: 1305:musical 'memes' 1288:high-definition 1241: 1173:Disney+ Hotstar 1061: 1017: 1005: 940: 933: 926: 920: 782:Xing Technology 779: 703: 702: 660: 654: 641: 633: 618: 596:Ethernet switch 581:hard disk drive 552: 546: 541: 508: 488:video on demand 479: 432:live television 364:video-on-demand 332:Streaming media 325: 288:Purchase-to-pay 230:Mobile commerce 211:Social commerce 197:Online shopping 122:Streaming media 104:Digital content 53: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6298: 6296: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6227: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6180:Escribitionist 6177: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049:Search engines 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5983:Video blogging 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5846:World Wide Web 5843: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5298: 5293: 5291:Broadcast-safe 5288: 5282: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5251:Public affairs 5248: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5137:Pay television 5129: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5090: 5088:Web television 5085: 5080: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4940: 4914: 4913:External links 4911: 4910: 4909: 4900: 4887: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4852: 4820: 4800: 4780: 4760: 4739: 4719: 4698: 4668: 4638: 4601: 4571: 4540: 4514: 4488: 4458: 4431: 4424: 4406: 4379:(3): 365–380. 4363: 4337: 4324: 4314: 4263: 4248: 4222: 4192: 4162: 4132: 4123: 4092: 4066: 4041: 4016: 3975: 3945: 3914: 3883: 3872:on 9 July 2020 3844: 3814: 3783: 3769: 3739: 3721:. March 2018. 3707: 3672: 3639: 3598: 3575:Harris, Mark. 3564: 3539: 3528:on 21 May 2021 3508: 3478: 3447: 3430: 3419:on 3 July 2013 3403: 3394: 3360: 3327: 3294: 3261: 3228: 3195: 3170: 3157:(3): 552–571. 3135: 3104: 3074: 3042: 3010: 2983: 2953: 2938: 2935:. p. 164. 2923: 2889: 2863: 2848: 2822: 2807: 2781: 2774: 2756: 2737: 2730: 2724:. p. 25. 2706: 2697: 2664: 2630: 2599: 2580: 2549: 2534: 2501: 2481: 2447: 2414: 2393: 2374: 2347: 2323: 2310: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2263:Stream ripping 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2165: 2162: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2058:video lectures 2053: 2050: 2040: 2037: 2011: 2008: 1923:(RTP) and the 1884:load balancing 1756: 1753: 1711:Google TV 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1650: 1647: 1616: 1613: 1596:club-type good 1556:Main article: 1553: 1550: 1508: 1502: 1486:New York Times 1462:the Pirate Bay 1402: 1399: 1375: 1372: 1348:online surveys 1331:true streaming 1300: 1249:live streaming 1240: 1237: 1157:Mignon Clyburn 1144:(MPA). Former 1138:Charles Rivkin 1109:market segment 1069:streaming wars 1063: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1045:TV animation ( 1043: 1038: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1012:Streaming wars 1009: 992: 986: 980: 974: 967: 964: 963: 959: 958: 950: 949: 919: 918:Streaming wars 916: 912:music industry 817:expanded, and 809:with built-in 778: 775: 740:Barrett Martin 653: 650: 545: 542: 540: 537: 507: 504: 478: 475: 471:real-time text 428:Live streaming 327: 326: 324: 323: 316: 309: 301: 298: 297: 291: 290: 284: 283: 277: 276: 275: 274: 269: 264: 256: 255: 249: 248: 247: 246: 241: 233: 232: 226: 225: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 200: 199: 193: 192: 191: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 132: 131: 127: 126: 125: 124: 119: 114: 106: 105: 101: 100: 92: 91: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6297: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6270:Digital media 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6245:Cloud storage 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205:Spam in blogs 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Posting style 6193: 6191: 6190:Pay per click 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6122:Broadcatching 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6064:Web directory 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5895:Narrowcasting 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880:Audio podcast 5878: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 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