829:
1918:) had fixed meaning. Otherwise titles ... really expressed the informal consensus of mullahs as to the degree of deference they wished to show one another. A teacher in madreseh might be greatly offended if a letter from a layman failed to call him 'ayatollah', but he would vigorously reject the title if addressed as an ayatollah in public - vigorously, that is, until he sensed that other mullahs of his level would tolerate hearing him so addressed, at which point he would quietly let his students impose the title on him.
3458:
2002:
2469:
2483:
2497:
1852:
828:
1937:
for Shia clerics has been developed after the 1980s as a result of
Iranian Revolution, despite the fact no official institutional way of conferring titles is available. At first the title that had been reserved for a Marja', was gradually applied to an established Mujtahid. With the
1033:
Though no formal hierarchical structure exists among Shia clerics, a "hierarchy of difference" can be elaborated to describe the situation. Traditionally, the title
Ayatollah was awarded by popular usage only to the very few highest ranking, prominent
2016:
change in what makes an ayatollah has been the falling away (at least in many important situations), of purely religious credentials and informal acclamation, and its replacement by political criteria.
1930:
led to "rapid inflation of religious titles", so that almost every senior cleric began to be called an
Ayatollah. raising the number of individuals who call themselves an Ayatollah dramatically.
787:
when it came to be used for "any established mujtahid". By 2015 it was further expanded to include any student who had passed their
Mujtahid final exam, leading to "thousands" of Ayatollahs.
2146:
maintains that this title entered general usage possibly because it was an "indirect result of the reform and strengthening of the religious institution in
1943:
1993:). Originally, about half a dozen people were addressed as al-Uzma, but as of 2015, the number of people who claimed that title was reportedly over 50.
1970:
wrote in 2015 that every cleric who finished his training calls himself an
Ayatollah and this trend has led to emergence of "thousands of Ayatollahs".
2435:, "Great Sign of God"). When an ayatollah gains a significant following and they are recognized for religiously correct views, they are considered a
604:
3271:
3119:
3092:
2952:
2034:
2082:(died 1374), however it was not in use as a title for those qualifying until the 20th century. Glassé states that following domination of
901:). The combination has been translated to English as 'Sign of God', 'Divine Sign' or 'Reflection of God'. It is a frequently-used term in
3495:
3331:
1321:
53:
3500:
3374:
3231:
1880:
1316:
3440:
3422:
3351:
3320:
3301:
3250:
3061:
2977:
2882:
2443:
is asked to publish a juristic treatise in which he answers questions about the application of Islam to present-time daily affairs.
2123:
1261:
2127:
1837:
2058:
1576:
1742:
3490:
3111:
Shi-ism and
Constitutionalism in Iran: A Study of the Role Played by the Persian Residents of Iraq in Iranian Politics
1732:
1266:
1767:
597:
31:
3462:
3505:
2131:
1708:
962:
2901:
Zuraidah, Mohd Don; May, Alan (2013), "The discursive representation of Iran's supreme leader in online media",
909:"We shall show them Our signs on the horizons and in their own selves", while it has been also used to refer to
2119:
1802:
1350:
1291:
1136:
1633:
771:
Originally used as a title bestowed by popular/clerical acclaim for a small number of the most distinguished
3053:
2151:
1934:
1762:
1393:
1388:
734:
433:
2557:
2037:
1873:
1428:
714:
568:
3510:
2109:
2062:
1923:
590:
1611:
2065:, who had fallen out of favor with the rulers were downgraded by not being addressed as an Ayatollah.
3084:
2161:
While the title
Ayatollah was sporadically used during the 1930s, it became widespread in the 1940s.
2136:
2046:). Since the 2010s, sources under government control tend to give him more distinguished titles like
1798:
1747:
1423:
1301:
1243:
1152:
878:
227:
3480:
3141:
2552:
1946:, four levels of studies were introduced and those clerics who end the fourth level, also known as
1311:
1271:
1116:
1006:
981:
956:
935:
302:
3401:
3217:. Fasc. 2. Vol. III (Online ed.). New York, NY: Bibliotheca Persica Press. p. 133.
3177:
3169:
3014:
2926:
2918:
2249:
2013:
1927:
1832:
1657:
818:
784:
2122:(1839–1911), to distinguish them from the clerics of lower rank in Tehran, during the 1905-1911
1196:
1127:
323:
2001:
3436:
3418:
3370:
3347:
3316:
3297:
3267:
3246:
3227:
3197:
3161:
3115:
3109:
3088:
3057:
3047:
2973:
2948:
2878:
2502:
2388:
2259:
2030:
2005:
1866:
1856:
1513:
1226:
1211:
1191:
1147:
822:
573:
3357:
3393:
3339:
3153:
2910:
2079:
1757:
1713:
1363:
1171:
910:
869:
749:
725:
672:
666:
629:
3343:
2340:
2315:
2025:
1752:
1642:
1221:
997:
972:
947:
926:
894:
844:
705:
623:
533:
378:
3384:
Golkar, Saeid (2017). "Clerical
Militia and Securitization of Seminary Schools in Iran".
1898:
The title of
Ayatollah (and other Iranian Shi'i titles) has been "cheapened" since then.
2665:
2663:
2439:, which in common parlance is "grand ayatollah". Usually as a prelude to such status, a
3485:
2453:
2042:
1901:
1737:
1698:
1596:
1256:
1181:
754:
41:
3457:
2431:
Only a few of the most important ayatollahs are accorded the rank of Grand
Ayatollah (
1092:), which is determined by popular acclamation, as well as collecting a huge amount of
3474:
3405:
3181:
2930:
2563:
2290:
1904:
describes how the title of ayatollah was determined in the mid to late 20th century.
1703:
1668:
1571:
1201:
1186:
1176:
814:
548:
413:
403:
393:
448:
3189:
2488:
2155:
2020:
1967:
1673:
1606:
1586:
1162:
1103:
Consequently, by the 1960s a cleric addressed as an Ayatollah was expected to be a
468:
232:
212:
3210:
905:, but its usage in this context is presumably a particular reference to the verse
508:
3261:
3157:
3078:
3043:
2722:
Sociology of religions: perspectives of Ali Shariati (2008) Mir Mohammed Ibrahim
2474:
2143:
1718:
1581:
1216:
1206:
920:
839:, Iran; Religious leaders who have the authority to interpret sharia sources in
791:
761:
518:
373:
3397:
2464:
1120:
563:
528:
3292:
Salkind, Neil J., ed. (2006). "Islamic Belief (Iman) and Practive (Ibadat)".
3165:
2914:
810:, the title is not unknown, but is only used for clerics of Iranian origin.
3415:
An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism
3201:
1566:
1535:
1488:
1478:
483:
363:
318:
252:
247:
162:
2426:
2192:
1793:
1638:
1105:
832:
773:
398:
197:
17:
2518:
2451:
or "practical law treatise", and it is usually a reinvention of the book
2234:
2226:
2218:
2040:
in 1989, without meeting regular unwritten criteria (such as authoring a
1807:
1591:
1555:
1433:
1306:
1036:
799:
779:
578:
503:
488:
383:
102:
97:
92:
87:
3173:
2922:
2496:
1851:
906:
3018:
2587:
is a person generally accepted as an original authority in Islamic law.
2539:
2525:
2097:
2083:
1812:
1784:
1678:
1663:
1601:
1561:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1403:
1398:
1326:
1024:
863:
848:
825:, who was so well known as to often be referred to as "The Ayatollah".
795:
758:
558:
463:
443:
358:
292:
282:
237:
202:
117:
112:
107:
82:
3365:
Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid (1989).
2972:. Oxford Handbooks in History. Oxford University Press. p. 378.
2546:
2532:
1458:
1331:
1251:
1020:
987:
840:
538:
498:
478:
458:
438:
423:
353:
343:
338:
333:
328:
297:
287:
277:
272:
267:
222:
187:
177:
127:
72:
3005:
Bill, James A. (1982), "Power and Religion in Revolutionary Iran",
2511:
2198:
2134:
were also given that honorific by constitutionalists according to
2089:
2000:
1939:
1910:
1648:
1463:
1453:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1358:
1336:
1296:
1094:
902:
883:
803:
553:
543:
523:
513:
453:
428:
408:
368:
348:
257:
242:
217:
207:
192:
182:
172:
167:
147:
132:
122:
45:
30:
This article is about the Shia Islamic title. For other uses, see
2945:
The Islamic Republic of Iran: Reflections on an Emerging Economy
1368:
1028:
807:
765:
493:
473:
418:
262:
157:
77:
62:
2447:
is the word for treatise, and such a juristic work is called a
2860:
The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran
2147:
1493:
836:
137:
27:
High-ranking title given to Usuli Twelver Shī'a Muslim clerics
3080:
The Islamic Revolution: Achievements, Obstacles & Goals
696:
690:
681:
678:
653:
638:
635:
3142:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement"
647:
2814:
2812:
2158:, may be the first to bear the title according to Algar.
2033:—was bestowed the title Ayatollah immediately after he
2165:
Stages of contemporary titles for Shia clerics in Iran
2896:
2894:
739:
675:
632:
2113:
2103:
2095:
2087:
991:
966:
941:
917:
888:
872:
861:
719:
693:
687:
650:
644:
1966:) and pass the final exam, were called Ayatollahs.
783:, it suffered from "inflation" following the 1979
768:it came into widespread usage in the 20th century.
684:
641:
2743:
2118:for the sources of emulation in Najaf, especially
3367:Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History
860:The title is originally derived from Arabic word
3266:. Vol. 2 L-Z, index. Taylor & Francis.
2078:The earliest known address of this title is for
1973:This inflation led to invention of a new title,
2841:
2839:
2818:
2681:
2679:
1906:
3114:. Leiden, South Holland: Brill. p. 198.
1874:
598:
8:
3338:(Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3336:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
2877:. Harvard University Press]. p. 2016.
2394:
2369:
2346:
2321:
2296:
2271:
2168:
2023:—who was addressed with mid-level title of
1978:
1951:
1077:
1056:
849:tutelage over people and the administration
2875:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
1881:
1867:
1141:
1111:
1051:being regarded among peers as superior in
847:, Ayatollah, Ayatollah Al-Uzma and gained
605:
591:
36:
3049:The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics
2108:s as an attempt to promote their status.
961:'Sign of God in the two worlds',
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2631:
2629:
1938:post-revolutionary bureaucratization of
827:
2992:
2804:
2767:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2576:
1160:
1126:
310:
145:
60:
51:
3369:. State University of New York Press.
3281:Newman, Andrew J. "Shi'i Thought". In
3030:
2970:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
2779:
2755:
2731:
2685:
2655:
2008:, known in the West as "The Ayatollah"
1011:'Sign of God among mortals').
940:'Sign of God among mankind'),
2845:
2830:
2710:
2635:
2102:school, the title was popularized by
748:
7:
3344:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
3282:
3222:Glassé, Cyril (2003). "Ayatollah".
1001:
976:
951:
930:
898:
794:community of Iran, nor by Shias in
729:
709:
2112:was the first one to use the term
25:
3313:Encyclopedia of Human Development
3294:Encyclopedia of Human Development
2862:. Oxford: One World. p. 241.
2124:Persian Constitutional Revolution
3456:
3209:Algar, Hamid (18 August 2011) .
2495:
2481:
2467:
1908:Only the titles 'jurisconsult' (
1850:
671:
628:
3433:Shi'I Islam: A Beginner's Guide
3226:. Rowman Altamira. p. 71.
3196:. Fyzee (3rd ed.). WOFIS.
2873:Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980).
2128:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
3334:. In Esposito, John L. (ed.).
3241:Leaman, Oliver (2006). "Aya".
2671:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
1549:Other related sects and groups
843:used assertive titles such as
1:
3461:The dictionary definition of
3315:. Columbia University Press.
3263:Medieval Islamic Civilization
3224:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
3213:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
3140:Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013).
2819:Nasr, Nasr & Dabashi 1989
1914:) and 'model for imitation' (
790:The title is not used by the
3260:Meri, Josef W., ed. (2006).
3158:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828
2341:Hujjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin
2059:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari
1838:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism
1577:Bektashism and folk religion
3245:. New York, NY: Routledge.
3243:The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia
2943:Amuzegar, Jahangir (2014).
2114:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2074:Origins, early 20th century
1040:. Qualifications included
992:
967:
942:
918:
889:
873:
862:
740:
720:
3527:
3496:Islamic Persian honorifics
3108:Ḥairi, Abdul-Hadi (1977).
2947:. Routledge. p. 210.
2424:
2356:Proof of Islam and Muslims
2257:
1833:List of Twelver Shia books
1074:being superior in 'riyāsat
1018:
943:ʾāyatu llāhi fī l-ʿālamayn
311:Legal vocations and titles
32:Ayatollah (disambiguation)
29:
3501:Quranic words and phrases
3435:, Oneworld Publications,
3417:, Yale University Press,
3398:10.1007/s11562-017-0384-8
3311:Hughes, Aaron W. (2013).
3133:General and cited sources
3083:. London: Open Press for
2858:Mottahedeh, Roy (2000) .
2363:
2338:
2313:
2288:
2265:
2247:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2189:
2132:Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani
2057:Certain clerics, such as
2029:when he was in office as
1729:Other hadith collections
1709:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
986:'in the worlds',
821:– it was associated with
3077:Siddiqui, Kalim (1980).
2968:Daryaee, Touraj (2012).
2915:10.1177/0957926513486222
2154:(1859–1937) who founded
1137:The Fourteen Infallibles
750:[ɒːjjætˌolˈlɒːh]
3054:Oxford University Press
2903:Discourse & Society
2744:al-Shaykh al-Saduq 1982
2152:Abdul-Karim Haeri Yazdi
2086:branch by followers of
1763:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
1733:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays
1066:superiority in learning
817:– especially after the
3431:Momen, Moojan (2015),
3413:Momen, Moojan (1985),
3330:Calmard, Jean (2009).
3146:Middle Eastern Studies
2558:List of current maraji
2038:Supreme Leader of Iran
2009:
1997:Political connotations
1920:
993:ʾāyatu llāhi fī l-warā
868:pre-modified with the
852:
746:Persian pronunciation:
3296:. Vol. 1. SAGE.
2770:, p. 739, vol. 1
2110:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi
2094:school and demise of
2080:Ibn Mutahhar Al-Hilli
2063:Hussein-Ali Montazeri
2004:
1933:An unwritten rule of
1924:Michael M. J. Fischer
1857:Shia Islam portal
1292:Imamate of the Family
952:آية الله في العالمَین
831:
3215:Encyclopædia Iranica
3085:The Muslim Institute
2449:risalah-yi'amaliyyah
2137:Loghatnameh Dehkhoda
1748:Reality of Certainty
1424:Mourning of Muharram
1302:Mourning of Muharram
3007:Middle East Journal
2553:Clericalism in Iran
2454:Al-Urwatu l-Wuthqah
2248:Allowed to receive
1429:Arba'een Pilgrimage
1098:(religious taxes).
931:آية الله في الأنعام
3491:Islamic honorifics
3386:Contemporary Islam
3190:al-Shaykh al-Saduq
3044:Emad El-Din Shahin
3033:, pp. 219–223
2746:, pp. 151–152
2583:Among the Shia, a
2232:Usually a greater
2010:
1928:Iranian Revolution
1692:Hadith collections
916:Variants used are
853:
819:Iranian Revolution
785:Iranian Revolution
3273:978-0-415-96692-4
3121:978-90-04-04900-0
3094:978-0-905081-07-6
2954:978-1-85743-748-5
2848:, p. 205–206
2821:, p. 265–266
2571:Explanatory notes
2503:Shia Islam portal
2418:
2417:
2404:Great Sign of God
2389:Ayatollah al-Uzma
2260:clerical clothing
2224:Can be a greater
2031:President of Iran
2006:Ruhollah Khomeini
1988:Great Sign of God
1975:Ayatollah al-Uzma
1894:Devaluation trend
1891:
1890:
1787:and jurisprudence
1394:Nahy ani l-Munkar
1234:
1233:
1044:being a definite
1010:
1002:آية الله في الورى
985:
960:
939:
823:Ruhollah Khomeini
757:for high-ranking
738:
718:
615:
614:
16:(Redirected from
3518:
3506:Religious titles
3460:
3445:
3427:
3409:
3380:
3361:
3360:on 16 July 2019.
3356:. Archived from
3326:
3307:
3286:
3277:
3256:
3237:
3218:
3205:
3185:
3126:
3125:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2807:
2802:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2758:, pp. 85–86
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2653:
2638:
2633:
2588:
2581:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2258:Allowed to wear
2216:Can be a lesser
2169:
2120:Akhund Khurasani
2117:
2107:
2101:
2093:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1944:Islamic Republic
1916:marja' al-taqlid
1883:
1876:
1869:
1855:
1854:
1758:Mafatih al-Jinan
1743:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa
1714:Tahdhib al-Ahkam
1317:Wilayat al-Faqih
1142:
1112:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1005:
1003:
995:
980:
978:
970:
955:
953:
945:
934:
932:
924:
919:ʾāyatu llāhi fī
911:The Twelve Imams
900:
892:
876:
870:definite article
867:
833:Grand Ayatollahs
752:
747:
743:
733:
731:
723:
713:
711:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
670:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
627:
607:
600:
593:
569:Tabi' al-Tabi'in
37:
21:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3471:
3470:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3430:
3425:
3412:
3383:
3377:
3364:
3354:
3329:
3323:
3310:
3304:
3291:
3280:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3240:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3188:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3056:. p. 400.
3042:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2967:
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2692:
2684:
2677:
2673:, 1985, p.205-6
2668:
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2641:
2634:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2437:Marja'-e-Taqlid
2429:
2423:
2421:Grand Ayatollah
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:Hujjat al-Islam
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2167:
2076:
2071:
2048:Grand Ayatollah
2026:Hujjat al-Islam
1999:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1963:
1961:beyond the text
1960:
1957:
1954:
1940:Shia seminaries
1896:
1887:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1803:The Infallibles
1788:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1753:Nahj al-Balagha
1725:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1418:
1417:Other practices
1410:
1409:
1408:
1389:Amr bi-l maʿrūf
1353:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1139:
1128:Twelver Shi'ism
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1031:
1017:
858:
845:Hujjat al-Islam
755:honorific title
745:
674:
665:
664:
661:
631:
622:
621:
611:
379:Hujjat al-Islam
324:Shaykh al-Islām
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3452:
3451:External links
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3428:
3423:
3410:
3392:(3): 215–235.
3381:
3376:978-0887068447
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3251:
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3233:978-0759101890
3232:
3219:
3206:
3194:A Shiite Creed
3186:
3152:(3): 430–453.
3136:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3100:
3093:
3087:. p. 26.
3069:
3062:
3035:
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2995:, p. 439.
2985:
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2935:
2909:(6): 743–762,
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2425:Main article:
2422:
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2331:Proof of Islam
2312:
2306:Trust of Islam
2287:
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1738:Bihar al-Anwar
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1015:Qualifications
1013:
881:with the word
857:
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613:
612:
610:
609:
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587:
584:
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574:Da'i al-Mutlaq
571:
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3467:at Wiktionary
3466:
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2880:
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2847:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:, p. 204
2832:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:, p. 126
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2740:
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2733:
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2612:
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2580:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2564:Seghatoleslam
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
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2291:Seghatoleslam
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2255:
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2240:
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2133:
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2125:
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2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:revolutionary
2012:Another post-
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1949:
1948:Dars-e-Kharej
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1922:According to
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
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1712:
1710:
1707:
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1704:Kitab al-Kafi
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1677:
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1672:
1670:
1669:Seghatoleslam
1667:
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1640:
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1303:
1300:
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1285:Other beliefs
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1272:Judgement Day
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928:
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914:
912:
908:
904:
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891:
886:
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879:post-modified
875:
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866:
865:
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838:
834:
830:
826:
824:
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816:
815:Western world
811:
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797:
793:
788:
786:
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781:
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769:
767:
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742:
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394:Seghatoleslam
392:
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3358:the original
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3013:(1): 22–47,
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2489:Islam portal
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2024:
2021:Ali Khamenei
2019:
2011:
1974:
1972:
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1947:
1932:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1900:
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1653:
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1587:Qalandariyya
1434:Intercession
1322:Usul al-fiqh
1307:Intercession
1163:Twelve Imams
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1102:
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3211:"ĀyatallāH"
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2780:Hughes 2013
2756:Leaman 2006
2732:Newman 2006
2686:Golkar 2017
2656:Glassé 2003
2475:Iran portal
2379:Sign of God
2196:and issues
2144:Hamid Algar
2035:was elected
1783:Sources of
1719:Al-Istibsar
1627:Scholarship
1582:Malamatiyya
1560:Sufism and
1447:Holy cities
1312:Occultation
1262:Prophethood
988:plural form
977:في العالمین
890:ʾāyatu llāh
762:Shia clergy
721:ʾāyatu llāh
374:Grand Mufti
3481:Ayatollahs
3475:Categories
2846:Momen 1985
2831:Momen 1985
2711:Momen 2015
2636:Algar 1987
2595:References
2190:Usually a
1942:under the
1935:addressing
1597:Bektashism
1252:Monotheism
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1087:leadership
1019:See also:
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841:Shia Islam
529:Mujahideen
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3464:ayatollah
3406:151998952
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2931:146360568
2600:Citations
2414:Sources:
2365:Ayatollah
2115:Ayatullah
1808:Consensus
1654:Ayatollah
1572:Safaviyya
1567:Qizilbash
1489:Kadhimiya
1479:Jerusalem
1351:Practices
1222:al-Askari
1187:al-Sajjad
1053:aʿlamīyat
963:dual form
887:, making
856:Etymology
776:at-taqlid
741:âyatollâh
735:romanized
715:romanized
618:Ayatollah
509:Ulu'l-amr
484:Muhaddith
389:Ayatollah
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248:Istighfar
163:Mustahabb
3202:37509593
3192:(1982).
3174:23471080
3046:(2016).
2923:24441464
2585:mujtahid
2461:See also
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2235:Mujtahid
2227:Mujtahid
2219:Mujtahid
1768:Al-Amali
1592:Hurufism
1556:Alawites
1227:al-Mahdi
1202:al-Kazim
1197:al-Sadiq
1192:al-Baqir
1148:Muhammad
1117:a series
1115:Part of
1046:Mujtahid
1037:Mujtahid
921:l-ʾanʿām
899:آية الله
800:Pakistan
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730:آیتالله
710:اية الله
579:al-Dawla
519:Mu'azzin
504:Marabout
489:Mujaddid
459:Mufassir
384:Mujtahid
113:Madrasah
103:Istishab
98:Istihsan
93:Istihlal
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42:a series
40:Part of
3019:4326354
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1785:ijtihad
1679:Ijtihad
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1536:Shaykhi
1524:Akhbari
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1484:Samarra
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1469:Karbala
1404:Tabarri
1399:Tawalli
1327:Ijtihad
1267:Imamate
1257:Justice
1217:al-Naqi
1212:al-Taqi
1207:ar-Rida
1153:Fatimah
1081:
1060:
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1009:
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959:
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813:In the
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